Engxenyeni yokuqala yalolu chungechunge, sihlolisise ubufakazi obungokomBhalo ngalo mbuzo. Kubalulekile futhi ukubheka ubufakazi obungokomlando.

Ubufakazi Bomlando

Manje ake sithathe isikhashana ukuhlola ubufakazi bezazi-mlando zakudala, ikakhulukazi ababhali abangamaKristu emakhulwini ambalwa okuqala eminyaka ngemuva kukaKristu.

UJustin Martyr - Ingxoxo noTrypho[i] (Kubhalwe c. 147 AD - c. 161 AD)

Esahlukweni XXXIXp.573 wabhala: “Ngakho-ke, njengalokhu uNkulunkulu engalenzanga intukuthelo Yakhe ngenxa yalawo madoda ayizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa, kanjalo kalokhu akakayikhiphi isahlulelo, futhi akayikhiphi, azi ukuthi nsuku zonke abanye benu baba abafundi egameni likaKristu, nokuyeka indlela yesiphambeko; '”

UJustin Martyr - First Apology

Lapha, noma kunjalo, eSahlukweni LXI (61) sithola, "Ngoba, egameni likaNkulunkulu, uBaba neNkosi yendawo yonke, kanye noMsindisi wethu uJesu Kristu, kanye noMoya oNgcwele, bathola ukugezwa ngamanzi."[Ii]

Abukho ubufakazi kunoma imiphi imibhalo ngaphambi kukaJustin Martyr, (cishe ngo-150 AD.) Yokuthi noma ngubani ubhapathizwa noma umkhuba wokuthi othile abhapathizwe, egameni likaYise, leNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele.

Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi lo mbhalo kuFirst Apology kungenzeka ubonise umkhuba wamanye amaKristu ngaleso sikhathi noma ukushintshwa kombhalo kamuva.

Ubufakazi obuvela ku- De kabusha[Iii] (a Tract: On Rebaptism) cishe ngo-254 AD. (Umbhali: akaziwa)

Isahluko 1 “Iphuzu liwukuthi ngabe, ngokwesiko lakudala kakhulu nangokwesiko lasenkolweni, belinganela yini, ngemva kwalokho ubhapathizo abaluthole ngaphandle kweBandla ngempela, kepha nokho egameni likaJesu Kristu iNkosi yethu, ukuthi yizandla kuphela okufanele zibekwe kubo ngumbhishobhi ukwamukela kwabo uMoya oNgcwele, futhi lokhu kubekwa kwezandla kuzobanikeza uphawu oluvuselelwe noluphelelisiwe lokholo; noma ngabe, impela, ukuphindwaphindwa kobhapathizo kungadingeka kubo, njengokungathi ngeke bathole lutho uma bengakatholanga ubhapathizo kabusha, ngokungathi abakaze babhabhadiswe egameni likaJesu Kristu. ".

Isahluko 3 “Ngokuba uMoya oNgcwele wayengakafiki nakoyedwa wabo, kodwa babebhaphathizwe kuphela egameni leNkosi uJesu.". (Lokhu kwakubhekisa kuzenzo 8 ekuxoxeni ngokubhabhadiswa kwamaSamariya)

Isahluko 4 “Ngoba ukubhaphathizwa egameni leNkosi yethu uJesu Kristu uhambe ngaphambi kwalo — sengathi noMoya oNgcwele unganikezwa omunye umuntu ophendukayo futhi akholwe. Ngoba umBhalo Ongcwele ukuqinisekisile ukuthi labo okufanele bakholwe kuKristu, kumele babhapathizwe ngoMoya; ukuze nalokhu futhi kungabonakali kunalutho olungaphansi kwalabo abangamaKristu aphelele; funa kube nesidingo sokubuza ukuthi kwakuyinto enjani leyo ukubhapathizwa abakutholile egameni likaJesu Kristu. Ngaphandle kokuthi, kungenzeka, kuleyo ngxoxo yangaphambili futhi, mayelana labo obekufanele babhapathizwe kuphela egameni likaJesu Kristu, kufanele uthathe isinqumo sokuthi bangasindiswa ngisho nangaphandle koMoya oNgcwele, ".

Isahluko 5: ”UPetru waphendula, wathi:“ Ukhona yini umuntu owenqabela amanzi ukuba laba bangabhapathizwa, abamukela uMoya oNgcwele njengathi na? Futhi wabayala ukubhaphathizwa ebizweni likaJesu Kristu””. (Lokhu kubhekisa endabeni yokubhapathizwa kukaKorneliyu nendlu yakhe.)

Isahluko 6:  “Futhi, njengoba ngicabanga, bekungekho ngenxa yanoma yisiphi esinye isizathu ukuthi abaphostoli babayalile labo ababekhuluma nabo ngoMoya oNgcwele, ukuze babhaphathizwe egameni likaKristu Jesu, ngaphandle kokuthi amandla egama likaJesu asebenza kunoma imuphi umuntu ngokubhabhadiswa angamnika lowo okufanele abhapathizwe ithuba elincane lokuzuza insindiso, njengoba uPetru elandisa kuzEnzo zabaPhostoli, ethi: “Ngoba akekho omunye igama ngaphansi kwezulu elinikezwe phakathi kwabantu okumele sisindiswe ngalo. ”(4) Njengoba noMphostoli uPawuli evuleka, ekhombisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu uyiphakamisile iNkosi yethu uJesu, futhi“ wamnika igama, ukuze libe ngaphezu kwamagama onke, ukuze Igama likaJesu bonke kufanele baguqe ngamadolo, lezinto zasezulwini nezasemhlabeni, nangaphansi komhlaba, futhi zonke izilimi zivume ukuthi uJesu uyiNkosi enkazimulweni kaNkulunkulu uBaba. ”

Isahluko 6: “Yize babhaphathizwa egameni likaJesu, nokho, ukube bebekwazile ukubuyisa iphutha labo esikhathini esithile, ”.

Isahluko 6: “Yize babhabhadiswa ngamanzi ebizweni leNkosi, kungenzeka ukuthi wayenokholo olungaphelele ngandlela thile. Ngoba kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi indoda ayibhapathiziwe nhlobo ebizweni leNkosi yethu uJesu Kristu, ”.

Isahluko 7 "Futhi akumele ubheke okushiwo yiNkosi yethu njengokuphikisana nalokhu kuphathwa: “Hambani niyofundisa izizwe; nibabhabhadise egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele. ”

Lokhu kukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukubhaphathizwa egameni likaJesu kwakuwumkhuba futhi lokho uJesu ayekushilo, njengombhali ongaziwa ka De Uyabhapathizwa uthi umkhuba wokuthi “nibabhabhadise egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele ” akufanele kucatshangelwe ukuphikisana nomyalo kaKristu.

Isiphetho: Maphakathi no-3^rd Ikhulu leminyaka, umkhuba kwakuwukubhapathiza egameni likaJesu. Kodwa-ke, abanye base beqala ukuphikisana bevumela ukubhapathizwa “egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele ”. Lokhu kwakuphambi koMkhandlu waseNicaea ngonyaka ka-325 AD owaqinisekisa imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu.

Udoti[Iv] (Kubhaliwe: akwaziwa, kulinganiselwa kusukela cishe ngo-100 AD. Kuya ku-250 AD., Umbhali: akwaziwa)

Umbhali / ababhali \ abaziwa, usuku lokubhala aluqinisekile yize lwalukhona ngandlela thile ngonyaka we-250 AD. Kodwa-ke, ngokuphawulekayo u-Eusebius we-3 ongasekho^rd, ekuqaleni kuka-4^th I-Century ifaka phakathi i-Didache (aka the Teachings of the Apostles) ohlwini lwayo lwe okungewona owe-canonical, imisebenzi engamanga. (Bheka i-Historia Ecclesiastica - Umlando weSonto. Incwadi III, 25, 1-7).[V]

I-Didache 7: 2-5 ifundeka kanje, 7: 2 Sengifundisile kuqala zonke lezi zinto, bhaphathiza egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele emanzini aphilayo (ahambayo). 7: 3 Kepha uma ungenawo amanzi aphilayo, bhapathiza ngamanye amanzi; 7: 4 futhi uma ungakwazi ukubanda, khona-ke kufudumele. 7: 5 Kepha uma ungenakho, uthele amanzi ekhanda kathathu egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele."

Ngokuphambene:

UDaache 9:10 ufundeka kanje, "9:10 Kodwa makungabikho noyedwa odlayo noma aphuze lo mbulelo wobukhosi, ngaphandle kwalabo ababhaphathizwe egameni leNkosi;"

Wikipaedia[vi] uthi “IDayache ngumbhalo omfishane uma uqhathaniswa unamagama angaba ngu-2,300 1 kuphela. Okuqukethwe kungahlukaniswa kube yizingxenye ezine, izazi eziningi ezivumayo ukuthi zahlanganiswa emithonjeni ehlukene ngomuntu owayesebenza kabusha kamuva: eyokuqala yiTwo Ways, the Way of Life kanye neNdlela Yokufa (izahluko 6–7); ingxenye yesibili ingumkhuba ophathelene nobhapathizo, ukuzila ukudla, kanye nokudla (iSahluko 10–11); owesithathu ukhuluma ngenkonzo nangendlela yokuphatha abaphostoli, abaprofethi, ababhishobhi, nabadikoni (izahluko 15–16); kanti isigaba sokugcina (isahluko XNUMX) yisiprofetho somphikukristu nokuza kwesibili. ”.

Kukhona ikhophi eyodwa kuphela ephelele ye-Didache, eyatholakala ngo-1873, eyahlehlela emuva kuphela ku-1056. U-Eusebius we-3 ongasekho^rd, ekuqaleni kuka-4^th Ikhulu leminyaka lifaka i-Didache (i-The Teachings of the Apostles) ohlwini lwayo lwemisebenzi engeyona eyezincwadi zeBhayibheli nezingamanga. (Bheka i- Historia Ecclesiastica - Umlando weSonto. Incwadi III, 25). [vii]

U-Athanasius (367) noRufinus (c. 380) babala uhlu lwe- Udoti phakathi kwe-Apocrypha. (URufinus unikeza isihloko esihlukile sokufuna ukwazi UJudicium Petri, “Judgement of Peter”.) Linqatshwa nguNicephorus (c. 810), uPseudo-Anastasius, noPseudo-Athanasius ku Okufingqiwe kanye nohlu lwezincwadi ezingama-60. Iyamukelwa yi-Apostolic Constitutions Canon 85, uJohn waseDamaseku, kanye ne-Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

Isiphetho: Izimfundiso zabaPhostoli noma i-Didache zazivele zithathwa njengezingelona iqiniso ekuqaleni kwe-4^th ikhulu leminyaka. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi i-Didache 9: 10 iyavumelana nemibhalo ehlolwe ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko ngakho-ke iyaphikisana no-Didache 7: 2-5, ngombono womlobi i-Didache 9: 10 imele umbhalo wokuqala ocashunwe kakhulu emibhalweni ka-Eusebius ekuqaleni 4^th Ikhulu leminyaka kunokuba kube uhlobo lukaMathewu 28:19 njengoba sinalo namuhla.

Ubufakazi Obubalulekile obuvela emibhalweni ka-Eusebius UPamphili waseKesariya (c. 260 AD kuya ku-c. 339 AD)

U-Eusebius wayengumlando-mlando futhi waba ngumbhishobhi waseCaesarea Maritima cishe ngo-314 AD. Ushiye imibhalo eminingi nezincazelo. Imibhalo yakhe isukela ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3 kuya maphakathi no-4^th Ikhulu leminyaka AD, ngaphambi nangemva koMkhandlu waseNicaea.

Yini ayibhalayo ngendlela ubhapathizo olwenziwa ngayo?

U-Eusebius wenza izingcaphuno eziningi ikakhulukazi ezivela kuMathewu 28:19 ngale ndlela elandelayo:

1. I-Historia Ecclesiastica (Umlando Wesonto \ Umlando Wesonto), Incwadi 3 Isahluko 5: 2 “Waya ezizweni zonke eyoshumayela iVangeli, ethembele emandleni kaKristu, owayethe kubo, “Hambani niyokwenza izizwe zonke abafundi ngegama lami.”". [viii]
2. Demonstratio Evangelica (Ubufakazi beVangeli), Isahluko 6, 132 "Ngezwi elilodwa nangezwi elilodwa wathi kubafundi bakhe:"Hambani niyokwenza izizwe zonke abafundi ngeGama laMi, nibafundise ukugcina konke enginiyale ngakho, ”[[Mat. lezwaz. 19.]] futhi wajoyina umphumela eZwini laKhe; ” [ix]
3. Demonstratio Evangelica (Ubufakazi beVangeli), Isahluko 7, Isigaba 4 “Kepha ngenkathi abafundi bakaJesu kungenzeka ukuthi basho kanjalo, noma bacabanga kanjalo, uMphathi uxazulule ubunzima babo, ngokwengeza igama elilodwa, ethi kufanele (c) banqobe "NGEGAMA LAMI." Ngoba akazange abatshele ngokulula nangokungapheli ukuba benze abafundi bazo zonke izizwe, kodwa ngokwengeza okudingekayo kwe "EGameni Lami." Futhi amandla eGama laKhe emakhulu kakhulu, kangangokuthi umphostoli uthi: “UNkulunkulu umnike igama elingaphezu kwawo wonke amagama, ukuze ngegama likaJesu wonke amadolo aguqe, wezinto ezisezulwini, nezinto ezisemhlabeni, izinto ngaphansi komhlaba, ”[[Fil. ii. 9.]] Wakhombisa ubuhle bamandla eGama lakhe afihlwe (d) esixukwini lapho ethi kubafundi Bakhe: “Hambani niyokwenza zonke izizwe zibe abafundi egameni lami. ” Ubuye futhi abikezele ngokunembile ikusasa lapho ethi: "Ngoba leli vangeli kumele lishunyayelwe emhlabeni wonke kuqala, kube ngubufakazi ezizweni zonke." [[Mat .xxiv.14.]] ”. [X]
4. Demonstratio Evangelica (Ubufakazi beVangeli), Isahluko 7, Isigaba 9 “… Ngiphoqeleka ngokunganqandeki ukubuyisa izinyathelo zami, futhi ngifune imbangela yazo, futhi ngivume ukuthi bebengaphumelela kuphela ebhizinisini labo elinamandla, ngamandla aphakeme kakhulu, futhi aqine kakhulu kunawomuntu, nangokusebenzisana Kwakhe Ngubani othe kubo: “Yenzani izizwe zonke abafundi ngegama lami.” Futhi ngenkathi Esho lokhu wafaka isithembiso, lokho kwakuzoqinisekisa isibindi sabo kanye nokuzimisela kwabo ukuzinikela ekwenzeni imiyalo Yakhe. Ngoba wathi kubo: “Bhekani! Nginani izinsuku zonke, kuze kube sekupheleni komhlaba. ” [xi]
5. Demonstratio Evangelica (Ubufakazi beVangeli), Incwadi 9, Isahluko 11, Isigaba 4 “Futhi ubiza abafundi baKhe uqobo ngemuva kokwenqatshwa kwabo, “Hambani niyokwenza izizwe zonke abafundi ngegama lami.”[xii]
6. Theophania - Incwadi 4, Isigaba (16): “Ngakho-ke uMsindisi wethu wathi kubo, emva kokuvuka kwakhe, "Hambani niyokwenza abafundi bazo zonke izizwe ngegama lami,"".[xiii]
7. Theophania - Incwadi 5, Isigaba (17): “Yena (uMsindisi) washo ngegama elilodwa kanye nesimemezelo kubafundi Bakhe,Hambani niyokwenza izizwe zonke abafundi ngegama lami, futhi nibafundise yonke into enginiyale ngayo. ” [xiv]
8. Theophania - Incwadi 5, Isigaba (49): “nangosizo lukaLowo owathi kubo, “Hambani niyokwenza abafundi bazo zonke izizwe ngegama lami. ”Futhi, lapho esho lokhu kubo, wanamathela kuso isithembiso, okufanele bakhuthazwe ngaso, ngokuzithandela ukuzinikela ezintweni eziyaliwe. Ngoba wathi kubo: “Bhekani nginani njalo kuze kube sekupheleni kwezwe.” Kushiwo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi Waphefumulela kubo uMoya oNgcwele ngamandla obuNkulunkulu; (ngaleyondlela) abanikeze amandla okwenza izimangaliso, besho ngasikhathi sinye ukuthi, “Yamukelani uMoya oNgcwele;” nakomunye wabayala wathi, “Phulukisani abagulayo, nihlambulule abanochoko, nixoshe namademoni: —nikwamukelisiwe, phanini mahhala.” [xv]
9. Amazwana ngo-Isaya -91 “Kodwa kunalokho iya ezimvwini ezilahlekile zendlu ka-Israyeli” futhi : “Hambani niyokwenza izizwe zonke abafundi ngegama lami". [xvi]
10. Ukuphawula ngo-Isaya - k. 174 “Ngoba owabatshela ukuthi “Hambani niyokwenza zonke izizwe zibe abafundi egameni lami”Ubayalile ukuthi bangasebenzisi impilo yabo njengoba bebehlala benza ...”. [xvii]
11. I-Oration ekudumiseni uConstantine - Isahluko 16: 8 “Emva kokunqoba kwakhe ukufa, wakhuluma izwi kubalandeli bakhe, waligcwalisa ngalo mcimbi, wathi kubo, Hambani niyokwenza zonke izizwe zibe abafundi egameni lami. ” [xviii]

Ngokwencwadi I-Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Umqulu 2, kk. 380-381[xix] kunezibonelo ezingama-21 eziphelele emibhalweni ka-Eusebius ecaphuna uMathewu 28:19, futhi zonke zishiya konke phakathi 'kwezizwe zonke' nokuthi 'ziyazifundisa' noma zisesimweni 'sokwenza abafundi bazo zonke izizwe ngegama lami'. Iningi lezibonelo eziyishumi ezingakhonjisiwe nezikhonjiwe ngenhla zitholakala kwiCommentary on Psalms yakhe, umbhali angakwazanga ukuyithola online.[xx]

Kukhona futhi izibonelo ezi-4 emibhalweni yokugcina eyabelwe yona ezicaphuna uMathewu 28:19 owaziwa namuhla. Yi-Syriac Theophania, iContra Marcellum, i-Ecclesiasticus Theologia, ne-Letter to the Church eKhesariya. Kodwa-ke, kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umhumushi waseSyriac wasebenzisa inguqulo kaMathewu 28:19 ayewazi ngaleso sikhathi, (bheka izingcaphuno ezivela kuTheophania ngenhla) kanye nokubhalwa kweminye imibhalo empeleni engu-Eusebius kuthathwa njengokungabaza okukhulu.

Kumele futhi kukhunjulwe ukuthi noma ngabe le mibhalo emithathu yabhalwa ngu-Eusebius, bonke bahlehlisa uMkhandlu waseNicaea ngonyaka ka-3 AD. lapho kwamukelwa imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu.

Isiphetho: Ikhophi kaMathewu 28:19 u-Eusebius wayejwayelene nayo, yayithi “Hambani niyokwenza zonke izizwe zibe abafundi egameni lami. ”. Wayengenawo umbhalo esinawo namuhla.

Ukuhlola uMathewu 28: 19-20

Ekuphetheni kwencwadi kaMathewu, uJesu ovukile ubonakala kubafundi abayi-11 abasele eGalile. Lapho ubanikeza iziyalezo zokugcina. Ukulandisa kuthi:

"Futhi uJesu wasondela wakhuluma nabo, wathi:" Nginikwe lonke igunya ezulwini nasemhlabeni. ¹⁹ Ngakho-ke hambani niyokwenza abantu bazo zonke izizwe babe abafundi, nibabhabhathize ebizweni lami,[xxi] ²⁰ nibafundise ukugcina konke enginiyale ngakho. Bheka! Nginani izinsuku zonke kuze kube isiphelo sesimiso sezinto. ”

Le ndima kaMathewu ihambisana nakho konke esesikuhlolile kuze kube manje kule ndatshana.

Kodwa-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi ucabanga ukuthi yize ifundeka ngokwemvelo futhi njengoba silindele kokunye ukulandisa kweBhayibheli, kunokuthile okubonakala kufunda ngokuhlukile kancanyana ekufundeni okunikezwe ngenhla uma kuqhathaniswa namaBhayibheli owaziyo. Uma kunjalo, uzobe uqinisile.

Kuzo zonke izinguqulo ezingama-29 zesiNgisi umbhali wazihlola kwi-Biblehub, le ndima ifundeka kanjena: “Nginikwe lonke igunya ezulwini nasemhlabeni. ¹⁹ Ngakho-ke hambani niyokwenza abantu bazo zonke izizwe babe abafundi, nibabhabhathize egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele, ²⁰ nibafundise ukugcina zonke izinto enginiyale ngazo. Bheka! Nginani izinsuku zonke kuze kube isiphelo sesimiso sezinto. ””.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi isiGreki "egameni" lapha sisebunyeni. Lokhu kuzongeza isisindo emcabangweni wokuthi ibinzana elithi “uYise, leNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele” liyisifaki ngoba umuntu angalindela ukuthi lokhu kwandulelwe ngobuningi “egamenis”. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuthi abantu abakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu bakhombe kulelo bunye “egameni” njengokusekela u-3 koyedwa naku-1 ngohlobo lwesithathu lukaZiqu-zintathu.

Yini engabangela lo mehluko?

Lokhu kwenzeka kanjani?

Umphostoli uPawulu waxwayisa uThimothewu ngalokho okwakuzokwenzeka kungekudala. Ku-2 Thimothewu 4: 3-4, wabhala, “Ngokuba kuyakuba khona inkathi lapho bengayikuyibekezelela khona imfundiso enhle, kepha ngokwesifiso sabo, bazungeze othisha ukuba babakitaze izindlebe. ⁴ Bazosuka ekulaleleni iqiniso banake izindaba ezingamanga. ”.

Iqembu lama-Gnostic lamaKristu elaqala ekuqaleni kwe-2^nd Ikhulu leminyaka yisibonelo esihle salokho umphostoli uPawulu axwayisa ngakho.[xxii]

Izinkinga ngezingcezu zeManuscript kaMathewu

Imibhalo yesandla emidala kunayo yonke eneMathewu 28 kuphela eyatholakala ngasekupheleni kuka-4^th leminyaka akufani nezinye izindima zikaMathewu nezinye izincwadi zeBhayibheli. Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ezikhona, umbhalo utholakala ngendlela yendabuko esiyifundayo. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile futhi ukwazi ukuthi imibhalo yesandla emibili esinayo, i-African Old Latin, kanye nezinguqulo ze-Old Syriac, zombili ezindala kunemibhalo yesandla yokuqala yesiGreki esinayo kaMathewu 28 (iVaticanus, iAlexandria) yomibili 'inamaphutha ku leli phuzu ', ikhasi lokugcina lilodwa likaMathewu (eliqukethe uMathewu 28: 19-20) selinyamalele, cishe labhujiswa, ngesikhathi esithile endulo. Lokhu kukodwa kuyasolisa kukodwa.

Izinguquko Emibhalweni Yesandla Yangempela Nokuhumusha Okungafanele

Kwezinye izindawo, imibhalo yoFata beSonto Lokuqala yashintshwa kamuva ukuze ihambisane nemibono yezimfundiso eyayikhona ngaleso sikhathi, noma ekuhumusheni, ezinye izingcaphuno zemibhalo zenze ukuba umbhalo wokuqala ubuyekezwe noma ufakwe esikhundleni sombhalo owaziwayo njengamanje, kunokuba uhunyushwe njengokuhunyushwa umbhalo wokuqala.

Isibonelo: Encwadini Ubufakazi bePatristic kanye neTextual Criticism of the New Testament, UBruce Metzger uthe “Ezinhlotsheni ezintathu zobufakazi ezisetshenziswayo ukuthola umbhalo weTestamente Elisha - okungukuthi, ubufakazi obuhlinzekwe yimibhalo yesandla yesiGreki, ngezinguqulo zokuqala, nangezingcaphuno zemibhalo ezigcinwe emibhalweni yoFata beSonto - obokugcina obubandakanya Ubunzima obukhulu kakhulu nezinkinga eziningi. Kunobunzima, okokuqala, ekutholeni ubufakazi, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yomsebenzi wokuhlanganisa izinsalela zemibhalo ezibanzi zoFata ekufuneni izingcaphuno ezivela eTestamenteni Elisha, kodwa futhi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo ezanelisayo zemisebenzi eminingi obaba abakakhiqizwa. Isikhathi esingaphezu kwesisodwa emakhulwini eminyaka adlule umhleli onezinhloso ezinhle wafaka izingcaphuno zeBhayibheli eziqukethwe embhalweni onikezwe embhalweni wamanje weTestamente Elisha ngokumelene negunya lemibhalo yesandla yombhalo. Ingxenye eyodwa yenkinga, ngaphezulu, ukuthi leyo nto yenzeka ngaphambi kokusungulwa kokuphrinta. NjengoHort [yeWestcott neHort Bible Translation] waveza ukuthi, 'Noma nini lapho umuntu obhala umbhalo wesivumelwano sobunikazi wayekopisha ikhotheshini eyehlukile embhalweni ayejwayele, wayenezincazelo ezimbili ngaphambi kwakhe, esinye sasikhona emehlweni akhe, esinye sisengqondweni yakhe; futhi uma umehluko wawumhlasela, wayengenakwenzeka ukuthi aphathe umlingisi obhaliwe njengongenaphutha. '" ^[xxiii]

IVangeli lesiHeberu likaMathewu [xxiv]

Lona ngumbhalo wakudala wesiHeberu wencwadi kaMathewu, ikhophi endala kunayo yonke eyaqala ngekhulu leshumi nane lapho itholakala esivumelwaneni esihlukumezayo samaJuda esihloko sithi Even Bohan - The Touchstone, esabhalwa nguShem-Tob ben-Isaac ben- IShaprut (1380). Kubukeka sengathi isisekelo sombhalo wakhe sidala kakhulu. Umbhalo wakhe uyehluka embhalweni wesiGreki owamukelwe lapho uMathewu 28: 18-20 efundeka kanjena “UJesu wasondela kubo, wathi kubo: Ngiphiwe amandla onke ezulwini nasemhlabeni; 19 Hambani niye kuba-20 nibafundise ukwenza konke enginiyale ngakho kuze kube phakade. ”  Qaphela ukuthi konke kusala kanjani lapha ngaphandle kokuthi “Hamba” uma kuqhathaniswa nevesi 19 esilijwayele emaBhayibhelini namuhla. Lo mbhalo wonke kaMathewu awunabudlelwano nemibhalo yesiGreki yabangu-14^th Ikhulu leminyaka, noma yimuphi umbhalo wesiGreki owaziwa namuhla, ngakho-ke bekungeyona inguqulo yabo. Ifana kancane ne-Q, i-Codex Sinaiticus, inguqulo ye-Old Syriac, ne-Coptic Gospel of Thomas uShem-Tob ayengafinyeleli kuyo, leyo mibhalo yalahleka endulo futhi yabuye yatholakala ngemuva kwe-14^th ikhulu leminyaka. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu kumJuda ongeyena umKristu kufaka negama laphezulu izikhathi eziyi-19 lapho sinoKyrios (Nkosi) namuhla.[xxv] Mhlawumbe uMathewu 28:19 ufana nenguqulo ye-Old Syriac elahlekile kuleli vesi. Yize kungenzeki ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi futhi uqonde uMathewu 28:19, ngokuqinisekile kuyasebenza engxoxweni.

Imibhalo ka-Ignatius (35 AD kuya ku-108 AD)

Izibonelo zalokho okwenzeka emibhalweni zifaka:

Incwadi eya kwabaseFiladelfiya - Uhlobo lukaZiqu-zintathu lukaMathewu 28:19 lukhona embhalweni weLong recension. Umbhalo weLong recension uqondwa njengowe-4 sekwedlule isikhathi^thukunwetshwa kwekhulu leminyaka ekwehlisweni kwemali okuphakathi kwasekuqaleni, okwanwetshwa ukusekela umbono wobuthathu. Lo mbhalo oxhunywe uqukethe ukwehla okuphakathi okulandelwa ukubuyiselwa emuva okude.[xxvi]

Incwadi eya kwabaseFilipi - (Isahluko II) Lo mbhalo wamukelwa njengongamanga, okusho ukuthi awubhalwanga ngu-Ignatius. Bheka https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch . Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi lo mbhalo ongamanga ufundeka, "Ngakho-ke futhi iNkosi, ngenkathi ithumela abaphostoli ukwenza izizwe zonke abafundi, yabayala ukuthi" babhaphathize egameni likaYise neleNdodana nelikaMoya oNgcwele, "[xxvii]

umbhalo wokuqala wesiGreki wencwadi eya kwabaseFilipi kule ndawo lapha une “ubhapathize egameni likaKristu wakhe ”. Abahumushi banamuhla bathathe indawo yokuhumusha kwasekuqaleni kwesiGreki embhalweni esikhundleni sombhalo kaZiqu-zintathu kaMathewu 28:19 esijwayelene nawo namuhla.

Izingcaphuno ezivela kubafundi abaziwayo

Peake's Commentary on the Bible, 1929, ikhasi 723

Mayelana nokufundwa kwamanje kukaMathewu 28:19, ithi, “ISonto lezinsuku zokuqala alizange liwugcine lo myalo womhlaba wonke, noma ngabe bebewazi. Umyalo wokubhapathiza egameni elinezinto ezintathu ukunwetshwa kwezimfundiso sekwedlule isikhathi. Esikhundleni samagama athi “ukubhaphathiza… uMoya” kumele sifunde kalula nje “egameni lami, okungukuthi (phendulela izizwe) ebuKristwini, noma “Egameni lami" … ”().”[xxviii]

UJames Moffatt - The Historical New Testament (1901) isho ku-p648, (681 online pdf)

Lapha umhumushi weBhayibheli uJames Moffatt wathi maqondana nefomula yezinqu-zintathu kaMathewu 28:19,Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yokubhabhadisa kungokwesikhathi esalandela leso sabaphostoli, abasebenzisa ibinzana elilula lokubhapathiza egameni likaJesu. Ukube le nkulumo ibikhona futhi isetshenziswa, kuyamangalisa ukuthi eminye imikhondo yayo bekungafanele isinde; lapho ireferensi yokuqala ngalo, ngaphandle kwalesi siqephu, iseClem. Rom. kanye neDidache (Justin Martyr, Apol. i 61). ”[xxix]

Ziningi ezinye izazi ezibhala imibono efanayo nesiphetho esifanayo ezishiyiwe lapha ngobufushane.[xxx]

Isiphetho

• Ubufakazi obuqand 'ikhanda bemibhalo yukuthi amaKristu okuqala abhapathizwa egameni likaJesu, hhayi okunye.
• Nakhu cha kubhalwe ukwenzeka okuthembekile kwefomula yamanje yoZiqu-zintathu yokubhapathizwa ngaphambi maphakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka nangaleso sikhathi, hhayi njengesilinganiso sikaMathewu 28:19. Noma ikuphi ukuvela okunjalo emibhalweni ehlukaniswe njenge-Early Church Fathers Writings kusemibhalweni yamanga yemvelaphi engabazisayo kanye neyokuphola (kamuva).
• Kuze kube okungenani ngesikhathi soMkhandlu Wokuqala waseNicaea ngonyaka ka-325 AD, inguqulo etholakalayo kaMathewu 28:19 yayiqukethe amagama kuphela “Egameni lami” njengoba icashunwe kaningi ngu-Eusebius.
• Ngakho-ke, yize kungenakufakazelwa ngokungangabazeki, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi kuze kwaba sekupheleni kuka-4^th Ikhulu leminyaka ukuthi lesi sigatshana esikuMathewu 28:19 sachibiyelwa ukuze sivumelane naleyo, eyayifundiswa ngaleso sikhathi kaZiqu-zintathu. Lesi sikhathi futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungenzeka futhi kube yisikhathi lapho eminye imibhalo yokuqala yamaKrestu nayo yashintshwa ukuze ihambisane nombhalo omusha kaMathewu 28:19.

 

Ngokufingqa, ngakho-ke uMathewu 28:19 kufanele afundeke kanjena:

"Futhi uJesu wasondela wakhuluma nabo, wathi:" Nginikwe lonke igunya ezulwini nasemhlabeni. ¹⁹ Ngakho-ke hambani niyokwenza abantu bazo zonke izizwe babe abafundi, nibabhabhathize ebizweni lami,[xxxi] ²⁰ nibafundise ukugcina konke enginiyale ngakho. Bheka! Nginani izinsuku zonke kuze kube isiphelo sesimiso sezinto. ”.

kuzoqhutshwa …

 

Engxenyeni yesi-3, sizohlola imibuzo lezi ziphetho eziyiphakamisayo mayelana nesimo sengqondo seNhlangano nombono wayo ngobhapathizo eminyakeni edlule.

 

 

[i] https://www.ccel.org/ccel/s/schaff/anf01/cache/anf01.pdf

[Ii] https://ccel.org/ccel/justin_martyr/first_apology/anf01.viii.ii.Lxi.html

[Iii] https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.vii.iv.ii.html

[Iv] https://onlinechristianlibrary.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/didache.pdf

[V] “Phakathi kwemibhalo enqatshiwe kumele kubalwe futhi nezenzo zikaPaul, nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi uMelusi, kanye ne-Apocalypse of Peter, futhi ngaphezu kwalena incwadi ekhona kaBarnaba, nalokho okubizwa ngeZimfundiso Zabaphostoli; futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, njengoba ngishilo, i-Apocalypse of John, uma kubonakala kufanelekile, abanye, njengoba ngishilo, abayenqabayo, kodwa abanye abayithatha ngencwadi eyamukelekayo. ”

https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0265-0339,_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Historia_ecclesiastica_%5bSchaff%5d,_EN.pdf p.275 Inombolo yekhasi lencwadi

[vi] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache

[vii] “Phakathi kwemibhalo enqatshiwe kumele kubalwe futhi nezenzo zikaPaul, nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi uMelusi, kanye ne-Apocalypse of Peter, futhi ngaphezu kwalena incwadi ekhona kaBarnaba, nalokho okubizwa ngeZimfundiso Zabaphostoli; futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, njengoba ngishilo, i-Apocalypse of John, uma kubonakala kufanelekile, abanye, njengoba ngishilo, abayenqabayo, kodwa abanye abayithatha ngencwadi eyamukelekayo. ”

https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/0265-0339,_Eusebius_Caesariensis,_Historia_ecclesiastica_%5bSchaff%5d,_EN.pdf p.275 Inombolo yekhasi lencwadi

[viii] https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm

[ix] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_de_05_book3.htm

[X] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_de_05_book3.htm

[xi] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_de_05_book3.htm

[xii] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_de_11_book9.htm

[xiii] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_theophania_05book4.htm

[xiv] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_theophania_05book5.htm

[xv] http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_theophania_05book5.htm

[xvi] https://books.google.ca/books?id=R7Q_DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&hl=en&pli=1&authuser=1#v=snippet&q=%22in%20my%20name%22&f=false

[xvii] https://books.google.ca/books?id=R7Q_DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&hl=en&pli=1&authuser=1#v=snippet&q=%22in%20my%20name%22&f=false

[xviii] https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2504.htm

[xix] https://ia902906.us.archive.org/22/items/encyclopediaofreligionandethicsvolume02artbunjameshastings_709_K/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20and%20Ethics%20Volume%2002%20Art-Bun%20%20James%20Hastings%20.pdf  Skrolela cishe ku-40% wencwadi yonke phansi uye kusihloko esithi "Baptism (Early Christian)"

[xx] https://www.earlychristiancommentary.com/eusebius-texts/ Iqukethe Umlando weSonto, Chronicon, Contra Hieroclem, Demonstratio Evangelica, Theophania kanye neminye imibhalo emincane.

[xxi] Noma "egameni likaJesu Kristu"

[xxii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism

[xxiii] UMetzger, B. (1972). Ubufakazi bePatristic kanye neTextual Criticism of the New Testament. Izifundo zeTestamente Elisha, 18(4), 379-400. doi:10.1017/S0028688500023705

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/patristic-evidence-and-the-textual-criticism-of-the-new-testament/D91AD9F7611FB099B9C77EF199798BC3

[xxiv] https://www.academia.edu/32013676/Hebrew_Gospel_of_MATTHEW_by_George_Howard_Part_One_pdf?auto=download

[xxv] https://archive.org/details/Hebrew.Gospel.of.MatthewEvenBohanIbn.ShaprutHoward.1987

[xxvi] https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.vi.ix.html

[xxvii] https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.v.xvii.ii.html

[xxviii] https://archive.org/details/commentaryonbibl00peak/page/722/mode/2up

[xxix] https://www.scribd.com/document/94120889/James-Moffat-1901-The-Historical-New-Testament

[xxx] Kutholakala ngokucela kumbhali.

[xxxi] Noma "egameni likaJesu Kristu"