Ukuqinisekisa iqiniso leNdalo

UGenesise 1: 1 - “Ekuqaleni uNkulunkulu wadala amazulu nomhlaba”

Uchungechunge 2 - Idizayini yendalo

Ingxenye 1 - Isimiso Sokuqanjwa Konxantathu

 Ingabe ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe kufanele bube ngumhlahlandlela wobukhona bukaNkulunkulu?

Kulesi sihloko, sizobuyekeza izizathu ezinikeza isiphetho sokuthi ukuba khona kobufakazi obuqinisekisiwe bezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngempela kufakazela ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu. Ngakho-ke, ngicela uthathe imizuzwana embalwa ukubheka kafushane isici esingasithathela kalula kodwa sakha ubufakazi bokuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona. Isici okuzoxoxwa ngaso kulesi sibonelo ubukhona bemicabango kusukela ekubunjweni okutholakala yonke indawo endalweni.

Indawo ethile esizoyihlola kule ndatshana ingachazwa kangcono ngokuthi yi- “Design Triangulation”.

Umthetho wokuqalisa noma umgomo

Kuzo zonke izinqubo, sinephuzu lokuqala nendawo yokuphela. Futhi singakhipha into engekho kunoma iyiphi yalezi ezintathu, uma sazi noma yiziphi ezimbili zazo.

Iphuzu lokuqala A, lenqubo B elisebenzisile kulo, linikeza umphumela wokuphela uC.

Umthetho noma Isimiso ukuthi: A + B => C.

Ukuqonda kwalokhu kugeleza akunakubuzwa njengoba sisebenzisa le mfundo ezimpilweni zethu nsuku zonke ukwenza izinqumo, imvamisa ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho.

Isibonelo: Ukupheka ukudla.

Singase sithathe amazambane aluhlaza noma okusanhlamvu okuluhlaza okuluhlaza. Sifaka amanzi nosawoti. Sibe sesifaka ukushisa kuso isikhashana, siqale ukubilisa bese siyabilisa. Umphumela uba ukuthi sigcina ngamazambane aphekwe futhi adliwayo noma ophekwe futhi nerayisi elidliwayo! Siyazi masinyane ukuthi uma sibona amazambane eluhlaza namazambane aphekwe ndawonye ukuthi umuntu othile wasebenzisa inqubo yokuguqula amazambane abomvu abe into edliwayo, noma ngabe asazi ukuthi senziwa kanjani.

Kungani sikubiza ngokuthi yi-Design Triangulation?

Kulabo abanesifiso sokubona lokhu umqondo isebenza ngezinga lezibalo, ungahle ufise ukuzama lesi sixhumanisi https://www.calculator.net/right-triangle-calculator.html. Kulonxantathu ongakwesokudla, ungahlala usebenzela ama-alpha ne-beta angles ngoba engeza kufika ku-angle eyi-90-degree angle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi ungezi, njengoba ama-engeli amabili enza, uma ubude bazo noma yiziphi izinhlangothi ezimbili ungabala ubude becala lesithathu.

Ngakho-ke, uma wazi noma yibuphi kwabathathu,

  • noma ngabe u-A no-B lapho ungathola u-C njengo-A + B => C
  • noma u-A no-C lapho ungasebenzela khona u-B njengo-C - A => B
  • noma B no-C lapho ungathola khona u-A njengo-C - B => A

Uma unenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi engaziwa (B) ehamba ithatha okuthile isuka endaweni ethile (A) iye kwenye indawo ukuyishintsha okwamanje (C) kufanele ibe nomshini wenkampani eyenzelwe ukwakhiwa.

Ezinye Izibonelo Ezivamile

Birds

Ezingeni elilula, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabona ama-Blackbirds noma ama-Parrots endiza ebhokisini lesidleke entwasahlobo (iphuzu lakho lokuqala A). Bese kuthi emavikini ambalwa kamuva ubone ama-Blackbirds ama-4 noma ama-5 amnyama asanda kuphuma ebhokisini (iphuzu lakho lokugcina C). Ngakho-ke uphetha ngokufanele ukuthi inqubo ethile (B) yenzeka ukubangela lokho. Lokhu akwenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo!

Ungahle ungazi ukuthi yini inqubo eqondile, kepha uyazi ukuthi kufanele kube nenqubo.

(Inqubo esezingeni elilula yilena: izinyoni zabazali, amaqanda akhiwa futhi abekwa, izinyoni zezingane zikhula futhi zibambe, abazali bondla izigqoko aze akhule abe izinyoni ezincane ezakheke ngokuphelele esidlekeni.)

butterfly

Ngokufanayo, ungabona uvemvane lubeka iqanda kwesinye isitshalo esithile, (indawo yakho yokuqala u-A). Bese kuthi emavikini athile noma ezinyangeni ezithile kamuva, ubona uhlobo olufanayo lokuhlafunwa uvemvane nokundizela kude (iphuzu lakho lokugcina C). Uyaqiniseka-ke ukuthi kwakukhona inqubo (B), empeleni eyisimanga, eyaguqula iqanda lebhabhathane laba uvemvane. Futhi, ekuqaleni, ungahle ungazi ukuthi yini inqubo ngqo, kepha uyazi ukuthi kufanele kube nenqubo.

Manje kulesi sibonelo sokugcina se uvemvane esiyaziyo ukuthi bekukhona indawo yokuqala A: iqanda

Kuqale inqubo B1 ukuphenduka isibungu. Inqubo yokubumbana yaqala inqubo B2 ukuguqula ube yipupa. Ekugcineni, i-pupa eguqulwa ngenqubo B3 ibe uvemvane oluhle uC.

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso

Ake sibheke kafishane ngesibonelo esisodwa sokusetshenziswa kwalesi simiso.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kufundisa ukuthi umsebenzi uvela ngengozi engajwayelekile, nokuthi izinxushunxushu noma 'inhlanhla' ziyindlela yokushintsha. Isibonelo, ukuthi inhlanzi yenhlanzi iba isandla noma unyawo njengomphumela wokushintsha okungahleliwe.

Ngokuphikisana nokwamukela ukuthi kukhona uMdali kungasho ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho esilubonayo lwakhiwa ngengqondo (lolo loMdali). Ngenxa yalokhu, noma ngabe singakwazi ukubona umsebenzi woshintsho, indawo yokuqala, nephuzu lokugcina, ngokunengqondo siphethe ngokuthi umsebenzi onjalo kungenzeka ukuthi ukhona. Umgomo wokubangela kanye nomphumela.

Ukwemukela ukuthi kunoMdali kusho ukuthi lapho umuntu ethola uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi enemisebenzi ekhethekile, khona-ke umuntu uyamukela kufanele kube nomqondo onengqondo wobukhona bayo. Umuntu futhi uphetha ngokuthi kunezingxenye ezihambisana kahle ukuze zisebenze ngendlela ekhethekile. Lokhu kuzohlala kunjalo, noma ngabe ungaziboni lezo zingxenye noma uqonda ukuthi kusebenza kanjani noma kungani kusebenza.

Kungani singasho njalo?

Akukhona ukuthi ukuthi ngawo wonke amava ethu empilweni, sesibonile ukuthi noma yini enomsebenzi okhethekile idinga umqondo wokuqala, ukuklama ngokucophelela bese ukhiqiza, ukuze isebenze futhi ibe yiluphi ukusetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke sinokulindela okulindelekile ukuthi lapho sibona imisebenzi enjalo, ukuthi inezingxenye ezikhethekile ezihlangene ngendlela ethile ukuze zinikeze imiphumela ethile.

Isibonelo esijwayelekile iningi lethu esingaba nalo yinto efana nesikude se-TV. Kungenzeka singazi ukuthi kusebenza kanjani, kepha Siyazi ukuthi uma sicindezela inkinobho ethile kwenzeka okuthile, njengokushintsha kwesiteshi se-TV, noma izinga lomsindo futhi kwenzeka njalo, inqobo nje uma sinamabhethri kukho! Kalula nje, umphumela awukhona umphumela womlingo noma ithuba noma isiphithiphithi.

Ngakho-ke, kwi-Human Biology, lo mthetho olula ungasetshenziswa kanjani?

Isibonelo: Copper

Indawo yethu yokuqala A = Ithusi lamahhala linobuthi kakhulu kumaseli.

Indawo yethu yokuphela C = Zonke izinto eziphilayo eziphefumula umoya (ezibandakanya abantu) kumele zibe neCopper.

Umbuzo wethu-ke ukuthi, singaluthola kanjani ithusi esiludingayo ngaphandle kokubulawa ubuthi balo? Ukubonisana ngokunengqondo kufanele sikuqaphele okulandelayo:

  1. Sonke sinesidingo sokuthatha ithusi kungenjalo sizokufa.
  2. Njengoba ithusi linobuthi emangqamuzaneni ethu, kudingeka ukuthi lingathathi hlangothi ngokushesha.
  3. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lelo lethusi elingathathi hlangothi lidinga ukuthunyelwa ngaphakathi lapho lidingeka khona.
  4. Lapho ufika lapho ithusi idingeka khona, kudingeka ukuthi idedelwe ukuze yenze umsebenzi wayo odingekayo.

Kafushane, thina kumele ube uhlelo lweselula ukubopha (ukungathathi hlangothi), ukuthutha nokukhulula ithusi lapho kudingeka khona. Le yinqubo yethu uB.

Kufanele futhi sikhumbule ukuthi abukho 'umlingo' ukwenza umsebenzi. Ungathanda ukushiya inqubo ebaluleke kangaka eya ezinxushunxushwini namathuba angaziwa? Uma wenze njalo, kungenzeka ukuthi ubufile ubuthi bethusi ngaphambi kokuthi i-molecule eyodwa yethusi ifike endaweni yayo edingekayo.

Ngakho ingabe le nqubo B ikhona?

Yebo, yagcina ukubonwa kuphela muva nje ngo-1997. (Sicela ubheke umdwebo olandelayo)

Umdwebo uqashelwe kusukela kuValentine noGralla, iSayensi 278 (1997) p817[i]

Le ndlela isebenza kanjena kulabo abanentshisekelo ngemininingwane:

U-RA Pufahl et al., "Umsebenzi we-Metal Ion Chaperone weSoluable Cu (I) Receptor Atx1," Isayensi 278 (1997): 853-856.

Cu (I) = I-Copper Ion. I-Cu igama elifushane elisetshenziswe kumakhemikhali wamakhemikhali anjenge-CuSO4 (ICopper Sulphate)

I-RNA Kumaprotheni - i-tRNA Dlulisa i-RNA [Ii]

 Ngawo-1950 uFrancis Crick wabhala iphepha eliveza ukuthi (manje sekwamukelekile) isakhiwo se-helix esiphindwe kabili se-molecule ye-DNA esawina Umklomelo kaNobel we-1962 eMedini noJames Watson.

Umqondo wesithunywa RNA wavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, futhi uhlotshaniswa CrickIncazelo yakhe “ICentral Dogma of Molecular Biology"[Iii] egomela ukuthi iDNA yaholela ekwakhiweni kweRNA, nayo eyaholela ekwakhiweni kwe amaprotheni.

Imishini okwenzeka ngayo lokhu ayitholakalanga kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1960 kodwa yaqinisekiswa ngokuqinile nguCrick ngenxa yeqiniso le-Design Triangulation.

Lokhu yilokho okwaziwa ngawo-1950:

Kulesi sithombe, ngakwesobunxele kune-DNA eyenza ama-amino acid ngakwesokunene okuyizakhi zamaprotheni. UCrick akakwazanga ukuthola noma iyiphi indlela noma isakhiwo kuDNA esingahlukanisa ama-amino acid ahlukahlukene ukuze awakheke abe ngamaphrotheni.

UCrick wayazi:

  • I-DNA ithwala imininingwane, kepha ayicaciswanga ngamakhemikhali, futhi yayazi
  • C - ukuthi ama-amino acid anama-geometries athile,
  • Ukuthi lokhu kwakuyisistimu eyinkimbinkimbi eyenza imisebenzi ekhethekile,
  • B - bekumele kube nomsebenzi noma imisebenzi yokulamula noma ama-molekyuli e-adaptha akhona anika amandla imininingwane ecacisa ukuthi idlule isuka kwi-DNA iye kuma-amino acid.

Nokho, wayengatholanga bufakazi bangempela benqubo B kepha wabunikezela kumele bube khona ngenxa yomgomo we-Design Triangulation ngakho-ke wahamba wayofuna.

Kwakuyindida yesakhiwo se-DNA kukhombisa kuphela iphethini ethile yamabhondi e-hydrogen nokunye, ngenkathi bekudingeka kube njalo “[I-knobbly hydrophobic [izonda amanzi] ehlukanisa i-valine ne-leucine ne-isoleucine”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabuza "Amaqembu akhokhiswayo, asezikhundleni ezithile, ahamba kuphi nama-acid kanye nama-amino acid ayisisekelo?".

Kuwo wonke ama-non-chemist phakathi kwethu, asiguqulele lesi sitatimende sibe yinto elula.

Cabanga ngakunye kwama-amino acid angakwesokudla njengoba amabhlogo wokwakha eLego aqoqene ngezindlela ezihlukile ukwakha lezo zinhlaka. Ibhulokhi ngalinye le-amino acid linamaphoyinti wokuxhuma amanye amakhemikhali ukunamathisela kuwo, kepha ezindaweni ezihlukile zokuhlangana ezahlukene. Kungani kunesidingo sokuxhunyaniswa noma amaphuzu wokunamathiselwa? Ukuvumela amanye amakhemikhali ukuba azixhumanise nokuphendula ngokwamakhemikhali phakathi kwawo nama-amino acid ukuze enze amaketanga amabhlokhi angamaprotheni.

UCrick uye phambili futhi wachaza ukuthi lowo msebenzi noma i-adaptha kumele yenzeni. Uthe "… I-amino acid ngayinye ihlangana namakhemikhali, enzilini ekhethekile, ne-molecule encane, enobuningi be-hydrogen bonding,[ukusebenzisana ne-DNA ne-RNA] ingahlanganisa ngqo ne-template ye-nucleic acid… Ngendlela yayo elula kuzoba nezinhlobo ezingama-20 ezihlukile zama-molecule we-adaptha…".

Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi la ma-adaptha amancane awakwazanga ukubonwa.

Yini eyatholakala ekugcineni eminyakeni ethile kamuva?

Dlulisa i-RNA ngezimpawu ezichazwe uCrick.

Phansi indawo ebopha i-RNA, isiyingi esibomvu esiphelele, nendawo yokunameka ye-amino acid ngakwesokudla phezulu komdwebo. Ikhodi ku-RNA kuleli cala CCG isho i-amino acid Alanine ethile.

Ngisho namanje inqubo ephelele ayiqondakali ngokuphelele, kepha kuningi okufundwayo minyaka yonke.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuze kube yilapho kutholakala lo mshini futhi wabhalwa phansi, uJames Watson, umbhali-mbhali wesakhiwo se-helix iDNA kanye noFrancis Crick, akazange athande isithasiselo se-adaptha sikaFrancis Crick (owayesekele umbono wakhe wemiphumela emiphumeleni yakhe yokubumbeka umgomo). Ku-James Watson's autobiography (2002, p139) wachaza ukuthi kungani angabaza imidwebo ye-adaptha: “Angizange ngithande umbono nakancane…. Ngaphezulu kweqiniso, indlela yokusebenza nge-adapter ibonakala kimi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuthi ngabe yavela ekuqaleni kokuphila ”. Kulokho wayeqinisile! Ikona. Inkinga ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukaDarwin uJames Watson ayekholelwa ekudalweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuzalwa ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi. Nansi inqubo okwakukhona ukuthi kusukela lapho impilo yayikhona.

Umbono wakhe kwakuwukuthi:

  • I-DNA (ne-RNA) njengabaphethe imininingwane (okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwabo)
  • Amaprotheni (ama-amino acid) njengama-catalysts (nawo aziinkimbinkimbi ngokwawo)
  • Ukuvalwa ngamabhulokhethi ukulamula ukuhanjiswa kolwazi kusuka ku-DNA kuya kumaprotheni, (okunzima kakhulu),

kwakuyisinyathelo esekude kakhulu.

Noma kunjalo ubufakazi bukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi leli bhuloho likhona. Njengoba kunikeza ubufakazi obuningi bokuthi umklami ohlakaniphe noma uNkulunkulu (umenzi) kumele abekhona, lowo ongaboshwa yisikhathi, kanti umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo uboshelwe kakhulu yisikhathi.

Uma uhlala uvumela ubufakazi bube ngumhlahlandlela wakho, singakhonza iqiniso, singasekela iqiniso futhi sivumele ukuhlakanipha kusiqondise. Njengoba izeluleko 4: 5 zikhuthaza "Zuza ukuhlakanipha, zuza ukuqonda".

Masisize abanye benze okufanayo, mhlawumbe ngokuchaza lo mgomo we-Design Triangulation!

 

 

 

 

 

 

Imiklomelo:

Ngibonga kakhulu ngokugqugquzelwa okunikezwe yividiyo ye-YouTube "Design Quangulation" kusuka ku-Originalins Series kaCornerstone Television

[i] I-copyright yavuma. Ukusetshenziswa Okungalungile: Ezinye izithombe ezisetshenzisiwe zingaba yimikhiqizo ene-copyright, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okungakaze kugunyazwe ngumnikazi we-copyright ngaso sonke isikhathi. Senza lezo zinto zitholakale emzamweni wethu wokuqhubekisela phambili ukuqonda kwezindaba zesayensi nezenkolo, njll. Sikholwa ukuthi lokhu kwakha ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinto ezinamalungelo obunikazi njengoba kuhlinzekelwe esigabeni se-107 soMthetho Wobunikazi wase-US. Ngokuhambisana nesihloko 17 se-USC isigaba se-107, izinto ezikulesi siza zitholakala ngaphandle kwenzuzo kulabo abazwakalisa intshisakalo yokwamukela nokubuka lokho okusetshenziswayo ngocwaningo lwabo nezinjongo zabo zokufundisa. Uma ufisa ukusebenzisa izinto ezinamalungelo okushicilela ezingaphezulu kokusebenzisa okufanele, kufanele uthole imvume kumnikazi we-copyright.

[Ii]  Ama-molecule e-RNA adalwe ku-nucleus athuthwa ezindaweni zawo zokusebenza kuyo yonke i-eukaryotic cell ngemigwaqo ethile yezokuhamba. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kugxile ekuthuthweni kwesithunywa RNA, i-RNA encane yenuzi, i-RNA ye-ribosomal, futhi kudluliselwe i-RNA phakathi kwe-nucleus ne-cytoplasm. Amasu wokujula ajwayelekile ahilelekile ekuthuthweni kwe-nitocytoplasmic ye-RNA aqala ukuqondwa kuphela. Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, inqubekelaphambili enkulu yenziwe. Ingqikimba enkulu eqhamuka ezifundweni zakamuva zokuhamba nge-RNA ukuthi amasignali athile aqondisa ukuhanjiswa kwekilasi ngalinye le-RNA, futhi lezi zimpawu zinikezwe kakhulu ngamaprotheni athize i-RNA ngayinye ehambisana nayo. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14154301_RNA_transport

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850961/

Okunye ukufunda okunconyiwe: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology

[Iii] UCrick wayengumbono wezibalo obalulekile isazi sezinto eziphilayo samangqamuzana futhi wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni oluhlobene nokudalula ukwakheka kwe-DNA. Waziwa kabanzi ngokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “imfundiso emaphakathi”Ukufingqa umqondo wokuthi uma ulwazi seludlulisiwe lwasuswa kuma-nucleic acid (i-DNA noma i-RNA) laya emaprotheni, alusakwazi ukubuyela emuva kuma-nucleic acid. Ngamanye amagama, isinyathelo sokugcina sokugeleza kolwazi sisuka kuma-nucleic acid siye kumaprotheni asibuyiseki.

 

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