OFakazi BakaJehova E-Italy (1891-1976)

ngu-Maria G. Buscema

Umagazini Wokuqala We- ILa Vedetta di Sion, Okthoba 1, 1903,
Uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane lwe I-Zion's Watch Tower

Phakathi kwezinhlangano ezintsha zenkolo ezivela e-United States of America kukhona noFakazi BakaJehova, abanabalandeli ababalelwa ezigidini eziyi-8.6 emhlabeni nabalandeli ababalelwa ku-250,000 18 e-Italy. Isebenza e-Italy kusukela ngekhulu lama-1949 leminyaka, ukunyakaza kwavinjelwa emisebenzini yayo nguhulumeni wama-fascist; kodwa kulandela ukunqoba kwama-Allies futhi ngenxa yoMthetho kaJuni 385, XNUMX, cha. XNUMX, eyaqinisekisa iSivumelwano Sobungani, Ukuhweba Nokuzula phakathi kukahulumeni wase-US naleso sika-Alcide De Gasperi, oFakazi BakaJehova, njengezinye izinhlangano zezenkolo ezingezona ezobuKatolika, bathola ukuqashelwa ngokomthetho njengezinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezise-United States.

1. Umsuka woFakazi BakaJehova (Ita. OFakazi BakaJehova, kusukela manje ku-JW), ihlelo lobuKristu elingokwasezulwini, eleminyaka eyinkulungwane nelokubuyisela kabusha, noma "owokuqala", laqiniseka ukuthi ubuKrestu kumele bubuyiselwe emugqeni walokho okwaziwa ngesonto lokuqala labaphostoli, kusukela ngo-1879, lapho uCharles Taze Russell (1852-1916) , usomabhizinisi wasePittsburgh, ngemuva kokuhambela amaSecond Adventist, waqala ukunyathelisa lo magazini IZion's Watch Tower neHerald of Christ’s Presence ngoJulayi walowo nyaka. Wasungula ngo-1884 iZion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] ifakwe ePennsylvania, eyafika ngo-1896 I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. noma i-Watchtower Society (ama-JW ajwayele ukuyibiza ngokuthi “Inhlangano” noma “Inhlangano KaJehova”), okuyinhlangano esemthethweni eyinhloko esetshenziswa ubuholi be-JW ukukhulisa umsebenzi emhlabeni wonke.[2] Kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi, iqembu elincane lesifundo seBhayibheli, ekuqaleni elalingenalo igama elithile (ukugwema inkolo bazokhetha “amaKrestu” alula), bese lizibiza “ngabaFundi BeBhayibheli,” lakhula, laveza inqwaba yamabandla enikezwa izincwadi zenkolo yiWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, okwathi ngo-1909 yathuthela ikomkhulu layo eBrooklyn, eNew York, kuyilapho iseseWarwick, eNew York. Igama elithi “oFakazi BakaJehova” lamukelwa ngo-1931 yilowo owangena esikhundleni sikaRussell, uJoseph Franklin Rutherford.[3]

Ama-JW athi asekela izinkolelo zawo eBhayibhelini, kuwo iZwi likaJehova eliphefumulelwe futhi elingaphezi. Imfundiso yabo ifaka imfundiso "yesambulo esiqhubekayo" esivumela ubuholi, iNdikimba Ebusayo, ukuthi iguqule ukutolika nezimfundiso zeBhayibheli kaningi.[4] Isibonelo, ama-JWs aziwa ngeminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi ashumayela ukuphela okuzayo kwendlu ngendlu. (ememezela kumajenali INqabayokulinda, I-Phaphama!, izincwadi ezinyatheliswa yiWatchtower Society nezihloko namavidiyo abhalwe kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yenhlangano, i-jw.org, njll.), futhi sekuyiminyaka bezuzile ukuthi “uhlelo lwezinto” lwamanje luzophela ngaphambi kwawo wonke amalungu esizukulwane esaphila U-1914 wafa. ukuphela, okumakwe yimpi ye-Armagedoni, usesondele, akasasho ukuthi kufanele awe phakathi no-1914.[5] ibasusa ekuzihlukaniseni nabo ngokwabo ngokwenkolo yabo emphakathini omiselwe ukubhujiswa e-Armagedoni, bangabantu abamelene noZiqu-zintathu, abanemibandela ethile (abakuqinisekisi ukungafi komphefumulo), abawanaki amaholide angamaKristu, abanakekela imvelaphi yobuqaba, futhi nikeza ingqikithi yensindiso egameni likaNkulunkulu, “Jehova.” Ngaphandle kwalokhu okuhlukile, ama-JWs angaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-8.6 emhlabeni awakwazi ukuhlukaniswa njengenkolo yaseMelika.

Njengoba kuchazwe ngu-prof. Mnu James Penton,

OFakazi BakaJehova sebephume endaweni engokwenkolo yobuProthestani baseMelika ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Yize bengabonakala behluke ngokuphawulekayo kumaProthestani amakhulu futhi benqaba izimfundiso ezithile ezisemqoka zamasonto amakhulu, ngomqondo wangempela bayizindlalifa zaseMelika ze-Adventism, ukunyakaza okungokwesiprofetho phakathi kwe-Evangelicalism yaseBrithani neyaseMelika ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, kanye neminyaka eyinkulungwane neshumi nesikhombisa i-Anglicanism yekhulu ne-English Protestant nonformform. Empeleni, kuncane kakhulu ngohlelo lwabo lwezimfundiso olungaphandle kwesiko elibanzi lamaProthestani ama-Anglo-American, yize kunemibono ethile abahlangana ngayo kakhulu nobuKhatholika kunobuProthestani. Uma behlukile ngezindlela eziningi - njengoba ngokungangabazeki kunjalo - kungenxa yenhlanganisela ethile yezenkolo nezimvume zezimfundiso zabo hhayi ngenxa yobusha babo.[6]

Ukusatshalaliswa kwenhlangano emhlabeni wonke kuzolandela amandla axhumene ngokwengxenye nomsebenzi wezithunywa zevangeli, kepha ngokwengxenye imicimbi ephambili yezwe emhlabeni, njengeMpi Yezwe Yesibili kanye nokunqoba kwama-Allies. Lokhu kunjalo e-Italy, noma ngabe iqembu belikhona kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX.

2. Okuvelele kohlobo lwe-JWs e-Italy ukuthi intuthuko yabo yathuthukiswa ngabantu abangaphandle kweWatch Tower Society. Umsunguli, uCharles T. Russell, wafika e-Italy ngo-1891 ngesikhathi ehambele i-Europe futhi, ngokusho kwabaholi benhlangano, wayezoma ePinerolo, ezigodini zaseWaldensia, avuse intshisekelo kaDaniele Rivoir, uthisha waseNgilandi Ukholo lwamaWaldens. Kodwa ukuba khona kwesitobhisi ePinerolo - okubonakala kuqinisekisa ithisisi yokuthi ubuholi baseMelika, njengamanye ama-American confession, babeyisisulu senkoleloze “yamaWaldenssian”, okuwukuthi, inkolelo-mbono eyavela ukuthi ingamanga kwakulula ukuguqula ama-Waldensians aye e-Italy kunamaKatolika, egxila ohambweni lwawo ngasePinerolo kanye nedolobha laseTorre Pellice -,[7] ubuzwa ngesisekelo sokuhlolwa kwemibhalo yesikhathi esiphathelene nohambo lomfundisi waseYurophu ngo-1891 (olukhuluma ngeBrindisi, iNaples, iPompeii, iRoma, iFlorence, iVenice neMilan, kodwa hhayi iPinerolo ngisho neTurin),[8] futhi nohambo olulandelayo olwalunentshisekelo e-Italy (1910 nango-1912) aluvezi amavesi noma ePinerolo noma eTurin, ekubeni kuyisiko lomlomo ngaphandle kwesisekelo sedokhumende, nokho, lwenziwa olusemthethweni yisazi-mlando, kanye nomdala we-JWs, uPaolo Piccioli kudaba olushicilelwe ngo-2000 ku I-Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (i Bulletin yeNhlangano Yezifundo ZamaWaldensia), umagazini ongumlando wamaProthestani, nakweminye imibhalo, enyatheliswa yi-Nqabayokulinda nabamemezeli abangaphandle kwenhlangano.[9]

Ngokuqinisekile uRivoir, ngo-Adolf Erwin Weber, umshumayeli waseSwitzerland waseRussian futhi owayengumsizi wensimu, owayenentshiseko ngemibono yonyaka kaRussel kodwa engazimisele ukukhohlisa inkolo yamaWaldensia, uzothola imvume yokuhumusha imibhalo, kuthi ngo-1903 umqulu wokuqala kaRussell Izifundo zemiBhalo, ie I-Il Divin Piano delle Età (Uhlelo Lwaphezulu Lweminyaka), ngenkathi ngo-1904 umagazini wokuqala wase-Italy ka I-Zion's Watch Tower yakhululwa, enesihloko esithi La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza di Cristo, noma ngaphezulu kalula ILa Vedetta di Sion, isatshalaliswa kuma-newsstand endawo.[10]

Ngo-1908 kwakhiwa ibandla lokuqala ePinerolo, futhi lanikezwa ukuthi indawo eqinile yanamuhla yayingasebenzi phakathi kwezinhlangano ze-Watchtower Society - ngokuhambisana nemibono ethile ka "Pastor" Russell -,[11] abaseNtaliyane bazosebenzisa igama elithi “AbaFundi BeBhayibheli” kuphela kusukela ngo-1915 kuqhubeke. Kumakhophi okuqala we ILa Vedetta di Sion, abasebenzisana nabase-Italy be-Watch Tower basebenzise, ​​ukukhomba ubuzalwane babo, amagama angaqondakali anencasa ebonakalayo "ye-primitivist" ngokuvumelana nemibhalo yaseRussellian yango-1882-1884 eyabona ubuhlelo njengendawo eyayihlanganisa amaqembu ezenkolo, amagama anjengelithi "iSonto" , "Christian Church", "Church of the Little Flock and of Believers" noma, ngisho, "Evangelical Church".[12] Ngo-1808, uClara Lanteret, eChantelain (umfelokazi), encwadini ende wachaza abalingani base-Italy be-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, ayengaphansi kwakhe, ngokuthi “Readers of the AURORA and the TORRE”. Ubhale wathi: “Sengathi uNkulunkulu angasipha sonke singagunci futhi sivuleke ebufakazini bethu beqiniso elikhona manje futhi sikwambule ngenjabulo ibhena lethu. Sengathi anganikeza bonke abafundi beDawn and the Tower ukuthi bajabule ngokungapheli eNkosini efisa ukuthi injabulo yethu iphelele futhi ingavumeli noma ngubani ukuthi ayiphuce yona ”.[13] Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1910, kwenye incwadi ende, uLanteret wakhuluma ngamagama angaqondakali nje kuphela ngomyalezo ka “Pastor” Russell “njengokukhanya” noma “amaqiniso ayigugu”: “Nginenjabulo yokumemezela ukuthi umfundisi osekhulile ungumBaptist osethathe umhlalaphansi isikhathi eside , Mnu., Kulandela izingxoxo kaningi sobabili (uFanny Lugli nami) singena ngokugcwele ekukhanyeni futhi samukela ngenjabulo amaqiniso ayigugu uNkulunkulu abone kufanele ukuthi asembulele wona ngenceku yakhe ethandekayo nethembekile uRussell ”.[14] Ngawo lowo nyaka, encwadini yokwesula eyabhalwa ngoMeyi 1910 ngamalungu amane eWaldensian Evangelical Church, okunguHenriette Bounous, uFrancois Soulier, uHenry Bouchard noLuoise Vincon Rivoir, akekho, ngaphandle kukaBouchard owayesebenzisa igama elithi "Church of Christ", akasebenzisanga gama ukuchaza inkolo entsha yobuKristu, kanye ne-Consistory yeSonto lamaWaldensia, ekuqapheleni ukuhlubuka ebandleni lamaWaldensia leqembu elalisekele izimfundiso zeminyaka eyizinkulungwane zika “Pastor” Russell, engasebenzisanga ihlelo eliqondile kulesi sigwebo, waze wabadida namalungu amanye amasonto: ”Kamuva uMongameli ufunda izincwadi azibhale egameni le-Consistory kulabo bantu isikhathi eside noma esanda kwedlula, abashiye amaWaldensian iminyaka emibili. esontweni ukujoyina iDarbysti, noma ukuthola ihlelo elisha. (…) Ngenkathi uLouise Vincon Rivoire esedlulele kumaBaptist ngendlela eqondile “.[15] Abaxhasi beSonto LamaKatolika bazodida abalandeli beWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, kuze kube ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, neProthestani noma iValdism[16] noma, njengamanye amaphephabhuku amaWaldensia, azonikeza isikhala inhlangano, nomholi wayo, uCharles Taze Russell, ecindezela ngo-1916 abamele i-Italy, epheshaneni, ukuba bazibonakalise ne- “Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici”.[17]

Ngo-1914 leli qembu lizohlupheka - njengayo yonke imiphakathi yamaRussel emhlabeni - ukuphoxeka kokwehluleka ukuthunjwa ezulwini, okuzohola inhlangano, eyayifinyelele cishe kubalandeli abangamashumi amane egxile kakhulu ezigodini zaseWaldensian, ukwehla kuphela amalungu ayishumi nanhlanu. Eqinisweni, njengoba kubikiwe ku- I-1983 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (Uhlelo lwesiNgisi lwango-1983):

Ngo-1914 abanye abaFundi BeBhayibheli, njengoba oFakazi BakaJehova babebizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, kulindeleke ukuba “bathathwe ngamafu ukuze bahlangabeze iNkosi emoyeni” futhi bakholelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wabo wokushumayela emhlabeni wawusuphelile. (1 Thes. 4:17) Ukulandisa okwakukhona kuyalandisa: “Ngelinye ilanga, abanye babo baya endaweni eyihlane ukuyolinda lowo mcimbi. Kodwa-ke, lapho kungenzeki lutho, baphoqeleka ukuthi babuyele emakhaya futhi benomoya ophansi kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, iningi lalaba lawa okholweni. ”

Cishe abantu abayi-15 bahlala bethembekile, beqhubeka beya emihlanganweni futhi befunda izincwadi zeNhlangano. Ekhuluma ngaleyo nkathi, uMfoweth 'uRemigio Cuminetti wathi: “Esikhundleni somqhele wodumo owawulindelekile, sathola izicathulo ezinamandla ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi wokushumayela.”[18]

Leli qembu lizongena ezindabeni ngoba omunye wabambalwa kakhulu owenqaba ngenxa kanembeza ngenxa yezizathu zenkolo phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uRemigio Cuminetti, wayengumlandeli weNqabayokulinda. UCuminetti, owazalwa ngo-1890 ePiscina, ngasePinerolo, esifundazweni saseTurin, wakhombisa “ukuzinikela ngenkolo okukhulu” esengumfana, kodwa ngemuva kokufunda umsebenzi kaCharles Taze Russell, I-Il Divin Piano delle Età, uthola ubukhulu bayo bangempela obungokomoya, ayekade eyifunele ize “emikhubeni yenkolo” yesonto laseRoma.[19] Ukuzihlukanisa nobuKatolika kwamholela ekubeni ajoyine abaFundi BeBhayibheli basePinerolo, ngaleyo ndlela aqale indlela yakhe yokushumayela.

Ekugqashukeni kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uRemigio wasebenza kulayini wokuhlangana wezikhungo zokusebenzela zaseRiv, eVillar Perosa, esifundazweni saseTurin. Le nkampani, ekhiqiza amabheringi ebhola, umenyezelwa nguhulumeni wase-Italiy njengomsizi wempi, ngakho-ke, uMartellini uyabhala, "impi yabasebenzi" iyabekwa: "abasebenzi (…) bafakwa isongo elinomazisi ibutho lase-Italiya elijezisa ngempumelelo amandla abo okuphatha kubaphathi bezempi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye banikezwa ukukhululwa unomphela ekusebenzeni kwezempi okusebenzayo ”.[20] Kwabaningi abantu abasha lokhu kuyinzuzo ezuzisayo yokuphunyuka ngaphambili, kepha hhayi uCuminetti, ngokuhambisana nezinkomba zebhayibheli, uyazi ukuthi akudingeki asebenzisane, nganoma iyiphi indlela, ekulungiseleleni impi. Ngakho-ke lo Mfundi weBhayibheli osemusha unquma ukusula esikhundleni sakhe, ngokushesha, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, athole ikhadi lomyalo lokuya ngaphambili.

Ukwenqaba ukugqoka umfaniswano kuvulela uCuminetti icala eNkantolo Yezempi yase-Alexandria, okuthi - njengoba u-Alberto Bertone abhala - embhalweni wesigwebo kukhulume ngokusobala “ngezizathu zikanembeza ezithonywe yilowo ophikisayo:” Wenqaba, ethi ukholo lukaKristu lunokuthula okuyisisekelo salo phakathi kwabantu, ubuzalwane bomhlaba wonke, (...) njengekholwa eliqinisekile kulolo kholo alukwazanga futhi alufuni ukugqoka iyunifomu ewuphawu lwempi futhi lokho ukubulawa kwabazalwane ( njengoba ebiza izitha zezwe lobaba) ”.[21] Ngemuva kwesigwebo, indaba yomuntu kaCuminetti yazi "ukuvakasha okujwayelekile kwamajele" kaGaeta, uRegina Coeli noPiacenza, ukuvalelwa endaweni yokukhosela kaReggio Emilia kanye nemizamo eminingi yokumnciphisa ekulaleleni, okulandelayo, kunquma "ukungena amabutho ezempilo empi njengomthwali wabalimele ”,[22] ukwenza empeleni lokho, ngemuva kwalokho, okungavunyelwe kuyo yonke i-JW esencane, noma insizakalo ebambela ezempi - nokunikezwa indondo yesiliva ngobuqhawe bezempi, uCuminetti enqabile ukuthi ukwenze konke lokhu "ngothando lobuKrestu" -, okuzolandela kwenqatshelwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1995. Ngemuva kwempi, uCuminetti waqala phansi ukushumayela, kepha ngokufika kobuFascist, uFakazi KaJehova, onakwe yi-OVRA, waphoqeleka ukuba asebenze embusweni oyimfihlo. Ushonele eTurin ngoJanuwari 18, 1939.

3. Ngama-1920s, umsebenzi e-Italy wathola umfutho omusha ekubuyeni ekhaya kwabokufika abaningi ababejoyine inkolo e-United States, futhi imiphakathi emincane yama-JWs yasabalala ezifundazweni ezahlukahlukene ezinjengeSondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara kanye neTeramo, nokho, njengango-1914, ngokudumazeka okuhlobene no-1925, umsebenzi uya ngokuncipha.[23]

Ngesikhathi seFascism, noma ngabe luhlobo luni lomyalezo olwashunyayelwa, amakholwa ehlelo (njengalawo amanye amakholwa angavumeli amaKatolika) ashushiswa. Umbuso kaMussolini wawubheka abalandeli beWatchtower Society “njengabantu abashiseka ngokweqile abayingozi.”[24] Kepha bekungeyona into eyenzeka e-Italiya: iminyaka kaRutherford ayimakiwe kuphela ngokwamukelwa kwegama elithi "ofakazi bakaJehova", kepha ngokwethulwa kwefomu lenhlangano elinezigaba eziphezulu kanye nokwenza imigomo ejwayelekile emabandleni ahlukahlukene asasebenza nanamuhla - ebizwa “Umbuso ongokwasezulwini” -, kanye nokungezwani okukhulayo phakathi kweWatch Tower Society nezwe elizungezile, okuzoholela ekutheni leli hlelo lingashushiswa nje kuphela yimibuso yamaFascist neNational Socialist, kodwa futhi nabaseMarxist nabaseLiberal Democratic.[25]

Mayelana nokushushiswa koFakazi BakaJehova nguzwilakhe wobushiqela kaBenito Mussolini, iWatchtower Society, i I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983ekhasini 162 lohlelo lwesiNtaliyane, libika ukuthi “abanye ababengabafundisi bamaKatolika baba nesandla ekuqedeni ukushushiswa kobuNazi kofakazi bakaJehova.” Kepha isazi-mlando uGiorgio Rochat, wenkolo yamaProthestani futhi odume ngokulwa nama-fascist, ubika ukuthi:

Empeleni, umuntu akanakukhuluma ngokuhlasela okwenziwa ngabaningi bamaProthestani okwenziwa ngabaningi futhi okwenziwa yizakhiwo zamaKhatholika ayisisekelo, okuthi, ngenkathi egxeka impela ubukhona bamasonto evangeli, babe nezimilo ezahlukahlukene maqondana nokungenani okuguquguqukayo okune okuyinhloko: imvelo yesifunda ( …); izinga elihlukile lobudlova nokuphumelela kokushunyayelwa kwevangeli; ukukhetha kwabapristi besifunda kanye nabaholi bendawo (…); futhi ekugcineni ukutholakala kweziphathimandla eziyisisekelo zombuso nezama-fascist.[26]

URochat ubika ukuthi maqondana “nokuqoqwa okukhulu kwe-OVRA” phakathi ngasekupheleni kuka-1939 nasekuqaleni kuka-1940, “ukungabi bikho okungajwayelekile kokugxambukela nokucindezelwa kwamaKatolika kulo lonke uphenyo, okuqinisekisa izehlakalo eziphansi zoFakazi BakaJehova ezimweni zasendaweni kanye nenqubomgomo yokwenziwa kwabantu ukucindezelwa kwabo ”.[27] Ngokusobala kwakukhona ingcindezi evela eSontweni kanye nababhishobhi ngokumelene nazo zonke izinkolo ezingezona ezobuKrestu (hhayi nje kuphela abalandeli abambalwa be-Nqabayokulinda, cishe abayi-150 kulo lonke elase-Italy), kodwa uma kwenzeka koFakazi, babebuye ngenxa yokuhlukunyezwa okucacile ngabashumayeli. Empeleni, kusukela ngo-1924, incwajana eyayinesihloko esithi L'Ecclesiasticismo ku-istato d'accusa (uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane lwepheshana Abefundisi Babekwa Icala, icala lamacala lafundwa emhlanganweni wango-1924 eColumbus, e-Ohio) Ngokusho kwe Incwadi Yonyaka ka-1983, ekhasini. Ngo-130, “ukulahlwa okubi” kubefundisi bamaKhatholika, kwasatshalaliswa amakhophi ayi-100,000 XNUMX e-Italy futhi oFakazi benza konke okusemandleni abo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uPope nabaseVatican abangavamile ukutholwa bathola ikhophi eyodwa ngamunye. URemigio Cuminetti, obhekele umsebenzi weNkampani, encwadini ayibhalela uJoseph F. Rutherford, eyanyatheliswa ngo ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane) uNovemba 1925, amakhasi 174, 175, ubhala ngale ncwajana ethi:

Singasho ukuthi konke kuhambe kahle ngokulingana nendawo "emnyama" [isb. Katolika, ed] esihlala kuyo; ezindaweni ezimbili kuphela ngaseRoma nasedolobheni elisogwini lwe-Adriatic abafowethu bamiswa nokuthi amashidi atholakele athathwa, ngoba umthetho udinga imvume yokukhokha ukusabalalisa noma yikuphi ukushicilelwa, ngenkathi singakafuni mvume sazi ukuthi sineGunya Eliphezulu [isb. uJehova noJesu, nge-Nqabayokulinda, ed]. Bakhiqize ukumangala, ukumangala, ukubabaza, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukucasuka phakathi kwabefundisi kanye nababambisene nabo, kepha ngokwazi kwethu, akekho noyedwa owaba nesibindi sokushicilela igama elimelene nalo, futhi ukusuka lapha singabona ngaphezulu ukuthi ukumangalelwa kulungile.

Akukho ncwadi eyake yasakazwa kakhulu e-Italy, kepha siyabona ukuthi namanje ayanele. ERoma bekuzodingeka ukuthi ibuyiswe ngobuningi bayo ukuze yaziwe kulo nyaka ongcwele [uCuminetti ubhekise kwiJubili leSonto LamaKhatholika ngo-1925, ed.] Ngubani ongubaba ongcwele kanye nabefundisi abahlonishwa kakhulu, kodwa ngalokhu sasingasekelwa yi-European Central Office [ye-Nqabayokulinda, ed] isiphakamiso esasithuthukiselwe kuso kusukela ngoJanuwari odlule. Mhlawumbe isikhathi asikafiki seNkosi.

Inhloso yomkhankaso, ngakho-ke, yayivusa inkanuko, futhi yayingagcini ngokushunyayelwa kweBhayibheli, kepha yayijwayele ukuhlasela amaKhatholika, impela edolobheni laseRoma, lapho upapa ekhona, ngenkathi kwakukhona iJubili, kumaKhatholika unyaka wokuthethelelwa kwezono, ukubuyisana, ukuguqulwa kanye nesakramente lokuzisola, isenzo esingahloniphi futhi esingaxwayisi ukusatshalaliswa, nesibonakala senziwa ngenhloso ukuheha ukushushiswa ngokwakho, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inhloso yomkhankaso Cuminetti, “ukwenza kwaziwe kulo nyaka ongcwele ukuthi ngubani ubaba ongcwele kanye nabefundisi abahlonishwa kakhulu”.

E-Italy, okungenani kusukela ngo-1927-1928, bebona ukuthi ama-JWs njengesivumo sase-US esingaphazamisa ubuqotho boMbuso Wase-Italy, iziphathimandla zamaphoyisa zaqoqa imininingwane ngehlelo lakwezinye izindawo ngenethiwekhi yamanxusa.[28] Njengengxenye yalolu phenyo, ikomkhulu lomhlaba leWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania eBrooklyn kanye negatsha laseBerne, elengamela, kwaze kwaba ngo-1946, umsebenzi wama-JW e-Italy, wavakashelwa izithunywa zamaphoyisa obuFascist.[29]

E-Italy, bonke labo abathola izincwadi zebandla bazobhaliswa futhi ngo-1930 bazokwethulwa ensimini yase-Italy yalo magazini I-Consolation (kamuva I-Phaphama!) Kwakungavunyelwe. Ngo-1932 kwavulwa ihhovisi eliyimfihlo le-Nqabayokulinda eMilan, eduze kwaseSwitzerland, ukuze kuqondiswe imiphakathi emincane, okwathi naphezu kokuvinjelwa akuzange kuyeke ukuthatha isinyathelo: ukwenza umashiqela wase-Italy aqhubeke nokuhlasela kwakuyimibiko ye-OVRA lapho kwabikwa ukuthi ama-JWs athatha "ubuDuce nobuFascism obuvela kuDeveli". Izincwadi zale nhlangano, empeleni, kunokumane zishumayele iVangeli likaKristu zasabalalisa ukuhlaselwa kombuso kaMussolini owabhalwa e-United States ngokungafani nalawo amaqembu aphikisana nobushiqela, echaza uMussolini njengonodoli wabefundisi bamaKhatholika kanye nombuso ngokuthi “ i-clerical-fascist ”, eqinisekisa ukuthi uRutherford wayengasazi isimo sezepolitiki sase-Italy, isimo seFascism kanye nokungqubuzana nobuKhatholika, ekhuluma ngama-clichés:

Kuthiwa uMussolini akathembi muntu, ukuthi akanaye umngani weqiniso, nokuthi akasithetheleli isitha. Esaba ukuthi uzolahlekelwa ukulawula abantu, ulokhu ephikelela. (…) Isifiso sikaMussolini ukuba ngumphathi omkhulu wempi nokubusa umhlaba wonke ngamandla. Inhlangano yamaRoma Katolika, isebenza ngokuvumelana naye, iyasisekela isifiso sakhe. Lapho elwa impi yokunqoba namaNegro abampofu e-Abyssinia, lapho okwanikelwa khona ngezinkulungwane zokuphila kwabantu, upapa nenhlangano yamaKatolika bamsekela, futhi “babusisa” izikhali zakhe ezibulalayo. Namuhla umashiqela wase-Italy uzama ukuphoqa abesilisa nabesifazane ukuba bazalele izilwane, ukuze kukhiqizwe inqwaba yamadoda azonikelwa ezimpini ezizayo futhi nakulokhu naye usekelwa ngupapa. (…) Kwakungumholi wama-fascists, u-Mussolini, owathi ngesikhathi sempi yomhlaba waphikisana nokuthi upapa ahlonishwe njengamandla esikhashana, futhi kwaba nguyena lowo owanikeza ngo-1929 ukuthi upapa athole amandla okwesikhashana, kusukela lapho kwezwakala kakhulu ukuthi upapa wayefuna isihlalo kwiNhlangano Yezizwe, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi wamukela inqubomgomo ehlakaniphile, ukuthola isihlalo ngemuva kwaso sonke “isilo” futhi i-conga yonke ithambekele ezinyaweni zakhe, ilungile ukuqabula umunwe wakhe wonyawo isithupha.[30]

Ekhasini. 189 no-296 sencwadi efanayo uRutherford waze wazama nophenyo olufanelwe izindaba ezinhle kakhulu zezinhloli: “UHulumeni wase-United States unoMqondisi-Jikelele Weposi oyiRoma Katolika futhi empeleni, ungummeli nommeleli we-Vatican (…) Umenzeli waseVatican ungumashiqela wobushiqela wamafilimu ebhayisikobho, futhi uyayamukela imibukiso ekhulisa uhlelo lwamaKatolika, ukuziphatha okuxegayo phakathi kwabobulili nobunye ubugebengu obuningi. ” KuRutherford, uPapa Pius XI wayengumphikisi owayedlulisa izintambo ngokusebenzisa uHitler noMussolini! Ukukhohliswa kukaRutherfordian ngamandla onke kufinyelela kuvuthondaba lapho kushiwo, ekhasini. 299, ukuthi “UMbuso (…) omenyezelwa oFakazi BakaJehova, ukuphela kwento namuhla esatshwa ngempela yiHerarchy yamaRoma Katolika.” Encwadini Fascismo noma libertà (UbuFasi noma inkululeko), ka-1939, emakhasini 23, 24 no-30, kubikwa ukuthi:

Kubi yini ukushicilela iqiniso ngesigejane sezigebengu ezigebenga abantu? ” Cha! Futhi-ke, mhlawumbe kubi ukushicilela iqiniso ngenhlangano yenkolo [yamaKatolika] esebenza ngokuzenzisa ngendlela efanayo? […] Abashiqela abangamaFascist nabamaNazi, ngosizo nokubambisana kwesigungu sabaphathi bamaRoma Katolika esizinze eDolobheni laseVatican, badicilela phansi izwekazi iYurophu. Bazokwazi futhi, okwesikhashana, ukulawula uMbuso WaseBrithani kanye neMelika, kodwa-ke, ngokwalokho uNkulunkulu uqobo akushoyo, Uzongenela futhi ngoKristu Jesu… Uzozibhubhisa ngokuphelele zonke lezi zinhlangano.

URutherford uzobikezela ukunqoba kwamaNazi-Fascists phezu kwama-Anglo-American ngosizo lweSonto LamaKatolika! Ngemishwana yalolu hlobo, ehunyushwe isuselwa emibhalweni ebhalwe e-United States futhi yabonwa ngumbuso njengokuphazamisa kwangaphandle, ingcindezelo izoqala: kuziphakamiso zokwabelwa ukuvalelwa nakwezinye iziphakamiso zokujeziswa, isitembu sitholwe ngegama elithi " Ngazithathela yena iNhloko kaHulumeni ”noma“ Ngathatha ama-oda avela eDuce ”, nama-inishiyali we-Chief of Police Arturo Bocchini njengophawu lokuvuma isicelo. UMussolini wabe eselandela ngqo wonke umsebenzi wengcindezelo, wabe esekhokhisa i-OVRA, ukuhlanganisa uphenyo kuma-JWs ase-Italy. Ukuzingela okukhulu, obebandakanya i-carabinieri namaphoyisa, kwenzeka ngemuva kwencwadi eyindilinga no. 441/027713 ka-Agasti 22, 1939 enesihloko esithi «Sette religiose dei“ Pentecostali ”ed altre» (“Sects religious of the“ Pentecostal ”and others”) okuzokwenza amaphoyisa ukuthi ababandakanye phakathi kwamahlelo “hamba ngaphesheya kwenkambu yezenkolo futhi ungene emkhakheni wezepolitiki ngakho-ke kumele ubhekwe ngokulingana namaqembu ezepolitiki avukela umbuso, okuyiwona, okuyingozi kakhulu, kwezinye izinto, futhi ngaphansi kwezici ezithile, ngoba abantu, okujule kakhulu kunemibono yezepolitiki, babashukumisela ekubeni bashisekele ngokweqile, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi baphikise noma ikuphi ukucabanga nokuhlinzekwa okuthile. ”

Kungakapheli namasonto, kwabuzwa abantu abangaba ngu-300, kuhlanganise nabantu ababenezikhokhelo ze-Nqabayokulinda kuphela. Balinganiselwa ku-150 abesilisa nabesifazane ababoshwa bagwetshwa, kubalwa nabangu-26 ababephethe kakhulu, badluliselwa eNkantolo Ekhethekile, ukuboshwa kusukela eminyakeni emibili kuya kwengu-2, iminyaka eyi-11 nezinyanga eziyi-186 (isigwebo no. 10 ka-Ephreli 50, 19), yize ekuqaleni iziphathimandla zobuNazi zadida ama-JW namaPentekoste, nawo ashushiswa umbuso: “Zonke izincwajana ezisetshenziswe kubalandeli behlelo 'lamaPentekoste kuze kube manje zingukuhumusha kwezincwadi zaseMelika, zazo cishe njalo umbhali uJF Rutherford othile ”.[31]

Enye isekhula yongqongqoshe, cha. 441/02977 kaMashi 3, 1940, waqaphela izisulu ngamagama esihlokweni esithi: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religioniose i cui principi sono in contro con la nostra istituzione» (“Ihlelo lenkolo 'loFakazi BakaJehova' noma 'AbaFundi BeBhayibheli' namanye amahlelo enkolo anezimiso zawo kushayisana nesikhungo sethu ”). Isekhula yongqongqoshe ikhulume ngalokhu: “ukuhlonza ngqo lawo mahlelo enkolo (…) ahlukile kunehlelo eselivele laziwa 'lamaPentekoste'”, egcizelela lokhu: “Ukujabulisa ubukhona behlelo 'loFakazi BakaJehova' kanye neqiniso ukuthi ukuqanjwa kwendaba ephrintiwe esevele icatshangelwe kuleyo isiyingi esishiwo ngenhla Agasti 22, 1939 N. 441/027713 kumele kukhonjwe ngakho, akumele kuveze umbono wokuthi ihlelo 'lamaPentekoste' alinangozi ngokwezepolitiki (…) leli hlelo kufanele lithathwe njengeliyingozi, yize ngezinga elincane kunehlelo 'loFakazi BakaJehova' ”. “Imibono le yethulwe njengengqikithi yeqiniso yobuKrestu - kuqhuba uMphathi wamaPhoyisa u-Arturo Bocchini kule setyhula -, ngokuhumusha okungenasisekelo kweBhayibheli kanye namaVangeli. Ngokuyinhloko okubhekiswe kubo, kule mibhalo, ngababusi banoma yiluphi uhlobo lukahulumeni, ubungxiwankulu, ilungelo lokumemezela impi kanye nabefundisi banoma iyiphi enye inkolo, kuqala ngeleKhatholika ”.[32]

Phakathi kwama-JW ase-Italy kwakukhona nesisulu soMbuso Wesithathu, uNarciso Riet. Ngo-1943, lapho kuwa ubuFascism, oFakazi abalahlwa yicala yiNkantolo Ekhethekile bakhululwa ejele. UMaria Pizzato, uFakazi KaJehova osanda kukhululwa, waxhumana noNkk Narciso Riet, owayebambisene nenkolo, owayebuyiselwe ezweni laseJalimane, owayenentshisekelo yokuhumusha nokusabalalisa izindatshana eziyinhloko ze INqabayokulinda , okusiza ukwethulwa ngasese kwezincwadi e-Italy. AmaNazi, esekelwa ngamaNazi, athola ikhaya likaRiet ambopha. Ekulalelweni kukaNovemba 23, 1944 phambi kweNkantolo Yobulungiswa Yabantu YaseBerlin, uRiet wabizelwa ukuzophendula "ngokuphulwa kwemithetho yezokuphepha kazwelonke". Wakhishwa "isigwebo sentambo". Ngokwalokho okwabhalwa abahluleli, kwenye yezincwadi zokugcina ayibhalela abafowabo eHitler Germany uRiet wayezothi: “Alikho elinye izwe emhlabeni lo moya wobusathane obonakala njengasesizweni samaNazi (…) ngabe lezi zenzo zonya ezinyantisa igazi zazingachazwa nobudlova obusabekayo, obabuhlukile emlandweni wabantu bakaNkulunkulu, obenziwa ngamanazi amaNazi bobabili ngokumelene noFakazi BakaJehova kanye nakwezinye izigidi zabanye abantu? ” URiet wadingiselwa eDachau wagwetshwa intambo ngesigwebo esafakwa eBerlin ngoNovemba 29, 1944.[33]

4. UJoseph F. Rutherford wafa ngo-1942 futhi walandelwa nguNathan H. Knorr. Ngokwemfundiso eyayisebenza kusukela ngo-1939 ngaphansi kobuholi bukaRutherford noKnorr, abalandeli boFakazi BakaJehova babengaphansi kwesibopho sokwenqaba ukuya empini ngoba ukuyamukela kwakuthathwa njengokungahambisani nezindinganiso zobuKristu. Lapho umsebenzi woFakazi BakaJehova eJalimane nase-Italy uvinjelwe phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, iWatchtower Society yakwazi ukuqhubeka nokuhlinzeka “ngokudla okungokomoya” ngohlobo lomagazini, amapheshana njll. koFakazi bakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Indlunkulu yeNkampani yaseSwitzerland ibibaluleke kakhulu kwezamasu njengoba ibitholakala ezweni laseYurophu kuphela ebelingabandakanyeki ngqo empini, njengoba iSwitzerland ibilokhu iyizwe elingathathi hlangothi kwezepolitiki. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ama-JWs aseSwitzerland ayanda futhi ezanywa futhi enecala lokwenqaba ukuya empini, isimo saqala ukuba yingozi. Eqinisweni, ukube, ngenxa yalezi zigwebo, iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland bezivimbele ama-JWs, umsebenzi wokunyathelisa nokusabalalisa ubungaphela ngokuphelele futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, izimpahla ezibonakalayo ezisanda kudluliselwa eSwitzerland, bezizothathwa njengoba 'kwenzeke kwamanye amazwe. AmaSwitzerland JWs asolwa ngabezindaba ngokuthi angamalungu enhlangano ebukela phansi ukwethembeka kwezakhamizi eMbuthweni. Isimo saqala ukuba sibi kakhulu kangangokuba, ngo-1940, amasosha ahlala egatsheni le-Watch Tower laseBern athatha zonke izincwadi. Abaphathi begatsha balethwa phambi kwenkantolo yezempi futhi kwaba nengozi enkulu yokuthi yonke inhlangano yamaJW eSwitzerland izovinjelwa.

Abameli beNhlangano babe sebeluleka ukuthi kwenziwe isitatimende lapho kwakuthiwa ama-JW awanalutho olumelene namasosha futhi ayengafuni ukubukela phansi ukuba semthethweni kwawo nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kumagazini waseSwitzerland we Trost (I-Consolation, manje I-Phaphama!ka-Okthoba 1, 1943 yabe isishicilelwa “Isimemezelo”, incwadi eyayibhalelwe iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland isho ukuthi “akukho sikhathi lapho [oFakazi] babebheka ukugcwaliseka kwezibopho zempi njengokuphikisana nemigomo nezifiso zeNhlangano boFakazi BakaJehova. ” Njengobufakazi bokuthembeka kwabo, le ncwadi yathi “amakhulu amalungu ethu nabasekeli bethu basifezile isibopho sabo sezempi futhi bayaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo.”[34]

Okuqukethwe yilesi sitatimende kuphindwe kwalungiswa futhi kwagxekwa encwadini eyabhalwa ngokubambisana nguJanine Tavernier, owayengumongameli wenhlangano yokulwa nokuhlukunyezwa kwamahlelo i-ADFI, obona kulo mbhalo "ukungathembeki",[35] kucatshangelwa isimo esaziwa kakhulu se-Watchtower senkonzo yezempi kanye nalokho okwenzeka e-fascist Italy noma ezindaweni zombuso we-Third Reich ngaleso sikhathi, kwazise ngakolunye uhlangothi iSwitzerland yayihlala ingathathi hlangothi, kodwa isimo sobuholi bale nhlangano, esasivele sizame ukuvumelana no-Adolf Hitler ngo-1933, asikaze sizikhathaze ngokwazi ukuthi umbuso odinga ukugcwaliswa kwezibopho zempi wawusempini noma cha; ngasikhathi sinye, oFakazi BakaJehova baseJalimane babulawa ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuya empini kanti abase-Italy bagcina sebesejele noma bedingisiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo sengqondo segatsha laseSwitzerland sibonakala siyinkinga, noma ngabe, bekungeyona into ngaphandle kokusebenzisa lelo qhinga abaholi benhlangano abebelokhu besebenzisa isikhathi esithile, okuyimfundiso "yempi engokwasezulwini",[36] okusho ukuthi “kufanelekile ukungalenzi iqiniso labo abangenalo ilungelo lokulazi”,[37] unikezwe ukuthi kubo amanga athi "Ukusho okuthile okungamanga kulabo abanelungelo lokwazi iqiniso, futhi bakwenza lokhu ngenhloso yokumkhohlisa noma ukulimaza yena noma omunye umuntu".[38] Ngo-1948, lapho kunempi, umongameli olandelayo weNhlangano, uNathan H. Knorr, wasiphikisa lesi sitatimende njengoba kushiwo ku ILa Torre di Guardia kaMay 15, 1948, amakhasi 156, 157:

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana inani labamemezeli eSwitzerland lalihlala lilingana, futhi lokhu kwaqhathaniswa nokutheleka okukhulu kakhulu kwabamemezeli ngamanani andayo ayeke enzeka kwamanye amazwe. Abazange bathathe ukuma okuqinile nokungangabazeki obala obugcwele ukuze bazihlukanise njengamaKristu eqiniso aseBhayibhelini. Lalinjalo icala elikhulu mayelana nodaba lokungathathi hlangothi okufanele kubhekwe ezindabeni zomhlaba nasezingxabanweni, kanye nokuphikiswa [?] Kulabo abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza, nangokuphathelene nombuzo wesikhundla okufanele basithathe njengongqongqoshe abaqotho ivangeli elimiswe uNkulunkulu.

Isibonelo, ku-Okthoba 1, 1943 uhlelo lwe- Trost (Umagazini waseSwitzerland we I-Consolation), eyavela ngaleyo ndlela phakathi nengcindezi enkulu yale mpi yezwe yokugcina, lapho ukungathathi hlangothi kwezepolitiki kwaseSwitzerland kubonakala kusongelwa, ihhovisi laseSwitzerland lazibophezela ngokushicilela iSimemezelo, isigatshana saso sasifundeka kanje: “Kwamakhulu esizakwethu [isiJalimane: UMitglieder] nabangane okholweni [uGlauberfreunde] bayifezile imisebenzi yabo yezempi futhi basaqhubeka nokuyenza nanamuhla. ” Lesi sitatimende sokuthopha saba nemiphumela ephazamisayo eSwitzerland nasezingxenyeni ezithile zeFrance.

Eshayelwe ihlombe ngokufudumele, uMfoweth 'uKnorr ngesibindi wasiphikisa leso sigaba kulesi simemezelo ngoba asimele isikhundla esathathwa iNhlangano futhi sasingahambisani nezimiso zobuKristu ezibekwe ngokucacile eBhayibhelini. Isikhathi sase sifikile lapho abazalwane baseSwitzerland kwakudingeka banikeze izizathu phambi kukaNkulunkulu noKristu, futhi, bephendula isimemo sikaMfoweth 'uKnorr sokuba bazibonakalise, abazalwane abaningi baphakamisa izandla ukukhomba kubo bonke ababebukele ukuthi babesusa imvume ababeyinikezwe lesi simemezelo ngo-1943 futhi babengafisi ukuqhubeka basisekela nganoma iyiphi indlela.

“Isimemezelo” naso saphikiswa encwadini evela eFrance Society, lapho hhayi kuphela ubuqiniso be- Isimemezelo kuyaqashelwa, kepha lapho ukuphazamiseka kwalombhalo kubonakala, wazi kahle ukuthi kungadala umonakalo; ufuna ihlale iyimfihlo futhi ucabanga ukuqhubeka nezingxoxo nomuntu obuze imibuzo ngalo mbhalo, njengoba kufakazelwa izincomo ezimbili azibhekise kulo mlandeli:

Siyakucela, nokho, ukuthi ungabeki lesi “Simemezelo” ezandleni zezitha zeqiniso futhi ikakhulukazi ungavumeli amakhophi aso ngenxa yemigomo ebekwe kuMathewu 7: 6; 10:16. Ngaphandle kokufuna ukusola kakhulu ngezinhloso zale ndoda oyivakashelayo nangokukhalipha okulula, sincamela ukuthi angabi nayo ikhophi yalesi “Simemezelo” ukuze agweme noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa okungahambisani neqiniso. (…) Sicabanga ukuthi kufanelekile ukuba nomdala ahambisane nawe ukuvakashela lo mnumzane kubhekwa uhlangothi olungaqondakali nolunameva engxoxweni.[39]

Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kokuqukethwe "Isimemezelo" esishiwo ngenhla, i- I-1987 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, elalinikezelwe emlandweni woFakazi BakaJehova eSwitzerland, labikwa ekhasini 156 [ikhasi 300 lohlelo lwesiNtaliyane, ed] mayelana nesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili: “Belandela lokho okwashiwo onembeza babo bobuKristu, cishe bonke oFakazi BakaJehova benqaba ukukwenza umbutho wezempi. (Isaya 2: 2-4; Roma 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2). ”

Icala eliphathelene nalesi “Simemezelo” saseSwitzerland kukhulunywa ngalo encwadini kaSylvie Graffard noLéo Tristan enesihloko esithi Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme - 1933-1945, kuyi-edition yayo yesithupha. Uhlelo lokuqala lwale volumu, olukhishwe ngo-1994, lwahunyushelwa olimini lwesiNtaliyane ngesihloko I Bibleforscher e il Nazismo. (1943-1945) I dimenticati dalla Storia, eshicilelwe yindlu yokushicilela yaseParis Editions Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, futhi ukuthengwa kunconyiwe kuma-JWs ase-Italy, azowasebenzisa eminyakeni elandelayo njengomthombo ongaphandle kwenhlangano ukutshela ushushiso olunzima olwenziwa ngamaNazi. Kepha ngemuva kohlelo lokuqala, akukho okunye okuvuselelwe okwakhishwa. Ababhali bale ncwadi, ekubhaleni uhlelo lwesithupha, bathole impendulo evela kuziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland ze-geo-visual, lapho sicaphuna khona izingcaphuno ezithile, kumakhasi 53 no-54:

Ngo-1942 kwaba nokuqulwa kwamacala ezempi okuphawulekayo kwabaholi bomsebenzi. Umphumela? Impikiswano yobuKristu yabamangalelwa yaqashelwa ngokwengxenye kuphela futhi icala elithile labekwa kubo endabeni yokwenqaba ukuya empini. Ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi woFakazi BakaJehova eSwitzerland, wawuvinjelwe ngokomthetho uhulumeni. Ukube bekunjalo, oFakazi ngabe balahlekelwa isikhundla sokugcina esisasebenza ngokusemthethweni ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Lokhu bekuzosongela ngokungathi sína usizo lwababaleki abangoFakazi abavela emazweni abuswa amaNazi kanye nemizamo efihliwe yokulungiselela izisulu zokushushiswa eJalimane.

Kukulesi simo esimangazayo lapho abameli boFakazi, kuhlanganise nommeli ohlonishwa kakhulu weSocial Democratic Party uJohannes Huber waseSt. Gallen, bekhuthaza izikhulu zaseBethel ukuba zikhiphe isitatimende esizoqeda ukunyundela kwezepolitiki. Yethulwe ngenhlangano yoFakazi BakaJehova. Umbhalo "weSimemezelo" walungiswa ngummeli, kepha wasayinwa futhi wakhishwa yizikhulu zeNhlangano. “Isimemezelo” besinokwethembeka okuhle futhi sinamagama abhalwe kahle. Cishe kusizile ukugwema ukuvinjelwa.

"Kodwa-ke, isitatimende" eSimemezelweni "sokuthi" amakhulu amalungu ethu nabangane "babefeze futhi baqhubeka nokwenza" imisebenzi yabo yezempi "samane nje sifingqa iqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi. Igama elithi “abangane” lalibhekisela kubantu abangabhapathiziwe, kuhlanganise nabayeni abangebona oFakazi, ababenza inkonzo yezempi. Ngokuqondene "namalungu", empeleni babe ngamaqembu amabili abazalwane. Kweyokuqala, kwakunoFakazi ababenqabile ukuya empini futhi bagwetshwa kanzima. "ISimemezelo" asikhulumi ngabo. Kweyesibili, kwakunoFakazi abaningi ababejoyine impi.

“Mayelana nalokhu, kufanele kubhekwe esinye isici esibalulekile. Lapho iziphathimandla ziphikisana noFakazi, zagcizelela ukuthi iSwitzerland ayithathi hlangothi, nokuthi iSwitzerland ayisoze yaqala impi nokuthi ukuzivikela kwakungephuli izimiso zobuKristu. Le mpikiswano yokugcina yayingamukeleki koFakazi. Ngakho-ke isimiso sokungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu emhlabeni wonke ngasohlangothini loFakazi BakaJehova sasitheka ngenxa yokungathathi hlangothi okusemthethweni kweSwitzerland. Ubufakazi bamalungu ethu amadala abephila ngaleso sikhathi bayakufakazela lokhu: uma kwenzeka iSwitzerland ingena impi, ababhalisiwe babezimisele ngokuzihlukanisa nebutho futhi bajoyine labo ababephikisa. […]

Ngeshwa, ngo-1942, ukuxhumana nendlunkulu yomhlaba wonke yoFakazi BakaJehova kwase kunqamukile. Abantu ababephethe umsebenzi eSwitzerland ngakho-ke babengenalo ithuba lokuwuthola ukuze bathole izeluleko ezidingekayo. Ngenxa yalokho, phakathi koFakazi baseSwitzerland, abanye bakhetha ukwenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza futhi benqaba ukuya empini, okwaholela ekuboshweni, kuyilapho abanye babenomuzwa wokuthi ukusebenza empini engathathi hlangothi, ezweni elingalwi, kwakungeyona into engahambelani ukholo.

“Lesi simo esiyindida soFakazi eSwitzerland sasingamukeleki. Kungakho, ngemuva nje kokuphela kwempi futhi lapho ukuxhumana kabusha nendlunkulu yomhlaba wonke sekuphinde kwasungulwa, kwaphakanyiswa umbuzo. Ofakazi bakhulume ngokusobala kakhulu ngehlazo elithi “Isimemezelo” ebabangele lona. Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuthi lesi sigwebo esibe yinkinga bekuyisihloko sokukhuzwa nokuqondiswa ngumphakathi kwe-World Association of Jehovah's Witnesses, uMNH Knorr, nokuthi ngo-1947, ngesikhathi kunengqungquthela eyayibanjelwe eZurich […]

“Kusukela lapho, bekulokhu kusobala kubo bonke oFakazi baseSwitzerland ukuthi ukungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu kusho ukugwema noma yikuphi ukuxhumana namabutho ezempi ezwe, ngisho noma iSwitzerland iqhubeka nokuvuma ngokomthetho ukuthi ayithathi hlangothi. […]

Ngakho-ke, isizathu salesi simemezelo sicacile: inhlangano kwakudingeka ivikele ihhovisi lokugcina elisebenza eYurophu elizungezwe uMbuso Wesithathu (ngo-1943 ngisho nenyakatho ye-Italy laliyohlaselwa amaJalimane, ayomisa i-Italian Social Republic, njenge isimo unodoli onamandla). Lesi sitatimende sasiyindida ngamabomu; zenze iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland zikholelwe ukuthi oFakazi BakaJehova abenqaba ukuya empini bebenza lokho ngokuzithandela kwabo hhayi ngaphansi kwezinkolelo zenkolo, nokuthi “amakhulu” e-JW enza inkonzo yezempi, isimangalo esingamanga ngokusho kwesitatimende I-1987 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, eyayithi “iningi loFakazi BakaJehova lenqaba ukuya empini."[40] Ngakho-ke, umbhali we Isimemezelo ifake ngaphandle kokucacisa abayeni “abangakholwa” abashade nabesifazane abangabesifazane i-JW nabaphenyi abangabhapathiziwe - abathathwa njengoFakazi BakaJehova ngokwemfundiso - futhi ngokusobala bangoFakazi BakaJehova beqiniso.

Umsebenzi walo mbhalo uhlala kumuntu ongaphandle kwenhlangano yenkolo, kulokhu ummeli we-Watchtower. Kodwa-ke, uma sifuna ukuqhathanisa, siyaqaphela ukuthi into efanayo kwakuyinto efanayo naleyo “Yesimemezelo Samaqiniso” sikaJuni 1933, eyayibhekiswe kumashiqela ongumNazi uHitler, onombhalo wakhe wawunezingxenye eziphikisana namaSemite, eqinisekisa ukuthi umbhali kwakunguPaul Balzereit, inhloko ye-Magdeburg Watchtower, ehlanjululwe ngokoqobo ku I-1974 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses njengomthengisi imbangela yokuhamba,[41] kepha kungemva nje kokuba izazi-mlando, uM. James Penton emgqeni wokuqala ejoyina abanye ababhali, njengowayengu-JWs wase-Italy u-Achille Aveta noSergio Pollina, bazoqonda ukuthi umbhali wombhalo kwakunguJoseph Rutherford, ethula amaJWs aseJalimane njengabazimisele ukuza ngokuvumelana nombuso kaHitler obonisa ukungazwani okufanayo kwamaNazi e-United States nasemibuthanweni yamaJuda eNew York.[42] Kuzo zonke izimo, noma ngabe yabhalwa ngomunye wabameli babo, iziphathimandla zaseSwitzerland zenhlangano yeWatchtower zazingabasayini balo mbhalo ngempela. Izaba okuwukuphela kwazo iqembu, ngenxa yempi, nendlunkulu yomhlaba wonke eBrooklyn ngo-Okthoba 1942, kanye nokuphikisana komphakathi okwalandela ngo-1947.[43] Yize kuliqiniso ukuthi lokhu kwenza iziphathimandla zaseMelika zikhululeke enkolweni yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane, lokhu akuzivimbeli ekuqondeni ukuthi iziphathimandla zeSwitzerland ze-Watchtower, yize zithembekile, empeleni zisebenzise iqhinga elingemnandi ukugwema ukugxekwa okuvela kubabusi baseSwitzerland ngenkathi isezweni elingumakhelwane lamaNazi IJalimane lobuNazi nezinye izingxenye eziningi zomhlaba iningi labakholwa nabo lagcina liphelele emajele noma emaphoyiseni bevalelwe noma badutshulwa noma badutshulwa ngamabutho yi-SS ukuze bangahluleki emyalweni wokungathathi izikhali.

5. Iminyaka eyalandela ubumengameli bukaRutherford ibonakala ngokuxoxisana kabusha kwezinga eliphansi lokungezwani nenkampani. Ukukhathazeka ngokuziphatha, okuxhunyaniswe ikakhulu nendima yomndeni, kuya ngokuya kugqama kakhulu, futhi isimo sokungabi nandaba nezwe elizungezile sizongena kuma-JWs, sithathe indawo yobutha obuvulekile obuya ezinhlanganweni, obubonwa ngaphansi kukaRutherford ngisho nase-fascist Italy.[44]

Ukushada isithombe esibi kuzothokozisa ukukhula komhlaba wonke okuzoveza sonke isigamu sesibili sekhulu lamashumi amabili, nakho okuhambisana nokwandiswa kwamanani ama-JWs asuka kumalungu asebenzayo ayi-180,000 ngo-1947 kuya kwezigidi eziyi-8.6 (idatha ka-2020), inani lenyuka eminyakeni engama-70. Kodwa ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwama-JW kwakuthandwa inguquko yezenkolo eyethulwa ngo-1942 ngumongameli wesithathu uNathan H. Knorr, okungukuthi ukusungulwa “kwekolishi lezithunywa zevangeli lomphakathi, i-Watchtower Bible School of Gilead”,[45] ekuqaleni i-Watchtower Bible University yaseGiliyadi, eyazalelwa ukuqeqesha izithunywa zevangeli kepha futhi nabaholi besikhathi esizayo futhi bandise inkolo emhlabeni jikelele[46] ngemuva kokunye okulindelwe kwe-apocalyptic okusele ephepheni.

E-Italy, ngokuwa kombuso wamaFascist kanye nokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, umsebenzi wama-JW uzoqala kabusha kancane. Inani labashicileli abakhuthele laliphansi kakhulu, bangu-120 kuphela ngokuya ngokulinganisela okusemthethweni, kodwa ngemiyalo kamongameli we-Watch Tower Knorr, owathi ekupheleni kuka-1945 wavakashela igatsha laseSwitzerland nonobhala uMilton G. Henschel, lapho umsebenzi wawukhona edidiyelwe e-Italy, kuzothengwa indawo encane eMilan, ngeVegezio 20, ukuhlanganisa amabandla angama-35 ase-Italy.[47] Ukukhulisa umsebenzi ezweni lamaKhatholika lapho ngezikhathi zamaFascist abaphathi bezenkolo babephikisana namaJWs namahlelo amaProthestani ngokuwahlanganisa ngephutha “nobukhomanisi”,[48] i-Watch Tower Society izothumela izithunywa zevangeli eziningana ezisuka e-United States ziye e-Italy. Ngo-1946 kwafika isithunywa sevangeli sokuqala se-JW, uGeorge Fredianelli ongumNtaliyane waseMelika, futhi abaningi bazolandela, bafinyelela ku-33 ngo-1949. Ukuhlala kwabo, noma kunjalo, ngeke kube lula, futhi okufanayo nakwezinye izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaProthestani, abavangeli kanye -AmaKhatholika.

Ukuqonda umongo wobudlelwano obudidayo phakathi koMbuso wase-Italy, iSonto LamaKatolika kanye nezithunywa zevangeli ezahlukahlukene zaseMelika, kufanele kubonakale izici ezahlukahlukene: ngakolunye uhlangothi umongo wamazwe omhlaba ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubushoshovu bamaKatolika ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II. Esimweni sokuqala, i-Italy yayisayine isivumelwano sokuthula nabanqobi ngo-1947 lapho kwabonakala khona amandla, i-United States, lapho ubuProthestani bevangeli babunamandla ngokwamasiko, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke, kwezepolitiki, impela lapho ukwahlukana phakathi kwamaKristu anamuhla kanye ne “New Evangelicalism ”Abakholelwa ekuziphatheni okuyisisekelo ngokuzalwa kweNational Association of Evangelicals (1942), iFuller Seminary for Missionaries (1947) kanye UbuKristu Namuhla umagazini (1956), noma ukuthandwa ngumfundisi wamaBaptist uBilly Graham namabutho akhe empi okuzoqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukungqubuzana kwezombusazwe ne-USSR kwakungohlobo "lwe-apocalyptic",[49] yingakho umfutho wokuvangela kwezithunywa zevangeli. Njengoba iWatch Tower Society idala iWatchtower Bible School of Gilead, abavangeli baseMelika, ngemuva kwePax America nenala yemishini yamasosha esele, baqinisa ukuthunywa phesheya, kubandakanya nase-Italy.[50]

Konke lokhu kumele kube yingxenye yokuqiniswa kokuncika kwe-Italy-American neSivumelwano Sobungani, ukuhweba nokuzulazula phakathi kweRiphabhulikhi yase-Italy ne-United States of America, esisayinwe eRome ngoFebhuwari 2, 1948 futhi saqinisekiswa nge-Law no. 385 kaJuni 18, 1949 nguJames Dunn, inxusa laseMelika eRome, noCarlo Sforza, ungqongqoshe wezangaphandle kuhulumeni waseDe Gasperi.

Umthetho cha. 385 lomhla ziyi-18 kuNhlangulana we-1949, lashicilelwa ekwengezeni kwe IGazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("IGazethi esemthethweni yeRiphabhuliki yase-Italy ”) cha. Umhlaka 157 wangomhlaka 12 Julayi 1949, waphawula isimo selungelo lokuthi i-United States yayithokozela ngokubabukela i-Itali ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezomnotho, njengobuciko. 1, cha. 2, ethi izakhamizi zeqembu ngalinye lezinkontileka eziphezulu zinelungelo lokusebenzisa amalungelo namalungelo ezindaweni ze-High Contracting Party, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, futhi ngokuhambisana neMithetho Nemithethonqubo esebenza, ngaphansi kwezimo evumayo kulabo abanikezwe njengamanje noma abazonikezwa ngokuzayo kuzakhamizi zaLinye Iqembu Elisenkontilekeni, ukuthi bangangena kanjani ezindaweni zomunye nomunye, bahlala lapho futhi bahambe ngokukhululeka.

I-athikili yathi izakhamizi zeqembu ngalinye kulawa womabili zizoba nelungelo lokwenza ezindaweni zomunye Usonkontileka oPhakeme “ezentengiselwano, ezezimboni, uguquko, ezezimali, ezesayensi, ezemfundo, ezenkolo, ezokusiza kanye nezobungcweti, ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bezomthetho ”. Ubuciko. 2, cha. 2, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ithi "Abantu Bezomthetho noma Izinhlangano, ezidalwe noma ezihlelwe ngokuhambisana noMthetho kanye neMithethonqubo esebenza ezindaweni zeqembu ngalinye elenza inkontileka ephezulu, zizobhekwa njengabantu Bezomthetho baleli Qhinga Elinye Elisizayo, futhi isimo sabo sezomthetho sizokwamukelwa yizindawo zeLinye Iqembu Elinenkontileka, noma ngabe banamahhovisi unomphela, amagatsha noma ama-ejensi ”. Cha. 3 yobuciko obufanayo. 2 kuyacaciswa futhi ukuthi “Abantu Bezomthetho noma Izinhlangano Zeqembu Elilodwa Lenkontileka Ephakeme, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, ngokuhambisana nemithetho nemithethonqubo esebenzayo, banamalungelo onke namalungelo akhonjisiwe esigabeni. 2 yobuciko. 1 ”.

Isivumelwano, esigxekwa yiMarxist yangakwesobunxele ngezinzuzo ezitholwe yizikhwama ze-US,[51] kuzophinde kuthinte ubudlelwane bezenkolo phakathi kwe-Italy ne-United States ngesisekelo semibandela yeZindatshana 1 no-2, ngoba Abantu Bezomthetho kanye Nezinhlangano ezakhiwe kwelinye lalawa mazwe zingahlonishwa ngokuphelele kwi-Other Contracting Party, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yobuciko . 11, isig. 1, ezosiza amaqembu ezenkolo ahlukahlukene aseMelika ukuthi abe nenkululeko enkulu yokuqhuba yize kunokuhlukaniswa kweSonto LamaKatolika:

Izakhamizi zeqembu ngalinye elisebenza ngokugcwele zizothokozela inkululeko yezinye izinhlangano ezisenkontilekeni enkulu yenkululeko kanembeza nenkululeko yokukhonza futhi, kungaba ngazodwana futhi ngokuhlanganyela noma ezikhungweni zezenkolo noma ezinhlanganweni, futhi ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi inkathazo noma ukuhlukunyezwa kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo ngenxa izinkolelo zabo zenkolo, bagubha imisebenzi emakhaya abo nakunoma yisiphi esinye isakhiwo esifanele, inqobo nje uma izimfundiso noma imikhuba yabo ingaphikisani nokuziphatha komphakathi noma ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, iSonto LamaKatolika lenza e-Italy iphrojekthi "yokwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi kobuKristu" eyayichaza kubefundisi bayo ukwenza indima entsha yezenhlalo, kodwa futhi neyepolitiki, ezokwenziwa ngokhetho ngosizo olukhulu lwezepolitiki ukuze kuzuze amaChristian Democrats, iqembu lezepolitiki lase-Italy elinogqozi lwentando yeningi nolulinganiselayo elimiswe enkabeni ye-hemicycle yasephalamende, eyasungulwa ngo-1943 futhi esebenza iminyaka engama-51, kwaze kwaba ngu-1994, iqembu eladlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu iqhaza esikhathini sangemva kwempi e-Italy nasenqubweni yokuhlanganiswa kwe-Europe, uma kubhekwa ukuthi abasekeli bamaChristian Democrat babeyingxenye yabo bonke ohulumeni base-Italy kusuka ngo-1944 kuya ku-1994, isikhathi esiningi beveza uMongameli woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe, naye owayelwela ukugcinwa kwezindinganiso zobuKristu emphakathini wase-Italy (ukuphikiswa kwamaDemokhrasi angamaKristu ekusungulweni kwesehlukaniso nokukhipha isisu emthethweni wase-Italy).[52]

Indaba yeSonto likaKristu, iqembu lokubuyiselwa kabusha elivela e-United States, liqinisekisa iqhaza lezombusazwe lezithunywa zevangeli zaseMelika, ngoba umzamo wokuwaxosha endaweni yase-Italy waphazanyiswa ukungenelela kwabamele uhulumeni waseMelika owabika kuziphathimandla zase-Italy ukuthi iCongress izokwazi ukubhekana "nemiphumela emibi kakhulu", kubandakanya nokwenqaba usizo lwezezimali oluya e-Italy, uma izithunywa zevangeli zixoshwa.[53]

Okwezenkolo zama-Katolika ngokujwayelekile - ngisho nama-JWs, noma engathathwa njengamaProthestani ngemfundiso yenkolo emelene noZiqu-zintathu -, isimo sase-Italy ngemuva kwempi ngeke sibe phakathi kokuhle kakhulu, yize, empeleni, izwe wayenomthethosisekelo oqinisekisa amalungelo amancane.[54] Empeleni, kusukela ngo-1947, kulokho okushiwo ngenhla "ukwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi kobuKristu," iSonto LamaKatolika lizophikisana nalezi zithunywa zevangeli: encwadini evela enuncio yabaphostoli e-Italy yomhla ziyi-3 Septhemba 1947 futhi yathunyelwa kuNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle, kuyaphindwa ukuthi "UNobhala Wezwe Lakhe Ongcwele" wayephikisana nokufakwa eSivumelwaneni esishiwo ngenhla sobungane, ukuhweba nokuzulazula phakathi kweRiphabhuliki yase-Italy kanye ne-United States of America, okwakuzosayinwa kuphela ngemuva kwalokho, kwesigatshana esasingavumela izinkolo ezingezona ezobuKatolika "zokuhlela imisebenzi yangempela yokukhonza kanye nenkulumo-ze ngaphandle kwamathempeli".[55] Umnumzane ofanayo wabaphostoli, kungekudala, uzokuveza lokho ngobuciko. 11 walesi Sivumelwano, “e-Italy amaBaptist, Presbyterian, Episcopalians, Methodist, Wesleyans, Flickering [ngokwezwi nezwi elithi“ Tremolanti ”, igama elijivazayo elisetshenziselwa ukuqoka amaPentekoste ase-Italy, ama-Quaker, amaSwedenborgians, Ososayensi, amaDarbites, njll.” babezoba namandla okuvula "izindawo zokukhulekela yonke indawo futhi ikakhulukazi eRoma". Kukhona okukhulunywa ngakho "kobunzima ekutholeni ukuthi iphuzu le-Holy See lamukelwe yi-American Delegation mayelana nobuciko. 11 ”.[56] Ithimba lase-Italy laphikelela ekuzameni ukukholisa ithimba laseMelika ukuthi lamukele isiphakamiso seVatican ”,[57] kodwa ngeze.[58] Igatsha lase-Italy le-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, njengoba sishilo ukuthi lalicele ukuthunyelwa kwezithunywa zevangeli ezivela e-United States, eyokuqala kuzoba nguGeorge Fredianelli, "othunyelwe e-Italy ukuyosebenza njengombonisi wesifunda", okungukuthi, njengombhishobhi ojikelezayo, insimu yakhe yokusebenza izofaka phakathi "Yonke i-Italy, kufaka phakathi iSicily neSardinia".[59] The I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 (I-Engl. Edition, I-1982 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses), lapho kukhulunywa futhi ngendaba yoFakazi BakaJehova e-Italy ezindaweni eziningi, kuchazwa umsebenzi wakhe wobuthunywa bevangeli e-Italy yangemva kwempi, e-Italy eyachitheka ngokuphelele njengefa lempi yomhlaba:

... Nokho, umbonisi wesifunda wokuqala owamiswa, kwakunguMfoweth 'uGeorge Fredianelli, owaqala ukuhambela kwakhe ngoNovemba 1946. Wayehamba noMfoweth' uVannozzi okokuqala ngqa. (...) UMfoweth 'uGeorge Fredianelli, manje oyilungu leKomiti Yegatsha, ukhumbula izenzakalo ezilandelayo emsebenzini wakhe wesifunda:

“Ngesikhathi ngivakashela abafowethu ngangithola izihlobo nabangane bonke bengilindile futhi bejahe ukulalela. Ngisho nasezimpindelweni abantu babebiza izihlobo zabo. Eqinisweni, umbonisi wesifunda akazange anikeze inkulumo eyodwa kuphela ngesonto, kodwa wayenikeza amahora ambalwa ubude kuzo zonke izimpindelo. Kulezi zingcingo kungenzeka kube khona abantu abangama-30 futhi kwesinye isikhathi abaningi babuthene ndawonye ukulalela ngokucophelela.

“Imiphumela yempi yayijwayele ukwenza impilo yomsebenzi wesifunda ibe nzima. Abazalwane, njengabanye abantu abaningi, babempofu kakhulu, kodwa umusa wabo wothando wakwenza lokho. Babelana ngenhliziyo yonke ukudla okuncane ababenakho, futhi babevame ukungiphoqa ukuthi ngilale embhedeni ngenkathi belala phansi bengenazo izembozo ngoba babempofu kakhulu ukuba bangathola okunye okunye. Ngezinye izikhathi kwakudingeka ngilale esibayeni sezinkomo phezu kwenqwaba yotshani noma amaqabunga ommbila omisiwe.

“Kwesinye isenzakalo, ngafika esiteshini saseCaltanissetta eSicily nginobuso obumnyama obufana noshimula oshanelwe umusi ophuma enjinini yomusi ngaphambili. Yize kungithathe amahora angu-14 ukuhamba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-80 kuya kwayi-100 [amamayela angama-50 kuye kwangama-60.], Umoya wami wavuka lapho ufika, njengoba ngabona imibono yokugeza okuhle okwalandelwa ukuphumula okuzuzwe kahle ehhotela elithile noma kwelinye. Noma kunjalo, kwakungafanele kube njalo. ICaltanissetta ibigcwele abantu ngokugubha uSuku lukaSt. Michael, kanti wonke amahhotela asedolobheni ayegcwele abapristi nezindela. Ekugcineni ngabuyela esiteshini nginombono wokulala phansi ebhentshini engangikubone egumbini lokulinda, kodwa lelo themba lanyamalala lapho ngithola isiteshi sivaliwe ngemuva kokufika kwesitimela sokugcina sangokuhlwa. Ukuphela kwendawo engithole ukuhlala phansi ngiphumule isikhashana izitebhisi eziphambi kwesiteshi. ”

Ngosizo lwababonisi besifunda amabandla aqala ukubamba njalo INqabayokulinda nezifundo zencwadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba sithuthukisa izinga lemihlangano yenkonzo, abafowethu baya ngokuya befaneleka ngokwengeziwe emsebenzini wokushumayela nokufundisa.[60]

UFredianelli uzokwenza isicelo sokunweba isikhathi sokuhlala kwezithunywa zakhe zevangeli e-Italy, kepha isicelo sizokwenqatshwa nguMnyango Wezangaphandle ngemuva kombono omubi weHhovisi Lenxusa Lase-Italy eWashington, elizomemezela ngoSepthemba 10, 1949: “Le Nkonzo singaboni noma iyiphi intshisekelo yezepolitiki kithi eseluleka ukuthi samukele isicelo sokwelulwa kwesikhathi ”.[61] Okunye futhi okubhaliwe okuvela eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi, wangoSepthemba 21, 1949, kwaphawula ukuthi “akukho ukubangisana kwezepolitiki ekunikezelweni kwesicelo sokwelulwa”.[62]

Ngaphandle kwabathile ababeyizingane zamaNtaliyane, izithunywa zevangeli ze-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zifikile, kuzodingeka zihambe emhlabathini wase-Italy. Kepha kuphela lapho bephikelela, lapho kuzokwengezwa ukuhlala kwabo,[63] njengoba kwaqinisekiswa futhi ngumagazini wase-Italiya wale nhlangano, kumagazini ka-1 Mashi 1951:

Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba izithunywa zevangeli ezingamashumi amabili nesishiyagalombili zifike e-Italy ngo-Mashi 1949, ihhovisi lalenze isicelo esivamile sokucela ama-visa wonyaka owodwa wabo bonke. Ekuqaleni izikhulu zakubeka kwacaca ukuthi uhulumeni wayelubheka lolu daba ngokombono wezomnotho futhi ngalokho isimo sasibonakala siqinisekisa izithunywa zevangeli zethu. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ngokuzumayo sathola ukuxhumana okuvela eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi kuyala abafowethu ukuba baphume ezweni ekupheleni kwenyanga, kungakapheli nesonto. Vele, senqabe ukwamukela lo myalo ngaphandle kwempi esemthethweni futhi kwenziwa yonke imizamo yokuthola umnyombo wendaba ukuthola ukuthi ngubani obangele lokhu kushaya kobuqili. Ukukhuluma nabantu abasebenza eMnyangweni sifunde ukuthi amafayela ethu akhombisi usizo emaphoyiseni noma kwezinye iziphathimandla nokuthi, ngakho-ke, "yizigelekeqe ezimbalwa" kuphela ezingabhekana nalokhu. Angaba ngubani? Umngani woMnyango usitshele ukuthi isenzo esenziwe ngabathunywa bevangeli sethu sasimangalisa kakhulu ngoba isimo sikahulumeni sasibekezelela futhi sithokozela izakhamizi zaseMelika. Mhlawumbe iNxusa lingasiza. Ukuhambela komuntu siqu kwiNxusa kanye nezingxoxo eziningi nonobhala weNxusa konke kwaba yize. Kwakungaphezulu kokusobala, njengoba nezikhulu zaseMelika zavuma, ukuthi othile owayenamandla amakhulu kuhulumeni wase-Italy wayengafuni ukuthi izithunywa zevangeli ze-Watch Tower zishumayele e-Italy. Ngokuphikisana nalombuso onamandla osomaqhinga baseMelika bamane bancipha emahlombe abo bathi, "Hhayi-ke, uyazi, iSonto LamaKatolika liyiNkolo Yombuso lapha futhi empeleni benza abakuthandayo." Kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuDisemba sibambezele isenzo soMnyango ngokumelene nezithunywa zevangeli. Ekugcineni, kwabekwa umkhawulo; izithunywa zevangeli zazizobe seziphumile ezweni ngoDisemba 31.[64]

Ngemuva kokuxoshwa, izithunywa zevangeli zikwazile ukubuyela ezweni ngendlela okuyiyo kuphela evunyelwe ngumthetho, njengezivakashi, zicela ukusizakala nge-visa yezokuvakasha ehlala izinyanga ezintathu, ngemuva kwalokho kwadingeka ziye phesheya ukuze zibuyele e-Italy izinsuku ezimbalwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umkhuba owabonwa ngokushesha, nokwesaba, yiziphathimandla zamaphoyisa: uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, empeleni, kusetyhula yomhla ka-Okthoba 10, 1952, enesihloko «I-Associazione“ Testimoni di Geova ”» (Inhlangano ethi “OFakazi BakaJehova”), ebhekiswe kuzo zonke iziphathimandla zase-Italy, yaxwayisa izindikimba zamaphoyisa ukuba ziqinise “ukuqapha umsebenzi” wenhlangano yenkolo eshiwo ngenhla, zingavumeli “noma yiziphi izengezo zezimvume zokuhlala kwamanye amazwe” zenhlangano.[65] UPaolo Piccioli uphawule ukuthi "Izithunywa zevangeli ezimbili [ama-JWs], uTimothy Plomaritis no-Edward R. Morse, baphoqeleka ukuba bashiye izwe njengoba kukhonjisiwe efayeleni egameni labo", abacashunwe ngenhla, ngenkathi bevela emibhalweni yezinqolobane e-Central State Archives. “Ukuvinjelwa kokungena e-Italy kwezinye izithunywa zevangeli ezimbili, iMadorskis. Imibhalo yango-1952-1953 yatholakala e-AS [State Archives] yase-Aosta lapho kuvela khona ukuthi amaphoyisa ayezama ukulandela umkhondo abashadikazi u-Albert no-Opal Tracy noFrank noLaverna Madorski, abavangeli [JWs], ukuze balahle zisuswe ezweni lesizwe noma zingabethembi ekuguquleni abantu kwenye inkolo. ”[66]

Kepha imvamisa ukuhleleka, njalo ngokwesimo esishiwo ngenhla "sokwakhiwa kabusha komphakathi kobuKristu", kusuka eziphathimandleni zesonto, ngesikhathi lapho iVatican isabalulekile. Ngo-Okthoba 15, 1952 u-Ildefonso Schuster, ukhadinali waseMilan, washicilelwa kwi Umqaphi WaseRoma lesi sihloko "Il pericolo protestante nell'Arcidiocesi di Milano" ("Ingozi yamaProthestani e-Archdiocese yaseMilan"), ngodlame ngokumelene nezinhlangano zenkolo yamaProthestani nezinhlangano "ekuphathweni nasekukhokhelweni kwabaholi bamazwe angaphandle", kuphawula imvelaphi yayo yaseMelika, lapho izofika khona ukuze ihlolisise kabusha iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki ngoba lapho abefundisi "babe nethuba elikhulu losizo lombuso ekucindezeleni ukuhlubuka", bethi umsebenzi walabo ababizwa ngamaProthestani "ubukela phansi ubumbano lwesizwe" futhi "usabalalisa ukungezwani emindenini", okusobala okushiwo ekushunyayelweni kwevangeli Umsebenzi wala maqembu, okokuqala kunkampani ye-Watch Tower Society.

Eqinisweni, kuhlelo lukaFebhuwari 1-2, 1954, iphephandaba laseVatican,I-Lettera dei Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia ”(“Incwadi kaMongameli Yezinkomfa Zesifunda sase-Italy ”), yanxusa abefundisi nabathembekile ukuba balwe nomsebenzi wamaProthestani noFakazi BakaJehova. Yize i-athikili ingakhulumi ngamagama, kusobala ukuthi ibibhekise kubo ikakhulu. Ithi: “Kufanele-ke sikhuze inkulumo-ze eyanda ngamandla yamaProthestani, imvamisa evela emazweni angaphandle, ehlwanyela amaphutha amabi ezweni lethu (…) ukuba ngabodwa kulabo abasemsebenzini (…).” "Ngubani okufanele abe" kungaba abaphathi bezokuphepha komphakathi kuphela. Empeleni, iVatican yanxusa abapristi ukuba basole ama-JWs - nezinye izinkolo ezingezona ezobuKrestu, okokuqala ngamaPentekoste, ashushiswa kanzima ngamaFascist kanye neChristian Democratic Italy kwaze kwaba ngawo-1950 -[67] kubaphathi bamaphoyisa: amakhulu aboshwa impela, kepha abaningi badedelwa ngokushesha, abanye bahlawuliswa noma bavalelwa, besebenzisa nemithetho engachithiwe yemithetho yomthetho yobuFascist, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ngokuqondene nezinye izinkolo - cabanga ngamaPentekoste - iSetyhula yoNgqongqoshe . I-600/158 ka-Ephreli 9, 1935 eyaziwa njenge- "Circular Buffarini-Guidi" (evela egameni lika-Undersecretary of the Interior owayisayina, yabhalwa no-Arturo Bocchini nokuvunywa kuka-Mussolini) futhi wabekwa necala lokwephula izindatshana I-113, 121 kanye ne-156 yoMthetho Ohlanganisiwe Wezokuphepha Komphakathi imithetho ekhishwe yi-fascism eyayifuna ilayisense noma ukubhaliswa kumarejista akhethekile kulabo abasabalalisa imibhalo (art. 113), basebenzise umsebenzi wokuthengisa emgwaqweni (art. 121), noma wenza ukuqoqwa kwemali noma ukuqoqwa (ubuciko. 156).[68]

6. Ukungabi nentshisekelo kweziphathimandla zezombusazwe zase-US kuzovela ekutheni i-JWs ayizibandakanyi nezepolitiki ikholelwa ukuthi "abayona ingxenye yezwe" (John 17: 4). Ama-JWs ayalelwe ngokusobala ukuthi agcine ukungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zezombusazwe nezempi;[69] amalungu enkolo ayanxuswa ukuthi angaphazamisi okwenziwa abanye maqondana nokuvota okhethweni lwezepolitiki, ukungenela ukhetho lwezepolitiki, ukujoyina izinhlangano zepolitiki, ukumemeza iziqubulo zepolitiki, njll. ILa Torre di Guardia (I-Italian Edition) ka-November 15, 1968 amakhasi 702-703 neka-September 1, 1986 amakhasi 19-20. Besebenzisa igunya labo elingenakuphikiswa, ubuholi boFakazi BakaJehova buye babangela abantu abaningi emazweni amaningi (kodwa hhayi kwezinye izifundazwe eziseNingizimu Melika) ukuthi bangaveli ezindaweni zokuvota okhethweni lwezepolitiki. sizochaza izizathu zalokhu kukhetha sisebenzisa izincwadi ezivela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs:

Okwephula ukungathathi hlangothi akukhona nje ukuvela esikhungweni sokuvota noma ukungena endaweni yokuvota. Ukwephulwa komthetho kwenzeka lapho umuntu enza ukukhetha uhulumeni ongewona owukaNkulunkulu. (Jn 17: 16) Emazweni lapho kunesibopho sokuya okhethweni, abazalwane baziphatha njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-W 64. E-Italy asikho leso sibopho noma azikho izinhlawulo zalabo abangafiki. Labo abaqhamukayo, noma ngabe bengaphoqelekile, kufanele bazibuze ukuthi kungani bekwenza. Kodwa-ke, noma ngubani oziletha kepha engakhethi, engaphuli ukungathathi hlangothi, akalulwanga yikomidi lokwahlulela. Kepha lowo muntu akasona isibonelo. Ukube ubengumdala, inceku ekhonzayo, noma iphayona, ubengeke angabi nasici futhi asuswe emthwalweni wakhe wemfanelo. (1Thim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Kodwa-ke uma kwenzeka kufika umuntu okhethweni, kuhle ukuthi abadala bakhulume naye baqonde ukuthi kungani. Mhlawumbe udinga usizo ukuze aqonde inkambo yokuhlakanipha okufanele ayilandele. Kepha ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi angalahlekelwa amalungelo athile, ukuya ezikhungweni zokuvota ngasese kuhlala kuyindaba yomuntu siqu nonembeza.[70]

Ngobuholi boFakazi BakaJehova:

Isenzo sanoma ngubani oveza ivoti elincamelayo kungukungathathi hlangothi. Ukwephula ukungathathi hlangothi kuyadingeka ngaphezu kokuzethula, kuyadingeka ukuveza okuthandayo. Uma umuntu enza lokhu, uyazihlukanisa nebandla ngenxa yokwephula ukungathathi hlangothi. Siyaqonda ukuthi abantu abavuthiwe ngokomoya abazivezi njengase-Italy, akuphoqelekile. Uma kungenjalo ukuziphatha okungaqondakali kubonakala. Uma umuntu eqhamuka futhi engumdala noma inceku ekhonzayo, angasuswa. Ngokungaqokwa ebandleni, noma kunjalo, umuntu ozivezayo uzobonisa ukuthi ubuthakathaka ngokomoya futhi abadala bazomthatha kanjalo. Kuhle ukuvumela wonke umuntu ukuthi athathe izibopho zakhe. Ngokukunikeza impendulo sikubhekisa kuwe ku-W Okthoba 1, 1970 k. 599 kanye ne 'Vita Eterna' isahl. 11. Kuyasiza ukukusho lokhu ezingxoxweni zangasese kunokukhuluma emihlanganweni. Vele, nasemihlanganweni singagcizelela isidingo sokungathathi hlangothi, kepha lolu daba lubucayi kangangokuba imininingwane inikezwa ngomlomo, ngasese.[71]

Njengoba ama-JW abhapathiziwe “engeyona ingxenye yezwe”, uma ilungu lebandla lingaphenduki liziphatha ngendlela eyephula ukungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu, okusho ukuthi liyavota, lingenele ezindabeni zepolitiki noma lenze umsebenzi wezempi, lizihlukanisa nebandla, okuholela ekutheni ukukhishwa inyumbazane nokufa emphakathini, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane) ngoJulayi 15, 1982, 31, olususelwa kuJohane 15: 9. Uma i-JW ikhonjiswa ukuthi yephula ukungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu kodwa yenqaba usizo olunikezwayo futhi ishushisa, ikomiti yokwahlulela yabadala kufanele ikhulume ngamaqiniso aqinisekisa ukuhlukana egatsheni likazwelonke ngenqubo yokuphatha ehilela ukugcwaliswa kwamafomu athile, esayinwe ngo-S-77 no-S-79, ezoqinisekisa isinqumo.

Kepha uma ubuholi benhlangano ukwephulwa kweqiniso kwesimiso sokungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu kuvezwa ngevoti lezepolitiki, kungani ama-JWs agomela isikhundla sokungavoti? Kubukeka sengathi iNdikimba Ebusayo ikhetha ukukhetha okunzima kangako, ukuze "ingavusi izinsolo futhi ingakhubekisi abanye"[72] "Ukukhohlwa", esimweni esiqinile sase-Italy, lobo buciko. Umthethosisekelo wase-Italy ongu-48 uthi: “Ivoti elomuntu siqu futhi liyalingana, likhululekile futhi liyimfihlo. Ukuzivocavoca kwayo kungu umsebenzi womphakathi”; "ukhohliwe" ukuthi ubuciko. 4 woMthetho ohlanganisiwe No. 361 kaMashi 3, 1957, eshicilelwe kokungezelelwa okujwayelekile ku- IGazzetta Ufficiale  cha. 139 kaJuni 3, 1957 uthi: “Ukusetshenziswa kokuvota kuyinto isibopho okungekho sakhamuzi esingabalekela kuso ngaphandle kokwehluleka ukwenza umsebenzi oqonde ngqo ezweni. ” Ngakho-ke kungani iNdikimba Ebusayo nekomiti yegatsha eBethel yaseRoma bengazibheki lezi zindinganiso ezimbili? Ngoba e-Italy awukho umthetho oqondile othambekele ekujeziseni labo abangayi ezikhungweni zokuvota, umthetho esikhundleni salokho okhona kwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika futhi oletha ama-JW asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ukuba aye okhethweni, ukuze angatholi unswinyo lokuphatha , noma kunjalo ukukhansela ibhalothi ngokuya nge- "Christian neytrality".

Ngokuqondene nokhetho lwezepolitiki, isimilo sokungavoti e-Italy saqala ukusebenza ngawo-1970. Uma, ngemuva kwempi, izakhamizi zase-Italiya zazizwa zihloniphekile ukuthi zikwazi ukubamba iqhaza empilweni yezombusazwe yaseRiphabhuliki ngemuva kweminyaka yobushiqela bobushiqela, ngokufika kwamahlazo amaningi axhumene namaqembu, ekugcineni ngama-70s, ukuthembela kulabo unelungelo lokuphuthelwa. Le nto isekhona nanamuhla futhi ikhombisa ukungathembani okukhulu emaqenjini ngakho-ke entandweni yeningi. Njengoba kubikiwe ngucwaningo lwe-ISTAT maqondana nalokhu: “Isabelo sabavoti abangayanga okhethweni sikhule ngokuqinile kusukela okhethweni lwezepolitiki lwango-1976, lapho lwalumele abangu-6.6% abavoti, kwaze kwaba nezingxoxo zokugcina ngo-2001, zafinyelela ku-18.6% yalabo abanelungelo lokuvota. Uma imininingwane eyisisekelo - lokho kuyisabelo sezakhamizi ezingayanga okhethweni - ingezwa imininingwane ephathelene nalawo mavoti okuthiwa angavezwanga (amavoti angenalutho kanye namavoti angenalutho), isimanga sokukhula "kokungavoti" ithatha izilinganiso ezinkulu kakhulu, ifinyelela cishe oyedwa kwabavoti abane ekubonisaneni nezombusazwe zakamuva ”.[73] Kusobala ukuthi ukungavoti okhethweni, ngale "kokungathathi hlangothi kobuKrestu" kungaba nencazelo yezepolitiki, cabanga nje ngamaqembu ezepolitiki, njengama-anarchists, angavoti ngokusobala njengokukhombisa ubutha bawo obukhulu ohlelweni olusemthethweni kanye nokungena ezikhungweni. I-Italy sekukaningi iba nabezombusazwe abameme abavoti ukuthi bangavoti ukuze bangafiki esigungwini sezinhlolovo ezithile. Endabeni yama-JWs, ukuziyeka kunenani lezepolitiki, ngoba, njengama-anarchists, kuyindlela yokubonisa ubutha babo obukhulu kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo lwezepolitiki, okuthi, ngokwemfundiso yabo, luphambane nobukhosi bukaJehova. Ama-JWs awaziboni njengezakhamizi zalesi "simiso sezinto samanje", kepha, ngokususelwa ku-1 Petru 2:11 ("Ngiyanincenga njengabafokazi nezakhamuzi zesikhashana ukuthi niqhubeke nokugwema izifiso zenyama," i-NWT) bahlukanisiwe noma yiluphi uhlelo lwezepolitiki: “Emazweni angaphezu kuka-200 lapho bekhona, ofakazi bakaJehova bayizakhamuzi ezigcina umthetho, kodwa noma ngabe bahlalaphi, banjengezihambi: bahlala bengathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele maqondana nezepolitiki nezindaba zomphakathi. Ngisho namanje bazibona beyizakhamizi zezwe elisha, izwe elithenjiswe uNkulunkulu. Bajabule ngokuthi izinsuku zabo njengoba abahlali besikhashana esimisweni sezwe esingaphelele siyaphela. ”[74]

Lokhu, nokho, yilokho okufanele kwenziwe kubo bonke abalandeli, noma ngabe abaholi, bobabili labo basendlunkulu yomhlaba kanye namagatsha ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, bavame ukusebenzisa imingcele yezepolitiki ukwenza. Eqinisweni, ukunakwa okusobala enkundleni yezombusazwe ngama-JW aphezulu ase-Italy kuqinisekiswa yimithombo ehlukahlukene: encwadini ka-1959 kuyaphawuleka ukuthi igatsha lase-Italy le-Watch Tower Society lancoma ngokusobala ukuthembela kubameli "be-republican noma i-social-democracy. ukuthambekela ”ngoba“ zingukuvikela kwethu okuhle ”, ngakho-ke kusetshenziswa imingcele yezepolitiki, enqatshelwe ukulandela, lapho kusobala ukuthi ummeli kufanele ahlonishwe ngamakhono wobungcweti, hhayi ngobulungu beqembu.[75] Lokho kuka-1959 ngeke kube yinto eyedwa, kepha kubonakala sengathi bekungumkhuba egatsheni lase-Italy: eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, ngo-1954i-Italian Branch of Watchtower yathumela amaphayona amabili akhethekile - okungukuthi, abashumayeli besikhathi esigcwele ezindaweni lapho kunesidingo esikhulu sabashumayeli khona; njalo ngenyanga banikela ngamahora angama-130 noma ngaphezulu enkonzweni, bephila impilo esangulukile nemali encane evela eNhlanganweni - edolobheni laseTerni, eLidia Giorgini naseSerafina Sanfelice.[76] Amaphayona amabili e-JW, njengabashumayeli bevangeli abaningi bangaleso sikhathi, azobekwa amacala futhi akhokhiswe ngokushumayela endlini ngendlu. Encwadini, ngemuva kwesikhalazo, igatsha loFakazi BakaJehova lase-Italy lizophakamisa isikhulu esiphezulu esibhekele ukuvikelwa kwala maphayona amabili, ngokwesisekelo sezifundo, kepha ezombusazwe obala:

Mfowethu othandekayo,

Siyakwazisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala labodade ababili abangamaphayona kuzoba ngoNovemba 6 eNkantolo yesiFunda yaseTerni.

INhlangano izovikela le nqubo futhi ngenxa yalokhu sizojabula ukwazi kuwe uma ungathola ummeli eTerni ongavikela icala ecaleni.

Ekuthatheni le nzalo, sincamela ukuthi ukukhetha kommeli kube yinto engeyona eyekhomanisi. Sifuna ukusebenzisa ummeli weRiphabhulikhi, iLiberal noma iSocial Democrat. Okunye esifuna ukukwazi kusengaphambili kuzoba izindleko zommeli.

Ngokushesha nje lapho usunalo lolu lwazi, sicela uludlulisele ehhovisi lethu, ukuze iNhlangano iqhubeke ngodaba futhi inqume. Sikukhumbuza ukuthi awudingi ukubandakanya noma yimuphi ummeli, kepha ukuthola ulwazi kuphela, kusalindwe ukuxhumana kwethu mayelana nencwadi yakho.

Ngijabule ukusebenzisana nawe emsebenzini ongokwasezulwini, futhi silindele ukuthi usho njalo, sikuthumelela imikhonzo yobuzalwane.

Abafowenu ngokukholwa okuyigugu

Inhlangano ye-Watch Tower B&T[77]

Encwadini iHhovisi laseNtaliyane leWatch Tower Society's Branch, eliseRome eVia Monte Maloia 10, lacelwa uJW Dante Pierfelice ukuba anikeze ummeli u-Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), ikhansela likamasipala eTerni noqokelwe okhethweni lwezomthetho lowe-1953 lweRepublican Party, imali yakhe eyayingama-lire ayi-10,000 XNUMX, okuyisibalo esathathwa yigatsha njengelifanelekile, futhi wafaka amakhophi amabili ezigwebo ezifanayo ukukhombisa ummeli.[78]

Izizathu zamapharamitha amukelwe ngo-1954 nango-1959, imingcele yesimo sezepolitiki, iyaqondakala, imingcele engaphezulu kokusemthethweni, kepha uma iJW ejwayelekile ibingayisebenzisa, nakanjani ibingahlulelwa hhayi ngokomoya, icala elicacile “Indinganiso ephindwe kabili”. Eqinisweni, kwezombusazwe esikhathini sangemva kwempi, iRepublican Party (PRI), iSocial-Democratic Party (PSDI) kanye neLiberal Party (PLI) babengamabutho ezombusazwe amahlandla amathathu, abezenkolo nabalinganiselayo, amabili okuqala kwesobunxele ”, kanti owokugcina usadla ngoludala kodwa akayena owenkolo, kodwa bobathathu bazoba ngabasekeli baseMelika nabase-Atlantic;[79] bekungeke kufanele inhlangano eyinkulungwane yeminyaka eyenza ukulwa nobuKhatholika iphuzu layo eliqinile lokusebenzisa ummeli oxhumene namaChristian Democrats, futhi ukushushiswa kwakamuva ngesikhathi sombuso wobushiqela kwasala ngaphandle ithuba lokuxhumana nommeli welungelo eleqile, elixhunyanisiwe kuSocial Movement (MSI), iqembu lezepolitiki elizothatha ifa le-fascism. Akumangalisi ukuthi ukuvikela izithunywa zevangeli kanye nabashicileli kanye nabenqaba ngenxa kanembeza i-JW, sizoba nabameli abanjengommeli uNicola Romualdi, okhipha umbuso waseRiphabhuliki waseRoma ozovikela ama-JWs isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu “lapho kwakunzima ukuthola ummeli ozimisele ukuxhasa ( …) Imbangela ”futhi ozobhala nezindatshana eziningana ephephandabeni elisemthethweni le-PRI, ILa Voce Repubblicana, bavuna iqembu lenkolo egameni lokushisekela inkolo. Ku-athikili ka-1954, wabhala:

Iziphathimandla zamaphoyisa ziyaqhubeka nokwephula lo mgomo wenkululeko [yenkolo], zivimbela imihlangano enokuthula yamakholwa, zihlakaza abamangalelwa, zivimbe abasakaza inkulumo-ze, zibanikeze isexwayiso, ukuvinjelwa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukubuyiselwa kuMasipala ngokusebenzisa incwadi eyimpoqo . Njengoba sishilo ngaphambili, imvamisa ngumbuzo walezo zibonakaliso ezisanda kubizwa ngokuthi “ngokungaqondile”. Ezokuphepha Komphakathi, okungukuthi, noma i-Arma dei Carabinieri, azenzi ngokunqabela ngokufanele ukubonakaliswa kwemizwa yenkolo ephikisana naleyo yamaKhatholika, kodwa zithatha njengesizathu sokunye ukwephulwa komthetho noma okungekho, noma okuwumphumela ukuvalwa komthetho futhi okukhathazayo kwemithethonqubo esebenza. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokwesibonelo, abasabalalisi bamaBhayibheli noma amapheshana ezenkolo baphonswa inselelo yokuthi abanayo ilayisense ebekelwe abathengisi basemgwaqweni; kwesinye isikhathi imihlangano iyahlakazwa ngoba - kuphikiswa - imvume yangaphambilini yesiphathimandla samaphoyisa ayicelwanga; kwesinye isikhathi ama-propagandists agxekwa ngokuziphatha okucasulayo futhi okucasulayo, kepha, kubonakala sengathi bona, ngentshisekelo yenkulumo-ze yabo, banesibopho. I-oda lomphakathi elidumile livame kakhulu esiteji, egameni lokuthi ukulamula okuningi esikhathini esidlule kuvunyelwe.[80]

Ngokungafani nencwadi yango-1959 eyayimane ithi makusetshenziswe ummeli osondelene ne-PRI nePSDI, incwadi yango-1954 yaveza ukuthi igatsha lalincamela ukuthi ukhetho lwommeli oluzolusebenzisa luwele kolunye “lwalungelona olwamaKhomanisi.” Ngaphandle kokuthi kwabanye omasipala osodolobha abakhethwe ohlwini lweSocialist Party kanye neQembu lamaKhomanisi babesizile, kukhiye ophikisana namaKhatholika (njengoba abavoti abangamaKhatholika bavotela iDemocratic Democracy), imiphakathi yasendaweni yabavangeli kanye namaJWs ngokumelene nengcindezelo yamaKhatholika, ukuqasha ummeli kaMarxist, yize wayengekho kwezenkolo futhi ethanda izinkolo ezincane, wayezoqinisekisa ukuthi leli cala, lingamanga futhi libhekiswe kwizithunywa zevangeli ezingewona amaKatolika, zokuthi "amaKhomanisi avukela umbuso",[81] ukumangalelwa okungakhonjiswanga - kusikhawulela kuma-JWs kuphela - ezincwadini zenhlangano, okwathi ezincwadini ezivela e-Italy zashicilela okokuqala kumagazini waseMelika kwathi, ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ngesiNtaliyane, hhayi ukugxekwa kuphela iSonto LamaKhatholika laligcwele kodwa futhi ne "the communist athei", eqinisekisa ukuthi imvelaphi yaseMelika yabamba kanjani, lapho kwabusa khona ubukhomanisi obunamandla.

I-athikili eshicilelwe kumagazini wase-Italiya we ILa Torre di Guardia kaJanuwari 15, 1956 ngendima yeKhomanisi lamaNtaliyane e-Italiya yamaKhatholika, kusetshenziselwa ukuziqhelelanisa nezinsolo ezethulwe izikhulu zabefundisi zokuthi amaKhomanisi asebenzisa amahlelo amaProthestani kanye nama-Katolika (kufaka noFakazi) ukusiza ukuqeda umphakathi:

Izikhulu zenkolo ziphikise ukuthi abathandi bobuKhomanisi nabezindaba “abakufihli ukuzwelana kwabo nokusekela kwabo le nkulumo-ze yamaProthestani.” Kodwa ingabe kunjalo? Kwenziwe igxathu elikhulu lokuthola inkululeko yokukhulekela e-Italy, kodwa lokhu kuye kwaba ngaphandle kobunzima. Futhi lapho amaphephandaba ama-proommunist abika kumakholamu abo ukuhlukunyezwa nokuphathwa ngokungafanele kwezinkolo ezincane, ukukhathazeka kwabo akukhona ngemfundiso elungile, noma ngokuzwelana noma ukusekela ezinye izinkolo, kepha ngokwenza imali yezombusazwe ngenxa yokuthi izenzo ezingekho ngaphansi kwentando yeningi nezingahambisani nomthethosisekelo kuthathwe la maqembu amancane. Amaqiniso akhombisa ukuthi amaKhomanisi awanandaba ngezinto zokomoya, kungaba amaKhatholika noma angewona amaKatolika. Intshisekelo yabo enkulu ilele ezintweni ezibonakalayo zalo mhlaba. AmaKhomanisi ahleka usulu labo abakholelwa ezithembisweni zombuso kaNkulunkulu ophethwe nguKristu, ebabiza ngamagwala nezinambuzane.

Abezindaba bamaKhomanisi bahlekisa ngeBhayibheli futhi bahlambalaza izikhonzi ezingamaKristu ezifundisa iZwi likaNkulunkulu. Njengesibonelo, phawula lo mbiko olandelayo ovela ephephandabeni lamaKhomanisi Iqiniso waseBrescia, e-Italy. Ibiza ofakazi bakaJehova ngokuthi “izinhloli zaseMelika zizenze“ izithunywa zevangeli, ”” yathi: “Bangena indlu ngendlu futhi‘ neMibhalo Engcwele ’bashumayela ngokungeniswa empini eyayilungiselelwe abaseMelika,” futhi yaqamba amanga yathi lezi zithunywa zevangeli zikhokhelwe abasebenza emabhange aseNew York naseChicago futhi babezama “ukuqoqa imininingwane yazo zonke izinhlobo ngokuphathelene namadoda nemisebenzi yezinhlangano [zamaKhomanisi].” Umbhali uphethe ngokuthi “umsebenzi wabasebenzi, abakwaziyo ukuvikela izwe labo kahle. . . ngakho-ke ukushaya umnyango ebusweni balezi zinhloli ezingcolile eziguqulwe njengabefundisi. ”

AmaKhomanisi amaningi ase-Italy awaphikisi ukuthi omkabo nezingane zabo baye esontweni lamaKatolika. Banomuzwa wokuthi njengoba uhlobo oluthile lwenkolo lufunwa ngabesifazane nezingane kungenzeka kube inkolo endala efanayo naleyo abafundiswa ngayo oyise. Ukuphikisa kwabo ukuthi akukho okulimazayo ezimfundisweni zenkolo zeSonto LamaKatolika, kepha ingcebo yesonto ebacasulayo kanye nokuchema kwesonto namazwe ongxiwankulu. Nokho inkolo yamaKatolika inkulu kunazo zonke e-Italy — iqiniso amaKhomanisi afuna ukuvota alazi kahle. Njengoba izitatimende zabo zomphakathi eziphindaphindwayo zifakazela, amaKhomanisi ayengathanda iSonto LamaKatolika njengomlingani kunenye inkolo e-Italy.

AmaKhomanisi azimisele ukuphatha i-Italy, futhi lokhu angakwenza kuphela ngokunqoba ohlangothini lwabo inani elikhulu lamaKatolika, hhayi amaKhatholika. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, lokhu kusho ukukholisa amaKatolika okuzisholo ukuthi ubukhomanisi ngokuqinisekile abuthandi enye inkolo. AmaKhomanisi athanda kakhulu amavoti abalimi abangamaKhatholika, isigaba ebesiboshelwe esikweni lamaKhatholika amakhulu eminyaka, futhi ngokwamazwi omholi wamaKhomanisi wase-Italy “abaceli izwe lamaKhatholika ukuba liyeke ukuba izwe lamaKhatholika, ”Kepha“ bathambekele ekuqondaneni. ”[82]

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano yoFakazi BakaJehova, naphezu "kokungathathi hlangothi" kushunyayelwe, ithonywe yisizinda saseMelika, azikho izindatshana ezimbalwa, eziphakathi kweminyaka yama-50s nama-70s, lapho kukhona khona ubukhomanisi obuthile obubhekiswe ku-PCI, obusola Isonto lokungabi yisivikelo ngokumelene "nabomvu".[83] Ezinye izindatshana ezivela ngeminyaka yama-1950 kanye neye-1970 zivame ukubheka kabi ukuphakama kwamakhomanisi, okufakazela ukuthi isizinda saseNyakatho Melika sibalulekile. Ngesikhathi somhlangano wamazwe omhlaba wama-JW owawubanjelwe eRoma ngo-1951, umagazini wenhlangano uchaza amaqiniso kanjena:

“Abamemezeli boMbuso base-Italy nezithunywa zevangeli basebenze izinsuku eziningi belungisa inkundla nehholo lalo mhlangano. Isakhiwo esisetshenzisiwe bekuyihholo lombukiso elime njengo-L. AmaKhomanisi ayeke aba khona isikhathi esithile ngaphambili futhi ashiya izinto zisesimweni esidabukisayo. Phansi bekungcolile futhi izindonga zigcotshwe ngezinkulumo zepolitiki. Indoda abafowethu ababeyiqashele indawo kanye nesakhiwo yathi ngeke ikwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zokulungisa izinto izinsuku ezintathu zomhlangano. Utshele ofakazi bakaJehova ukuthi bangenza noma yini abafuna ukuyenza ukuze indawo ibukeke. Lapho umnikazi efika esizeni ngosuku olwandulela ukuqala komhlangano, wamangala lapho ebona ukuthi zonke izindonga zesakhiwo esasizosebenzisa kuzo zazipendiwe futhi nomhlabathi uhlanzekile. yahlelwa futhi kwakhiwa induna enhle ekhoneni lika- "L". Amalambu we-fluorescent asungulwa. Ngemuva kwesiteji kwakwenziwe ngenetha elilukiwe eliluhlaza okotshani futhi elinamachashaza abomvana nabomvu. Bekubukeka njengesakhiwo esisha manje hhayi indawo yokuphahlazeka nokuvukela umbuso okushiywe ngamaKhomanisi. ”[84]

Futhi ngesikhathi "Sonyaka Ongcwele ka-1975", ngaphezu kokuchaza ukwehliswa komphakathi wase-Italiya ngawo-1970, lapho “abaphathi bezenkolo bevuma ukuthi umuntu ongaphansi koyedwa kwabathathu base-Italiya (…) uya njalo esontweni”, umagazini Svegliatevi! (I-Phaphama!) iqopha okunye "okusongela" ingokomoya lamaNtaliyane, elithanda iqembu lesonto:

Lokhu kungukungena kwesitha esikhulu seSonto phakathi kwabantu base-Italy, ikakhulukazi kubantu abasha. Lesi sitha senkolo ubukhomanisi. Yize ezikhathini eziningana imfundiso yobukhomanisi ifanela inkolo kanye neminye imibono yezombusazwe, inhloso enkulu yobukhomanisi ayikashintshi. Le nhloso ukuqeda ithonya namandla ezenkolo noma ngabe yikuphi lapho amandla wobukhomanisi asemandleni khona.

Eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule e-Italy, imfundiso esemthethweni yamaKatolika bekungafanele ikhethe abazongenela ukhetho lwamaKhomanisi. AmaKhatholika axwayiswe kaningi ukuthi angavoti ubuKhomanisi, ngenxa yobuhlungu bokuxoshwa. NgoJulayi Wonyaka Ongcwele, ababhishobhi bamaKatolika baseLombardy bathi abapristi ababekhuthaza amaNtaliyane ukuba avotele ubuKhomanisi kwakufanele bahoxe kungenjalo babezibeka engozini yokuxoshwa.

L'Osservatore Romano, inhlangano yaseVatican, yashicilela isimemezelo sababhishobhi basenyakatho ne-Italy lapho bazwakalisa khona “ukungavumi kwabo okubuhlungu” ngomphumela wokhetho lwangoJune 1975 lapho amaKhomanisi athola khona amavoti ayizigidi ezimbili nengxenye, edlula cishe inani lamavoti etholwe yiqembu elibusayo elasekelwa yiVatican. Futhi ngasekupheleni konyaka oNgcwele, ngoNovemba, uPapa Paul wanikeza izexwayiso ezintsha kumaKatolika ayesekela iqembu lamaKhomanisi. Kepha sekuyisikhathi esithile kubonakala ukuthi izexwayiso ezinjalo ziye zangaziwa kakhulu.[85]

Ngokubhekiswe kwimiphumela emihle kakhulu ye-PCI kuzinqubomgomo zango-1976, ukubonisana okwabona ukuthi iNtando Yentando Yeningi YamaKristu ibusa futhi, icishe yazinza ngama-38.71%, ubukhulu bayo, nokho, ngokokuqala ngqa, bancishiswa kakhulu yi-Italian Communist Party, ukuthola ukwenyuka okungenasisekelo kokwesekwa (34.37%), kumise amaphuzu ambalwa wamaphesenti kumaChristian Democrats, kuvuthwa umphumela omuhle kakhulu emlandweni wawo, ngoba i-Watchtower le miphumela ibiyisibonakaliso sokuthi "uhlelo lwezinto" seluyaphela nokuthi iBabiloni i-Great yayizosuswa ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho (ngemuva nje kuka-1975, lapho inhlangano yaprofetha nge-Armagedoni eseduze, njengoba sizobona kamuva) ngamaKhomanisi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku ILa Torre di Guardia ka-April 15, 1977, k. 242, esigabeni esithi "Significato delle notizie": 

Okhethweni lwezepolitiki olwabanjelwa e-Italy ngehlobo eledlule, iqembu eliningi, iChristian Democracy, elekelwa yiSonto LamaKatolika, lanqoba ngokunqobayo kwiQembu lamaKhomanisi. Kodwa amaKhomanisi aqhubeka nokuzuza. Lokhu kuphinde kwabonakala okhethweni lwasekhaya olwalubanjwe ngasikhathi sinye. Isibonelo, ekuphathweni kukamasipala waseRoma, iqembu lamaKhomanisi lathola amaphesenti angama-35.5 wamavoti, uma kuqhathaniswa namaphesenti angama-33.1 wentando yeningi lobuKristu. Ngakho-ke, ngokokuqala ngqá iRoma yaba ngaphansi kolawulo lomfelandawonye oholwa amaKhomanisi. I- "Sunday News" eNew York yathi lokhu "kwakuyigxathu elibuyela emuva eVatican nakupapa, osebenzisa igunya lombhishobhi wamaRoma waseRoma". Ngamavoti aseRoma, iqembu lamaKhomanisi manje seliphethe ekuphathweni kwawo wonke amadolobha amakhulu ase-Italy, kusho i- "News". (…) Lezi zindlela ezirekhodwe e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe zibhekisa ezinhlotsheni zikahulumeni ezinqala kanye nokushiya inkolo "yama-Orthodox" kuyindlela embi emabandleni obuKrestu. Kodwa-ke lokhu kwabikezelwa esiprofethweni seBhayibheli kuSambulo izahluko 17 no-18.Lapho iZwi likaNkulunkulu lembula ukuthi izinkolo 'ezifeba' nalo mhlaba zizobhujiswa ngokuzumayo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, okwethusa kakhulu labo abasekela lezo zinkolo. .

Umholi wamaKhomanisi uBerlinguer, ngakho-ke, wahlonishwa yibo bonke njengombusazwe olinganiselayo (waqala iqembu elihamba kancane le-PCI eSoviet Union), engqondweni evuthayo yeWatch Tower Society yayisizobhubhisa iBabiloni e-Italy: kuyadabukisa ukuthi ngaleyo miphumela yokhetho kwavula isigaba "sokuyekethisa ngokomlando" phakathi kwe-DC yase-Aldo Moro ne-PCI ye-Enrico Berlinguer, isigaba esasungulwa ngo-1973 esikhombisa ukuthambekela kokuhlangana kabusha phakathi kwamaChristian Democrats namaKhomanisi ase-Italy abonwa ngawo-1970, kuzoholela, ngonyaka we-1976, kuhulumeni wokuqala wombala owodwa weChristian Democratic owawuphethwe yivoti langaphandle lamasekela amaKhomanisi, abizwa nge- “National Solidarity”, eholwa nguGiulio Andreotti. Ngo-1978 lo hulumeni wasula esikhundleni ukuze avumele ukungena kwe-PCI ngokweningi, kodwa ulayini olinganiselayo kahulumeni wase-Italy wazibeka engcupheni yokuphihliza yonke into; lolu daba luzophela ngo-1979, ngemuva kokuthunjwa kokubulawa komholi wamaChristian Democrat ngabashokobezi bakaMarxist beRed Brigades kwenzeka ngo-March 16, 1978.

I-eschatology ye-apocalyptic yenhlangano nayo yalungiswa ukuthi yalungiswa yimicimbi yamazwe omhlaba, njengokuvuka kukaHitler kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi: ekuhumusheni uDaniel 11, okhuluma ngokungqubuzana phakathi kwenkosi yaseNyakatho neNingizimu, i-JWs eye ukugcwaliseka okuphindwe kabili, iNdikimba Ebusayo izokhomba inkosi yaseNingizimu “namandla amabili ama-Anglo-American” nenkosi yaseNyakatho neJalimane lamaNazi ngo-1933, nangemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ne-USSR nabalingani bayo. . Ukuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin kuzoholela ekutheni inhlangano iyeke ukukhomba iSilo saseNyakatho nabaseSoviet.[86] I-anti-Sovietism manje isiphendukele ekugxekeni iRussia Federation kaVladimir Putin, evimbe izinhlangano ezisemthethweni ze-Watcht Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Isimo sezulu sizoshintshela ama-JWs - nezinkolo ezingezona ezobuKhatholika - ngenxa yemicimbi eyahlukahlukene, njengokuphela kokusebenza kwesiyingi se- "Buffarini Guidi", esenzeka ngo-1954 (kulandela isigwebo seNkantolo ye-Cassation ka-30 Ngonovemba 1953, lesekhula leyisekeli "ingumyalelo wangaphakathi nje, wokuyalelwa yizinhlangano ezincike kuzo, ngaphandle kokudalulwa kuzakhamizi, njengoba leli kolishi lihlale linquma, zingakwazanga ukuthola unswinyo lobugebengu uma zingahambisani nomthetho"),[88] futhi ngokukhethekile, ngemisho emibili yango-1956 no-1957, ezovuna umsebenzi we-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, osiza ukuqashelwa kwayo e-Italy njengenkolo ngesisekelo seSivumelwano Sase-Italy NamaMelika sobungani sango-1948 Ukuhambisana namanye amasiko angewona amaKatolika adabuka eMelika.

Isigwebo sokuqala sithinta ukuphela kokusetshenziswa kobuciko. I-113 yoMthetho Ohlanganisiwe Wezokuphepha Komphakathi, edinga "ilayisensi yeziphathimandla zokuphepha komphakathi" ukuthi "isabalalise noma isakaze, endaweni yomphakathi noma endaweni evuleleke umphakathi, imibhalo noma izimpawu", nokuholele iziphathimandla ukujezisa ama-JW, aziwa ngomsebenzi wendlu ngendlu. INkantolo Yomthethosisekelo, kulandela ukuboshwa kwabashicileli abaningana beWatch Tower Society, yakhipha isigwebo sokuqala emlandweni wayo, yamenyezelwa ngoJuni 14, 1956,[89] isigwebo esingumlando, esihlukile ngohlobo lwaso. Eqinisweni, njengoba uPaolo Piccioli ebika:

Lesi sinqumo, esithathwa njengomlando yizazi, besingagcini ngokubheka ukuthi lo mthetho oshiwo ngenhla uvumelekile yini. Bekufanele kuqala iphakamise embuzweni oyisisekelo futhi lokho kungukuqinisekisa, unomphela, ukuthi amandla ayo okulawula nawo adlulela kokuhlinzekiwe koMthethosisekelo owawukhona, noma ngabe kufanele kukhawulelwe kulezo ezikhishwe ngemuva kwalokho. Iziphathimandla zesonto kudala zahlanganisa izazi zomthetho zamaKhatholika ukuze zisekele ukwehluleka kweNkantolo ngemithetho eyayivele ikhona. Ngokusobala abaphathi beVatican bebengafuni ukuqedwa komthetho wobushiqela ngezinsimbi zawo zemikhawulo evimbela ukuguqula abantu bezinkolo ezincane. Kodwa iNkantolo, ebambelele ngokuqinile kuMthethosisekelo, yawulahla lo mqondo ngokuqinisekisa umgomo oyisisekelo, wokuthi “umthetho womthethosisekelo, ngenxa yobunjalo bawo ohlelweni loMthethosisekelo oqinile, kufanele ubuse kunomthetho ojwayelekile”. Ngokuhlola i-Article 113 eshiwo ngenhla, iNkantolo imemezela ukungabi semthethweni komthethosisekelo kwezinhlinzeko ezahlukahlukene ezikulo. NgoMashi 1957, uPius XII, ebhekise kulesi sinqumo, wagxeka "ngokumemezela isimemezelo semithetho engekho emthethweni yezinkambiso ezithile zangaphambilini".[90]

Isigwebo sesibili esikhundleni salokho besithinta abalandeli abangama-26 abagwetshwe yiNkantolo Ekhethekile. Ngesikhathi lapho izakhamizi eziningi zase-Italy, zalahlwa yicala yinkantolo, zathola ukubuyekezwa kwaleli cala zaze zatholwa zingenacala, i-Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova (“i-Christian Association of Jehovah’s Witnesses”), njengoba leli hlelo lalaziwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, yanquma ukubuza Ukubuyekezwa kwecala lokufuna amalungelo hhayi wababoshiwe abangama-26, kepha enhlangano yenkundla yonke,[91] unikezwe ukuthi isigwebo seNkantolo Ekhethekile sisola ama-JWs ngokuthi “yinhlangano eyimfihlo ehlose ukwenza inkulumo-ze ukucindezela umuzwa kazwelonke nokwenza izenzo ezihlose ukuguqula isimo sikahulumeni” nokuphishekela “izinhloso zobugebengu”.[92]

Isicelo sokubuyekezwa kwecala kwaxoxwa ngaso ngaphambi kweNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-L'Aquila ngoMashi 20, 1957 nabangu-11 kwabangu-26 abalahlwa yicala, bevikelwa ngummeli uNicola Romualdi, ummeli osemthethweni wegatsha lase-Italy le-Watch Tower Society, ilungu weRepublican Party nombhali wephephabhuku le ILa Voce Repubblicana.

Umbiko wokubuyekezwa kwesigwebo ubika ukuthi ngenkathi ummeli uRomualdi echazela iNkantolo ukuthi ama-JWs athatha isikhundla sabaphathi bamaKatolika "njengesifebe" ngokugxambukela kwabo ezindabeni zepolitiki (ngoba ngemikhuba yaso yokusebenzisa imimoya "zonke izizwe ziyadukiswa", kuSambulo 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "abahluleli bashintshana ngokubuka nokumamatheka kokuqonda". INkantolo yanquma ukuguqula izigwebo zangaphambili futhi ngenxa yalokho yaqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi wegatsha lase-Italy le-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society wawungekho emthethweni noma uvukela umbuso.[93] Isilinganiso sigcinwe kucatshangelwa "iqiniso lokuthi isetyhula ka-1940 [eyaxosha ama-JWs] ayikasuswa ngokusobala kuze kube manje, [ngakho-ke] kuzodingeka ukuthi kuhlolwe kuqala ithuba lokuqalisa ukuvinjelwa kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi iNhlangano ”, ephawula nokho ukuthi“ kungaba [ro] ukuvivinywa (…) ngemiphumela engaba khona e-United States of America ”,[94] unikezwe ukuthi, noma ngabe ngokusemthethweni inhlangano ye-JWs ibingenayo ikhava yezepolitiki, ukufutheka okuqhamuka nenhlangano esemthethweni yaseMelika nakho kungaholela ezinkingeni zamanxusa.

Kodwa ushintsho lwangesikhathi oluzovumela ukwamukelwa ngokomthetho kwalokhu kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezingezona ezobuKatolika ezivela e-United States kuzoba yi-Second Vatican Council (ngo-Okthoba 1962-Disemba 1965), okwathi ngo-“baba” bayo abangu-2,540 1545 kwaba umhlangano omkhulu wokuxoxisana umlando weSonto. UbuKhatholika futhi obungenye yezinto ezinkulu emlandweni wesintu, futhi ozothatha izinguquko emkhakheni weBhayibheli, owezinkolo, owezinkolo kanye nowenhlangano yempilo eSontweni, eguqula ubuKhatholika emsukeni wawo, eguqula inkolo yawo, ethula izilimi ezikhulunywa imikhosi, ukulimaza isiLatin, ukuvuselela imikhuba, ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana. Ngokwenza izinguquko eza ngemuva koMkhandlu, ama-altare aphendulwa futhi ojikijelwa bahunyushelwa ngokuphelele ezilimini zesimanje. Uma kuqala iSonto LamaRoma Katolika lizothuthukisa, liyindodakazi yoMkhandlu waseTrent (1563-XNUMX) kanye ne-Counter-Reformation, izinhlobo zokungabekezelelani kubo bonke abantu abancane bezenkolo, okugqugquzela amabutho e-PS ukuba abacindezele futhi aphazamise imihlangano, imihlangano, igqugquzela izixuku ezazibahlasela ngokubaphonsa izinto ezahlukahlukene, ukuvimbela abalandela bezinkolo ezingezona ezobuKatolika ukuthi bathole ukuqashwa komphakathi kanye nemikhosi elula yomngcwabo,[95] ihora, noMkhandlu Wesibili WaseVatican, i- abefundisi bazozihleka usulu, baqala, ngisho nangemibhalo ehlukahlukene ephathelene nobumbano nenkululeko yezenkolo, isimo sezulu esibi.

Lokhu kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi ngo-1976 i-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania “yamukelwa emalungelweni aqinisekiswe iSivumelwano Sobungane, Ukuhweba Nokuzulazula ngo-1949 phakathi kwe-Italy Republic ne-United States of America”;[96] ihlelo lingadlulisela phambili kuMthetho cha. I-1159 kaJuni 24, 1929 ku "Izinhlinzeko ekusetshenzisweni kwezinkolo ezivunyelwe embusweni nasemshadweni ezigujwa phambi kwabefundisi abafanayo bezenkolo", lapho kwezobuciko. 1 kwaba nenkulumo ethi “Amahlelo Amukelwe” futhi ayengasekho “amaCala Abekezelelwe” njengoba i-Albertine Statute yagunyazwa kusukela ngo-1848, lapho i- “International Bible Students Association” yakhishwa khona ngoba yayingenabo ubuntu obungokomthetho, ingeyona “iNdikimba” yomthetho futhi eMbusweni wase-Italy noma phesheya futhi uvinjelwe kusukela ngo-1927. Manje, ngokuvunyelwa kwamalungelo okuqinisekiswe yisivumelwano esishiwo ne-United States, igatsha lase-Italy le-Watch Tower Society lalingaba nezikhonzi zokukhulekela ezinethuba lokugubha imishado evumelekile ngezinjongo zomphakathi, ukujabulela ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, amalungelo empesheni aqinisekiswe ngumthetho, kanye nokufinyelela ezikhungweni zokujeziswa ukuze kusetshenziswe inkonzo.[97] I-Exponential set up in Italy on the dpr of 31 October 1986, no 783, eshicilelwe ku IGazzetta ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana kaNovemba 26, 1986.

8. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yo-1940 kuya kowe-1960, ukwanda kwabashicileli be-JW kwakuyinto evamile echazwa yi-Watchtower Society njengobufakazi bokwamukelwa nguNkulunkulu. Ubuholi baseMelika boFakazi BakaJehova babuthokozela lapho ezincazelweni zezintatheli buchazwa “njengenkolo ekhula ngesivinini esikhulu emhlabeni” kunokuthi “Eminyakeni eyi-15, iphindaphinde ubulungu bayo”;[98] ukwesaba ibhomu le-athomu, impi yamakhaza, izimpi ezihlomile zekhulu lamashumi amabili zenza okulindelwe yi-apocalyptic kwe-Nqabayokulinda kube yinto enengqondo kakhulu, futhi kuzokwenza ukwenyuka kukhethwe ngumongameli weKnorr. Futhi ukulahlekelwa amandla eSonto LamaKatolika kanye namasonto ahlukahlukene “endabuko” evangeli akufanele akhohlwe. Njengoba uM. James Penton aphawula: “Abaningi ababengamaKatolika baye bakhangwa oFakazi kusukela izinguquko zeVatican II. Bavame ukusho ngokusobala ukuthi ukholo lwabo lwazanyazanyiswa ushintsho emikhubeni engokwesiko yamaKatolika futhi bakhombisa ukuthi bafuna inkolo 'enezibopho ezithile' ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha nohlaka oluqinile lweziphathimandla. ”[99] Ucwaningo lukaJohan Leman ngabokufika baseSicilian eBelgium nalabo olwenziwa nguLuigi Berzano noMassimo Introvigne enkabeni yeSicily lubonakala luqinisekisa ukucabanga kukaPenton.[100]

Lokhu kucatshangelwa kuzungeze “icala lase-Italy”, uma kubhekwa ukuthi inhlangano ye-JW yayinempumelelo enkulu, ezweni lamaKhatholika, ekuqaleni ukukhula kancane: imiphumela yezinyathelo zenhlangano ezenziwa nguMongameli uKnorr ngokushesha yavumela ukushicilelwa kwezincwadi njalo ILa Torre di Guardia futhi, kusukela ngo-1955, Svegliatevi! Ngawo lowo nyaka, isifunda sase-Abruzzo yiso esasinenani elikhulu labalandeli, kepha kwakukhona izifunda zase-Italy, ezinjengeMashi, lapho kwakungekho mabandla khona. Umbiko wenkonzo ka-1962 wavuma ukuthi, futhi ngenxa yobunzima obuhlaziywe ngenhla, "ukushumayela kwenziwa engxenyeni encane yase-Italy".[101]

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma kunjalo, kube nokwenyuka okukhulayo, okungafingqwa ngokulandelayo:

1948 …………………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 …………………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 …………………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 …………………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 …………………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 …………………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
1969 ……………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
1971 ……………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
1975 ……………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Sibona ukukhuphuka kwamanani okuqinile ngemuva kuka-1971. Ngani? Ekhuluma ezingeni elijwayelekile, hhayi icala lase-Italy kuphela, uM. James Penton uyaphendula, ebhekisa emqondweni wobuholi beWatchtower lapho ebhekene nemiphumela emihle yangemva kwempi:

Babebonakala futhi bethatha umuzwa wokwaneliseka ohlukile waseMelika, hhayi nje kuphela ngokwanda okuphawulekayo kwamanani obhapathizo nabamemezeli abangoFakazi abasha, kodwa futhi nasekwakhiweni kwezindawo ezintsha zokunyathelisa, indlunkulu yegatsha, kanye nenani lezincwadi abazishicilele futhi kwasatshalaliswa. Okukhulu njalo kwakubonakala kungcono. Izipikha ezivakashile ezivela eBethel yaseBrooklyn zazivame ukukhombisa amaslayidi noma amabhayisikobho efektri yomphakathi yaseNew York ngenkathi bekhuluma kahle ezilalelini zoFakazi emhlabeni wonke ngamanani ephepha asetshenziselwa ukuphrinta INqabayokulinda futhi I-Phaphama! omagazini. Ngakho-ke lapho ukwenyuka okukhulu kwama-1950 okuqala kwathathelwa indawo ukukhula okuncane kweminyaka eyishumi noma eyishumi nambili elandelayo, lokhu kwakudumaza ngandlela-thile kubaholi boFakazi nakuFakazi ngamunye emhlabeni wonke.

Umphumela wemizwa enjalo koFakazi abathile kwakuyinkolelo yokuthi mhlawumbe umsebenzi wokushumayela wawusuzophela: mhlawumbe iningi lezinye izimvu lase liqoqiwe. Mhlawumbe i-Armagedoni yayiseduze.[103]

Konke lokhu kuzoshintsha, kusheshiswe, okuzothinta, njengoba kuboniswe ngenhla, ukwanda kwabalandeli, ngo-1966, lapho iNhlangano yafaka ugesi wonke umphakathi woFakazi ngokukhomba unyaka ka-1975 njengokuphela kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yomlando wesintu futhi , ngakho-ke, kungenzeka, ukuqala kwenkulungwane kaKristu. Lokhu kungenxa yencwadi entsha enesihloko esithi Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio (Eng. Ukuphila Okuphakade Ngenkululeko Yamadodana Onkulunkulu), eyashicilelwa imihlangano yasehlobo yango-1966 (eya-Italy ngo-1967). Emakhasini 28-30 umbhali wayo, okwathi kamuva kwaziwa ukuthi kwakunguFrederick William Franz, iphini likamongameli we-Nqabayokulinda, ngemuva kokugxeka ukulandelana kwezikhathi zeBhayibheli okwachazwa ngumbhishobhi omkhulu wase-Ireland uJames Ussher (1581-1656), awukhombisa ku 4004 BC. unyaka wokuzalwa komuntu wokuqala:

Kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Ussher kube nokufundwa okujulile ngokulandelana kwezikhathi zeBhayibheli. Kuleli khulu lamashumi amabili kwenziwa ucwaningo oluzimele olungalandeli ngandlela-thile ukubalwa kwezikhathi ezijwayelekile zobuKristu, nokubalwa kwesikhathi esiphrintiwe okuvela kulolu cwaningo oluzimele kukhombisa usuku lokudalwa komuntu njengo-4026 BC. EV Ngokwalokhu kubalwa kwezikhathi kweBhayibheli okwethembekile, iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha ngemuva kokudalwa komuntu izophela ngonyaka we-1975, futhi inkathi yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa yomlando wesintu izoqala ekwindla ka-1975 CE[104]

Umbhali uzoqhubeka:

Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yokuphila komuntu emhlabeni ngakho-ke isizophela, yebo, phakathi kwalesi sizukulwane. UJehova uNkulunkulu umi phakade, njengoba kulotshiwe kumaHubo 90: 1, 2: “O Jehova, ubonakalisile ukuthi uyisiphephelo sethu sobukhosi ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngaphambi kokuba kuzalwe izintaba, noma ngaphambi kokuba uphathe umhlaba nezwe elikhiqizayo njengokungathi ngezinhlungu zokubeletha, kusukela nini nanini kuze kube nini nanini wena unguNkulunkulu ”. Ngombono kaJehova uNkulunkulu, ke, le minyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yokuphila komuntu esezodlula ifana nezinsuku eziyisithupha zamahora angamashumi amabili nane, ngoba lelo hubo (amavesi 3, 4) liqhubeka lithi: “Uletha buyisela umuntu othulini othulini, uthi: 'Buyani, bantwana babantu. Ngoba iminyaka eyinkulungwane emehlweni akho injengezolo lapho lidlula, nanjengomlindo ebusuku. ”M Akusikho iminyaka eminingi esizukulwaneni sethu, lapho-ke, sizofika kulokho uJehova uNkulunkulu angakubheka njengosuku lwesikhombisa lokuphila komuntu.

Yeka ukuthi bekungafaneleka kanjani ngoJehova uNkulunkulu ukwenza le nkathi yeminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ibe yisikhathi sokuphumula, iSabatha elikhulu leJubili lokumenyezelwa kwenkululeko yasemhlabeni kubo bonke abantu bakhona! Lokhu kungasifaneleka kakhulu isintu. Kungafaneleka kakhulu ngakuNkulunkulu, ngoba, khumbula, isintu sisenakho ngaphambi kwaso lokho incwadi yokugcina yeBhayibheli eliNgcwele elikhuluma ngakho njengokubusa kweminyaka eyinkulungwane kukaJesu Kristu emhlabeni, umbuso kaKristu weminyaka eyinkulungwane. Ngokwesiprofetho, uJesu Kristu, ngenkathi esemhlabeni emakhulwini ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye eminyaka edlule, wathi ngaye: "INdodana yomuntu iyiNkosi yeSabatha." (Mathewu 12: 8) Kwakungeke kwenzeke ngengozi, kodwa kwakuyoba ngokwenjongo yothando lukaJehova uNkulunkulu ukuthi umbuso kaJesu Kristu, “iNkosi yeSabatha”, wagijima uhambelana neminyaka eyinkulungwane yesikhombisa yokuphila komuntu. ”[105]

Ekupheleni kwesahluko, emakh. 34 no-35, a “I-Tabelle di date i-della creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM ebalulekile (""Ithebula lezinsuku ezibalulekile zokudalwa komuntu ngo-7000 AM ”) laphrintwa. okusho ukuthi umuntu wokuqala u-Adam wadalwa ngo-4026 BCE nokuthi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yokuphila komuntu emhlabeni yayizophela ngo-1975:

Kepha kusukela ngo-1968 kuphela lapho inhlangano yanikeza ukugqama okukhulu osukwini olusha lokuphela kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yomlando wesintu kanye nemithelela engahle ibe khona ngomkhathi. Incwadi entsha encane, La verità che conduce all vita eterna, okuthengwa kakhulu enhlanganweni okusakhunjulwa ngomuzwa othile wokuthi "ibhomu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", kwethulwa emihlanganweni yesigodi ngalowo nyaka ezothatha indawo yencwadi endala I-Sia Dio riconosciuto verace njengethuluzi lokutadisha eliyinhloko lokwenza abaguqukile, okwathi, njengencwadi yango-1966, okwaletha ukulindela kwalowo nyaka, u-1975, okuqukethe ukusikisela okwakhomba eqinisweni lokuthi umhlaba wawungeke uphile ngale kwalowo nyaka oyinhlekelele, kodwa ozolungiswa Ukuphrinta kabusha kuka-1981.[106] INhlangano iphinde yaphakamisa ukuthi izifundo zeBhayibheli zokuhlala nabantu abathintekayo ngosizo lwencwadi entsha kufanele zilinganiselwe isikhathi esifushane esingeqile ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Ekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi, abaguqukayo besikhathi esizayo kumele ngabe sebebe ngama-JWs noma okungenani babe khona njalo eHholo LoMbuso lendawo. Isikhathi besilinganiselwe kakhulu kangangokuthi kwaxazululwa ukuthi uma abantu bengazange balamukele “Iqiniso” (njengoba kuchazwe ama-JWs kuwo wonke amathuluzi abo okufundisa nezenkolo) ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ithuba lokwazi ukuthi kufanele linikezwe abanye ngaphambi kokuba sekwephuzile.[107] Ngokusobala, noma sibheka imininingwane yokukhula e-Italy kuphela kusuka ngo-1971 kuya ku-1975, ukuqagela kosuku lwe-apocalyptic kwasheshisa umuzwa wokuphuthuma kwabathembekile, futhi lokhu kwenza abaningi abanesifiso sokugxuma enqoleni ye-apocalyptic ye-Watchtower Society. Ngaphezu kwalokho, oFakazi BakaJehova abaningi ababesivivi bathuka ngokomoya. Kwathi ekwindla lika-1968, iNkampani, ngokuphendula impendulo yomphakathi, yaqala ukushicilela uchungechunge lwezihloko ezikhuluma Svegliatevi! futhi ILa Torre di Guardia lokho kushiye ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi babelindele ukuphela komhlaba ngo-1975. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokunye okulindelwe esikhathini esidlule (njengo-1914 noma u-1925), INqabayokulinda izoqapha kakhulu, noma ngabe kunezitatimende ezikwenza kucace ukuthi inhlangano iholele abalandeli ekukholweni lesi siprofetho:

Yinye into eqiniseke ngokuphelele, ukubalwa kwezikhathi kweBhayibheli okusekelwa yisiprofetho seBhayibheli esigcwalisiwe kukhombisa ukuthi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha yokuphila komuntu izophela maduzane, yebo, phakathi kwalesi sizukulwane! (Math. 24:34) Ngakho-ke, lesi akusona isikhathi sokunganaki noma sokunganaki. Lesi akusona isikhathi sokuncokola ngamazwi kaJesu okuthi “maqondana nalolo suku nalelo hora akekho owaziyo, nazingelosi zasezulwini, noma iNdodana, kodwa nguBaba kuphela”. (Math. 24:36) Ngokuphambene nalokho, yisikhathi lapho kufanele kuqondwe kahle khona ukuthi ukuphela kwalesi simiso sezinto kusondela ngokushesha ekupheleni kwaso okunobudlova. Ungakhohliswa, kwanele ukuthi uBaba uqobo lwakhe alazi 'usuku nehora'!

Noma singaboni ngaphezu kuka-1975, ngabe lokhu kuyisizathu sokungasebenzi kakhulu? Abaphostoli babengaboni ngisho nanamuhla; babengazi lutho ngonyaka ka-1975. Abakubona nje kwakuyisikhathi esifushane phambi kwabo sokuqeda umsebenzi ababewunikiwe. (1 Pet. 4: 7) Ngakho-ke kunemizwa yokwethuka nokumemeza okuphuthumayo kuyo yonke imibhalo yabo. (IzE. 20:20; 2 Thim. 4: 2) Futhi kunesizathu. Ukube babephuze noma bachitha isikhathi futhi badlala ngomcabango wokuthi kusele iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, bebengeke baqede umjaho obekwe phambi kwabo. Cha, bagijime kakhulu futhi ngokushesha, futhi banqoba! Kwakuyindaba yokuphila noma yokufa kubo. - 1 Kor. 9:24; 2 Thim. 4: 7; Heb. 12: 1.[108]

Kumelwe kushiwo ukuthi izincwadi zeNhlangano azikaze zisho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ngo-1975 ukuphela kwakuyofika. Abaholi bangaleso sikhathi, ikakhulukazi uFrederick William Franz, ngokungangabazeki babakhele ekwehlulekeni kwangaphambilini kuka-1925. Noma kunjalo, iningi lama-JWs lazi okuncane noma lincane mayelana nokwehluleka okudala komkhathi, babanjwa ngentshiseko; ababonisi abaningi abajikelezayo nabesigodi basebenzise usuku lwango-1975, ikakhulukazi emihlanganweni, njengendlela yokukhuthaza amalungu ukuba andise ukushumayela kwawo. Futhi kwakungekhona ukuhlakanipha ukungabaza obala usuku, ngoba lokhu kungakhombisa "ubuthakathaka ngokomoya" uma kungenjalo ukuntula ukholo "kwenceku ethembekileyo neqondayo", noma ubuholi.[109]

Le mfundiso izithinte kanjani izimpilo zama-JW emhlabeni wonke? Lemfundiso yaba nomthelela omkhulu ezimpilweni zabantu. NgoJuni 1974, i- UMinistero del Regno libike ukuthi inani lamaphayona liqhume futhi abantu abathengisa amakhaya abo banconywa ngokuchitha isikhathi esincane esisele enkonzweni kaNkulunkulu. Ngokunjalo, belulekwe ukuthi bahlehlise imfundo yezingane zabo:

Yebo, ukuphela kwalesi simiso kuseduze! Akusona isizathu sokukhulisa ibhizinisi lethu lesi? Kulokhu, singafunda okuthile kumgijimi othi ngasekupheleni komjaho enze ibanga lokugijima lokugcina. Bheka uJesu, ngokusobala owasheshisa umsebenzi wakhe ezinsukwini zokugcina lapho esemhlabeni. Eqinisweni, amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-27 wezinto ezikumaVangeli anikezelwe esontweni lokugcina lenkonzo kaJesu yasemhlabeni! - Mathewu 21: 1–27: 50; Marku 11: 1–15: 37; ULuka 19: 29-23: 46; Johane 11: 55–19: 30.

Ngokuhlola ngokucophelela izimo zethu ngomkhuleko, singathola futhi ukuthi siyakwazi ukunikela isikhathi namandla esengeziwe ekushumayeleni kule nkathi yokugcina ngaphambi kokuphela kwesimiso samanje. Abazalwane abaningi benza lokho kanye. Lokhu kubonakala ngenani elanda ngokushesha lamaphayona.

Yebo, kusukela ngoDisemba 1973 kuye kwaba nokuphakama okusha kwamaphayona njalo ngenyanga. Manje kunamaphayona avamile futhi akhethekile angu-1,141 362 e-Italy, okuyindawo ephakeme engakaze ibonwe. Lokhu kulingana namaphayona angaphezu kuka-1973 kunangoMashi 43! Ukwanda ngamaphesenti angama-1! Izinhliziyo zethu azijabuli yini? Kuzwakala izindaba ngabazalwane abathengisa amakhaya abo nempahla yabo futhi bahlela ukuchitha zonke izinsuku zabo kulesi simiso esidala njengephayona. Ngokuqinisekile lena indlela enhle yokusebenzisa isikhathi esifushane esisele ngaphambi kokuphela kwezwe elibi. - 2 Johane 17:XNUMX.[110]

Izinkulungwane zama-JW amancane athola umsebenzi wokuba yiphayona elivamile ngokukhokhela eyunivesithi noma umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele, kanjalo nabaphendukile abaningi abasha. Osomabhizinisi, abanini zitolo, njll. Bayeka ibhizinisi labo elichumayo. Ochwepheshe bayeka imisebenzi yabo yesikhathi esigcwele futhi imindeni eminingana emhlabeni wonke yathengisa amakhaya ayo yathuthela “Lapho kunesidingo esikhulu khona [sabashumayeli].” Imibhangqwana emisha ihlehlise imishado yayo noma yanquma ukungabi nezingane uma ishada. Abashadikazi abavuthiwe bakhipha ama-akhawunti abo asebhange futhi, lapho uhlelo lwempesheni lwaluyimfihlo ngokwengxenye, izimali zempesheni. Abaningi, abancane nabadala, abesilisa nabesifazane, banqume ukuhlehlisa ukuhlinzwa okuthile noma ukwelashwa okufanele. Nakhu okwenzeka e-Italy kukaMichele Mazzoni, owayengumdala webandla, ofakazayo:

Lokhu kungukushaya ngesiswebhu, budedengu futhi budedengu, okududulele yonke imindeni [yoFakazi BakaJehova] kupavumente ukuze kusizakale i-GB [iNdikimba Ebusayo, ed.] Ukuze ngenxa yalokho abalandeli abangenalwazi balahlekelwe yizimpahla nemisebenzi abaya kuyo indlu ngendlu umnyango wokwengeza imali engenayo yeNhlangano, esevele iningi futhi ibonakala ... Ama-JWs amaningi adele ikusasa lawo kanye nelabantwana babo ukuze kuzuze iNkampani efanayo… ama-JWs angenalwazi acabanga ukuthi kuyasiza ukubekelela ezokuqala izinkathi zokusinda ngemuva kosuku olwesabekayo lolaka lukaNkulunkulu okwakuthi ngonyaka ka-1975 lube seludedelwe eHarmageddon… amanye ama-JWs aqala ukuzenzela imali namakhandlela ehlobo lika-1974; i-psychosis enjalo yayisikhule (…).

UMazzotti washumayela ukuphela kwesimiso sezinto ngo-1975 yonke indawo nakuzo zonke izikhathi ngokuya ngemiyalo enikeziwe. Ungomunye walabo abenze amalungiselelo amaningi (izimpahla ezisemathinini) ukuze kuthi lapho kuphela u-1977 angakazilahli nomndeni wakhe.[111] "Ngisanda kuhlangana nabantu bezizwe ezahlukahlukene: amaFulentshi, amaSwitzerland, amaNgisi, amaJalimane, abantu baseNew Zealand kanye nabantu abahlala eNyakatho Afrika naseNingizimu Melika", kusho uGiancarlo Farina, owayenguJW owayezokwenza indlela yokubalekela ukuba ngumProthestani nomqondisi weCasa della Bibbia (House of Bible), indawo yokushicilela yabavangeli baseTurin esabalalisa amaBhayibheli, “bonke bangenzele isiqiniseko sokuthi oFakazi BakaJehova bashumayele ngo-1975 njengonyaka wokuphela. Obunye ubufakazi bokungacaci kwe-GB butholakala ngokungafani phakathi kwalokho okwashiwo eMinistero del Regno yango-1974 nalokho okushiwo ku-Nqabayokulinda [yangoJanuwari 1, 1977, ikhasi 24]: lapho, abazalwane banconywa ngokuthengisa amakhaya nezimpahla futhi bachitha izinsuku zabo zokugcina enkonzweni yamaphayona ”.[112]

Imithombo yangaphandle, njengephephandaba likazwelonke, nayo yawuqonda umyalezo owethulwa yi-Watchtower. Uhlelo lwango-10 Agasti 1969 lwephephandaba laseRoma I Tempo ushicilele i-akhawunti ye-International Assembly "Pace in Terra", "Riusciremo a battere Satan nell'agosto 1975" ("Sizokwazi ukushaya uSathane ngo-Agasti 1975"), futhi uyabika:

Ngonyaka odlule, umongameli wabo we- [JW] uNathan Knorr wachaza ngo-Agasti 1975 ukuthi ukuphela kweminyaka engama-6,000 yomlando wesintu kuzokwenzeka. Wabuzwa-ke, ukuthi kwakungekhona yini ukumenyezelwa kokuphela komhlaba, kodwa waphendula, ephakamisa izingalo zakhe esibhakabhakeni ngesenzo esiqinisekisayo: “Cha, kunalokho: ngo-Agasti 1975, kuphela ukuphela inkathi yezimpi, udlame kanye nesono kanye nesikhathi eside nesithelayo sokuthula kwamakhulu eminyaka ayi-10 lapho izimpi zizovinjelwa futhi isono siphumelele… ”

Kepha ukuphela komhlaba wezono kuzokwenzeka kanjani futhi kwenzeka kanjani ukusungula ukuqala kwale nkathi entsha yokuthula ngokunemba okumangalisa kangaka? Lapho sibuzwa, umphathi omkhulu waphendula wathi: “Kulula: ngabo bonke ubufakazi obuqoqwe eBhayibhelini futhi ngenxa yezambulo zabaprofethi abaningi sikwazile ukuveza ukuthi kungo-Agasti 1975 (kodwa asilwazi usuku) USathane uzoshaywa ngokuqinisekile futhi uzoqala. inkathi entsha yokuthula.

Kepha kusobala ukuthi, emfundisweni ye-JW, engaboni ukuphela komhlaba, kepha uhlelo lomuntu "olubuswa nguSathane", "ukuphela kwenkathi yezimpi, udlame kanye nesono" kanye “Ukuqala isikhathi eside nesithelayo samakhulu we-10 lokuthula lapho izimpi zizovinjelwa futhi isono sinqotshwe” kuzokwenzeka kuphela emva kwempi ye-Armagedoni! Kwakunamaphephandaba amaningana ayekhuluma ngakho, ikakhulukazi kusuka ngo-1968 kuya ku-1975.[113] Ngenkathi iNdikimba Ebusayo YoFakazi BakaJehova izithola idukisiwe, ukwenza umsebenzi wokubikezela enye futhi "i-apocalypse ehlehlisiwe," encwadini yangasese eyathunyelwa kumfundi kamagazini bayo, igatsha lase-Italy laze laphika ukuthi bake basho umhlaba kufanele iphele ngonyaka we-1975, isole izintatheli icala, ijaha “ukuthwebula izinto” nangaphansi kwamandla kaSathane uDeveli:

Sawubona Mnumzana,

Siyiphendula incwadi yakho futhi siyifunde ngokunakekela okukhulu, futhi sicabanga ukuthi kuwukuhlakanipha ukubuza ngaphambi kokuzethemba izitatimende ezifanayo. Akufanele akhohlwe ukuthi cishe zonke izincwadi namuhla zenzelwe inzuzo. Ngalokhu, ababhali nezintatheli balwela ukujabulisa imikhakha ethile yabantu. Bayesaba ukucasula abafundi noma abamemezeli. Noma basebenzisa okuhlaba umxhwele noma okuyinqaba ukukhulisa ukuthengisa, noma ngabe kulahlekiswa iqiniso. Cishe wonke amaphephandaba nomthombo wokukhangisa ukulungele ukubumba imizwa yomphakathi ngokwentando kaSathane.

Vele, asikaze senze izitatimende maqondana nokuphela komhlaba ngo-1975. Lezi yizindaba zamanga eziye zalandwa ngamaphephandaba amaningi kanye neziteshi zomsakazo.

Sinethemba lokuthi sizoqondakala, sikuthumelela imikhonzo yethu eqotho.[114]

Lapho-ke iNdikimba Ebusayo, lapho ithola ukuthi oFakazi BakaJehova abaningi babengayithengi, yakhipha umthwalo wokunyathelisa umagazini lapho ihlambalaza iKomidi Labalobi BaseBrooklyn ngokugcizelela usuku luka-1975 njengosuku lokuphela umhlaba, "ukhohlwa" ukucacisa ukuthi iKomidi Labalobi Nabahleli bakhiwe ngamalungu eNdikimba Ebusayo efanayo.[115]

Lapho u-1975 efika futhi efakazela ukuthi enye "i-apocalypse ibambezelekile" ibe ngolunye usuku (kepha isiprofetho sesizukulwane sika-1914 sasala esasingeke sidlule ngaphambi kwe-Armagheddon, inhlangano ezogcizelela kuyo isibonelo esencwadini Potete vivere per semper su una terra paradisiaca ka-1982, nango-1984, noma ngabe kwakungeyona imfundiso entsha)[116] ama-JWs ambalwa abhekane nokudumala okukhulu. Ngokuthula abaningi bashiya inhlangano. I- I-1976 Yearbook ekhasini 28, ukuthi phakathi no-1975 kube nokwenyuka ngo-9.7% kwenani labamemezeli kunangonyaka odlule. Kepha ngonyaka olandelayo ukwanda kwaba ngu-3.7% kuphela,[117] kwathi ngo-1977 kwaba khona nokwehla kwephesenti elilodwa! 1 Kwamanye amazwe ukwehla kwaba kukhulu kakhulu.[118]

Uma sibheka ngezansi kwegrafu, ngokususelwa ekukhuleni kwamaphesenti ama-JW e-Italy kusuka ku-1961 kuya ku-2017, singafunda kahle kakhulu kusuka kunani lokuthi ukukhula bekuphakeme kusukela nje incwadi Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio futhi inkulumo-ze eyaphuma yakhululwa. Igrafu ikhombisa ngokusobala ukwanda ngo-1974, eduze kosuku lwenhlekelele futhi, ngamanani aphezulu angama-34% nokukhula okulingene, kusuka ku-1966 kuya ku-1975, kwe-19.6% (kuqhathaniswa no-0.6 esikhathini sika-2008-2018). Kepha, ngemuva kokuqothuka, ukwehla okulandelayo, ngamazinga okukhula kwanamuhla (kukhawulelwe e-Italy kuphela) alingana no-0%.

Igrafu, imininingwane yayo ethathwe kakhulu emibikweni yenkonzo eyashicilelwa kumamagazini kaDisemba kaKingdom Ministries, ikhombisa ukuthi ukushunyayelwa kwaleso sikhathi, obegxile esiphethweni esibonisiwe sika-1975, kwaba nethonya elincomekayo ekusekeleni ukukhula koFakazi BakaJehova, okwathi ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1976, babonwa ngumbuso wase-Italy. Ukwehla kule minyaka elandelayo akubonisi nje kuphela ukuba khona kokuhlubuka, kepha futhi nokuma - ngokukhuphuka okuthile ngawo-1980s - wenhlangano, engeke isaba namazinga okukhula, uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaleso sikhathi.[119]

ISITHASISELO SEZITHOMBE

 Umhlangano wokuqala wase-Italy wabaFundi BeBhayibheli Bezizwe Zonke
Association, eyayibanjelwe ePinerolo, kusukela ngomhlaka 23 kuya ku-26 Ephreli, 1925

 

 URemigio Cuminetti

 

Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-SB, yangomhla ziyi-18 kuZibandlela 1959 lapho INqabayokulinda incoma ngokusobala ukuthembela kubameli "bokuthambekela kweRiphabhulikhi noma kwentando yeningi" ngoba "yibo abangcono kakhulu ekuvikeleni kwethu".

Kule ncwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs asayina i-SB, yomhla ka-December 18, 1959, INqabayokulinda incoma ngokusobala: “sikhetha ukuthi ukukhethwa kommeli kube yinto engeyona eyekhomanisi. Sifuna ukusebenzisa ummeli weRepublican, Liberal noma weSocial Democrat ”.

Kule ncwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-EQA: SSC, yangomhla ka-17 Septhemba 1979, ibhekiswe kubaphathi abaphezulu be-RAI [inkampani okuyiyona kuphela engumnikazi wemvume yomsakazo womphakathi kanye nensizakalo yethelevishini e-Italy, ed.] nakuMongameli weKhomishini yePhalamende yokuphatha wezinsizakalo zeRAI, ummeli wezomthetho weWatch Tower Society e-Italy wabhala: “Ohlelweni olufana nolwase-Italy, olusekelwe ezindinganisweni ze-Resistance, oFakazi BakaJehova bangelinye lamaqembu ambalwa kakhulu abenesibindi sokubeka izizathu kanembeza ngaphambi kwamandla angaphambi kwempi eJalimane nase-Italy. ngakho-ke baveza imibono emihle ngokoqobo kwanamuhla ”.

Incwadi evela egatsheni lase-Italy i-JW, isayine i-SCB: SSA, yangomhla ziyi-9 ku-Septhemba 1975, lapho kusolwa khona abezindaba base-Italy ngokusabalalisa izindaba ezethusayo mayelana nokuphela komhlaba ngo-1975.

“Riusciremo a battere Satan nell'agosto 1975” (“Sizokwazi ukushaya uSathane ngo-Agasti 1975”),
I Tempo, Agasti 10, i-1969.

Ucezu olukhulisiwe lwaleli phephandaba elicashunwe ngenhla:

“Ngonyaka odlule, umongameli wabo [we-JW] uNathan Knorr wachaza ngo-Agasti 1975 ukuthi ukuphela kweminyaka engu-6,000 yomlando wesintu kwakuzokwenzeka. Wabuzwa-ke, uma kwakungekhona ukumenyezelwa kokuphela komhlaba, kodwa waphendula, ephakamisa izingalo zakhe esibhakabhakeni ngesenzo esiqinisekisayo: 'Cha, kunalokho: ngo-Agasti 1975, kuphela ukuphela Isikhathi sezimpi, udlame kanye nesono kanye nesikhathi eside nesithelayo samakhulu we-10 lokuthula sizoqala lapho izimpi zizovinjelwa futhi isono siphumelele… '

Kepha ukuphela komhlaba wezono kuzokwenzeka kanjani futhi kwenzeka kanjani ukusungula ukuqala kwale nkathi entsha yokuthula ngokunemba okumangalisa kangaka? Lapho sibuzwa, umphathi omkhulu waphendula wathi: “Kulula: ngabo bonke ubufakazi obuqoqwe eBhayibhelini futhi ngenxa yezambulo zabaprofethi abaningi sikwazile ukuveza ukuthi kungo-Agasti 1975 (kodwa asilwazi usuku) USathane uzoshaywa ngokuqinisekile futhi uzoqala. inkathi entsha yokuthula. ”

isimemezelo or Isimemezelo, eyanyatheliswa kumagazini waseSwitzerland Trost (I-Consolation, namuhla I-Phaphama!) ka-Okthoba 1, 1943.

 

Ukuhunyushwa kwe- Isimemezelo eshicilelwe ku Trost ka-Okthoba 1, 1943.

ISIMEMEZELO

Yonke impi ihlupha isintu ngobubi obuningi futhi idala unembeza ezinkulungwaneni, noma ezigidini zabantu. Lokhu kungashiwo ngokufanelekile ngempi eqhubekayo, engagodli izwekazi futhi elwelwa emoyeni, olwandle nasemhlabeni. Akunakugwenywa ukuthi ezikhathini ezinjengalezi sizoqonda ngokungafanele futhi ngamabomu sisole ngokungeyikho, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yabantu, kodwa nakwemiphakathi yazo zonke izinhlobo.

Nathi boFakazi BakaJehova sihlukile kulo mthetho. Abanye basethula njengenhlangano omsebenzi wayo uhlose ukuqeda “ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi, nokucasula ngasese noma ukumema abantu ukuthi bayeke ukukhonza, bangathobeli imiyalo yamasosha, bephula umsebenzi noma ukuyeka ukusebenza.”

Into enjalo ingasekelwa kuphela yilabo abangawazi umoya nomsebenzi womphakathi wethu futhi, ngokuzonda, bazame ukusonta amaqiniso.

Sigomela ngokuqinile ukuthi inhlangano yethu ayiyali, ayincomi noma iphakamise nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuthi yenze okuphambene nemithetho yezempi, futhi lo mcabango awuzwakali emihlanganweni yethu nasemibhalweni ekhishwe yinhlangano yethu. Asizisebenzisi nhlobo izindaba ezinjalo. Umsebenzi wethu ukufakaza ngoJehova uNkulunkulu nokumemezela iqiniso kubo bonke abantu. Amakhulu esisebenzisana nabo kanye nabazwelayo bayifezile imisebenzi yabo yezempi futhi bayaqhubeka nokwenza kanjalo.

Asikaze futhi sibe nesimangalo sokumemezela ukuthi ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yezempi kuphambene nemigomo nezinhloso zeNhlangano YoFakazi BakaJehova njengoba kubekiwe ezimisweni zayo. Sinxusa bonke esizihlanganisa nabo nabangane bethu ekukholweni ababambe iqhaza ekumemezeleni umbuso kaNkulunkulu (uMathewu 24:14) ukuba bahlale - njengoba bekulokhu kwenziwa kuze kube manje - ngokuthembeka nangokuqinile ekumemezelweni kwamaqiniso eBhayibheli, sigweme noma yini kubangele ukungaqondi. noma kwahunyushwa njengokugqugquzela ukungalaleli amalungiselelo ezempi.

Inhlangano YoFakazi BakaJehova YaseSwitzerland

UMongameli: Isikhangiso. I-Gammenthaler

UNobhala: D. Wiedenmann

UBern, ngoSepthemba 15, 1943

 

Incwadi evela egatsheni laseFrance isayine iSA / SCF, yangoNovemba 11, 1982.

Ukuhunyushwa kukaLI-etter evela egatsheni laseFrance yasayina i-SA / SCF, yangomhla kaNovemba 11, 1982.

SA / SCF

November 11, 1982

Dade othandekayo [igama] [1]

Siyitholile incwadi yakho evela kumsinga wokuqala lapho silalelisise khona nalapho usicela khona ikhophi yekhophi ye- "Declaration" eyavela ku- "Consolation" yesikhathi sika-Okthoba 1.

Sikuthumelela le khophi, kodwa asinayo ikhophi yokulungiswa okwenziwe ngesikhathi senkomfa kazwelonke eyayiseZurich ngo-1947. Kodwa-ke, abafowethu nodadewethu abaningi bakuzwa kuleso senzakalo futhi kuleli phuzu ukuziphatha kwethu kwakungekhona neze ukungaqondi; lokhu, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaziwa kakhulu ukuthi kungabakhona isidingo sokucaciswa okuqhubekayo.

Siyakucela, nokho, ukuthi ungabeki lesi “Simemezelo” ezandleni zezitha zeqiniso futhi ikakhulukazi ungavumeli amakhophi aso ngenxa yemigomo ebekwe kuMathewu 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Ngaphandle kokufuna ukusola kakhulu ngezinhloso zale ndoda oyivakashelayo nangokuhlakanipha okulula, sincamela ukuthi angabi nayo ikhophi yalesi “Simemezelo” ukuze agweme noma ikuphi ukusetshenziswa okungahambisani neqiniso.

Sibona kufanele ukuthi umdala ahambe nawe ukuvakashela lo mnumzane kubhekwe uhlangothi olungaqondakali nolunameva engxoxweni. Kungalesi sizathu sizivumela ukuthi sibathumelele ikhophi yempendulo yethu.

Siyakuqinisekisa dadewethu othandekayo [igama] lonke uthando lwethu lobuzalwane.

Abafowenu nezinceku ezikanye nawe,

UMBUTHO CHRÉTIENNE

Les Témoins de Jéhovah

DE EFRANCE

IHu.: Ikhophi yeSimemezelo

cc: emzimbeni wabadala.

[1] Ngokubona kwakhe, igama lomamukeli liyakhishwa.

[2] UMathewu 7: 6 uthi: "Ungaphosi amaparele akho phambi kwezingulube." Ngokusobala “amaparele” yilawa Isimemezelo futhi izingulube zaziyoba "abaphikisi"!

Amanothi Okugcina Emibhalo Yesandla

[1] Izinkomba zeZiyoni zidla kakhulu kuRussell. Isazi-mlando esihamba phambili sale nhlangano, uM. James Penton, siyabhala: “Phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yendaba yabaFundi BeBhayibheli-yoFakazi BakaJehova, umthakathi waqala ngawo-1870, ingabe babephawuleka ngozwelo lwabo kumaJuda. Ngaso sonke isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyikhulu neshumi nesishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili yamaProthestani aseMelika, umongameli wokuqala weWatch Tower Society, uCharles T. Russell, wayengumsekeli ocacile wezinhloso zeZionist. Wenqaba ukuzama ukuguqula amaJuda, waba ngowokuhlaliswa kabusha kwamaJuda ePalestine, kwathi ngo-1910 wahola izethameli zamaJuda eNew York ngokucula iculo lamaZayoni, uHatikva. ” M. James Penton, “A Indaba of Ukuzama Ukuyekethisa: OFakazi BakaJehova, anti-UbuJuda, Kanye Umbuso Wesithathu ”, The Ukufuna kukaKristu, vol. Ngiyazi. 3 (Ehlobo 1990), 33-34. URussell, encwadini ayibhalele uBarons Maurice de Hirsch no-Edmond de Rothschild, eyavela ngo I-Zion's Watch Tower kaDisemba 1891, 170, 171, izocela "amaJuda amabili ahamba phambili emhlabeni" ukuthi athenge umhlaba ePalestine ukuze bakhe izindawo zokuhlala zamaZiyoni. Bona: Umfundisi uCharles Taze Russell: I-Early Christian Zionist, nguDavid Horowitz (New York: Philosophical Library, 1986), incwadi eyaziswa kakhulu yilowo owayeyinxusa lakwa-Israyeli ngaleso sikhathi e-UN uBenjamin Netanyahu, njengoba kwabikwa nguPhilippe Bohstrom, ku- “Before Herzl, There was Pastor Russell: A Neglected Chapter of Zionism ”, Haaretz.com, Agasti 22, 2008. Owangena esikhundleni, uJoseph. F. Rutherford, ngemuva kokusondelana kokuqala kunhloso yeZionist (kusuka ngo-1917-1932), wayiguqula ngokuphelele le mfundiso, futhi ukukhombisa ukuthi ama-JWs “ayengu-Israyeli kaNkulunkulu weqiniso” wethula imiqondo elwa namaJuda ezincwadini zale nhlangano . Encwadini Ukuqinisekiswa uzobhala: “AmaJuda axoshwa futhi ikhaya lawo lahlala liyincithakalo ngoba benqabile uJesu. Kuze kube namuhla, abakaze baphenduke kulesi senzo sobugebengu sokhokho babo. Labo ababuyele ePalestine bakwenza lokho ngenxa yobugovu noma ngenxa yezizathu ezithandekayo ”. UJoseph F. Rutherford, Ukuqinisekiswa, vol. 2 (eBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. Namuhla ama-JWs awalandeli amaZionism amaRussian noma amaRutherford aphikisana nobuJuda, athi awathathi hlangothi kunoma yimuphi umbuzo wezepolitiki.

[2] I-Watchtower Society iziveza ngasikhathi sinye njengesikhungo sezomthetho, njengenhlangano yokushicilela kanye nenhlangano yezenkolo. Ukukhulumisana phakathi kwalezi zilinganiso ezahlukahlukene kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi, ngekhulu lamashumi amabili, kudlule izigaba ezahlukahlukene. Ngezizathu zesikhala bheka: UGeorge D. Chryssides, I-A to Z yoFakazi BakaJehova (ILanham: Scare Crow, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, 64; Umaz., OFakazi BakaJehova (ENew York: URoutledge, 2016), 141-144; M. James Penton, I-Apocalypse Ibambezelekile. Indaba YoFakazi BakaJehova (EToronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015), 294-303.

[3] Igama elithi “OFakazi BakaJehova” lamukelwa ngoJulayi 26, 1931 emhlanganweni owawuseColumbus, e-Ohio, lapho uJoseph Franklin Rutherford, umongameli wesibili we-Nqabayokulinda ethula inkulumo Umbuso: Ithemba Lomhlaba, ngokulungiswa Igama Elisha: “Sifisa ukwaziwa futhi sibizwe ngalelo gama, okungukuthi, ofakazi bakaJehova.” OFakazi BakaJehova: Abamemezeli BoMbuso KaNkulunkulu (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Ukukhetha kugqugquzelwe u-Isaya 43:10, indinyana ethi, INguqulo Yezwe Elisha YemiBhalo Engcwele Ka-2017, ifundeka kanje: “'Ningofakazi bami,' kusho uJehova, '... uNkulunkulu, futhi akekho noyedwa owalandela'.” Kodwa isisusa sangempela sehlukile: “Ngo-1931 - kubhala u-Alan Rogerson - kwaba yingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wenhlangano. Iminyaka eminingi abalandeli bakaRutherford babebizwa ngamagama ahlukahlukene: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', noma 'Millennial Dawners'. Ukuze kusabalale ngokucacile abalandeli bakhe abavela kwamanye amaqembu ababehlukane ngo-1918 uRutherford waphakamisa ukuthi bamukele igama elisha ngokuphelele Ofakazi bakaJehova.”U-Alan Rogerson, Izigidi Eziphilayo Manje Azisoze Zafa: Isifundo SoFakazi BakaJehova (ELondon: uConstable, 1969), 56. URutherford ngokwakhe uzokuqinisekisa lokhu: “Kusukela kwafa uCharles T. Russell sekuvele izinkampani eziningi ezakhiwe yilabo abake bahamba naye, ngayinye yalezi zinkampani ithi ifundisa iqiniso, futhi ngamunye ezibiza ngegama elithile, njengokuthi “Abalandeli bakaPastor Russell”, “labo abama eqinisweni njengoba lichazwa uMfundisi uRussell,” “Associated Bible Students,” kanti abanye ngamagama abaholi babo bendawo. Konke lokhu kuvame ukudideka futhi kuvimbele labo abanenhliziyo enhle abangaziswanga kangcono ngokuthola ulwazi lweqiniso. ” “A Igama Elisha ”, The I-Watch Tower, Okthoba 1, 1931, iphe. I-291

[4] Bona M. James Penton [2015], 165-71.

[5] Ibid., 316-317. Imfundiso entsha, eyaqeda “ukuqonda okudala,” yavela INqabayokulinda, Novemba 1, 1995, 18-19. Le mfundiso yathola olunye ushintsho phakathi kuka-2010 no-2015: ngo-2010 i-Watchtower Society yathi “isizukulwane” sango-1914 - esathathwa ngoFakazi BakaJehova njengesizukulwane sokugcina ngaphambi kwempi ye-Armagedoni - sifaka phakathi abantu izimpilo zabo “ezidlula” lezo abagcotshiwe ababesaphila lapho isibonakaliso siqala ukubonakala ngo-1914. ” Ngo-2014 nango-2015, uFrederick W. Franz, owayengumongameli we-Watchtower Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) wacashunwa njengesibonelo selinye lamalungu okugcina “abagcotshiwe” abaphilayo ngo-1914, okusikisela ukuthi isizukulwane ”kufanele sihlanganise bonke abantu“ abagcotshiwe ”kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1992. Bheka isihloko esithi“ Indima Yomoya Ongcwele Ekugcwalisekeni Kwenjongo KaJehova ”, The Watchtower, Ephreli 15, 2010, ikhasi 10 nencwadi ka-2014 Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà! (I-Engl. Edition, UMbuso KaNkulunkulu Uyabusa!), incwadi eyakha kabusha, ngendlela yokubukeza, umlando wama-JWs, ozama ukubeka umkhawulo wesikhathi kulesi sizukulwane esigqagqene ngokukhipha kulesi sizukulwane noma yimuphi ogcotshiwe ngemuva kokufa kowokugcina ogcotshwe ngaphambi kuka-1914. Ngomlando wokushintsha ukufundisa kwesizukulwane kanye noma yisiphi isikhathi esinjalo kwehluleka ukuhlangatshezwa, ngokungangabazeki nalo mhume uzoshintsha ngesikhathi. “Isizukulwane sakhiwa ngamaqembu amabili agqagqene abagcotshiwe-esokuqala sakhiwa ngabagcotshiwe ababone ukuqala kokugcwaliseka kwesibonakaliso ngo-1914 kanti okwesibili, abagcotshiwe okwesikhathi esithile ababephila ngesikhathi esifanayo neqembu lokuqala. Okungenani abanye beqembu lesibili bazophila ukuze babone ukuqala kosizi oluzayo. La maqembu amabili akha isizukulwane esisodwa ngoba ukuphila kwawo njengamaKristu agcotshiwe kwadlula isikhathi esithile. ” UMbuso KaNkulunkulu Uyabusa! (ERoma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Umbhalo waphansi, k. 12: “Noma ngubani owagcotshwa ngemuva kokushona kowokugcina wabagcotshiwe eqenjini lokuqala - okungukuthi, ngemuva kwalabo ababona“ ukuqala kwemihelo yosizi ”ngo-1914 - wayengeke abe yingxenye 'yalesi sizukulwane.' -Mat. 24: 8. ” Umfanekiso osencwadini  Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà!, ekhasini. 12, ikhombisa amaqembu amabili ezizukulwane, abagcotshiwe bango-1914 nokubekwa phezulu kwabagcotshiwe abaphilayo namuhla. Ngenxa yalokho, manje sekunamaqembu ama-3, njengoba INqabayokulinda ikholelwa ukuthi ukugcwaliseka kokuqala "kwesizukulwane" kwakusebenza kumaKristu ekhulu lokuqala. Kwakungekho ukuhlangana phakathi kwamaKristu ekhulu lokuqala futhi akukho sisekelo esingokomBhalo okungafanele singene kuso namuhla.

[6] M. James Penton [2015], 13.

[7] Bheka: UMichael W. Homer, "L'azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)", kuGian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. I valdesi fra ngenxa Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII e del XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma and sui movimenti religiosi in Italia (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 e 30 agosto- 1º settembre 1998) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 no-Id., "Ukufuna ubuKrestu bakuqala eziGodini zaseWaldensian: amaProthestani, amaMormon, amaSabatha kanye noFakazi BakaJehova e-Italy", Nova Religio (University of California Press), Umq. 9, cha. 4 (Meyi 2006), 5-33. I-Waldensian Evangelical Church (i-Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, i-CEV) kwakuyinkolo yangaphambi kwamaProthestani eyasungulwa ngumvuseleli wenkathi ephakathi uPeter Waldo ngekhulu le-12 e-Italy. Kusukela ngeNguquko yekhulu le-16, yamukela imfundiso yenkolo eguquliwe futhi yahlangana nenkambiso ebanzi yamaReformed. ISonto, ngemuva kweNguquko yamaProthestani, lathobela imfundiso yenkolo kaCalvin futhi laba yigatsha lase-Italy lamasonto aReformed, laze lahlangana ne-Methodist Evangelical Church ukwenza i-Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches ngo-1975.

[8] Ezigabeni zohambo lukaRussell e-Italy, bona: I-Zion's Watch Tower, NgoFebhuwari 15, 1892, 53-57 kanye nenombolo yangoMashi 1, 1892, 71.

[9] Bheka: UPaolo Piccioli, "Ngenxa pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova", I-Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), cha. 186 (Juni 2000), 76-81; Umaz., I-Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa in Italia negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; I-1982 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 no “Abefundisi Ababili Abazazisa Izincwadi ZikaRussell", INqabayokulinda, Ephreli 15, 2002, 28-29. UPaolo Piccoli, owayengumbonisi wesifunda wama-JW (noma umbhishobhi, njengehhovisi elilinganayo kwamanye amasonto obuKristu) nowayengumkhulumeli wezwe wase-Italy we “Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova”, okuyigatsha elisemthethweni elimele iWatchtower Society e-Italy, wabulawa umdlavuza ngoSepthemba 6, 2010, njengoba kukhonjisiwe embhalweni womuntu oshicilelwe enkulumweni emfushane uPaolo Piccioli noMax Wörnhard, “A Century of Soppression, Growth and Recognition”, eGerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), OFakazi BakaJehova EYurophu: Esikhathini Esidlule Nanamuhla, Umq. I / 2 (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 1-134, wayengumbhali oyinhloko wemisebenzi yoFakazi e-Italy, futhi wahlela imisebenzi eshicilelwe yiWatchtower Society njenge I-1982 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 113–243; ubambisene ngokungaziwa ekwakhiweni kwamavolumu afana ne Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, yi-Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Ngingu-proofoni di Geova e-Italia: dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) futhi ungumbhali wezifundo eziningi zomlando eziphathelene noFakazi BakaJehova base-Italy kubandakanya: "I testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umq. 41, cha. 1 (Januwari-Mashi 2000), 191-229; "Ngingu-proofoni di Geova dopo il 1946: Un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umq. 43, cha. 1 (Januwari-Mashi 2002), 167-191, okuzoba isisekelo sencwadi I-Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa in Italia negli scorsi cento anni (2010), kanye ne- “Due pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova” (2000), 77-81, no Introduzione ngo-prof. U-Augusto Comba, 76-77, ozoba isisekelo sesihloko esithi “Abefundisi Ababili Abazazisa Izincwadi ZikaRussell,” esanyatheliswa ngo INqabayokulinda ka-Ephreli 15, 2002, lapho-ke kugcizelelwa ithoni yokuxolisa kanye neyeskhathi, futhi incwadi yezincwadi isuswa ukwenza lula ukufunda. UPiccioli ungumbhali wale ndatshana, lapho “inganekwane yamaWaldensian” nomqondo wokuthi lo mphakathi ekuqaleni wawulingana namaKrestu ekhulu lokuqala, ifa “lokuvulwa kuqala”, elalibizwa ngokuthi “AmaWaldense: Ukusuka Ekuhlubukeni kuya UbuProthestani, ” I-Watch Tower, Mashi 15, 2002, 20-23, kanye ne-biography emfishane yezenkolo, ebhalwe ngumkakhe u-Elisa Piccioli, enesihloko esithi "Ukulalela UJehova Kungilethele Izibusiso Eziningi", kushicilelwe ku INqabayokulinda (Umagazini Ofundwayo), Juni 2013, 3-6.

[10] Bheka: UCharles T. Russell, Il I-Divin Piano delle Età (I-Pinerolo: Tipografia Sociale, 1904). UPaolo Piccioli uthi I-Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (ikhasi 77) ukuthi uRivoir wahumusha incwadi ngo-1903 futhi wakhokha ephaketheni lakhe izindleko zokushicilelwa kwayo ngo-1904, kodwa kungenye “inganekwane yasemadolobheni”: umsebenzi wakhokhelwa yiCassa Generale dei Treaties of the Zion's Watch ITower Society of Allegheny, PA, isebenzisa ihhovisi laseSwitzerland Watch Tower eYverdon njengomxhumanisi nomphathi, njengoba kubika I-Zion's Watch Tower, Septhemba 1, 1904, 258.

[11] E-US amaqembu okuqala okufundwa noma amabandla amiswa ngo-1879, kwathi kungakapheli nonyaka angaphezu kwama-30 awo ahlangana izikhathi zokufunda ezingamahora ayisithupha ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaRussell, ukuhlola iBhayibheli nemibhalo yakhe. M. James Penton [2015], 13-46. Amaqembu ayezimele i-ecclesia, isakhiwo senhlangano uRussel asithatha njengokubuyela "kubulula obudala". Bona: "I-Ekklesia", I-Zion's Watch Tower, Okthoba 1881. Ngo-1882 I-Zion's Watch Tower uthe umphakathi wakubo wonkana wamaqembu ocwaningo “ubungavumelani namahlelo futhi ngenxa yalokho awunalo igama lehlelo… asinaso isivumo sokholo sokusihlanganisa noma sokukhipha abanye ngaphandle kwenkampani yethu. IBhayibheli liwukuphela kwendinganiso yethu, futhi izimfundiso zalo ukuphela kwenkolelo yethu. ” Ubuye wengeza wathi: "Sisebudlelwaneni nawo wonke amaKrestu esingabona kuwo uMoya kaKristu." "Imibuzo nezimpendulo", I-Zion's Watch Tower, Ngo-Ephreli 1882. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ehlola noma yiliphi ihlelo lenkolo, wathi okuwukuphela kwamagama afanele eqembu lakhe kuzoba yi "Church of Christ", "Church of God" noma "Christians". Uphethe ngokuthi: “Ukuthi noma yimaphi amagama abantu abasibiza ngawo, akunandaba nathi; asazi elinye igama ngaphandle 'kwegama kuphela elinikezwe phansi kwezulu naphakathi kwabantu' - uJesu Kristu. Sizibiza ngamaKristu nje. ” "Igama lethu", I-Zion's Watch Tower, Februwari 1884.

[12] Ngo-1903 ukukhishwa kokuqala kwe- ILa Vedetta di Sion uzibize ngegama elijwayelekile elithi "iSonto", kodwa futhi ne "Christian Church" ne "Faithful Church". Bona: ILa Vedetta di Sion, vol. Ngiyazi. 1, Okthoba 1903, 2, 3. Ngo-1904 eceleni "kweSonto" kukhulunywa nge "Church of the Little Flock and of Believers" ngisho "ne-Evangelical Church". Bona: ILa Vedetta di Sion, vol. 2, No. 1, Januwari 1904, 3. Ngeke kube yinto eyinqaba e-Italy: iminonjana yalokhu okulwa nobuzwe ingatholakala futhi kuhlelo lwesiFulentshi lwe I-Zion's Watch Tower, lo IPhare de la Tour de Sion: ngo-1905, encwadini eyathunyelwa yi-Waldensian Daniele Rivoire echaza izingxoxo zokukholwa ezimfundisweni zamaRussian neKhomishini YeSonto Lama-Waldensian, kubikwa ekugcineni ukuthi: “Namuhla ngeSonto ntambama ngiya kuS. Germano Chisone emhlanganweni ( …) Lapho kunabantu abahlanu noma abayisithupha abanesithakazelo esikhulu 'eqinisweni lamanje.' ”Umfundisi wasebenzisa izinkulumo ezifana ne" Imbangela Engcwele "ne" Opera ", kepha akaze asebenzise amanye amagama. Bona: I-Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Umq. 3, cha. 1-3, Jenuary-Mashi 1905, 117.

[13] I-Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Umq. 6, cha. 5, Meyi 1908, 139.

[14] I-Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Umq. 8, cha. 4, Ephreli 1910, 79.

[15] I-Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Ingobo yomlando yethebula lama-Waldensian) - uTorre Pellice, eTurin.

[16] IBollettino Mensile della Chiesa (IMontly Bulletin yeSonto), Ngo-September 1915.

[17] I-Il Vero Principe della Pace (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] U-Amoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza e antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (UDonzelli: Editore, Roma 2006), 30.

[20] idem.

[21] Umbhalo womusho, umusho no. 309 ka-Agasti 18, 1916, kuthathwe embhalweni ka-Alberto Bertone, URemigio Cuminetti, Kubabhali abahlukahlukene, Le periferie della memoria. Profili di testimoni di ijubane (UVerona - Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] U-Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. Ngesikhathi sokuzibandakanya kwakhe ngaphambili, uCuminetti wazihlukanisa ngokuba nesibindi nokuphana, esiza "isikhulu esilimele" "esazithola siphambi komsele ngaphandle kokuba namandla okuhlehla". UCuminetti, okwazi ukuhlenga leli phoyisa, ulimale emlenzeni kulo mkhankaso. Ekupheleni kwempi, "ngesenzo sakhe sesibindi […] wanikezwa indondo yesiliva ngobuqhawe bezempi" kepha wanquma ukuyenqaba ngoba "wayengakwenzanga lokho ukuthola i-pendant, kodwa ukuthanda umakhelwane" . Bheka: UVittorio Giosué Paschetto, "L'odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale", umhlangano, Julayi-Agasti 1952, 8.

[23] Ngo-1920 uRutherford washicilela le ncwadi IMilioni noma iViventi engeyona iMorranno Mai (Izigidi Eziphilayo Manje Azisoze Zafa), eshumayela ukuthi ngo-1925 “kuzophawula ukubuya [kovuko] luka-Abrahama, u-Isaka, uJakobe kanye nabaprofethi abathembekile bakudala, ikakhulukazi labo ababizwa nguMphostoli [uPawulu] kumaHeberu isahluko. 11, esimeni sokupheleliswa komuntu ”(eBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, ngo-1920, 88), isandulela seMpi yase-Armagheddon nokubuyiselwa kwepharadesi lase-Edeni Emhlabeni. “Unyaka ka-1925 wusuku olubhalwe ngokuqinisekile nangokucacile emiBhalweni, lucace kakhulu kunolo luka-1914” (INqabayokulinda, Julayi 15, 1924, 211). Mayelana nalokhu, bona: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, I-Analisi di una setta: I testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985), 116-122 kanye no-Id., I testimoni di Geova: un'ideologia che logora (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] Mayelana nengcindezelo ngenkathi yamaFascist, funda: UPaolo Piccioli, "I testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umq. 41, cha. 1 (Januwari-Mashi 2000), 191-229; UGiorgio Rochat, I-regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della repressione (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; UMatteo Pierro, Fra Martirio e Resistenza, La accompuzione nazista e fascista dei Testimoni di Geova (IComo: Hlela i-Actac, 1997); U-Achille Aveta noSergio Pollina, I-Scontro fra totalitarismi: i-nazifascismo e geovismo (eCittà del Vaticano: I-Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 13-38 no-Emanuele Pace, I-Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova e-Italia, 7 ivolumu. (IGardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Hlela, 2013-2016).

[25] Bona: Massimo Introvigne, NginguTestimoni di Geova. Chi sono, woza cambiano (ISiena: Cantagalli, 2015), 53-75. Kwezinye izimo ukungezwani kuzophetha ngokungqubuzana okuvulekile emigwaqweni okubangelwe yizixuku, ezinkantolo kanye nokushushiswa ngonya ngaphansi kombuso wamaNazi, wamaKhomanisi nowenkululeko. Bona: M. James Penton, OFakazi BakaJehova eCanada: Abaxhasi Benkululeko Yenkulumo Nezikhuleko (EToronto: Macmillan, 1976); Umaz., OFakazi BakaJehova kanye neThe Third Reich. Ipolitiki Yamahlelo ngaphansi Kwoshushiso (EToronto: I-University of Toronto Press, 2004) It. Uhlelo NginguTestimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una pursuzione (IBologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); Zoe Knox, “OFakazi BakaJehova Njengabantu Abangewona AmaMelika? Ama-injununional angokomBhalo, Inkululeko Yomphakathi, kanye Nobuzwe ”, ku Ijenali yezifundo zaseMelika, Umq. 47, cha. 4 (Novemba 2013), amakhasi 1081-1108 kanye ne-Id, OFakazi BakaJehova Nabezwe Umhlaba: Kusukela ngawo-1870s kuze kube manje (I-Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerbe, UZwischen Widerstand und Martyrium: die Zeugen Jehovas im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) no-EB Baran, Ukungavumelani Nama-Margins: Indlela OFakazi BakaJehova Ababudelela Ngayo Ubukhomanisi Futhi Baphila Ukuthi Bashumayele Ngabo (I-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

[26] UGiorgio Rochat, I-regime fascista e Chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della repressione (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Ibid., 290. I-OVRA isifinyezo esisho ukuthi "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" noma, ngesiNgisi, "anti-fascism repression vigilance". Ihlanganiswe yinhloko kahulumeni uqobo, engakaze isetshenziswe ezenzweni ezisemthethweni, ikhombise ubunzima bezinsizakalo zamaphoyisa ezepolitiki eziyimfihlo ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-fascist e-Italy kusuka ngo-1927 kuya ku-1943 kanye ne-Italian Social Republic kusuka ngo-1943 kuya ku-1945, lapho maphakathi nenyakatho ye-Italy yayingaphansi kolawulo lwamaNazi, okulingana ne-Italy neNational Socialist Gestapo. Bona: UCarmine Senise, Quand'ero capo della polizia. 1940-1943 (Roma: Ruffolo Editore, 1946); UGuido Leto, I-OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (Bologna; Cappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, L'orecchio del umbuso. Le intercettazioni telefoniche al tempo del fascismo; ukwethulwa kukaGiuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); UMimmo Franzinelli, Mina tentacoli dell'OVRA. Agenti, collaboratori e vittime della polizia politica fascista (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); UMauro Canali, Le spie del umbuso (IBologna: Il Mulino, 2004); UDomenico Vecchioni, Le spie del fascismo. Uomini, apparati e operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) kanye no-Antonio Sannino, Il Fantasma dell'Ovra (IMilano: Greco & Greco, 2011).

[28] Idokhumenti yokuqala elandelwayo yangoMeyi 30, 1928. Lena yikhophi ye-telespresso [i-telespresso ukuxhumana okuvame ukuthunyelwa nguMnyango Wezangaphandle noma amanxusa ahlukahlukene ase-Italy phesheya] ngomhla kaMeyi 28, 1928, othunyelwe ngu umyalo kaBern oya eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi, oholwa nguBenito Mussolini, manje oseCentral State Archive [ZStA - Rome], Ministry of the Interior [MI], General Public Security Division [GPSD], General Reserved Affairs Division [GRAD], ikati. G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] Ekuvakasheni kwamaphoyisa angamaFascist eBrooklyn abona njalo iZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, cat. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, isichasiselo esibhalwe ngesandla esivumelwaneni esanyatheliswa yi-Nqabayokulinda Un Appello zonke Potenze del Mondo, enamathiselwe ku-telespresso yangoDisemba 5, 1929 woMnyango Wezangaphandle; UMnyango Wezangaphandle, Novemba 23, 1931.

[30] UJoseph F. Rutherford, Izitha (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. Izingcaphuno ziphinde zenziwa esenezelweni sombiko owadwetshwa ngu-Inspector General of Public Safety Petrillo, wangomhla ka-10/11/1939, XVIII I-Fascist Era, N. 01297 ye-prot., N. Ovra 038193, e-ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, isihloko: “Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'”.

[31] «Sette religiose dei “Pentecostali” ed altre », isetyhula yongqongqoshe nombolo. 441/027713 ka-Agasti 22, 1939, 2.

[32] Bona: Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, I-Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] Ngi-Testimoni di Geova e-Italia: Dossier (I-Roma: I-Congregazione Cristiana dei proofoni di Geova), 20.

[34] “Isimemezelo” sizokhiqizwa kabusha futhi sihunyushelwe esiNgisini esithasiselweni.

[35] UBernard Fillaire noJanine Tavernier, Les amahlelo (EParis: Le Cavalier Bleu, Collection Idées reçues, 2003), 90-91

[36] I-Watchtower Society isifundisa ngempumelelo ukuthi siqambe amanga ngokucacile nangokuqondile: “Kodwa-ke kukhona okuhlukile okumele umKrestu akubeke engqondweni. Njengesosha likaKristu ubamba iqhaza empini engokwasezulwini futhi kufanele aqaphe kakhulu ekusebenzelaneni nezitha zikaNkulunkulu. Eqinisweni, imiBhalo iyakukhombisa lokho ukuze uvikele izintshisekelo zenjongo kaNkulunkulu, kulungile ukufihla iqiniso ezitheni zikaNkulunkulu. .. Lokhu kuzofakwa egameni elithi "isu lempi", njengoba kuchaziwe ku ILa Torre di Guardia ka-Agasti 1, 1956, futhi kuvumelana neseluleko sikaJesu sokuba “siqaphe njengezinyoka” lapho siphakathi kwezimpisi. Uma izimo zidinga ukuthi umKristu afakaze enkantolo efunga ukuthi uzokhuluma iqiniso, uma ekhuluma, kufanele akhulume iqiniso. Uma ezithola ekunye nokukhuluma nokukhaphela abafowabo, noma athule abikwe enkantolo, umKristu ovuthiwe uyobeka inhlalakahle yabafowabo ngaphambi kwezakhe ”. ILa Torre di Guardia ka-December 15, 1960, k. 763, ukugcizelelwa kungeziwe. La mazwi afingqa ngokucacile ukuma koFakazi mayelana necebo “lempi engokwasezulwini”. KuboFakazi, bonke abagxeki nabamelene neWatch Tower Society (abakholelwa ukuthi iyona kuphela inhlangano yobuKristu emhlabeni) babhekwa “njengezimpisi”, njalo belwa neNhlangano efanayo, abalandeli bayo, ababizwa ngokuthi “ izimvu ”. Ngakho-ke “kulungile ukuthi 'izimvu' ezingenabungozi zisebenzise isu lokulwa nezimpisi ngenhloso yomsebenzi kaNkulunkulu”. ILa Torre di Guardia ka-August 1, 1956, k. 462.

[37] I-Ausiliario per capire la Bibbia (Roma: Ibandla Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] I-Perspicacia nello studio delle Iskripthi, Umq. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Bona: INqabayokulinda, Juni 1, 1997, 10 ss.

[39] LI-etter evela egatsheni laseFrance yasayina i-SA / SCF, yangomhla kaNovemba 11, 1982, yakhiqizwa kabusha kulesi sithasiselo.

[40] I-1987 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 157.

[41] In the I-1974 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (Ngo-1975 ngesiNtaliyane), iWatchtower Society ingummangali omkhulu kaBalzereit, owamsola ngokuthi “wenza buthaka” umbhalo wesiJalimane ngokuwuhumusha ususelwa esiNgisini. Esigabeni sesithathu ekhasini 111 incwadi yeWatchtowerian ithi: “Kwakungekhona okokuqala ukuthi uMfoweth 'uBalzereit anisele ngolimi olucacile nolungenakuphikwa lwezincwadi zeNhlangano ukuze agweme ubunzima ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni.” Futhi ekhasini le-112, liqhubeka lithi, “Noma isimemezelo senziwa buthaka futhi abazalwane abaningi bengavumanga ngenhliziyo yonke ukwamukelwa kwaso, nokho uhulumeni wathukuthela futhi waqala igagasi lokushushisa labo ababelisabalalisile. ” “Ekuvikeleni” iBalzereit sinokucabanga okubili okwenziwe nguSergio Pollina: “UBalzereit kungenzeka ukuthi nguye owayenomthwalo wokuhumusha isiJalimani seDeclaration, futhi kungenzeka futhi ukuthi waba nesandla ekubhaleni incwadi eya kuHitler. Kodwa-ke, kusobala futhi ukuthi akazange ayisebenzise ngokushintsha amagama ayewakhetha. Okokuqala, iWatchtower Society yashicilela ku I-1934 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses inguqulo yesiNgisi yeSimemezelo - ecishe ifane nenguqulo yaseJalimane - okuyisimemezelo sayo esisemthethweni kuHitler, izikhulu zikahulumeni waseJalimane, kanye nezikhulu zaseJalimane, kusukela kokukhulu kakhulu kuya kokuncane kakhulu; futhi konke lokhu bekungeke kwenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume ephelele kaRutherford. Okwesibili, inguqulo yesiNgisi yeSimemezelo ibhalwe ngokusobala ngesitayela sejaji esingaqondakali. Okwesithathu, izinkulumo ezibhekiswe kumaJuda eziqukethwe eSimemezelweni ziyavumelana kakhulu nokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi u-eva abhalele umMelika onjengoRutherford ukuthi lokho okungenzeka ukuthi kwakubhalwe ngumJalimane… Ekugcineni [uRutherford] wayengumbusi ophethe ngokuphelele owayengeke abekezelele uhlobo olubi yokungazithobi ukuthi uBalzereit uzoba necala "ngokwenza buthaka" i Isimemezelo … Kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngubani owabhala iSimemezelo, iqiniso ukuthi sakhishwa njengombhalo osemthethweni weWatchtower Society. ” USergio Pollina, URisposta “Svegliatevi!” dell'8 luglio 1998, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] Ngo-Ephreli 1933, ngemuva kokuvinjelwa kwenhlangano yabo ezindaweni eziningi zaseJalimane, amaJWs aseJalimane - ngemuva kokuvakashelwa nguRutherford kanye nalowo ayesebenzisana naye uNathan H. Knorr - ngomhlaka 25 Juni 1933 babutha izinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa ezithembekile eBerlin, lapho kuvunywa khona 'Isimemezelo' , ethunyelwa kanye nezincwadi eziya kumalungu abalulekile kahulumeni (kufaka phakathi u-Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler), futhi amakhophi awo angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili asatshalaliswa emasontweni alandelayo. Lezi zincwadi kanye neSimemezelo - lezi zokugcina azisona incwadi eyimfihlo, kamuva zaphinde zanyatheliswa ku- I-1934 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses emakhasini 134-139, kepha ayikho ku-database ye-Watchtower Online Library, kepha isakazwa ku-inthanethi nge-pdf kumasayithi abaphikisi - amele umzamo ongenamqondo kaRutherford wokuyekethisa embusweni wamaNazi futhi ngaleyo ndlela athole ukubekezelelana okukhulu nokususwa isimemezelo. Ngenkathi incwadi eya kuHitler ikhumbula ukwenqaba kwabaFundi BeBhayibheli ukubamba iqhaza emzameni wokulwa namaJalimane phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, i-Declaration of Facts idlala ikhadi elinciphisa ulwazi lwabantu abaphansi, iqinisekisa ukuthi “Uhulumeni waseJalimane okhona manje umemezele impi ngokucindezelwa kwamabhizinisi amakhulu (…); lesi yisona kanye isikhundla sethu ”. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezelwa ukuthi bobabili oFakazi BakaJehova nohulumeni waseJalimane balwa neNhlangano Yezizwe nethonya lenkolo kwezepolitiki. “Abantu baseJalimane bahlupheke kakhulu kusukela ngo-1914 futhi bebeyizisulu zokungabi nabulungisa okwenziwa abanye kubo. Isishoshovu sezwe sizibikele ngokumelene nakho konke ukungalungi okunje futhi samemezela ukuthi 'Ubudlelwano bethu noNkulunkulu buphezulu futhi bungcwele.' ”Ephendula impikiswano esetshenziswe inkulumo-ze yombuso ngokumelene nama-JWs, asolwa ngokuxhaswa ngamaJuda, iSimemezelo sithi izindaba ngamanga, ngoba “Kumangalelwe ngamanga yizitha zethu ukuthi sithole ukwesekwa ngokwezimali ngomsebenzi wethu kumaJuda. Akukho okude neqiniso. Kuze kube yileli hora akukaze kube khona nokuncane imali enikelwe emsebenzini wethu ngamaJuda. Singabalandeli abathembekile bakaKristu Jesu futhi sikholelwa Kuye njengoMsindisi womhlaba, kanti amaJuda amlahla ngokuphelele uJesu Kristu futhi aphika ngokuqinile ukuthi unguMsindisi womhlaba othunyelwe uNkulunkulu ngenxa yenzuzo yomuntu. Lokhu kukodwa nje kufanele kube ubufakazi obanele obukhombisa ukuthi asikutholi ukwesekwa kumaJuda nokuthi ngalokho amacala esibekwe wona angamanga amabi futhi angavela kuSathane kuphela, isitha sethu esikhulu. Umbuso omkhulu futhi ocindezela kakhulu emhlabeni ngumbuso wamaNgisi NamaMelika. Ngalokho kushiwo umbuso waseBrithani, i-United States of America eyingxenye yawo. Kube ngamaJuda ezentengiselwano ombuso waseBrithani nowaseMelika akhele futhi enza iBusiness Big njengendlela yokuxhaphaza nokucindezela abantu bezizwe eziningi. Leli qiniso lisebenza ikakhulukazi emadolobheni aseLondon naseNew York, izinqaba zeBig Business. Leli qiniso lisobala eMelika kangangoba kunesaga esiphathelene nedolobha laseNew York esithi: “AmaJuda angabanikazi bawo, amaKatolika ase-Ireland ayabusa, kanti abaseMelika bayazikhokha izikweletu.” Yabe isimemezela: “Njengoba inhlangano yethu izisekela ngokugcwele lezi zimiso ezilungile futhi isebenza kuphela ekwenzeni umsebenzi wokukhanyisela abantu ngokuphathelene neZwi likaJehova uNkulunkulu, uSathane ngobuqili bakhe [sic] uzama ukumisa uhulumeni ngokumelene nomsebenzi wethu nokubhubhisa kungenxa yokuthi sikhulisa ukubaluleka kokwazi nokukhonza uNkulunkulu. ” Njengoba bekulindelekile, i- Isimemezelo ayinamphumela omningi, cishe kube sengathi iyashukumisa, futhi ukushushiswa kwama-JWs aseJalimane, uma kukhona, kuyaqina. Bona: I-1974 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 110-111; "OFakazi BakaJehova — Banesibindi Naphezu Kobungozi BamaNazi ”, I-Phaphama!, Julayi 8, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, “A Indaba of Ukuzama Ukuyekethisa: OFakazi BakaJehova, anti-UbuJuda, Kanye Umbuso Wesithathu ”, The Ukufuna kukaKristu, vol. Ngiyazi. 3 (Ehlobo 1990), 36-38; Umaz., NginguTestimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una pursuzione (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; U-Achille Aveta noSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] Bheka: I-1987 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, I-163, i-164.

[44] Bheka: UJames A. Beckford, Icilongo Lesiprofetho. Isifundo Sezenhlalo SoFakazi BakaJehova (I-Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1975), 52-61.

[45] Bona ukungena kwe-encyclopedic OFakazi BakaJehova, M. James Penton (ed.), I-Encyclopedia Americana, Umq. I-XX (iGrolier Incorporate, 2000), 13.

[46] The I-Encyclopædia Britannica uphawula ukuthi iSikole saseGileyadi kuhloswe ngaso ukuqeqesha “izithunywa zevangeli nabaholi”. Bheka ukungena I-Watch Tower Bible School of Gilead, J. Gordon Melton (ed.), IEncyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; Amalungu amabili akhona manje eNdikimba Ebusayo yama-JWs ayekade eyizithunywa zevangeli ezaphothula eGileyadi (uDavid Splane noGerrit Lösch, njengoba kubikiwe INqabayokulinda kaDisemba 15, 2000, 27 noJuni 15, 2004, 25), kanye namalungu amane ashonile manje, okungukuthi uMartin Poetzinger, uLloyd Barry, uCarey W. Barber, uTheodore Jaracz (njengoba kubikiwe INqabayokulinda kaNovemba 15, 1977, 680 naku- ILa Torre di Guardia, EyesiNtaliyane, kaJuni 1, 1997, 30, kaJuni 1, 1990, 26 noJuni 15, 2004, 25) noRaymond V. Franz, owayeyisithunywa sevangeli ePuerto Rico ngo-1946 futhi emele iWatchtower Society yeCaribbean kuze kube Ngo-1957, ngenkathi ama-JW evinjelwa eDominican Republic ngumbusi ongumashiqela uRafael Trujillo, kamuva waxoshwa entwasahlobo yango-1980 endlunkulu yomhlaba wonke eBrooklyn ngamacala okuba seduze kwabasebenzi abaxoshelwa “ukuhlubuka”, futhi wazisusa ekuhlanganyeleni ngo-1981 ngenxa yokuthi isidlo sasemini nomqashi wakhe, owayengu-JW Peter Gregerson, owasula kwi-Watchtower Society. Bheka: “Ukuthweswa Iziqu Kwama-61 KukaGileyadi Kuyimpilo Engokomoya”, INqabayokulinda kaNovemba 1, 1976, 671 noRaymond V. Franz, I-Crisi di coscienza. Ingabe i-Dio or alla propria religione? (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Imininingwane ekhonjiwe ku: Paolo Piccioli, "I testimoni di Geova dopo il 1946: un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", IStudi Storici: i-rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umq. 43, cha. 1 (Januwari-Mashi 2001), 167 no ILa Torre di Guardia Mashi 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, encwadini yakhe I-Analisi di una setta: i testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) ekhasini 148 inani elifanayo lamabandla, okungukuthi angama-35, kodwa abalandeli abangama-95 kuphela, kodwa I-1982 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnessesekhasini 178, kukhumbula ukuthi ngo-1946 “ngokwesilinganiso kwakunabamemezeli boMbuso abangama-95 nabashumayeli ababalelwa ku-120 abavela emabandleni amancane angama-35.”

[48] Ngo-1939, umagazini i-Genoese Catholic Fides, esihlokweni sika "mpristi onakekela imiphefumulo" ongaziwa, wagomela ngokuthi "ukunyakaza koFakazi BakaJehova ubukhomanisi obungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu nokuhlasela okusobala kwezokuphepha kombuso". Lo mpristi ongaziwa uzichaze ngokuthi "iminyaka emithathu uzibophezele kakhulu ekulweni nale nhlangano", esukuma evikela umbuso wobushiqela. Bona: "I Testimoni di Geova e-Italia", Fides, cha. 2 (Februwari 1939), 77-94. Ngokushushiswa kwamaProthestani bheka: Giorgio Rochat [1990], amakhasi 29-40; UGiorgio Spini, Italy di Mussolini futhi protestanti (ITurin: Claudiana, 2007).

[49] Ngokwesisindo sezepolitiki nesamasiko se "New Evangelicalism" ngemuva kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba bheka: Robert Ellwood, Indawo Yemakethe Engamashumi Ayisihlanu Engokomoya: Inkolo YaseMelika Eminyakeni Eyishumi Yezingxabano (IRutgers University Press, 1997).

[50] Bona: URoy Palmer Domenico, "'Okwenzelwe uKristu Lapha e-Italy': Inselelo YamaMelika YamaProthestani e-Italy kanye Nokungacaci Kwamasiko eMpi Yomshoshaphansi", Umlando Wezombusazwe (I-Oxford University Press), Umq. 29, cha. 4 (Septhemba 2005), 625-654 no-Owen Chadwick, ISonto LamaKristu eMpini Yomshoshaphansi (ENgilandi: Harmondsworth, 1993).

[51] Bona: “IPorta aperta ai trust americani la firma del trattato Sforza-Dunn ”, I-Unità, NgoFebhuwari 2, 1948, 4 no “Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti”, l'Avanti! (I-Roman Edition), Februwari 2, 1948, 1. Amaphephandaba I-Unità futhi l'Avanti! ngokulandelana babeyinhlangano yabezindaba ye-Italian Communist Party ne-Italian Socialist Party. Abokugcina, ngaleso sikhathi, babesezikhundleni ezixhasa amaSoviet kanye neMarxist.

[52] Mayelana nomsebenzi weSonto LamaKatolika ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, bheka: UMaurilio Guasco, I-Chiesa e cattolicesimo e-Italia (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); U-Andrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica e-Italia nel secondo dopoguerra", uGabriele De Rosa, uTullio Gregory, no-André Vauchez (ed.), I-Storia dell'Italia religiosa: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; UPietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), Le chiese kaPio XII (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1986), 3-19; U-Elio Guerriero, I cattolici e il dopoguerra (UMilano 2005); UFrancesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. I-Cattolici, partito e stato nella storia d'Italia (IBologna 1998); UVittorio De Marco, Le barricate unbibili. I-chiesa e-Italia tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); UFrancesco Malgieri, Chiesa, cattolici e democrazia: da Sturzo eDe Gasperi, (EBrescia 1990); UGiovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico e società civile", Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione. IStudi sul rapporto chiesa-società nell'età contemporanea (UCasale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; U-Andrea Riccardi, AmaRoma «città sacra»? UDalla Conciliazione all'operazione Sturzo (IMilano 1979); U-Antonio Prandi, I-Chiesa e politica: la gerarchia e l'impegno politico dei cattolici e-Italy (IBologna 1968).

[53] NgokweNxusa Lase-Italy eWashington, “amasekela namasenenja angama-310” eCongress angenelele “ngokubhala noma mathupha, eMnyangweni Wezwe” evuna iSonto likaKristu. Bheka: ASMAE [Ingobo yomlando yomlando eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle, Ezombusazwe], Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, woMnyango Wezangaphandle, uDisemba 22, 1949; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950, b. 25, uMnyango Wezangaphandle, Febhuwari 16, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, incwadi kanye nenothi eliyimfihlo elivela enxusa lase-Italy eWashington, Mashi 2, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, woMnyango Wezangaphandle, 31/3/1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1687, ebhalwe "imfihlo nobuntu" beNxusa laseNtaliyane eWashington eya eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle, ngoMeyi 15, 1953, konke lokhu kucashunwe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] Esimweni esinzima samahlelo angamaKatolika e-Italy yangemva kwempi, bona: USergio Lariccia, I-Stato e chiesa e-Italia (1948-1980) (IBrescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", ku I-Teoria e prassi delle libertà di religione (EBologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; UGiorgio Peyrot, IGli evangelici nei loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; U-Arturo Carlo Jemolo, “Le libertà garantite dagli artt. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ", I diritto ecclesiastico, (1952), 405-420; UGiorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti e-Italia", I-Il Ponte (Juni 1950), 670-689; I-Id., "La accompuzione contro gli evangelici e-Italia", I-Il Ponte (Januwari 1953), 1-14; UGiacomo Rosapepe, Inquisizione addomesticata, (Bari: Laterza, 1960); ULuigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle minoranze religious in i-Italia (IMilan-Rome: Edizioni Avanti !, 1956); U-Ernesto Ayassot, Ngibhikisha e-Italia (IMilan: Indawo 1962), 85 133.

[55] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, igama labaphostoli e-Italy, ngo-Septhemba 3, 1947, kuMhlonishwa uMhlonishwa. UCarlo Sforza, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle. Owokugcina uzophendula athi "Ngitshele i-nuncio ukuthi ingathembela esifisweni sethu sokugwema okungalimaza imizwa nokuthi iyiphi ingcindezi engabonakala". I-ASMAE, i-DGAP [Umqondisi Jikelele Wezindaba Zezepolitiki], Ihhovisi VII, Holy See, Septhemba 13, 1947. Kwenye incwadi eyayiqondiswe kwiDirectorate General for Political Affairs of the Foreign Ministry ngoSepthemba 19, 1947, safunda lobo buciko. U-11 wayengenaso "isizathu esivumelana nesivumelwano ne-Italy (…) ngamasiko akhululekileyo ombuso wase-Italiya ezindabeni zenkolo". Encwadini (“Summary Minutes”) kaNovemba 23, 1947 ithimba laseMelika labona izinkinga eziphakanyiswe yiVatican, zonke ezishiwo kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, isibizo sabaphostoli e-Italy, inothi lango-Okthoba 1, 1947. Encwadini eyalandela, lo nuncio wacela ukwengeza isichibiyelo esilandelayo: “Izakhamizi zeQembu Eliphezulu Elisenkontilekeni zizokwazi ukusebenzisa izindawo zeLinye Iqembu Elisenkontilekeni ukusebenzisa ilungelo yenkululeko kanembeza neyenkolo ngokuya ngemithetho yomthethosisekelo yala maqembu amabili enza isivumelwano esiphakeme ”. I-ASMAE, i-DGAP, i-Office VII, Holy See, Septhemba 13, 1947, okukhulunywa ngaye kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, "Imizuzu efingqiwe" ithimba laseMelika, ngo-Okthoba 2, 1947; memo ovela ethimbeni lase-Italy ngesikhathi sika-Okthoba 3, 1947. Encwadini evela kuMnyango Wezangaphandle yangomhla ka-4 Okthoba 1947 kwathiwa “izigatshana eziqukethwe kwezobuciko. 11 maqondana nenkululeko kanembeza nenkolo […] akuyona into ejwayelekile esivumelwaneni sobungani, ukuhweba nokuzulazula. Kunezibonelo ezandulelwe kuphela ezivumelwaneni ezijwayele ukwenziwa phakathi kwamazwe amabili angeyona impucuko elinganayo ”, okukhulunywe ngayo kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[58] Msgr. UDomenico Tardini, weSecretariat of State of the Holy See, encwadini yangomhla ka 4/10/1947, waphawula ukuthi i-athikili 11 yalesi sivumelwano "yayilimaza kakhulu amalungelo eSonto LamaKatolika, agunyazwe kakhulu eSivumelwaneni SaseLateran". "Kungaba yihlazo yini e-Italy, kanye nokuthukuthele iHoly See, ukufaka nendatshana ehleliwe esivumelwaneni sezohwebo?" ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, incwadi evela kuMsgr. Tardini kumnuncio wobuphostoli, ngo-Okthoba 4, 1947. Kodwa izichibiyelo ngeke zamukelwe ithimba laseMelika, eladlulisela kwelase-Italy ukuthi uhulumeni waseWashington, ethatha ngokumelene "nombono womphakathi waseMelika", neningi lamaProthestani nelabavangeli, okungabuye "kubeke iSivumelwano uqobo lwaso ekusebenzeni nasekubandlululeni ubudlelwano be-Vatican-American". I-ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, uMnyango Wezangaphandle, i-DGAP, iHhovisi VII, ngqo likaNgqongqoshe uZoppi, ngo-Okthoba 17, 1947.

[59] Umlando kaGeorge Fredianelli, owawunesihloko esithi “Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, yanyatheliswa ku ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane), ngo-Ephreli 1, 1974, 198-203 (Uhlelo lwe-Eng.: "Kuvulwa Umnyango Omkhulu Oholela Emsebenzini", INqabayokulinda, Novemba 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] Izincwadi ezibhalelwe uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, zango-Ephreli 11, 1949 nangoSepthemba 22, 1949, manje ese-ACC [Archives of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah’s Witnesses of Rome, in Italy], kukhulunywa ngazo ePaolo Piccioli [2001], 168 Izimpendulo ezingezinhle zoMnyango Wezangaphandle zise-ASMAE, e-US Political Affairs, 1949, b. 38, isibalo. 5, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, yangomhla kaJulayi 8, 1949, Okthoba 6, 1949 noSeptemba 19, 1950.

[62] I-ZStA - iRoma, i-MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Ingxenye ejwayelekile.

[63] Bheka: UGiorgio Spini, “Le minoranze protestanti e-Italia ”, I-Il Ponte (Juni 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei testimoni di Geova e-Italia", ILa Torre di Guardia, Mashi 1, 1951, 78-79, izincwadi ezingasayiniwe (njengomkhuba kuma-JWs kusukela ngo-1942 kuya phambili) zivela ohlelweni lwaseMelika lwe I-1951 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses. Bheka: I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, I-190-192.

[65] I-ZStA - iRoma, i-MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis neMorse. Bona: ZStA - Rome, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 266, incwadi evela ku-Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, yango-Ephreli 9, 1953; I-ZStA - iRoma, i-MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Brescia, isifunda saseBrescia, Septhemba 28, 1952; I-ZStA - iRoma, i-MI, IKhabhinethi, 1957-1960, b. Izithunywa zevangeli ezingama-219 / zaseMelika ezingamaProthestani nabaFundisi, uMnyango Wezangaphakathi, iDirectorate Jikelele Yezindaba Zokukhulekela, ngqo kuMhlonishwa. UBisori, ongenalo usuku, ocashunwe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 173, asho embhalweni iZStA - Rome, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis neMorse neZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bologna. 

[67] Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngokwenzeka edolobheni elisendaweni yaseTreviso, eCavaso del Tomba, ngo-1950. Ngesicelo samaPentekoste sokuthola ukuxhunywa kwamanzi kwelinye lamakhaya abo ezithunywa zevangeli, umasipala waseChristian Democratic waphendula ngencwadi ka-Ephreli. 6, 1950, umthetho olandelwayo no. 904: “Njengomphumela wesicelo sakho sangomhlaka 31 Mashi wokugcina, esiphathelene nento [isicelo semvume yokuqashiselwa kwamanzi ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya], sikwazisa ukuthi umkhandlu kamasipala uthathe isinqumo, ngokubheka ukutolika intando yeningi isibalo sabantu, ukungakwazi ukukunika imvume yokuqashisa amanzi asetshenziswe endlini eseVicolo Buso no 3, ngoba le ndlu ihlala nguMnuz Marin Enrico owaziwayo kwakunguGiacomo, osebenzisa inkolo yePentekoste izwe, ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa uMbuso Wase-Italy, licasula umuzwa wamaKatolika weningi labantu bakulo Masipala. ” Bona: Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle minoranze religious in i-Italia (IMilano: Edizione l'Avanti !, 1956).

[68] Iziphathimandla zamaphoyisa eChristian Democratic Italy, ngokulandela le mithetho, zizozinika umsebenzi wokucindezela ama-JWs athe ehambisa izincwadi zenkolo endlini ngendlu ukuze athole isamba esincane. UPaolo Piccioli, ocwaningweni lwakhe lomsebenzi we-Watch Tower Society e-Italy kusukela ngo-1946 kuya ku-1976, ubika ukuthi umphathi wase-Ascoli Piceno, ngokwesibonelo, wacela iziyalezo ngalolu daba kuNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi futhi watshelwa ukuba “anikeze ukuhlinzekwa kwamaphoyisa ukuze umsebenzi wenkulumo-ze wamalungu kasoseshini okukhulunywa ngawo [oFakazi BakaJehova] uvinjelwe nganoma iyiphi indlela ”(bheka: ZStA - Rome, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Ascoli Piceno, inothi lango-Ephreli 10, 1953, Ministry of the Interior, General Directorate of Public Security). Eqinisweni, ukhomishani kahulumeni weSifunda saseTrentino-Alto Adige embikweni wangomhlaka 12 Januwari 1954 (manje oseZStA - eRome, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Trento, ocashunwe ku- idem.) Kubikiwe: "Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangashushiswa [ama-JWs] ngemibono yabo yenkolo, njengoba abefundisi baseTrentino bengathanda, abavame ukuphendukela esiteshini samaphoyisa esikhathini esedlule". Umphathi waseBari, ngakolunye uhlangothi, uthole le miyalo elandelayo “ukuze umsebenzi wepropaganda […] uvinjelwe nganoma iyiphi indlela esenzweni sokuguqula abantu nokuthi mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezindaba eziphrintiwe namaphosta” (ZStA - Rome, MI, IKhabhinethi, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, inothi elivela eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi, ngoMeyi 7, 1953). Mayelana nalokhu, bheka: UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] Bheka: Ragioniamo facendo uso delle Iskripthi (ERoma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-SCB: SSB, yango-Agasti 14, 1980.

[71] Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-SCC: SSC, yangoJulayi 15, 1978.

[72] Khipha ezincwadini ezizimele phakathi kweNdikimba Ebusayo no-Achille Aveta, ocashunwe encwadini ka-Achille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] ULinda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. I-ISTAT (National Statistical Institute) yinhlangano yocwaningo yomphakathi yase-Italy ebhekele ukubalwa kwabantu jikelele, izinsizakalo kanye nezimboni, nezolimo, ucwaningo lwesampula lwasekhaya kanye nohlolo olujwayelekile lomnotho ezingeni likazwelonke.

[74] "Qhubeka ne-vivere come 'residenti temporanei'", Le Torre di Guardia (Umagazini Ofundwayo), Disemba 2012, 20.

[75] Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-SB, yangomhla kaDisemba 18, 1959, yenziwa kabusha ngesithombe e-Achille Aveta naseSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, futhi yashicilelwa kusijobelelo. Ukuguqulwa kwezepolitiki kobuholi be-JW, ngaphandle kolwazi lwabathembekile ngokwethembeka okuhle, kugxile e-Italy kuphela, kuba sobala ngoba, ukuze kutholakale izindawo zomsakazo nezethelevishini "ezinhlelweni zokufinyelela" ukuze bakwazi ukubamba izingqungquthela zeBhayibheli, ithelevishini kanye nomsakazo, abaholi bezinkolelo zeminyaka eyinkulungwane beziveza, yize bethi abathathi hlangothi naphezu kokuvinjelwa kwanoma yimuphi umuntu onekhono ekubambeni iqhaza kunoma yikuphi ukuboniswa kwezepolitiki nokushisekela izwe, njengalabo ababanjwa minyaka yonke e-Italy ngo-Ephreli 25 ukukhumbula ukuphela kwesiBili Impi Yomhlaba kanye Nokukhululwa ku-Nazi-fascism, njengomunye wabasekeli abakholwayo kakhulu bezindinganiso ze-republican zokuphikisana nama-fascist; empeleni, encwadini yango-Septhemba 17, 1979 eyayiqondiswe kubaphathi abaphezulu be-RAI [inkampani okuyiyona kuphela enesibambiso somsakazo womphakathi kanye nesevisi yethelevishini e-Italy, ed.] nakuMongameli weKhomishani Yephalamende yokuqondisa wezinsizakalo zeRAI, ummeli wezomthetho weWatch Tower Society e-Italy wabhala: “Ohlelweni olufana nolwase-Italy, olusekelwe ezindinganisweni ze-Resistance, oFakazi BakaJehova bangelinye lamaqembu ambalwa kakhulu abenesibindi sokubeka izizathu kanembeza ngaphambi kwamandla angaphambi kwempi eJalimane nase-Italy. ngakho-ke baveza imibono emihle ngokoqobo kwanamuhla ”. Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs yasayina i-EQA: SSC, yangoSepthemba 17, 1979, okukhulunywe ngayo e-Achille Aveta [1985], 134, futhi yakhiqizwa kabusha ngesithombe e-Achille Aveta naseSergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 futhi yashicilelwa kulesi sithasiselo . U-Aveta uphawule ukuthi igatsha laseRoma leluleka labo abathola le ncwadi “ukuthi bakusebenzise ngokuyimfihlo okuqukethwe yile ncwadi”, ngoba uma iphelela ezandleni zabalandeli kungabacasula.

[76] Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-CB, yomhla kaJuni 23, 1954.

[77] Li-etter evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs yasayina i-CE, yangomhla ka-Okthoba 12, 1954, futhi yashicilelwa esithasisweni.

[78] Incwadi evela egatsheni laseRoma lama-JWs isayine i-CB, yomhla ka-Okthoba 28, 1954.

[79] Kwi-Atlanticism yePSDI (phambilini eyayiyiPSLI) bheka: UDaniele Pipitone, Il socialismo democratico italiano fra Liberazione e Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni e culture politiche di un'area di frontiera (UMilano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; kulokho kwe-Pri di La Malfa bheka: Paolo Soddu, "Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale / internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter", I-Atlantismo ed europeismo, UPiero Craveri noGaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; kwi-PLI, owazwakalisa isibalo seGaetano Martini njengoNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle ngawo-1950, bheka: UClaudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana. "Un liberale messinese e l'idea europea", ithisisi yeziqu kusayensi yezepolitiki, umphathi umphathi. UFederico Niglia, ULuiss UGuido Carli, iseshini ka-2012-2013 noR. Battaglia, I-Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana (1954-1964) (EMessina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] ILa Voce Repubblicana, Januwari 20, 1954. Bheka: I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214-215; UPaolo Piccioli noMax Wörnhard, "uJehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung", UJehovas Zeugen e-Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Umq. 1, I-Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, UGerhard Besier, uKatarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), UJehovas Zeugen e-Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Umq. 1, I-Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 noPaolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Izinsolo zalolu hlobo, ezihambisana nokushushiswa kwabamemezeli, zibaliwe ohlwini lwe- I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 emakh. 196-218. Ukusolwa kwamaKhatholika okwenziwa ezinkolweni ezingezona ezobuKhatholika zokuthi “bangamakhomanisi” kudalulwe esetyhula yangomhla ka-Okthoba 5, 1953, eyathunyelwa ngunobhala ongaphansi kukamongameli woMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe kubaphathi abahlukahlukene base-Italy, okuzoholela ekuphenyweni. I-State Archives yase-Alessandria, iphawule uPaolo Piccioli ekhasini. I-187 yocwaningo lwakhe ngama-Italian JWs ngemuva kwempi, igcina imibhalo ebanzi ephathelene nophenyo olwenziwe ekusetshenzisweni kwalezi zinhlinzeko, futhi yaphawula ukuthi ngoNovemba 16, 1953 umbiko weCarabinieri wase-Alessandria wathi "Konke ngaphandle izindlela ezisetshenziswa ngoprofesa bomkhosi 'woFakazi BakaJehova', kubonakala sengathi azikho ezinye izinhlobo zenkulumo-ze yenkolo […] [kukhishiwe] kungahle kube nokuxhumana okunengqondo phakathi kwale nkulumo-ze engenhla kanye nesenzo sobunxele ”, okuphikisana lokhu kumangalelwa.

[82] "Mina comunisti italiani e la Chiesa Cattolica", ILa Torre di Guardia, Januwari 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. Edition: "AmaKhomanisi ase-Italy neSonto LamaKatolika", INqabayokulinda, Juni 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "E-Italy, ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-99 amaKhatholika, amaqembu akwesobunxele kanye namaKhomanisi athola amaphesenti angama-35.5 evoti okhethweni olwedlule lukazwelonke, futhi lokhu kwaba ukwanda ”kuphawula ukuthi“ ubukhomanisi bungena kubantu bamaKhatholika bala mazwe, kepha buba nomthelela abefundisi, ikakhulukazi eFrance “, becaphuna icala“ lompristi ongumKatolika waseFrance nendela yaseDominican, uMaurice Montuclard, waxoshwa esigungwini sabaphathi ngokushicilela ngo-1952 incwadi eveza imibono kaMarxist, kanye nangokuhola “Intsha Yentsha Inhlangano "yeSonto" ezwakalise ukuzwelana neQembu lamaKhomanisi eFrance "icala elingajwayelekile njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi kuneziqephu zabapristi abangamalungu enyunyana kaMarxist ye-CGT noma abathathe imali yabo yokusebenza efemini, behola i-Watchtower ukubuza: “Luhlobo luni lokuvikela ubukhomanisi iSonto LamaRoma Katolika, lapho lingakwazi ukuvumela abapristi balo, abagcwele izimfundiso zamaRoma Katolika kusukela ebuntwaneni, bavezwa obomvu i-opaganda? Kungani emhlabeni laba bapristi bekhombisa intshisekelo ekuguqulweni kwezenhlalo, kwezepolitiki kanye nakwezomnotho ngaphezu kokushunyayelwa kwenkolo yabo? Akungenxa yokuthi kunephutha elithile ekudleni kwabo okungokomoya? Yebo, kukhona ubuthakathaka obunamandla endleleni yamaRoma Katolika yenkinga yobukhomanisi. Ayazi ukuthi ubuKrestu beqiniso abuhlangani ngalutho nalomhlaba wakudala, kepha kumele buhlukane nabo. Ngenxa yenzuzo yobugovu, uHerarchy wenza ubungani noCesare, wenza amalungiselelo noHitler, Mussolini noFranco, futhi uzimisele ukuxoxisana neRussia yamaKhomanisi uma kungenzeka zitholele inzuzo; yebo, ngisho nakuDeveli uqobo, ngokusho kukaPapa Pius XI. - Ukhozi lwaseBrooklyn, ngoFebhuwari 21, 1943. ” "Mina comunisti convertono sacerdoti cattolici", ILa Torre di Guardia, Disemba 1, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  "Un'assemblea internazionale a Roma", ILa Torre di Guardia, Julayi 1, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'quali risultati ha conseguito?", Svegliatevi!, Agasti 22, 1976, 11.

[86] Bheka: UZoe Knox, “I-Watch Tower Society kanye ne-End of the Cold War: Interpretations of the End-Times, Superpower Conflict, and the Changing Geo-Political Order”, Umagazini we-American Academy of Religion (I-Oxford University Press), Umq. 79, cha. 4 (Disemba 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Impi entsha ebandayo phakathi kwe-United States of America neRussian Federation, eyavala i-Watch Tower Society ezindaweni zayo kusukela ngo-2017, iholele iNdikimba Ebusayo emhlanganweni okhethekile, isho ukuthi ikhombe inkosi yokugcina yaseNyakatho. lelo yiRussia nababambisene nayo, njengoba kushiwo futhi muva nje: “Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iRussia nababambisene nayo bathatha isikhundla senkosi yasenyakatho. (…) Kungani singasho ukuthi iRussia nabalingani bayo bayinkosi yamanje yasenyakatho? (1) Babathinta ngokuqondile abantu bakaNkulunkulu ngokuvimba umsebenzi wokushumayela nokushushisa abafowethu nodadewethu abangamakhulu ezinkulungwane abahlala ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwabo; (2) ngalezi zenzo bakhombisa ukuthi bayamzonda uJehova nabantu bakhe; (3) bangqubuzana nenkosi yaseningizimu, umbuso wezwe wamaNgisi namaMelika, emzabalazweni wamandla. (…) Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iRussia kanye nababambisene nayo nabo bangene “Ezweni Elikhazimulayo” [ngokwebhayibheli ngu-Israyeli, okhonjwe lapha “nabakhethiweyo” abangu-144,000 abazoya ezulwini, “u-Israyeli kaNkulunkulu”, ed]. Kanjani? Ngo-2017, inkosi yamanje yasenyakatho yawuvala umsebenzi wethu yafaka abanye babafowethu nodadewethu ejele. Iphinde yavimbela izincwadi zethu, kuhlanganise ne-Nguqulo Yezwe Elisha. Uphinde washaqa negatsha lethu eRussia, namaHholo OMbuso namaHholo OMhlangano. Ngemuva kwalezi zenzo, iNdikimba Ebusayo yachaza ngo-2018 ukuthi iRussia nababambisene nayo bayinkosi yasenyakatho. ” "Chi è il 're del Nord' oggi?", ILa Torre di Guardia (Umagazini Ofundwayo), Meyi 2020, 12-14.

[88] UGiorgio Peyrot, La circolare Buffarini-Guidi ei pentecostali (ERoma: Associazione Italiana per la Libertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Inkantolo Yomthethosisekelo, isahlulelo No. 1 kaJuni 14, 1956, Izindleko ze-Giurisprudenzaituzionale, I-1956, i-1-10.

[90] UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. Emshweni bheka: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, cit., amakhasi 361-362; Umaz., I-Diritti civili e fattore religioso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Ukuthola irekhodi elisemthethweni le-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania bheka umagazini Svegliatevi! ka-Ephreli 22, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Njengoba kuphindwe ku I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214, obika ukuthi: “Abazalwane abathembekile babazi ukuthi bahlukunyezwe ngokungabi nabulungisa ngenxa yokuma kwabo futhi, yize babengenandaba ngokungafanele ngedumela labo phambi komhlaba, banquma ukucela ukuthi kubuyekezwe inqubo yokubanga isicelo amalungelo oFakazi BakaJehova njengesizwe ”(omalukeke embhalweni, baqondwa ngokuthi“ abantu bakaJehova ”, okungukuthi, wonke ama-JW ase-Italy).

[92] Ukwahlulela n. 50 ka-Ephreli 19, 1940, eshicilelwe ngo Tribunale Speciale per la difesa dello Stato. I-Decisioni emesse nei 1940, UMnyango Wezokuvikela (ed.) (IRoma: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] Kucashunwe eNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala yase-Abruzzi-L'Aquila, isigwebo esingu-no. Nombolo 128 kaMashi 20, 1957, “Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democratica ai Testimoni di Geova”, ngencwadi kaSergio Tentarelli, I-Rivista abruzzese di studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, vol. 2, no 1 (1981), 183-191 nakuBabhali abahlukahlukene, Minoranze, coscienza e dovere della memoria (ENaples: Jovene, 2001), isithasiselo IX. Isitatimende sezimantshi sicashunwe ku I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Inothi langomhla ka-12 Agasti 1948 elalivela kwi-Directorate General for Worship Affairs, e I-ZStA - iRoma, i-MI, IKhabhinethi, I-1953-1956, b. 271 / Ingxenye ejwayelekile.

[95] Icala eliyihlazo lokungabekezelelani ngokwenkolo kuma-JWs, elenzeka ngo-1961, laqoshwa eSavignano Irpino (Avellino), lapho umpristi wamaKatolika angena ngokungemthetho emzini we-JW lapho kwakusazobanjelwa khona umcimbi wokungcwaba ukufa kukanina . Umpristi wesifunda, ephelezelwe ngomunye umpristi kanye ne-carabinieri, uzovimbela umcimbi womngcwabo obewenzeka ngomkhosi wama-JWs, ehambisa isidumbu esontweni lendawo futhi efaka umkhosi womkhosi wamaKhatholika, ngemuva kwalokho eletha iziphathimandla ukuba zingenelele, zigxeka abantu abathintekayo. Bheka: Inkantolo yase-Ariano Irpino, isinqumo sangoJulayi 7, 1964, I-Giurisprudenza italiana, II (1965), coll. 150-161 futhi II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 e 285-292.

[97] Bheka, lezi zincwadi ezilandelayo ezivela egatsheni lamaRoma lama-JW zibhekiswe “Kubantu asebekhulile abaziwa njengezikhonzi zokukhonza” zangoJuni 7, 1977 naku “… labo ababhaliswe ku-INAM njengezikhonzi zenkolo” zika-Octber 10, 1978, ezikhuluma ukufinyelela eSikhwameni okugcinelwe abafundisi bezenkolo ngokwesisekelo soMthetho 12/22/1973 n. 903 yamalungelo empesheni, nencwadi ebhalwe ngoSepthemba 17, 1978, ibhekiswe “Kuwo wonke amabandla oFakazi BakaJehova e-Italy”, olawula umthetho wokushada ngokwenkolo nongqongqoshe bokukhulekela bangaphakathi abagunyazwe yiRiphabhuliki yase-Italy.

[98] Incazelo nguMarcus Bach, "OFakazi Abamangazayo", I-Christian Century, cha 74, February 13, 1957, ikhasi. 197. Lo mbono ubungakafiki esikhathini esithile manje. Ngokusho kombiko okhishwe yi I-2006 Yearbook of Churches, OFakazi BakaJehova, kanye nezinye izinkolo eziningi zobuKristu baseMelika, manje basesimweni sokuwohloka okuzinzile. Amaphesenti okwehla kwamasonto amakhulu e-United States yilawa alandelayo (konke okungekuhle): Southern Baptist Union: - 1.05; I-United Methodist Church: - 0.79; ILutheran Evangelical Church: - 1.09; ISonto LasePresbyterian: - 1.60; Isonto le-Episcopal: - 1.55; I-American Baptist Church: - 0.57; I-United Church of Christ: - 2.38; OFakazi BakaJehova: - 1.07. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona namasonto akhulayo, futhi phakathi kwawo: ISonto LamaKatolika: + 0.83%; ISonto likaJesu Kristu Lama-Latter Day Saints (amaMormon): + 1.74%; I-Assemblies of God: + 1.81%; Isonto Lobu-Orthodox: + 6.40%. Ukuhleleka kokukhula, ngakho-ke, ngokusho kwale ncwadi enegunya kakhulu nomlando, kukhombisa ukuthi endaweni yokuqala phakathi kwePentekoste kanye nalezo ezingezona ezomdabu zaseMelika yi-Assemblies of God, elandelwa amaMormon neSonto LamaKatolika. Kusobala ukuthi iminyaka yegolide yoFakazi isiphelile manje.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, nt. 36.

[100] Bona: UJohan Leman, “Mina testimoni di Geova nell'immigrazione siciliana eBelgio. Una lettura antropologica ”, Izimpikiswano, vol. II, cha. 6 (Ephreli-Juni 1987), 20-29; Id., “Abase-Italo-Brussels OFakazi BakaJehova Baphinde Babukwa: Kusuka Esizukulwaneni Sokuqala Senkolo Eyisisekelo kuya Ekumisweni Komphakathi Wase-Ethno-Religious”, I-Compass Social, vol. 45, cha. 2 (Juni 1998), 219-226; Umaz., Ukusuka Kwisiko Eliyinselele Kuya Kwisiko Eliyinselele. I- IsiSicilian Ikhodi Yezamasiko kanye ne-Socio-Cultural Praxis ye IsiSicilian Abokufika eBelgium (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987). Bona: ULuigi Berzano noMassimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella Sicilia centrale (ICaltanissetta-Rome: iSciascia, 1994).

[101] ILa Torre di Guardia, Ephreli 1, 1962, 218.

[102] Imininingwane ebikwe ngu-Achille Aveta [1985], 149, futhi itholwe empambanweni yemithombo emibili yangaphakathi, okuyi I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 futhi ngokuhlukahluka UMinisteri del Regno, umbiko wezinyanga zonke ngaphakathi kwenhlangano owawusakazwa ngabashicileli kuphela, ababhapathiziwe nabangabhapathiziwe. Yethula uhlelo lwamasonto onke lwemihlangano emithathu eyake yasatshalaliswa ekuqaleni kwesonto naphakathi, futhi ngemuva kwalokho yahlanganiswa yaya maphakathi nesonto, kusihlwa okukodwa: “Study of the book”, kamuva “Study” weBible Biblical ”(okokuqala manje, bese kuba imizuzu engama-30); “ISikole Senkonzo Esingokwasezulwini” (imizuzu yokuqala engama-45, bese kuba imizuzu engama-30) kanye “noMhlangano Wenkonzo” (imizuzu yokuqala engama-45, bese kuba imizuzu engama-30). IMinistero isetshenziswa ngokunembile phakathi nale mihlangano emithathu, ikakhulukazi "eMhlanganweni Wenkonzo", lapho ofakazi beqeqeshwe khona ngokomoya futhi bethola iziyalezo ezilusizo zempilo yansuku zonke. Bekukhona nezethulo zezincwadi ezaziwayo ezisakazwa oFakazi BakaJehova, ILa Torre di Guardia neSvegliatevi !, ukulungiselela noma ukweluleka amalungu ngokuthi angawashiya kanjani labomagazini eshumayela. I- UMinistero del Regno yaqeda ukushicilela ngo-2015. Yashintshwa ngo-2016 yangeniswa ngenyanga, UVita Cristiana e Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] Vita eterna nella libertà dei Figli di Dio (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., I-28-30.

[106] Umshicileli we-1968 Iqiniso le ncwadi ibiqukethe izingcaphuno ezicashile ezikhomba eqinisweni lokuthi umhlaba ubungeke uphile ngonyaka odlule ka-1975. “Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwabikwa ngo-1960, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-United States, uDean Acheson, wamemezela ukuthi isikhathi sethu“ isikhathi sokungazinzi okungenakuqhathaniswa, udlame. "Futhi waxwayisa," Ngiyazi ngokwanele ngokwenzekayo ukukuqinisekisa ukuthi, eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu, lo mhlaba uzoba yingozi kakhulu ukuhlala kuwo. " (…) Muva nje, incwadi esihloko sithi “Indlala - 1975!” (Carestia: 1975! ") Kusho ukusweleka kokudla kwanamuhla:" Indlala idlangile emazweni amaningi, emazweni ahlukahlukene kuzungeze isiqephu esingathuthuki sezindawo ezishisayo nezisendaweni eshisayo. Inkinga yanamuhla ingahamba iye ohlangothini olulodwa: ibheke enhlekeleleni. Izizwe ezilambile namuhla, izizwe ezilambile kusasa. Ngo-1975, iziyaluyalu zombango, isiphithiphithi, ubushiqela bamasosha, ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezokuthutha kanye nezinxushunxushu ezizoba yinto evamile emazweni amaningi alambile. ” La verità che conduce all vita eterna (EBrooklyn, NY: I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. Uhlelo olubukeziwe olukhishwe ngo-1981 luthathe indawo yalezi zingcaphuno ngokulandelayo: “Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kwabikwa ngo-1960, owayenguNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-United States, uDean Acheson, wamemezela ukuthi isikhathi sethu “isikhathi sokungazinzi okungenakuqhathaniswa, sobudlova obungenakuqhathaniswa. “Futhi, ngokususelwe kulokho akubona kwenzeka emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi, wafinyelela esiphethweni ngokushesha lokho "Lomhlaba uzoba yingozi kakhulu ukuhlala kuwo." Imibiko yakamuva iveze ukuthi ukuntuleka okuqhubekayo kokudla okwanele, okubangela ukungondleki okungapheli, kuye kwaba “inkinga enkulu ehlobene nendlala namuhla.” The Times waseLondon uthi: “Bekulokhu kukhona indlala, kepha ubukhulu nobubanzi [isib. ukuthi bakhona yonke indawo] yendlala namuhla kuvezwa ngezinga elisha lonke. (…) Namuhla ukungondleki kuthinta abantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi; mhlawumbe abangaphansi kwezigidi ezingamakhulu amane baphila njalo onqenqemeni lwendlala. ” Amagama kaDean Acheson abhekisele eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu eqala ngo-1960 njengomkhawulo wokuphila komhlaba asuswa, nezitatimende ezisencwadini ethi “Famine: 1975” zathathelwa indawo ngokuphelele zaba nezinhlekelele ezingekho neze futhi ezingekho esikhathini The Times kusuka eLondon!

[107] Kumbuzo othi "Uziqeda kanjani izifundo zeBhayibheli ezingakhiqizi?”Uhlelo lwe- UMinistero del Regno (I-Italian Edition), Mashi 1970, ikhasi 4, waphendula: “Lo ngumbuzo okudingeka siwucabangele uma ngabe esinye sezifundo zethu zamanje sike sabanjwa cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ingabe sebeza kakade emihlanganweni yebandla, futhi ingabe baqala ukuvuselela izimpilo zabo ngokuvumelana nalokho abakufunde eZwini likaNkulunkulu? Uma kunjalo, sifuna ukuqhubeka sibasiza. Kodwa uma kungenjalo, mhlawumbe singasebenzisa isikhathi sethu ngokunenzuzo enkulu ukufakaza kwabanye. ” I- UMinistero del Regno (Uhlelo lwesiNtaliyane) lwangoNovemba 1973, ekhasini 2, lucacisa kakhulu: “… Ngokukhetha umbuzo othile, ukhombisa ukuthi yini emthakaselayo futhi lokhu kuzokusiza ukunquma ukuthi yisiphi isahluko sencwadi Iqiniso ukufunda. Uhlelo lwethu lokutadisha iBhayibheli luchazwe ekhasini 3 laleli pheshana. Iphendula imibuzo: Kuphi? Nini? I-WHO? yini futhi? Cabangela amaphuzu ahlukahlukene naye. Mhlawumbe uzofuna ukumtshela, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi leli pheshana liyisiqinisekiso sakho esibhaliwe sokuthi inkonzo yethu imahhala ngokuphelele. Chaza ukuthi inkambo yokufunda ithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha nokuthi sinikela cishe ihora ngesonto. Sekukonke kufana cishe nosuku olulodwa lokuphila komuntu. Vele, abantu abanezinhliziyo ezinhle bazofuna ukunikezela usuku lokuphila kwabo ukuze bafunde ngoNkulunkulu. ”

[108] "Perché attendete il 1975?", ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoFebhuwari 1, 1969, 84, 85. Bheka: "Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?", Svegliatevi!, Ephreli 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Bheka: M. James Penton [2015], 125. Emhlanganweni Wesigodi wango-1967, umbonisi wesifunda saseWisconsin Sheboygan uMfoweth 'uCharles Sinutko wethule inkulumo ethi “Ukukhonza Ngombono Wokuphila Okuphakade”, wenza lesi sitatimende: “Manje manje, njengoFakazi BakaJehova , njengabagijimi, yize abanye bethu sebekhathele kancane, kubonakala sengathi uJehova ulungiselele inyama ngesikhathi esifanele. Ngoba ubambelele phambi kwethu sonke, inhloso entsha. Unyaka omusha. Okuthile ongakufinyelela futhi kubukeka sengathi kusinike sonke amandla amakhulu kakhulu kulokhu kuqhuma kwesivinini entanjeni. Futhi lowo unyaka u-1975. Yebo, akudingeki siqagele ukuthi unyaka ka-1975 usho ukuthini uma sifunda INqabayokulinda. Futhi ungalindi 'kuze kube ngu-1975. Umnyango uzovalwa ngaphambi kwalokho. Njengoba omunye umzalwane asho, 'Hlala uphila kuze kube amashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu'”NgoNovemba 1968, umbonisi wesifunda uDuggan wamemezela ePampa Texas Assembly ukuthi“ akusasele zinyanga ezingama-83 ezigcwele, ngakho-ke masithembeke futhi sizethembe futhi… sizobe sesiphila ngale kwempi ye-Armagedoni…, ”okwathi ngo-Okthoba ngo-Okthoba 1975 (Ifayela elilalelwayo elinezingxenye zalezi zinkulumo ezimbili ngolimi lokuqala liyatholakala kusayithi https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Che ne fate della vostra vita?", UMinistero del Regno (UHlelo lwase-Italy), ngoJuni 1974, 2.

[111] Bona: UPaolo Giovannelli noMichele Mazzotti, I-profetaistro ka-Brooklin ine-galoppini (I-Riccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] UGiancarlo Farina, ILa Torre di Guardia iyona ethinta ukubhalwa kwe-Sacre (UTorino, 1981).  

[113] Bheka isibonelo iphephandaba laseVenetian I-Gazzettino ka-12 Mashi 1974 esihlokweni esithi “La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975” (“Ukuphela komhlaba kuseduze: kuzofika ekwindla ka-1975”) nasendabeni ephephandabeni leviki lonke INovella 2000 kaSepthemba 10, 1974 osihloko sithi “I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti” (“Abantu ababi bayaxwayiswa: ngo-1975 bazokufa bonke”).

[114] Incwadi evela egatsheni lase-Italy le-JW, isayine i-SCB: SSA, yangoSepthemba 9, 1975, esizoyibika esithasiselweni.

[115] Bheka: ILa Torre di Guardia, Septhemba 1, 1980, 17.

[116] Ngemuva kokudlula kuka-1975, iWatchtower Society yaqhubeka nokugcizelela imfundiso yokuthi uNkulunkulu uzokhipha isahlulelo sakhe esintwini ngaphambi kokuba isizukulwane sabantu esasibonile izehlakalo zango-1914 sife sonke. Isibonelo, kusuka ngo-1982 kuya ku-1995, ikhava yangaphakathi ye- Svegliatevi! kulo magazini, kufakwe esitatimendeni saso senjongo, ukubhekisa “esizukulwaneni sika-1914”, kubhekiswa “kwisithembiso soMdali (…) sezwe elisha elinokuthula nelondekile ngaphambi kokuba isizukulwane esabona izehlakalo zango-1914 sidlule.” NgoJuni 1982, ngesikhathi seMihlangano Yesigodi i- “Verità del Regno” (“Amaqiniso OMbuso”) eyaqhutshwa emhlabeni wonke ngama-JWs, e-USA nakwezinye izindawo ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya ne-Italy, kwethulwa incwadi entsha yokufunda iBhayibheli, esikhundleni sencwadi La Verità che conduce alla vita eterna, "eyayibuyekeziwe", ngenxa yezitatimende eziyingozi mayelana no-1975, ngo-1981: Potete vivere per semper su una terra paradisiaca, njengoba kunconyiwe ukuqala nge UMinistero del Regno (I-Italian Edition), kaFebhuwari 1983, ekhasini 4. Kule ncwadi kunokugcizelelwa okuningi ngesizukulwane sika-1914. Ekhasini 154 ithi: Yisiphi isizukulwane uJesu ayekhuluma ngaso? Isizukulwane sabantu abaphilayo ngo-1914. Izinsalela zalesi sizukulwane sezindala kakhulu manje. Kodwa abanye babo bayobe besaphila lapho kuphela lesi simiso esibi. Ngakho-ke singaqiniseka ngalokhu: ukuphela okuzumayo kwabo bonke ububi nabo bonke abantu ababi e-Armagedoni kuzofika kungekudala. ” Ngo-1984, cishe ukukhumbula iminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ka-1914, zanyatheliswa kusukela ngoSepthemba 1 kuya ku-Okthoba 15, 1984 (kodwa-ke okwakwenziwa ngolimi lwesiNtaliyane. unyaka) izingqinamba ezine ezilandelanayo ze ILa Torre di Guardia , egxile esikhathini esingokwesiprofetho sango-1914, nenombolo yokugcina isihloko sayo, ngokugcizelela, sathi esembozweni: “1914: La generazione che non passerà” (“1914 –The Generation That Not Pass Away”).

[117] I-1977 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 30.

[118] I-1978 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses, 30.

[119] Ngibonga i-YouTuber yase-Italiya i-JWTruman enginikeze imidwebo. Bona: "ICrescita dei TdG e-Italia prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg kanye nedokhumentari ende ethi “Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato”, ekhishwe yiJWTruman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, ubhala ngokuncipha komhlaba ngemuva kuka-1975: “Ngokwe-1976 nango-1980 Izincwadi Zonyaka , babembalwa abamemezeli boFakazi BakaJehova abangu-17,546 1979 eNigeria ngo-1975 kunango-2,722. EJalimane babembalwa abangu-1,102 2015. EGreat Britain, kwaba nokulahleka kwabangu-427 6 enkathini efanayo yesikhathi. ” M. James Penton [XNUMX], XNUMX, nt. XNUMX.