Rov Rov Qab Ntsib Tus Mexiyas cov Lus Qhia ntawm Danias 9: 24-27 nrog Kev Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm

Ua kom tiav ntawm Kev daws

 

Ntsiab cov ntsiab lus tshawb pom rau Hnub

Hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas marathon tam sim no, peb tau pom los ntawm cov vaj lug kub li nram no:

• Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tau xaus rau xyoo 69 lub xaus xyoo 29 AD thaum Yexus pib ua nws tes haujlwm.
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tau ua kom muaj kev txi thiab ua khoom plig xyeem kom tsum tsis pub dhau, ntawm ib nrab ntawm xya hauv xyoo 33 AD nrog tus Mexiyas Yexus raug txiav tawm, muab tua, sawv cev ntawm txhua tus neeg.
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tau xaus qhov kawg ntawm xya xyoo kawg hauv 36 AD nrog kev hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm Cornelius Lwm Haiv Neeg.
• Cov tshuaj no muab tso rau 1^st Xyoo Xis Moos Zoo kawg nyob rau xyoo 455 BC ua pib xyoo xya xya xyoo yog 49 xyoo.
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tau tso 32 lub Xyoo Dali-aka Ahasuerus, aka Artaxerxes xyoo 407 BC xaus xyoo xya xya xyoo 49 nrog Nehemi rov qab mus rau Npanpiloos nrog lub ntsa loog Yeluxalees rov qab los. (Nehemi 13: 6)
• Qhov kev daws teeb meem no, yog li, muab lub laj thawj rau Daniyees thiab Yehauvas cais cov lus tshwm sim ua 7 tsim thiab rau caum-tsib lub hlis. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 4)
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no muab cov hnub nyoog uas tsim nyog rau Mordecai, Esther, Ezra, thiab Nehemi uas tsis ua raws li cov kev cai ib txwm coj thiab kev cai dab qhuas, uas tsis quav ntsej lossis piav qhia txog cov hnub nyoog tsis tsim nyog nrog "lwm Mordecai, lwm Ezra, lwm Nehemi, lossis phau ntawv teev kev ntseeg tsis raug ”. (Pom cov teeb meem / kev daws teeb meem 1,2,3)
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tseem muab cov lus piav qhia tsim nyog rau kev ua tiav ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Persian nyob hauv vaj lug kub. (Pom cov teeb meem / kev daws teeb meem 5,7)
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tseem yuav pab peb nkag siab Pheej Hmoo Tus Thawj Tub Ntxhais uas tsim nyog rau lub sijhawm ntawm Persian Tebchaws uas pom zoo nrog cov vaj lug kub. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 6)
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no muab kev piav qhia rau tus txiv plig ob npe. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 8).
• Qhov kev daws teeb meem no xav kom nkag siab tias Darius Kuv tau los ua lub npe lossis paub raws li lossis coj lub npe Artaxerxes lossis raug xa mus rau hauv Artaxerxes los ntawm nws 7^th xyoo ntawm reign onwards nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj los ntawm Ezra 7 onwards thiab Nehemi. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 9)
• Cov tshuaj no tseem xav tau kom nkag siab txog Ahasuerus ntawm phau ntawv Exathaw uas raug xa mus rau Darius I ib yam nkaus. (saib cov teeb meem / kev daws teeb meem 1,9)
• Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tseem pab peb ua rau kev nkag siab ntawm yuav luag txhua yam uas Josephus tau sau, txawm hais tias tsis yog txhua daim, hloov ob peb daim. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 10)
• Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tseem muab cov kev daws teeb meem tsim nyog ntawm kev xaiv lub npe ntawm Cov Neeg Persian ntawm cov phau ntawv ntawm Apocrypha. (saib teeb meem / kev daws teeb meem 11)
• Qhov kev daws teeb meem no tseem muab cov kev daws teeb meem tsim nyog rau kev xaiv lub npe ntawm cov vaj ntxwv Persian hauv Septuagint. (saib teeb meem / kev daws 12)

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tshuaj no yoojyim rau peb nrog cov lus cog me me kom paub, uas yog cov tseem muaj ntxiv rau kev vam meej ntawm Cov Vaj Ntxwv Persian.

Rau lub sijhawm ntxiv, los ntawm xyoo tom qab kev tuag Darius Kuv nyob hauv nws 36^th Xyoo, uas nyob hauv cov kev daws teeb meem no yog 402 BC, txog 330 BC thaum Alexander tau tua yeej Vaj Ntxwv Darius rau zaum kawg thiab los ua Vajntxwv Persia nws tus kheej, peb yuav tsum haum 156 xyoo rau hauv 73 xyoo (thiab 6 tus vaj yog tias ua tau) yam tsis muaj feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yog tias ua tau. Lub Rubik loj npaum li cas lub voos xwmfab!

 

Thaum Kawg Daim Kawg

Qhov no tiav tau li cas?

Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tus kws sau ntawv thiab kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm cov ntu dhau los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txiaj ntsig no, nws tau pom meej tias qhov pib pib yuav tsum yog 455 BC. Txawm li cas los nws tau kuj ua pom meej tias qhov no yuav tsum yog tus 1^st Xyoo ntawm Cyrus hloov 20^th Xyoo ntawm Artaxerxes I. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig, nws tau qee lub sijhawm los sim ua haujlwm qhov xwm txheej uas yuav haum rau qhov xav tau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov xaus ntawm Cov Lus Tshawb Nrhiav Kev Tshawb Nrhiav cov lus saum toj no. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho kev tshwm sim los ua kom pom cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd lossis nws tsis tuaj yeem yog.

Ib qho sib piv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Eusebius[I] thiab Africanus[Ii] thiab Ptolemy[Iii] thiab lwm yam keeb kwm txheej thaum ub rau cov vaj txwv Persian ntev thiab cov vaj ntxwv tau hais los ntawm Josephus, Persian Poet Ferdowsi[Iv], thiab Herodotus tau ua. Nws tau pib tawm thiab nthuav tawm cov qauv tag nrho cov uas tau muaj cov lus piav qhia, tsis yog los ntawm cov khoom tau tshawb pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb nyob hauv phau ntawv, tab sis kuj los ntawm ntau cov ntawv me me uas tau tawm los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav los ntawm lwm tus neeg keeb kwm.

Nws tau nthuav tias tus Persian Paj Huam Ferdowsi tsuas yog kav cov vaj ntxwv mus txog Darius II thiab rho Xerxes.

Josephus kuj tsuas yog Vajntxwv nce mus txog Dali II tab sis suav nrog Xerxes. Helaujotus tsuas muaj vajntxwv nce mus txog rau Athaxawxi I. (Nws ntseeg Helauotus tuag thaum lub sijhawm Athaxawxi muaj vajntxwv lossis thaum sawv ntxov ntawm Dali II.)

Yog hais tias Darius Kuv (Tus Great) kuj tau paub ntau los ntawm lossis hloov nws lub npe rau Artaxerxes, nws yog qhov muaj peev xwm tau hais tias lwm tus vajntxwv Persian kuj zoo ib yam, uas tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ob qho tib si hauv keeb kwm thaum ub thiab hauv 20^th thiab 21^st Century.

Sib Piv ntawm Reign Lengths los ntawm Cov Keeb Kwm Yav Dhau Los

	Herodotus tus. 430 xyoo BC	Ciasias c. Ua 398bc	Diodorus 30 BC	Josephus 75 AD	Ptolemy 150 AD	Clement ntawm Alexandria c. 217 AD	Manetho / Sextus Julius Africanus c.220 AD	Manetho / Eusebius c. 330 ib	Sulpicus Severus c.400 AD	Persian kws sau paj lug Firdusi (931-1020 AD)
Cyrus II (Tus Great)	29	30		Yog	9 (Npanpiloo)	30			31	Yog
Cambyses II	7.5	18		6	8	19	6	3	9	Yog
Magi	0.7	0.7			0.7			0.7	0.7
Dali I (The Great)	36	-		9+	36	46	36	36	36	Yog
Xerxes I.	Yog	-	20	28 +	21	26	21	21	21
Artabanos							0.7
Artaxerxes (kuv)	Yog	42	40	7+	41	41	41	40	41	Yog
Xerxes II		0.2			0.2		0.2	0.2	0.2
Sogdianos					0.7		0.7	0.7	0.7
Dali II		35	19	Yog	19	8	19	19	19	Yog
Artaxerxes II			43		46	42			62
Artaxerxes III II			23		21		2	6	23
Asses (Artaxerxes IV)					2		3	4
Dali III					4		4	6
tag nrho	73	126	145	50 +	209	212	134	137	244

 

 

Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm cov keeb kwm sib txawv dhau ntau lub sijhawm ntau pua xyoo. Lub ntiaj teb kev ntseeg thiab kev cai dab qhuas niaj hnub no feem ntau tau lees paub cov chronology ntawm Ptolemy.

Yog li, txhawm rau rov kho qhov teeb meem loj no, tau txiav txim siab ua haujlwm rov qab los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Persian teb rau Alexander tus Great ntawm Macedonia hauv 330BC, rau Darius I uas nws txoj cai xaus xyoo 403 BC nrog Cyrus pib thaum 455 BC.

Peb thiaj li pom:

• Darius III nrog 4 xyoo, (kav ntev raws Ptolemy thiab Manetho raws li Julius Africanus), tus huab tais kawg ntawm Persia, uas tau kav thaum lub sijhawm ntawm ua ntej ntawm Alexander lub Great mus rau hauv Persian teb.
• Asses (Artaxerxes IV) nrog 2 xyoos. (kav ntev raws li Ptolemy).

Tom ntej:

• Artaxerxes III raug coj los ua cov kav ntawm 2 xyoos. (lub sijhawm kav ntev npaum li cas raws li Manetho thiab Julius Africanus, nrog lwm xyoo tau 19 xyoo ua Vajntxwv kav tebchaws Iziv lossis ua tus tswj kav)
• Darius II nrog txoj kev kav xyoo ntawm 19 xyoo raws li tau muab los ntawm Africanus, Eusebius, thiab Ptolemy.

Qhov no tau muaj 21 xyoos uas Ptolemy tau muab Artaxerxes III. Qhov no tau muab cov pov thawj muaj zog uas tej zaum Ptolemy tau ua txhaum tsis ntev rau Artaxerxes III. (Ptolemy daim duab txog 21 xyoos rau Artaxerxes yeej ib txwm pom zoo zoo nkauj thiab muaj kev sib txig sib luag ntawm qhov ntev ntawm Xerxes reign. Nws yog qhov tsawg heev rau cov vajntxwv ntawm tib lub tebchaws thiab nyob ze rau lub sijhawm kom ib leeg muaj qhov ntev ntawm kev kav, cov kev kawm txog zauv ntawm qhov no tshwm sim ib txwm muaj tsis khws pes tsawg heev).

Cov feem ntau yuav piav qhia yog tias Ptolemy tau miscopied lub xyoo kav tej zaum siv cov Xerxes. Txawm li cas los xij, lwm txoj kev xaiv tuaj yeem yog ib qho kev sib koom tes nrog kev tswj hwm 2 xyoo los ntawm Artaxerxes III tom qab kev tuag ntawm Darius II lossis tias Darius (II) tseem paub txog lossis hloov nws lub npe rau Artaxerxes (III), tej zaum nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm uas Vajtswv tau qhia Dali-a (Kuv) kuj hu ua Artaxerxes (I).

Tom ntej:

• Artiaerxes Secular Artaxerxes Kuv tau ntxiv nrog kav ntev li ntawm 41 xyoo tso ntiaj teb Artaxerxes II (rau qhov kav ntev ntawm Artaxerxes I raws li Ptolemy. Secular Artaxerxes II tau raug zam los ntawm ntau tus neeg keeb kwm thaum ub thiab tau ua ntau kav ntev los ntawm cov seem).

Qhov no txhais tau hais tias Artaxerxes Kuv kav, pib xyoo 6 tom qab kev tuag Darius Kuv, 5 xyoo sib txawv (kev daws teeb meem ntawm Artaxerxes ntawm Ezra 7 mus rau thiab Nehemi). Nws tshuav tsis muaj chaw rau tag nrho cov neeg Xerxes 21-xyoo ua vajntxwv.

Daim Kawg:

• Xerxes tau ntxiv nrog kev kav ntev txog 21 xyoos, 16 xyoo ua tus kav nrog nws txiv Dali-a, thiab 5 xyoos ua ib tus kav.

Raws li tau hais ze rau thaum pib ntawm peb cov ntawv, qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias muaj pov thawj pom tias Xerxes tau sib koom tes nrog nws txiv Darius rau lub sijhawm 16 xyoo. Yog tias Xerxes yog tus kav nrog Darius thiab nyob rau Darius txoj kev tuag, los ua tus kav ces qhov no muab cov lus qhia siv tau. Yog li cas tiag? Xerxes yuav yog ib tus kav rau 5 xyoos kawg ntawm nws txoj kev kav ua ntej ua tiav los ntawm nws tus tub Artaxerxes.

Ptolemy muab Artaxerxes Kuv kav ntev li 41 xyoos thiab Artaxerxes II kav ntev li 46 xyoos. Nco ntsoov qhov txawv ntawm 5 xyoos. Raws li yuav ua li cas nws tau suav Artaxerxes Kuv tuaj yeem raug hais tias tau kav 41 xyoo ib leeg lossis tej zaum 46 xyoo suav nrog kev tswj hwm 5 xyoo nrog nws txiv Xerxes tom qab kev tuag ntawm nws yawg Darius I. Qhov no yuav suav nrog kev tsis meej pem tom qab los ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm. xws li Ptolemy hais txog kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau yam Artaxerxes. Nrog rau qhov chaw sib txawv muab cov sib txawv ntawm cov kav ntev rau Artaxerxes, Ptolemy tuaj yeem xav tias qhov uas paub ntiaj teb li Artaxerxes I thiab Artaxerxes II yog cov vaj ntxwv sib txawv es tsis txhob muaj ib qho thiab zoo ib yam.

Ntsiab lus ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm Cov Ntsiab Ntsiab:

1. Xerxes Kuv muaj kev sib koom tes nrog Darius Kuv 16 xyoo.
2. Artaxerxes II kav ntawm 46 xyoo raws li Ptolemy tau nqis raws li kev luam tawm ntawm Artaxerxes I.
3. Artaxerxes III kev tswj hwm tau txiav luv luv los ntawm 21 txog 2 xyoos lossis muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm qhov seem tshuav ntxiv ntawm 19 xyoo.
4. Asses lossis Artaxerxes IV tau Manetho 3 xyoo txo ​​rau Ptolemy 2 xyoos lossis 1 xyoo ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog 2 xyoos.
5. Qhov kev hloov kho tag nrho yog 16 + 46 + 19 + 1 = 82 xyoo.

Tag nrho cov kev hloov kho no tau ua tiav zoo thiab pom zoo rau cov lus faj lem hauv Danias 9: 24-27 kom raug thiab tab sis tseem tseem tso cai rau txhua tus paub thiab ntseeg tau keeb kwm kom raug. Ua li no peb tuaj yeem ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm Vajtswv txoj lus raws li tau hais hauv Loos 3: 4, uas Povlauj tau hais tias "Tab sis cia Vajtswv pom muaj tseeb, txawm hais tias txhua tus txiv neej pom pom tus neeg dag ".

13. Cov Txheej Txheem Tsis Txaus Ntseeg Sau Ntawv - Ib Txoj Kev Daws

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj qhov kev nkag siab no kuj tau tso cai rau A3P inscription kom raug raws li cov kab uas yuav tsum muaj ntawm cov neeg txuas ntxiv kom phim cov ntawv sau tseem tseem tsis tu ncua, txawm hais tias poob ntawm Artaxerxes II.

Lub pob zeb A3P nyeem "Tus poj vaj huab tais Artaxerxes [III], tus vaj ntxwv ntawm cov vaj ntxwv, cov vaj ntxwv ntawm cov teb chaws, tus vaj ntxwv hauv ntiaj teb no, hais tias: Kuv yog huab tais tus tub Artaxerxes [II Mnemon]. Athaxawxi yog cov vajntxwv tus tub Darius [II Nothus]. Dali-a yog vajntxwv tus tub Artaxerxes [Kuv]. Athaxawxi yog vajntxwv Xerxes tus tub. Xerxes yog vajntxwv Dali-a tus tub [yog Tus Loj Tshaj]. Dali-e yog tug tub sau npe HystaspesCov. Hystaspes yog tus tub ntawm tus txiv neej npe Arsames, lub Achaemenid. " [V]

Daim ntawv ceeb toom cov cim bracketed [III] raws li qhov no yog kev txhais los ntawm txhais lus, raws li cov lus sau thiab tseem sau cov ntawv tseem tsis muab cov Vajntxwv rau lawv los ntawm cov vajntxwv dhau los. Nov yog ib qho ntxiv rau niaj hnub los ua kom paub cov cim tau yooj yim.

Rau cov tshuaj no A3P inscription thiaj li yuav to taub los nyeem “Tus poj vajntxwv Athaxawxi [IV], ib tus vaj ntxwv ntawm huab tais, huab tais ntawm lub teb chaws, tus vaj ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, hais tias: Kuv yog huab tais tus tub Artaxerxes [III] PebCov. Athaxawxi yog cov vajntxwv tus tub Darius [II Nothus]. Dali-a yog vajntxwv tus tub Artaxerxes [II Mnemon]Cov. Athaxawxi yog vajntxwv Xerxes tus tub. Xerxes yog vajntxwv Dali-a tus tub [Zoo Tshaj, kuj yog Longimanus]. Dali-e yog tug tub sau npe HystaspesCov. Hystaspes yog tus tub ntawm tus txiv neej npe Arsames, lub Achaemenid. "

Cov lus hauv qab no muab cov lus sib piv ntawm kev txhais ob qho tib si uas haum rau cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau.

Lus Pov Thawj - King Sau	Luag haujlwm	Txoj haujlwm los ntawm cov tshuaj no
Artaxerxes	III (Asses)	IV
Artaxerxes	II (Mnemon)	III (Asses)
Darius	II (Nos)	II (Nos)
Artaxerxes	Kuv (Longimanus)	Kuv (Mnemon)
Xerxes	I	I
Darius	I	Kuv (kuj yog Artaxerxes, Longimanus)

 

 

14.      Sanballat - Ib, Ob lossis Peb?

Sanballat lub Horonite tshwm nyob rau hauv phau Vajlugkub sau txog Nehemi 2:10 hauv 20^th Xyoo ntawm Artaxerxes, tam sim no tau txheeb xyuas hauv qhov kev daws teeb meem no yog Darius lub Great. Nehemi 13:28 qhia tias ib tug pov thawj ntawm Yauxiya tus tub Eliyas tus xeeb ntxwv yog tus tub hlob ntawm Sanballat lub Horonite. Qhov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim ib ntus tom qab Nehemi rov qab mus rau Artaxerxes (Darius the Great) hauv King's 32^nd xyoo. Tej zaum ob lossis peb xyoos tom qab.

Peb pom qee yam tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov tub Delaiah thiab Shelemiah hauv Elephantine Papyri nrog Jehohanan ua Pov Thawj.

Gleaning qhov tseeb los ntawm Elephantine Tuam Tsev Papyri peb pom hauv qab no.

“Rau Bagohi [Persian] tswv xeev Yudas, [los ntawm cov pov thawj uas nyob hauv Elephantine lub tsev huab tais. Vidranga, Tus Thawj [Tus Tswv xeev ntawm Iyiv thaum tsis muaj Arsames] hais tias, nyob rau hauv xyoo 14 ntawm King Darius [II?]: "Rhuav tshem lub Tuam Tsev YHW tus Vajtswv uas nyob hauv Elephantine fortress". Tus ncej thiab txuas ntawm Hewn Pob zeb, sawv sab qhov rooj, ntsia hlau txuas ntawm lub qhov rooj ntawd, cedarwood pob zeb, txhaws qhov cub lawv tau hlawv nrog hluav taws, kub thiab nyiaj qhov rooj tag. Cambyses [tus tub ntawm Cyrus] rhuav tshem lub tuam tsev Iyiv tab sis tsis yog YHW lub tuam tsev. Peb nrhiav kev tso cai los ntawm Yehohanan Tus Pov Thawj Hlob hauv Yeluxalees los tsim kho lub tuam tsev dua li thaum yav tas los ua kom muaj khoom fij, xyab, thiab hlawv xyeem rau saum lub thaj ntawm YHW tus Vajtswv. Peb kuj tau qhia Delaiah thiab Shelemiah cov tub ntawm Sanballat tus tswv xeev ntawm Xamalia. [hnub tim] 20 Marheshvan, xyoo 17 ntawm King Darius [II?]. ” [Cov cim cuab yeej qhia tau cov ntaub ntawv piav qhia rau lub hom phiaj].

"Ntxiv mus, txij lub hlis Tammuz, xyoo 14 ntawm Vajntxwv Dali-a thiab txog niaj hnub no peb hnav khaub hlab thiab yoo mov; peb cov poj niam raug ua los ua tus poj ntsuam (s); (peb) tsis pleev roj (peb tus kheej) nrog roj thiab tsis haus cawv. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd (lub sijhawm) thiab mus txog (hnub no) hnub, xyoo 17 ntawm Vajntxwv Dali-a. [vi]

Hauv kev daws teeb meem pom zoo, tus Vaj Ntxwv Darius ntawm Papyri yuav yuav yog Darius II, tsis ntev ua ntej lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Persian teb rau Alexander Great.

Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws, thiab uas haum rau cov uas paub qhov tseeb, yog tias muaj ob lub Sanballat li nram qab no:

• Sanballat [Kuv] - yog kev lees paub hauv Nehemi 2:10. Kev kwv yees hnub nyoog ze ntawm 35 hauv 20^th Xyoo Athaxawxi (Dali-a I) uas nws yog tus tswv xeev, nws yuav muaj hnub nyoog 50 xyoo Nehemi 13:28, kwv yees li lub 33^rd Xyoo ntawm Darius Kuv / Artaxerxes. Qhov no kuj tseem yuav tso nws ib leeg ntawm Joiada yog ib tus tub lawj xeeb ntawm Sanballat [Kuv] lub sijhawm no.
• Lub npe tsis muaj npe ntawm Sanballat - yog tias peb tso cai rau ib tus tub tsis muaj npe yug los rau Sanballat [Kuv] thaum muaj hnub nyoog 22, uas yuav tso cai rau Sanballat [II] yug rau tus tub tsis muaj npe thaum hnub nyoog 21/22.
• Sanballat [II] - yog kev lees paub hauv Phau Ntawv Sau Npe Hnub Qub rau 14^th xyoo thiab 17^th xyoo ntawm Dali-a.[vii] Noj Darius li Darius II qhov no yuav ua rau Sanballat [II] yuav tsum nyob rau hauv nws lub caij 60 lub xyoo 70 thaum lub sijhawm no thiab tuag tus neeg laus nyob ib puag ncig 82, 7 lub hlis mus rau Alexander lub Great Siege ntawm Tyre. Nws tseem yuav tso cai rau nws tus tub npe Delaiah thiab Shemeliah muaj hnub nyoog txaus (hauv lawv lub sijhawm 40 xyoo) kom tau txais txoj haujlwm ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm lawv txiv raws li cov ntawv sau qhia.

Tsis muaj qhov tseeb uas tus kws sau ntawv paub txog uas yuav cuam tshuam qhov kev hais daws no.

Qhov tseeb tau los ntawm ib tsab xov xwm muaj npe "Archaeology thiab cov ntawv hauv Persian zaus, Tsom rau Sanballat ” [viii], tab sis kev txhais tau raug tsis quav ntsej, thiab qee qhov tseeb muaj nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim daws teeb meem.

15.      Pov Thawj Kev Ntsiav Tshuaj Cuneiform - Puas yog nws tawm tsam txoj kev daws teeb meem no?

Tsis muaj qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj cuneiform rau Artaxerxes III, Artaxerxes IV, thiab Darius III. Peb yuav tsum cia siab rau cov neeg sau keeb kwm yav dhau los rau lawv qhov ntev kav. Raws li koj yuav pom los ntawm lub rooj dhau los, muaj ntau qhov ntev nrog tsis muaj pov thawj los txhawb ib qho ntawm lawv raws li muaj tseeb. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiav tshuaj cuneiform muab rau Artaxerxes I, II, thiab III tau ua tiav rau kev ua tiav raws li cov vaj ntxwv tsis tau suav rau hauv cov sijhawm Persian. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj kuj yog ib txwm ua nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus uas chronology ntawm Ptolemy yog qhov tseeb. Cov kws tshawb fawb, tsis paub txog qhov no, tom qab ntawd thov tias cov ntsiav tshuaj cuneiform paub meej txog cov keeb kwm ntawm Ptolemy, tsis tau qhov no yog qhov tsis meej lub voj kev xav.

Tus Vaj Ntxwv tus lej cim xws li I, II, III, IV, thiab lwm yam, yog qhov niaj hnub ntxiv los ua cov cim yooj yim dua.

Thaum lub sijhawm sau ntawv tus kws sau ntawv tsis paub txog ib qho pov thawj cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj no. Thov saib Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 1[ix] thiab Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2[X] Xav paub ntxiv.

 

xaus

Txoj kev daws teeb meem no tau tshuaj xyuas thiab tshawb xyuas xyoo kawg ntawm 70 lub xyoo. Nws tseem tau kuaj xyuas qhov pib xyoo ntawm xya kawg. Ua haujlwm rov qab los ntawm lub xyoo no pib rau tag nrho lub sijhawm tau tsim thiab xyoo rau kev xaus 7 lub xya thiab pib txij li ntawm 62 lub xyoo. Cov neeg sib tw txhawm rau tsim cov lus txib / lo lus / lossis tsab cai lij choj pib lub sijhawm 70 xyoo tau raug soj ntsuam thiab kev txiav txim siab raws li cov vaj lug kub tau kos. Tau tsim txoj plaub xyoos no, cov pov thawj ntxiv tau txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv cov qauv phiaj xwm no.

Hauv txoj kev ntawm kev taug kev ntev no peb tau pom muaj kev daws teeb meem rau tag nrho 13 qhov teeb meem loj raug suav, tsim los ntawm kev txhais lus uas twb muaj lawm.

Thaum lub sijhawm ua tiav (Tsib Hlis 2020) tus kws sau ntawv tsis quav ntsej, lossis pom lossis tau ceebtoom ntawm ib qho twg tseeb uas cuam tshuam qhov kev daws tau hais tawm. Qhov no tsis txhais tau tias tej zaum nws yuav tsis tas yuav ua kom zoo raws li lub sijhawm, tabsis qhov kev daws teebmeem tam sim no yog kev ua pov thawj dhau ntawm kev tsis ntseeg nyob rau tam sim no.

Txog kev daws qhov tseeb no, kev ntseeg ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv phau ntawv tau cia siab rau thiab thaum twg muaj peev xwm tau siv phau Vajlugkub los txhais lus rau nws tus kheej. Peb kuj tau saib cov ntsiab lus tseeb ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj tseeb uas haum rau cov nqe Vajlugkub uas tau tshwm sim, ntau dua li keeb kwm kev ntseeg raws li lub hauv paus thiab sim ua kom cov ntaub ntawv hauv phau ntawv rau nws.

Hauv kev ua li ntawd, cov laj thawj rau kev sib cais ntawm Mexiyas cov lus qhia rau hauv 7 lub Xya thiab 62 lub lis piam thiab ib nrab xya thiab xya ib nrab xya tau pom tag nrho. Qhov los yav tom ntej tseem tau txiav txim siab hauv nws phau ntawv qhia Biblical es tsis nyob ib leeg. Qhov no muab cov laj thawj ua vim li cas Daniyees tau muab cov lus qhia no thaum lub sijhawm nws nyob, hauv 1^st xyoo ntawm Darius lub Mede, namely:

• Yuav kom paub meej tias qhov kawg ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug
• Txhawm rau tos ntsoov tus Mexiyas
• Yuav ntxiv dag zog rau Danias txoj kev ntseeg vim tias nws yuav pom qhov pib ntawm lub sijhawm ua cov yaj saub tshiab no

Daniyee kuj paub txog 70 xyoo kev ua haujlwm hauv Npanpiloos, thiab 49 xyoo ntawm lub nroog Yeluxalees thiab lub Tuam Tsev raug puas tsuaj tag thiab tso xyoo Jubilee. Vim li no, 49 xyoo los tsim kho lub nroog Yeluxalees thiab lub Tuam Tsev Dua tshiab yuav tsum to taub los ntawm Daniyee, zoo li lub sijhawm tag nrho cov lus faj lem ntawm 70 lub sijhawm loj kom txog rau thaum lub sijhawm kawg rau cov neeg Yudais muaj sijhawm los rhuav tshem lawv cov kev txhaum.

Lub sijhawm sijhawm ntawm Ezra rov qab thiab rov qab ua haujlwm ntawm Levitical lub luag haujlwm thiab kev txi tom qab ua tiav hauv lub Tuam Tsev tam sim no tseem ua rau kev nkag siab, nrog rau ntau yam ntxiv.

Cov nyeem kuj tseem yuav xav tsis thoob yog tias txoj kev daws teeb meem no ua teeb meem rau cov lus xaus kos hauv koob "Lus ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Los ntawm Lub Sij Hawm"[xi], uas hais txog cov xwm txheej thiab cov yaj saub hais txog qhov raug ntiab tawm mus rau Npanpiloos. Tus teb hais tias nws hloov pauv tsis muaj leej twg ntawm cov lus xaus kos. Tib qho kev hloov pauv uas yuav xav tau yog los kho cov xyoo tau hais nyob hauv Julian Calendar los ntawm kev txo qis los ntawm 82 xyoo, hloov 539 BC mus rau 456 BC lossis 455 BC, thiab tag nrho lwm qhov los ntawm tib cov nyiaj hloov kho.

Cov kev nkag siab ntawm tus Mexiyas cov lus qhia tseem ua haujlwm rau kev lees paub qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm "Ib Qhov Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Los ntawm Lub Sij Hawm ”. Uas yog, uas txhais Danias cov lus piav qhia txog Nebuchadnezzar zaj npau suav ntawm xya lub sijhawm tias muaj qhov ua tiav loj dua tsis tau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pib hnub 607 BC lossis hnub kawg ntawm xyoo 1914 AD.

Thaum kawg thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua tiav. Uas yog, qhov kev daws teeb meem tau pom zoo thiab muab pov thawj tias Yexus yeej yog tus Mexiyas tau cog lus los ntawm Danias cov lus los ntawm Daniyees 9: 24-27.

 

 

 

 

Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 1 - Cuneiform Pov Thawj Muaj rau Persian Vaj

 

Qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no yog Babylonian Chronology 626 BC - AD75 los ntawm Richard A. Parker thiab Waldo H Dubberstein 1956 (4^th Luam Ntawv 1975). Cov ntawv luam online muaj nyob ntawm:  https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/babylon/downloads/babylonian_chronology_pd_1956.pdf

 

Nplooj 14-19 ntawm Phau Ntawv, nplooj 28-33 ntawm pdf

Sau ntawv:

Kev sib tham hnub sib ntsib yog: Hli (Roman cov lej) / Hnub / Xyoo.

Acc = Xyoo Kawm Ntxiv, ie Xyoo 0.

? = nyeem tsis tau los sis ploj lawm los sis yuav muaj lus nug.

VI₂ = 2^nd lub hli 6, lub hli sib law liag (hli lub hli hnub hli hli)

 

Cyrus

Thawj: VII / 16 / Acc Npanpiloos ntog (Nabunaid Chronicle)

Xeem: V / 23/9 Borsippa (VAS V 42)

Cambyses

                Ua ntej: VI / 12 / Acc Npanpiloos (Strassmaier, Cambyses, Zauv 1)

                Xeem: I / 23/8 Shahrinu (Stassmaier, Cambyses, Tsis muaj. 409)

Bardiya

                Ua ntej: XII / 14 / ?? Behistun inscription kab 11 (los ntawm Darius Kuv)

                Kawg: VII / 10 / ?? Behistun inscription kab 13 (los ntawm Darius Kuv)

 

Dali Kuv

                Ua ntej: XI / 20 / Acc Sippar (Strassmaier, Darius, Tsis muaj. 1)

                Kawg: VII / 17 lossis 27/36 Borsippa (V AS IV 180) Ib

Xerxes

                Ua ntej: VIII lossis XII / 22 / Acc Borsippa (V AS V 117)

                Xeem: V / 14? - 18? / 21 BM32234

Artaxerxes Kuv

                Ua ntej: III / - / 1 PT 4 441 [Cameron]

                Xeem: XI / 17/41 Tarbaaa (Av nplaum, BE IX 109)

Dali II

                Ua ntej: XI / 4 / acc Npanpiloos (Av nplaum, BE X 1)

Xeem: VI₂/ 2/16 Ur (Figulla, UA IV 93) Ib

Tsis muaj cov ntsiav tshuaj rau yrs 17-19 ntawm Darius II

Artaxerxes II

                                                Tsis muaj Ntsuas Tshuaj rau kev nkag tau ntawm Artaxerxes II

Thawj: II / 25/1 Ur (Figulla, UET IV 60) Ib

 

Kawg: VIII / 10/46? Npanpiloo (V AS VI 186; xyoo tooj ua puas ib nyuag tab sis nyeem raws li "46" los ntawm Arthur Ungad)

Artaxerxes III II

Tsis muaj qhov tshiab cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj

Asses / Artaxerxes IV

Tsis muaj qhov tshiab cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj

Dali III

Tsis muaj qhov tshiab cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj

Cov pov thawj Cuneiform rau 5yrs hauv Babylonia

Ptolemaic Canon 4 Xyoo Kev Cai Hauv Egypt

 

 

 

Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 - Egypt Chronology rau lub sijhawm Achaemenid [Medo-Persian] Sijhawm

Tab sis muaj, ib qho ntawm lub xaim sib dhos uas tau tawm mus txog thaum kawg. Qhov laj thawj nws tau muab tso cia mus txog qhov kawg yog qhov teeb meem ntawm Pawxia txoj cai tswj hwm tebchaws Iziv tsis raug kov hauv cov vaj lug kub.

Tom qab ib tug txiav txim siab lub sij hawm siv nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb qhov xaus yog hais tias muaj tseem heev ob peb nyuaj cov lus tseeb rau yos lub Persian txoj cai tshaj tim lyiv teb chaws los yog muaj tseeb ib lub zos Pharoah lub. Feem ntau ntawm cov hnub muab rau cov Persian satraps ua tus kav sawv cev rau Persian tsoom huab tais, yog raws li Ptolemaic chronology ntawm Persian Vaj es tsis hais papyri lossis cuneiform xa mus. Tib yam nkaus muaj tseeb nrog cov Vaj / Pharoah tus neeg Iyiv Dynasties ntawm 28 leej^th, 29^th thiab 30^th.

Persian ntawv nyeem

• Aryandes: - Tsim los ntawm Xyoo 5 ntawm Cambyses II txog Rau Xyoo 1 ntawm Darius Kuv.
• Aryandes: - Rov tham dua los ntawm Darius Kuv nyob hauv nws 5^th

Kav kom txog rau thaum Xyoo 27 ntawm Darius Kuv?

• Pheredates: - Kav rau 11 xyoo?

Los Ntawm Xyoo 28? ntawm Darius Kuv Txog Xyoo 18? ntawm Xerxes Kuv (= Darius Kuv, 36 +2 xyoo)?

• Achaemenes: - Tswj rau 27 xyoo?

Ntawm 19^th - 21^st ntawm Xerxes? thiab 1^st - 24^th xyoo Artaxerxes [II]?

• Arsames: - Rho tau 40 xyoo?

Ntawm 25^th Artaxerxes [II] txog 3^rd Xyoo Artaxerxes IV?

Tawm ntawm tag nrho cov hnub tim, tsuas yog cov ntawd kos kab hauv qab yog tej yam. Cov ntawv sau hnub / Datable yog qhov ntshai ntawm lub sijhawm no. Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv Persian Satrapies nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab Egypt nyob rau hauv kev tshwj xeeb saib

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-satrapies hauv qab 5, 5.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.3.

 

Pharaonic Dynasty 27

Cov lus qhia raws sij hawm ntiaj teb muaj nyob ntawm no: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Timeline_of_the_27th_Dynasty_(Achaemenid_Pharaohs_only).

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv qab no yuav tsum tau sau tseg:

• Tsuas yog Cambyses II thiab Darius Kuv paub kom muaj cov npe zwm txwv, ua Mesutire thiab Stutre feem.
• Txoj cai ntawm txhua tus huab tais Persian tshaj Tim lyiv teb chaws yog ua raws li lub ntiaj teb Persian Chronology uas nyob rau hauv lem yog raws li cov keeb kwm ntawm Ptolemy sau nyob rau hauv lub 2^nd Xyoo AD. Vim tias cov lus pom zoo hais daws nyob hauv cov txheej xwm no, qhov no kuj tseem yuav ua rau cov hnub tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Persia cov neeg kav tebchaws hauv tebchaws Iziv kuj tsis raug. Muab hais tias muaj me me lossis tsis muaj pov thawj xav tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov kev tshwm sim synchronism qhov no ua rau tsis muaj teeb meem rau cov kev daws teeb meem. Li no cov sijhawm ntiaj teb rau Persian txoj cai hla tebchaws Iziv yuav tsum muaj qhov tsis yog thiab tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kho kho raws li kev daws rau lub sijhawm thiab sijhawm ntawm cov vajntxwv cov neeg Persian tshaj Persia.
• Cov npe muaj tag nrho cov Persian vaj los ntawm Cambyses II txog Darius II thiab tseem suav nrog cov neeg ntxeev siab Petubastis III thaum thawj peb lub xyoos ntawm txoj cai Darius I thiab Psamtik IV thaum lub sijhawm Xerxes.
• Muaj hieroglyphic pov thawj rau Darius (I) hauv nws 4^th xyoo, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntawv sau ntim nws lub npe, tab sis tsis tau sau hnub tim.[xii]
• Muaj cov hieroglyphic inscriptions rau Xerxes rau nws xyoo 2-13.[xiii]
• Muaj hieroglyphic inscriptions rau secular Artaxerxes I, cov tshuaj no, Artaxerxes II. [xiv]
• Tsis muaj hieroglyphic khoom siv ntawm Darius II lossis secular Artaxerxes II, cov tshuaj no, Artaxerxes III.
• Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tseeb ntawm Dali (I) yog nws Lub Xyoo 35.[xv]
• Lwm yam tshaj li qhov tau hais txog Elephantine papyri rau Darius (II) tau sib tham hauv Sanballat, tsis muaj lwm yam pov thawj papyri tus sau tau muaj peev xwm nrhiav thiab tau txheeb xyuas.

 

Cov Phaib Cov Phaub Iyiv 28, 29, 30[xvi]

Dynasty	Pharoah	Xaiv
28th
	Amyrteos	6 xyoo
29th
	Neeg Yug Kuv	6 xyoo
	Psammouthis	1 xyoo
	Achoris	13 xyoo
	Nepherites II	4 lub hlis
30th	(ib Eusebius)
	Nectanebes (kuv)	10 xyoo
	Teos	2 xyoo
	Nectanebus (II)	8 xyoo

 

Cov lus no nyob ntawm Manetho cov npe raws li tau khaws cia los ntawm Eusebius.

Muab cov tsis txaus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg lossis cov ntawv sau thiab tias muaj qhov khoob ntawm cov dynasties no, thiab tias cov dynasties no tsuas yog kav qis dua tim lyiv teb chaws (Nile Delta, lossis ib feem ntawm nws), qhov no tso cai rau lawv los zwm nrog rau txhua tus Persian Satraps txiav txim siab dua Upper Tim lyiv teb chaws suav nrog Memphis thiab Karnak, thiab lwm yam Nws kuj txhais tau tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov lus tsis sib xws ntawm kev daws teeb meem rau cov kev daws teeb meem rov kav ntev dua, thiab lwm yam ntawm Cov Neeg Persian. Yuav tsum muaj pov thawj tshiab ntawm cov lus tseeb ntxiv rau tus neeg sau ntawv ces ntu no yuav rov ntsuas dua. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb, tus kws sau ntawv hais txog papyri nrog nom xyoo thiab tus Vaj Ntxwv lub npe, lossis cov cuneiform ntsiav tshuaj lossis cov ntawv sau tau muab cov Persian King thiab xyoo ntawm King tus kav, nrog cov ntaub ntawv synchronistic uas tuaj yeem sib phim, lossis tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb.

Los ntawm cov piv txwv, cov ntxhw Papyri cov tsiaj ntawv muaj hnub nyoog Darius xyoo 5, xyoo 14 thiab xyoo 17, thiab Jehohanan (Cov Neeg Yudais Tus Pov Thawj Hlob) tom qab Nehemi tuag. Qhov no yuav ua rau lawv zoo li yuav nyob rau hauv txoj kev kav ntawm Darius II, cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no tso cai rau Darius II txiav txim siab rau Elephantine, Sab Hnub Tim Egypt, (Aswan-niaj hnub, nyob ze lub pas dej tauv).

 

[I] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius

[Ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus

[Iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy

[Iv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi

[V] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a3pa/ thiab

Herbert Cushing Tolman, xyoo 1908. p.42-43 ntawm phau ntawv (tsis yog pdf) Muaj Kev Sau Ntawv thiab Kev Txhais Lus. https://archive.org/details/cu31924026893150/page/n10/mode/2up

[vi] Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Vaj Lug Kub, Bezalel Porten, COS 3.51, 2003 AD

[vii] Cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxiv thiab cov duab ntawm Tus Ntxhw Ntxhw Muaj nyob ntawm no https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm#four.

Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau ntawv tsis lees txais cov hnub tau muab rau ntawd, uas yog lub vev xaib tus kws sau ntawv txhais lus, tshwj xeeb yog saib ntawm txhua phau Vajluskub thiab lwm cov pov thawj tau hais hauv no. Cov ntaub ntawv muaj tseeb txawm li cas los tuaj yeem muab rho tawm thiab siv los muab cov duab zoo dua nyob rau lub sijhawm no thiab kuaj xyuas yog tias muaj qhov tseeb cuam tshuam nrog cov kev daws teeb meem, uas tsis muaj.

[viii]  https://www.academia.edu/9821128/Archaeology_and_Texts_in_the_Persian_Period_Focus_on_Sanballat

[ix] Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 1 - Cuneiform Pov Thawj Muaj rau Persian Vaj

[X] Daim Ntawv Ntxiv 2 - Egypt Chronology rau lub sijhawm Achaemenid [Medo-Persian] Sijhawm

[xi] https://beroeans.net/2019/06/12/a-journey-of-discovery-through-time-an-introduction-part-1/

[xii] Rau qhov siv ntawm cov npe pom https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/darius.html

[xiii] Rau qhov siv ntawm cov npe pom https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/xerxesi.html

[xiv] Rau qhov siv ntawm cov npe pom https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/artaxerxesi.html

[xv] Hermopolis Papyri: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/107318/preater_1.pdf?sequence=1

[xvi] Raws li Eusebius version ntawm Manetho: http://antikforever.com/Egypte/Divers/Manethon.htm