Kev lees paub ntawm Chiv Keeb Cov Ntaub Ntawv los ntawm kev npaj tsis tau txog - Ntu 1

Introduction

Xav rau ib lub sijhawm uas koj xav nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom nco qab txog keeb kwm ntawm koj tsev neeg lossis cov neeg thiab sau nws rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Ib qho ntxiv, xav tias koj tseem xav nco txog tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv txoj kev yooj yim uas koj yuav tsis hnov ​​qab. Yuav ua li cas yuav los yog koj tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov ntawd tau li cas?

• Tej zaum koj yuav kos lossis pleev duab qee cov duab? Cov teeb meem nrog cov duab hais tias yog tias lawv tau yooj yim poob lossis puas lawm.
• Tej zaum koj yuav ua tus sau ntawv lossis monument? Qhov teeb meem yog tias nws tau quaj rau lub sijhawm lossis raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lwm tus neeg uas tsis to taub nws lossis nyiam nws.
• Xwb, tej zaum koj tuaj yeem sau nws li ntawv? Tom qab tag nrho, yuav tsis yog txhua cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem theej tau yooj yim dua. Qhov teeb meem yog tias ntawv lossis papyrus lossis vellum kuj tseem ua rau lwj.
• Yog li ntawd, raws li lwm txoj hauv kev rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, dab tsi txog kev coj cov lus piav qhia nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm koj cov lus? Yog tias cov lus yog pictograms lossis logograms, lawv dhau los ua qhov pom thiab nyeem tau ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab cov kev xav uas koj xav kom piav tawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum koj lossis lwm tus sau ib lo lus pictogram tshwj xeeb koj thiab lwm tus tau nco txog qhov tau tshwm sim txhua xyoo dhau los thaum koj siv cov pictograms tshwj xeeb.

Daim pictogram yog txhais raws li lub cim duab rau ib lo lus lossis nqe lus. Daim Duab Duab tau siv los ua qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau ntawv xws li hieroglyphics los ntawm Egypt lossis Suav cov cim.

 “Daim duab no muaj nqis txog ib txhiab lo lus”. Yog li ntawd mus rau ib tug zoo-paub lus Askiv adage.

Cov kev xa tawm kuj tseem nyob hauv kev hais ua ntau yam lus. Piv txwv li, Napoleon Bonaparte[I] hais tias, "Daim duab kos duab zoo yog qhov zoo dua li kev hais lus ntev". Tus kws kos duab muaj suab npe thiab tus tsim Leonardo da Vinci[Ii] sau tias kws sau paj huam yuav "Kov yeej kev pw tsaug zog thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis ua ntej tuaj yeem piav qhia nrog cov lus hais tias tus neeg pleev kob muaj peev xwm piav qhia hauv ib pliag".

Pictograms yog lub tswv yim zoo tshaj plaws, cov lus nug tshwm sim nws puas tau siv dua ua ntej? Dab neeg dab tsi peb tuaj yeem paub meej, yog tias muaj ib qho ntawm hieroglyphs ntawm Egypt lossis Suav cov cim?

Kab lus no mus saib qhov tseeb ntawm qhov hais tias cov duab tuaj yeem qhia zaj dab neeg ntawd tau. Ua li no peb yuav pom cov ntawv pov thawj hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg thiab yog li no yuav tsum yog cov pov thawj tseeb ntawm cov xwm txheej sau rau hauv. Yog li ntawd, cia peb pib ntawm peb tshawb nrhiav cov pictograms uas nyob rau hauv cov duab piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv Cov Ntawv Teev Tseg Hauv Phau Ntawv Keeb Kwm thiab hauv kev ua qhov tseeb txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau Vajlugkub los ntawm qhov chaw tsis tau xav txog.

Tom qab

Keeb kwm Suav nthuav tawm rov qab yam tsis muaj dab tsi txog li 4,500 xyoo txog kwv yees li 2500 BC. Qhov no suav nrog ntau cov ntawv sau thiab sau cia. Txawm tias qee qhov kev hloov pauv tau hloov pauv mus ntau pua xyoo (xws li nrog txhua hom lus suav nrog Hebrew), cov ntawv sau ntawm lus Suav niaj hnub no tseem nyob daim duab raws. Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no Suav teb muaj npe nrov rau nws txoj kev cai communist thiab cov lus qhia tias tsis muaj Vajtswv, ntau tus neeg yuav tsis paub los yog yuav muaj kev ntseeg hais tias cov neeg Suav muaj kev ntseeg dab tsi ua ntej Suav Communist thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1949.

Rov qab rau hauv keeb kwm Suav peb pom tias Daoism pib hauv 6^th Xyoo BC, thiab Confucianism tau pib xyoo 5^th Xyoo BC, zoo li Hauj Sam. Nws yog lub npe hu tias cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau tshwm sim hauv Suav teb xyoo 7^th Xyoo pua AD thaum lub caij ua kav Tang Tang. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis siv paus mus txog 16^th xyoo pua AD nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm Jesuit cov tub txib. Txawm hais tias niaj hnub no, nws kwv yees muaj tsuas yog 30 lab ntseeg nyob hauv ib lub teb chaws uas muaj cov pej xeem nce mus txog 1.4 billion, tsuas yog 2% ntawm cov pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv ntawm cov lus yuav muaj tsawg heev, tsis yog nyob hauv feem pua ​​cov ntsiab lus nkaus xwb, tabsis tseem hais txog feem ntau tam sim no raug rau cov ntseeg.

Tsis paub txog rau feem ntau ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, ua ntej 6^th Xyoo pua BC, rau thawj 2,000 xyoo ntawm lawv cov keeb kwm, cov neeg Suav pehawm Shang YogCov. Sau li Vajtswv [Iii] (Shang Dì - Vajtswv (tsim chaw)), tus Vajtswv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej. Qhov zoo tiag yog tus Vajtswv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej no muaj ntau tus cwj pwm uas zoo li tus Vajtswv hauv phau Vajlugkub, Yehauvas. Danias 2: 18,19,37,44 tag nrho cov muaj tib cov lus “tus Vajtswv ntawm Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej”, Thiab Chiv Keeb 24: 3 sau txog Anplaham hais tias,“raws li kuv yuav tsum tau kom koj cog lus los ntawm Yehauvas, tus Vajtswv ntawm lub ntuj thiab tus Vajtswv ntawm lub ntiaj teb ”. Tib lo lus “Vajtswv ntawm lub ntuj ceeb tsheej” “Vajtswv ntawm lub ntuj ceeb tsheej” tseem hais ntxiv 11 zaug nyob rau hauv phau ntawv ntawm Ezra thiab Nehemi thiab 5 zaug ntxiv rau lwm qhov.

Qhov kev pehawm Vajtswv saum ntuj no tau txuas ntxiv txawm tias tom qab Daoism, Confucianism thiab Buddhism. Txawm tias niaj hnub no, Suav lub tsiab peb caug Suav ntau zaus suav nrog kev teeb tsa lub thaj thiab ua kev fij rau Vajtswv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej - Shang Dì.

Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, ntawm Dongcheng, Beijing (Peking), Suav kuj tseem muaj Tuam Tsev Tuam Tsev suav nrog ib lub npe hu ua Temple of Heaven. Nws tau tsim tsa thaum xyoo 1406 AD thiab 1420 AD thiab txuas ntxiv thiab muab npe hu ua Tuam Tsev Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej hauv 16^th Century. Qhov tsis zoo yog tsis muaj cov mlom dab tsi ntawm sab hauv lub tuam tsev no tsis zoo li cov tuam tsev rau Buddha thiab feem ntau cov tuam tsev ntawm lwm yam kev ntseeg.

Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv Suav Cov Ntawv Sau

Txoj kev coj noj coj ua hauv Suav teb tau ntev li ib tus neeg txawj xav thiab txawj sau ntawv. Nws yog nthuav kom rov xyuas qhov uas ib txhia tau hais. Thawj cov ntawv sau sau hnub tim los ntawm Shang Dynasty uas yog 1776 BC - 1122 BC thiab tuaj yeem pom hauv tsev cia puav pheej.

Sijhawm Sijhawm: Ua ntej Tswv Yexus

Nyob rau hauv lub 5^th xyoo pua BC, Confucius hauv nws 5 classics paub tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm Dynasty lawv tau pe hawm Shang YogCov. Nws tseem sau tias lawv ntseeg Shang Yog muaj hwjchim tswj hwm rau txhua haiv neeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog Shang Yog tswj hwm cua, nag thiab tag nrho cov ntsiab. Lawv hu nws tias tus tswv teb.

Tus thawj kav nroog Suav tau kov yeej los ntawm Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 255 BC). Zhou cov poj koob yawm txwv hu ua Vajtswv "tian". nruab hnubCov. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm ob cim 一, “Ib” thiab Loj, "Loj" lossis "zoo kawg", yog li muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm "ib qho loj dua". Qhov no zoo ib yam li kev piav qhia txog Vajtswv tus uas yog Vajtswv Txojlus uas tau sau tseg rau Chivkeeb 14:18, uas hais tias Melchizidek “Vajtswv yog tus pov thawj hlob ntawm Vajtswv”.

Cov Ntaub Ntawv Keeb Kwm (vol 28, Phau Ntawv 6, pg 621) tau lees tias qhov no thaum nws hais tias "Shang Di yog lwm lub npe rau Tian. Cov dab tsis muaj ob tus Tswv ”.

Nws kuj tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias lawv tau pom meej meej Shang Dì uas yog tus Tswv lossis tus tswv ntawm lub ceeb tsheej thiab lwm tus ntsuj plig (cov tubtxib saum ntuj thiab dab).

Nyob rau hauv lub 4^th xyoo pua BC, Zhuang Zhou yog ib tug neeg txawj xav. Nws sau ntawv “- Thaum pib ntawm txhua yam muaj tus tsis lees paub. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas yuav muaj npe. "[Iv] (Muab piv nrog Chiv Keeb 1: 2 - “Tam sim no lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj dab tsi thiab muaj pov tseg thiab muaj kev tsaus ntuj nyob saum cov dej tob tob”).

Nyob rau hauv lub 2^nd Xyoo BC, Dong Zhongshu yog Han dynasty kws tshaj lij txoj kev xav. Nws pom zoo rau kev teev ntuj saum ntuj tshaj qhov kev lig kev cai ntawm kev hais plaub ntawm tsib lub ntsiab lus. Nws sau hais tias, “Lub hauv paus chiv keeb zoo li lub hauv paus. Nws qhov tseem ceeb nyob hauv qhov pib ntawm ntuj thiab lub ntiaj teb txij puag thaum pib mus txog thaum xaus. " [V] (Sib piv Tshwm Sim 1: 8 - "Kuv yog tus alpha thiab omega, thaum pib thiab thaum xaus").

Sijhawm Sijhawm: 14^th Xyoo AD

Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv Ming Dynasty (14^th rau 17^th Century AD) cov nkauj hauv qab no tau sau:

“Yav dhau los thaum ub, muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau yam, tsis muaj ib daim ntawv thiab tsaus ntuj. Lub tsib ntiaj teb[vi] tseem tsis tau pib thim tsis yuav ob lub teeb ci li.[vii] Nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm nws, tsis muaj qhov twg los yog tsis muaj lub suab.

Koj, O ntsuj plig sovereign, tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv koj lub sovereignty, thiab thawj tau cais qhov tsis huv ntawm lub ntshiab. Koj tsim ntuj ceeb tsheej; Koj tsim lub ntiaj teb, koj tsim txiv neej. Txhua yam tau ciaj sia nrog kev tsim ua dua tshiab hwj chim. ” [viii] (Sib piv Chiv Keeb 1: 1-5, 11, 24-28).

Tsis tas li, hauv Ib Feem ntawm Ciam Tebchaws Ciam Tebchaws Tshwj Xeeb:

"Txhua haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj muaj tsiaj txhu muaj nuj nqis rau Koj txoj kev nyiam rau qhov lawv pib. Tib neeg thiab tej yam muaj nyob ntawm Koj txoj kev hlub, O Te [Di]. Txhua yam kev muaj sia muaj nuj nqis rau Koj txoj kev zoo, tab sis leej twg paub los ntawm nws cov koob hmoov los rau nws? Koj ib leeg, Au tus Tswv, yog niam thiab txiv ntawm ib puas tsav yam. "[ix]

"Nws [ShangDi] teeb tsa lub ntuj ceeb tsheej mus ib txhis thiab muab lub ntiaj teb ruaj khov. Nws lub tseem fwv nyob mus ib txhis. ”[X]

“Koj lub peev xwm zoo tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas tau. Raws li uas yog puab ua, koj tsim txhua yam muaj sia. ”

Dab tsi ntawm cov lus uas peb tuaj yeem pom hauv lub pictograms ntawm Cov Lus Suav?

Cov ntaub ntawv ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv Suav Pictograms

Yog tias koj xav kom nco qab ntawm cov feem tseem ceeb ntawm koj li keeb kwm thiab kev coj noj coj ua los ntawm kev sau cia, cov xwm txheej twg koj yuav teev cia raws li phau Vajlugkub tau ua? Nws yuav tsis muaj xws li?

• tus account ntawm Tsim,
• lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tus txiv neej mus rau hauv txoj kev txhaum,
• Khayee thiab Anpee,
• dej nyab thoob qab ntuj,
• lub Ntauwd ntawm Babel,
• cov lus tsis meej pem

Puas muaj qhov cim tseg tom qab ntawm cov xwm txheej no hauv cov cim Suav uas yog pictograms dua li ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv raws li cov lus hauv European?

Raws li ntau lo lus yog kev sib txuas ntawm ib lossis ntau dua pictograms ua lwm tus ntau dua pictogram peb yuav pib tawm nrog phau ntawv txhais lus me me ntawm cov lus pib thiab ntxiv rau lawv raws li qhov tsim nyog. Qee qhov sib txuam pictograms hauv ntau qhov nyuaj yuav tsuas yog ib feem ntawm lawv tus kheej pictogram. Cov no feem ntau muaj raws li radicals. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus cwj pwm ib txwm siv rau "taug kev" yog ntau dua 辶 (chou - taug kev), tab sis tsuas yog feem no ntxiv rau lwm cov pictograms. (Saib KangXi radical 162.)

Cov Lus Suav Yooj Yim / Cov Duab Duab txog Kev Siv

Cov lus Suav / pictograms raug theej los ntawm https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary? thiab radicals los ntawm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_radical#Table_of_radicalsCov. Mdbg.net site kuj tau pab tau zoo heev vim tias nws yuav tawg yuav luag txhua cov cim / duab uas tsis raug rau hauv nws cov khoom siv nrog lawv cov ntsiab lus ib leeg.[xi] Qhov no ua rau txhua tus los xyuas qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov cwj pwm nyuaj ntawm cov ntu. Thov nco ntsoov thaum saib lub cim siv cov ntawv sau ntawm cov suab ntawm lo lus hais tias qee zaum nws tsis muaj qhov hais tawm (s)[xii]Cov. Li no tej zaum yuav muaj tus lej ntawm cov lus txuam nrog "tu" piv txwv li, txhua qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab "u".

土 (tǔ - av, lub ntiaj teb lossis hmoov av), lub qhov ncauj (kǒu - qhov ncauj, ua pa), 囗(wéi - enclosure), 一 (yī - ib), neeg (rén - txiv neej, tib neeg), 女 (nǚ - poj niam), 木 (mù - ntoo), menyuam (ér - txiv neej, tub, menyuam, ceg)  辶 (chou - taug kev), 田 (tián - teb, av aav, cog qoob loo), 子 (zǐ - zag, noob, menyuam)

Ntau cov Cim

nruab hnub (tiān- ntuj ceeb tsheej), 帝 (dì - Vajtswv), Vajtswv or 礻 abbrev. (shen, shì, - vajtswv).

Ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov cwj pwm nyuaj yog txiv ntoo (guǒ - txiv hmab txiv ntoo). Koj tuaj yeem pom qhov no ua ke ntawm ntoo 木 thiab thaj av muaj av, arable av, piv txwv li kev tsim khoom noj 田(txoj cai). Li no, tus xeeb ceem ntawm “txiv” yog cov duab qhia txog “cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsob ntoo”.

orchard (guǒ yuán - orchard). Qhov no yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm ob lub cim: cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo (gu character) thiab lwm tus cim = ib + tus tub / tus menyuam + ntaub thaiv = (yuán).

困 (kùn - ib puag ncig) - ntoo hauv kev ntim

Qhia (gao - qhia, tshaj tawm, tshaj tawm, qhia)

Yug me nyuam (sheng - lub neej, yug)

Kom txuas ntxiv …………  Kev lees paub ntawm Chiv Keeb Cov Ntaub Ntawv los ntawm kev npaj tsis tau txog - Ntu 2

[I] “Un bon croquis vaut mieux qu'un discours ntev” hauv Fab Kis. Nyob los ntawm 1769-1821.

[Ii] Nyob los ntawm 1452-1519.

[Iii] https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?

[Iv] Online Library Kev Ywj Pheej: Phau Ntawv Dawb Ntawm Suav. Cov ntawv qhia ntawm Taoism PatI: Tus Tao Teh King. Kev Sau Ntawv ntawm Kwang Ze phau ntawv I-XVII. Pdf version nplooj 174, nqe 8.

[V] http://www.greatthoughtstreasury.com/author/dong-zhongshu-aka-d%C7%92ng-zh%C3%B2ngsh%C5%AB-or-tung-chung-shu

[vi] Xa mus rau 5 lub ntiaj teb pom ntawm Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, thiab Saturn.

[vii] Hais txog lub Hnub thiab Lub hli.

[viii] Tus sau suav sau ntawm Suav Ming, James Legge, Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Lub Cim XIX, 6. Ntawv Suav Txuj Ci Vol. Kuv, p404. (Oxford: Clarendon Xovxwm 1893, [Rov Luam Taipei, SMC Luam Tawm. 1994])

[ix] James Leeg, Cov Shu Jing (Phau Ntawv Keeb Kwm Cov Ntaub Ntawv): Cov Phau Ntawv ntawm Yu, 1,6, Cov Txheej Txheem Hauv Suav Suav Vol III, p33-34 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1893, [Reprinted Taipei, SMC Publ. Inc. 1994])

[X] James Leeg, Lub Suab Lus Suav Suav Txog Vajtswv thiab Cov Dab (Hong Kong: Hong King Chaw Sau Npe Chaw Haujlwm 1852) p.52.

[xi] Google Translate yuav tsis pom zoo, tsawg kawg yog kev txhais lus Askiv rau Suav. Piv txwv li, cov cim rau daim teb muab daim teb nyob rau hauv lus Askiv, tab sis rov qab teb thiab koj tau txais kev teeb tsa txawv ntawm Suav cov cim.

[xii] Qhov no vim tias tsis yog txhua yam siv tau yooj yim theej thiab sau dhau los, thiab nws yog lub sijhawm siv ua ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua qhov kev txiav txim siab tau ua rau siv cov lus txhais nrog cov cim (cov) sis nrov.

Tadua

Cov lus los ntawm Tadua.