Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Talyaaniga (1891-1976)

waxaa qoray Maria G. Buscema

Arrinta Koowaad ee La Vedetta di Sion, Oktoobar 1, 1903,
Daabacaadda Talyaaniga Zion's Watch Tower

Dhaqdhaqaaqyada diimeed ee cusub ee ka imanaya Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, oo leh qiyaastii 8.6 milyan oo raacsan adduunka iyo ilaa 250,000 oo raacsan Talyaaniga. Si firfircoon uga shaqeynayay Talyaaniga illaa horaantii qarnigii labaatanaad, dhaqdhaqaaqa waxaa hor istaagay howlaheeda dowladda fashiistaha ah; laakiin ka dib guushii xulafada iyo natiijada ka soo baxday Sharciga Juun 18, 1949, maya. 385, oo ansaxisay Heshiiska Saaxiibtinimada, Ganacsiga iyo Navigation ee u dhexeeya dowladda Mareykanka iyo tan Alcide De Gasperi, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, sida hay'adaha kale ee aan kaatooligga ahayn, waxay heleen aqoonsi sharciyeed oo ah hay'ado sharci oo fadhigoodu yahay Mareykanka.

1. Asalka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (Ita. Taageerayaasha Yehowah, wixii hada ka dambeeya JW), madaahibta diinta Masiixiga, kunka sano iyo dib u soo celinta, ama "primitivist", waxay ku qancisay in diinta kiristaanka ay tahay in lagu soo celiyo khadadka waxa laga ogyahay kaniisadii hore ee rasuullada, taariikhdu markay ahayd 1879, markii Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916) , ganacsade reer Pittsburgh ah, ka dib markii uu ka qayb galay Second Adventists, wuxuu bilaabay daabacaadda majaladda Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Jiritaanka Masiixa bishii Luulyo ee sanadkaas. Wuxuu aasaasay 1884 Zion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] lagu daro Pennsylvania, oo ahayd 1896-kii Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. ama Bulshada 'Watchtower' (oo JWs ay si caan ah ugu yeeraan "Bulshada" ama "Ururka Rabbiga"), waa hay'adda ugu weyn ee sharciga ah ee ay adeegsadaan hoggaanka JW si ay ugu ballaariyaan shaqada adduunka oo idil.[2] Toban sano gudahood, kooxdii barashada Kitaabka Qudduuska ahayd, oo markii hore aan lahayn magac cayiman (si looga fogaado urur diimeed waxay doorbidi doonaan kuwa "Masiixiyiinta ah" ee fudud), ka dibna waxay isku magacaabeen "Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah", way koreen, taasoo keentay tobanaan ururro ah oo ahaa oo ay soo saartay suugaan diimeed oo ay soo saartay Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, oo 1909-kii u guurtay xaruntiisa Brooklyn, New York, halka maanta ay ku taallo Warwick, New York. Magaca “Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah” waxaa qaatay 1931 kii oo uu beddelay Russell, Joseph Franklin Rutherford.[3]

JWs waxay ku andacoodaan inay ku saleynayaan caqiidadooda Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, iyaga ayaga ah ereyga loo waxyooday oo aan sinnayn ee Rabbiga. Fiqiga waxay ka mid yihiin caqiidada "muujinta horusocodka" taas oo u oggolaanaysa hoggaanka, Guddiga Xukunka, inay beddelaan tarjumaadaha iyo caqiidooyinka baybalka.[4] Tusaale ahaan, JW-yada waxaa loo yaqaan millennialism iyo wacdinta dhammaadka soo socda ee guri ilaa guri. (wuxuu ku dhawaaqayaa joornaalada Taageerayaasha, Toos!, buugaag ay daabacdo bulshada 'Watchtower' iyo maqaallo iyo fiidiyowyo lagu daabacay websaydhka rasmiga ah ee ururka, jw.org, iwm.), sannado badanna waxay ku guuleysteen in "nidaamka jira" uu dhammaan doono ka hor dhammaan xubnaha jiilka oo nool 1914 wuu dhintay. dhammaadka, oo lagu calaamadeeyay dagaalkii Armageddoon, weli wuu dhow yahay, mana sii sheeganayo inuu ku dhici doono sannadka 1914.[5] iyaga ku riixaya inay si gooni ah uga soocnaadaan qaab diimeed bulshada ka soo jeeda burburka Armagedon, iyagu waa ka soo horjeedka saddex-geesinimada, shardiyeyaasha (kuma qancinayaan dhimasha la'aanta nafta), ma ilaaliyaan ciidaha Masiixiyiinta, daryeelka asalka jaahilka, iyo u yeelo nuxurka badbaadada magaca ilaahay, “Rabbiga” In kasta oo ay jiraan waxyaabo gaar ah, inkabadan 8.6 milyan oo JWs ah oo adduunka ah ma awoodo s looma kala saari karo diin Mareykan ah.

Sida uu sharaxay prof. Mr. James Penton,

Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxay ka kaceen deegaan diimeed dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaalaad ee Protestantism-ka Mareykanka In kasta oo ay u muuqan karaan inay si weyn uga duwan yihiin Mudaharaadka guud isla markaana ay diidaan caqiidooyinka aasaasiga ah ee kaniisadaha waaweyn, haddana macno ahaan waxay yihiin dhaxalka Mareykanka ee Adventism, dhaqdhaqaaqyada nebiyadeed ee qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad ee Ingiriiska iyo Evangelicalism, iyo millenarianism-ka labadaba toddoba iyo tobnaad qarnigii Anglicanism iyo Ingriiska Protestant nonconformity. Xaqiiqdii, wax aad u yar ayaa ka jira nidaamkooda caqiido ee ka baxsan dhaqanka ballaaran ee Anglo-American Protestant, in kasta oo ay jiraan fikrado gaar ah oo ay ku hayaan waxyaabo badan oo ay wadaagaan Katooliga marka loo eego Protestantism. Hadday siyaabo badan u gaar yihiin - sida ay shaki la’aan yihiin - waa sababta oo ah iskudhafyada fiqi ahaaneed ee gaarka ah iyo ka dhawaajinta caqiidooyinkooda halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd cusboonaysiinta.[6]

Faafitaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa adduunka oo dhan wuxuu raaci doonaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada ku xiran qayb ahaan howlaha adeegayaasha, laakiin qayb ahaan dhacdooyinka siyaasadeed ee ugu weyn adduunka, sida Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka iyo guushii xulafada. Tani waa kiiska Talyaaniga, xitaa haddii kooxdu joogtay ilaa horaantii qarnigii labaatanaad.

2. Waxyaabaha ay ka kooban tahay asalka JWs ee Talyaaniga ayaa ah in horumarkooda ay kor u qaadeen shakhsiyaad ka baxsan Bulshada Watch Tower. Aasaasihii, Charles T. Russell, wuxuu yimid Talyaaniga 1891 xilli uu socdaal ku marayay Yurub, sida ay sheegeen hogaamiyaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa, wuxuu ku joogsan lahaa Pinerolo, dooxooyinka Waldensia, kicinta xiisaha Daniele Rivoir, oo ah macalin Ingiriis ah Iimaanka Waldensia. Laakiin jiritaanka joogsiga Pinerolo - taas oo u muuqata inay xaqiijinayso aragtida ah in hoggaanka Mareykanka, sida qirashooyinka kale ee Mareykanka, ay dhibbane u noqdeen "khuraafaadka Waldensia", taas oo ah, aragtida u noqotay been abuur sida ay tahay way fududahay in Waldensians loo beddelo Talyaaniga halkii laga beddeli lahaa Katoolig, iyadoo xoogga la saaray hawlgalladooda agagaarka Pinerolo iyo magaalada Torre Pellice -,[7] waxaa la weydiiyaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo baaritaanka dukumiintiyada waqtiga la xiriira safarka wadaadka ee Yurub 1891 (oo ku xusan Brindisi, Naples, Pompeii, Rome, Florence, Venice iyo Milan, laakiin ma ahan Pinerolo iyo xitaa Turin),[8] iyo sidoo kale safaradii ku xigay ee xiisaynayay Talyaaniga (1910 iyo 1912) kuma soo bandhigaan meerisyada Pinerolo ama Turin, iyagoo ah dhaqan afka ah oo aan ku saleysneyn dokumenti, hase yeeshee, waxaa taariikh rasmi ah ka dhigay taariikhyahan, iyo odayga JWs, Paolo Piccioli maqaal la daabacay sanadkii 2000 ee Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (ka Daabacaadda Bulshada Daraasaadka Waldensia), joornaal taariikhi ah oo Protestant ah, iyo qoraallo kale, oo ay daabaceen labada Watchtower iyo daabacayaasha ka baxsan dhaqdhaqaaqa.[9]

Xaqiiqdii Rivoir, iyada oo loo marayo Adolf Erwin Weber, oo ah wacdiye reer Russel ah oo horena u ahaa wadaad beeraley ah, oo ku faraxsan xiisaha millenari ee Russell laakiin aan rabin inuu dhaho iimaanka Waldensian, wuxuu heli doonaa rukhsad uu ku turjumo qoraallada, iyo 1903 muggii ugu horreeyay ee Russell Daraasado ku saabsan Qorniinka, ie Il Divin Piano delle Età (Qorshaha Rabbaaniga ah ee Da'da), halka sanadkii 1904-tii ay ahayd arrintii ugu horreysay ee Talyaani ee Zion's Watch Tower la sii daayay, oo cinwaankiisu yahay La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza di Cristo, ama si fudud La Vedetta di Sion, oo loogu qaybiyey goobaha wargeysyada maxalliga ah.[10]

Sannadkii 1908dii shirkii ugu horreeyay ayaa laga sameeyay Pinerolo, waxaana la siiyay in maareynta adag ee maanta aysan ka dhex jirin xoogagga ka tirsan laamaha Watchtower - sida ku cad milicsiga qaarkood ee "Wadaadka" Russell -,[11] Talyaanigu wuxuu isticmaali doonaa magaca “Ardayda Kitaabka Qudduuska ah” keliya laga bilaabo 1915 iyo wixii ka dambeeya. Arimaha ugu horeeya ee La Vedetta di Sion, la-hawlgalayaashii Talyaanigu ee Watch Tower waxay adeegsadeen, inay ku aqoonsadaan walaaltinimadooda, magacyo aan caddayn oo leh dhadhan cad oo ah “primitivist” oo la jaanqaadaya qoraalladii Russia ee 1882-1884 oo u arkay koox diimeed inay tahay qowmiyad diimeed, magacyo sida “Kaniisad” , "Kaniisada Masiixiyiinta", "Kaniisadda xero yar iyo Mu'miniinta" ama, xitaa, "Kaniisadda Evangelical".[12] Sanadkii 1808, Clara Lanteret, oo ku taal Chantelain (carmalka), warqad dheer waxay ku qeexday la-hawlgalayaasha Talyaaniga ee Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, ee ay ka tirsanayd, inay yihiin "Akhristayaasha AURORA iyo TORRE". Wuxuu qoray: “Ilaahay dhammaanteen ha inna siiyo waji furnaan iyo furfurnaan markhaatigayaga runta jirta iyo inaan si farxad leh u soo bandhigno calankeenna. Ha siiyo dhammaan akhristayaasha Dawn iyo Tawar inay si aan kala go 'lahayn ugu farxaan Rabbiga oo raba farxadeennu inay kaamil noqoto oo aanu u oggolaan cidna inay naga qaadato.[13] Laba sano ka dib, 1910, warqad dheer oo dheer, Lanteret wuxuu ku hadlay oo keliya ereyo aan caddayn oo ah "Wadaadka" fariinta Russell oo ah "iftiin" ama "runta qaaliga ah": "Waxaan ku faraxsanahay inaan ku dhawaaqo in wadaad waayeel ah oo muddo dheer hawlgab ahaa Baabtiisaha , Mudane M., kadib wada hadalo isdaba joog ah oo aan la yeelanay labadeenna (Fanny Lugli iyo I) waxaan si buuxda u galaynaa iftiinka waxaanna si farxad leh u aqbalnay runta qaaliga ah ee Eebbe u arkay inay ku habboon tahay inuu inoo muujiyo addoonkiisii ​​qaaliga ahaa ee aaminka ahaa Russell ”[14] Isla sannadkaas, warqad istiqaalad ah oo ay qortay May 1910 afar xubnood oo ka tirsan kaniisada Waldensian Evangelical Church, kuwaas oo kala ah Henriette Bounous, Francois Soulier, Henry Bouchard iyo Luoise Vincon Rivoir, midna, marka laga reebo Bouchard oo adeegsaday ereyga "Kaniisadda Masiixa", ma uusan adeegsan wax magac ah si uu u qeexo mad-habta cusub ee Masiixiyiinta, iyo sidoo kale Qunsuliyadda Kaniisadda Waldensian, isagoo tixgelinaya goosashada ka soo baxda jameecada Waldensian ee kooxdii taageertay caqiidooyinka millatariga ee "Wadaadka" Russell, ma isticmaalin midna madaahibta saxda ah ee xukunka, xitaa iyaga oo ku wareerinaya iyaga iyo xubno kaniisado kale ah. ” kaniisadda si uu ugu biiro Darbysti, ama inuu helo firqo cusub. (…) In kasta oo Louise Vincon Rivoire ay ugu gudubtay Baabtiisayaasha qaab qeexan “.[15] Mudaaharaadayaasha Kaniisadda Katooligga waxay isku qaldin doonaan kuwa raacsan Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, illaa bilowgii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, oo ay la galeen Protestantism ama Valdism[16] ama, sida qaar ka mid ah xilliyadii Waldensia, oo fursad siin doona dhaqdhaqaaqa, iyada oo hoggaamiyahooda, Charles Taze Russell, oo riixaya 1916 wakiillada Talyaaniga, warqad-yare, si ay isugu muujiyaan "Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici".[17]

Sannadkii 1914-kii kooxdu way dhibaatoobi doontaa - sida dhammaan bulshada Ruushka ee dunida - niyad jab ku ah ku guuldareysiga afduubka jannada, taas oo horseedi doonta dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo gaadhay illaa afartan taageerayaal ah oo inta badan ku urursan dooxooyinka Waldensia, si ay uga soo degaan oo keliya shan iyo toban xubnood. Xaqiiqdii, sida lagu soo sheegay Buugga Sannadka ee 1983 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (1983 Edition Ingiriis):

Sannadkii 1914 qaar ka mid ah Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah, sida loogu yeeri jiray Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, ayaa laga filayey "in daruuraha lagu qaado iyagoo Rabbiga hawada la kulmi doona" waxayna rumaysnaayeen in shaqadoodii wacdiga ahayd ee dunidu dhammaatay. (1 Tesaloniika 4:17) Xisaab jirta ayaa sheegeysa: “Maalin maalmaha ka mid ah, qaar ka mid ah waxay aadeen meel cidlo ah si ay u sugaan dhacdada. Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii aysan waxba dhicin, waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay dib ugu laabtaan guryahooda iyagoo aad u niyad hooseeya. Sidaas darteed, qaar ka mid ah kuwan ayaa iimaanka ka dhacay.

Qiyaastii 15 qof ayaa weli aamin ah, oo sii wada ka-qaybgalka shirarka iyo barashada daabacaadda Jaaliyadda. Walaal Remigio Cuminetti oo ka faalloonaya muddadaas wuxuu yiri: "Halkii aan ka filaneynay taajkii ammaanta, waxaan helnay kabo buudh ah oo adag oo aan hawsha wacdiga ku sii wadanno."[18]

Kooxdu waxay u boodi doontaa cinwaannada maxaa yeelay mid ka mid ah kuwa diidmada damiirka leh ee sababa diimeed awgood Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, Remigio Cuminetti, wuxuu ahaa raacsane Watchtower. Cuminetti, oo ku dhashay Piscina, oo u dhow Pinerolo, oo ku taal gobolka Turin, wuxuu muujiyay "cibaado diineed oo xamaasad leh" markii uu wiil ahaa, laakiin markii uu akhriyay shaqada Charles Taze Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età, wuxuu helaa cabir ahaan ruuxi ah oo dhab ah, oo isagu si aan micne lahayn u raadiyey "dhaqamada dacwada" ee kaniisadda Rome.[19] Kala soocida Katooliga ayaa u horseeday inuu ku biiro Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah ee Pinerolo, sidaas darteedna wuxuu bilaabay jidkiisa gaarka ah ee wacdinta.

Markii uu dillaacay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, Remigio wuxuu ka shaqeeyey xariijinta isku imaatinka aqoon isweydaarsiga Riv, ee Villar Perosa, ee gobolka Turin. Shirkadda, oo soo saarta badeecadaha, dowladda Talyaaniga ayaa ku dhawaaqday inay tahay kaaliye dagaal, sidaas darteedna, Martellini ayaa qortay, "militariga shaqaalaha" waxaa lagu soo rogay: "shaqaalaha waxaa (…) loo xiray jijin ay la socoto aqoonsiga Talyaani Talyaani oo si wax ku ool ah u cuna-qabateeya hoosaadyadooda maamul ee millatariga, laakiin isla markaasna waxaa la siiyaa ka-dhaafitaan joogto ah oo ku saabsan adeegga milateri ee firfircoon ”.[20] Dhallinyaro badan tani waa faa'iido faa'iido leh oo looga baxsan karo xagga hore, laakiin maahan Cuminetti oo, u hoggaansamaya tilmaamaha kitaabiga ah, ogyahay inuusan u baahnayn inuu iskaashi la yeesho, nooc kasta ha ahaadee, diyaarinta dagaalka. Ardayga yar ee Kitaabka Quduuska ahi wuxuu markaa go'aansaday inuu iscasilo, isla markiiba, dhawr bilood ka dib, wuxuu helaa kaarka amarrada ee uu ugu aado xagga hore.

Diidmada inuu xirto labiska wuxuu u furayaa maxkamadda Cuminetti maxkamadda militariga ee Alexandria, taasoo - sida uu qoray Alberto Bertone - qoraalka xukunku wuxuu si cad u sheegayaa tixraaca "sababaha damiirka ee uu diiday qofka diiddan:" Wuu diiday, isagoo leh Rumaysadka Masiixu wuxuu aasaas u yahay nabadda dadka dhexdiisa, walaaltinimo caalami ah, taas oo (as) oo ah rumaysad ku kalsoon iimaankaas uusan kari karin oo uusan rabin inuu xirto labis astaan ​​u ah dagaalka waana dilka walaalaha ( sida uu ugu yeeray cadawga aabaha)).[21] Xukunka ka dib, sheekada aadanaha ee Cuminetti waxay ogtahay "booqashooyinkii caadiga ahaa ee xabsiyada" ee Gaeta, Regina Coeli iyo Piacenza, shaqo gelinta magangalyada Reggio Emilia iyo iskudayo badan oo lagu yareynayo adeecidiisa, ka dib taas, waxay go'aansatay inay "gasho kooxda caafimaadka ee militariga oo ah kuwa xamuulka qaada,[22] sameynta xaqiiqda waxa, markii dambe, laga mamnuuci doono JW kasta oo da 'yar, ama adeeg beddel u ah militariga - iyo in la siiyo billad qalin ah oo uu ku muteysto geesinimo milatari, taas oo Cuminetti uu diiday inuu tan oo dhan u sameeyo "jacaylka Masiixiyiinta" -, taas oo markaa kadib waa mamnuuc ilaa 1995. Dagaalki kadib, Cuminetti wuxuu dib u bilaabay wacdinta, laakiin markuu soo ifbaxay faashiisnimada, Markhaatiga Yehowah, oo la hoos galiyay feejignaanta dadaalka OVRA, waxaa lagu qasbay inuu ku shaqeeyo nidaam qarsoodi ah. Wuxuu ku dhintay magaalada Turin taariikhdu markay ahayd Janaayo 18, 1939.

3. 1920-yadii, shaqadii talyaanigu waxay heshay dhiirigelin cusub oo ka timid gurigii ay ku laabanayeen muhaajiriin fara badan oo ku soo biiray cibaadada Mareykanka, iyo bulshooyinka yaryar ee JWs waxay ku fideen gobollo kala duwan sida Sondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara iyo Teramo, si kastaba ha noqotee, sidii sanadkii 1914, niyad jabkii la xiriiray 1925, shaqadu waxay mareysaa hoos u dhac hor leh.[23]

Intii lagu guda jiray Fascism, xitaa nooca farriinta lagu wacdiyay, kuwa rumaysan cibaadada (sida kuwa qirashooyinka kale ee aan kaatoolig ahayn) waa la silciyey. Taliskii Mussolini wuxuu tixgeliyey kuwa raacsan Ururka Watchtower oo ka mid ah "xagjirnimada ugu halista badan."[24] Laakiin ma ahayn wax gaar ah oo Talyaani ah: sanadaha Rutherford waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay oo keliya qaadashada magaca "markhaatiyaasha Yehowah", laakiin soo bandhigidda qaab abaabul nidaamsan iyo jaangooyooyinka ku dhaqanka ee jameecooyinka kala duwan ee wali ku jira xoogga - oo loogu yeeray "Theocracy" -, iyo sidoo kale xiisad sii kordheysa oo udhaxeysa Watch Tower Society iyo adduunka ku xeeran, taas oo u horseedi doonta firqooyinka in lagu dhibaateeyo oo kaliya dowladaha Fasistiga iyo Hantiwadaagga Qaranka, laakiin sidoo kale kuwa Marxist iyo Liberal Democratic.[25]

Marka laga hadlayo cadaadiskii Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee kalidii taliskii faashiistiga ahaa ee Benito Mussolini, Jaaliyadda Watch, the Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, ee bogga 162 ee daabacaadda Talyaaniga, waxaa lagu sheegay in "qaar ka mid ah dadka raacsan wadaadada Katooligga ay si wax ku ool ah uga qayb qaateen sidii loo sii deyn lahaa cadaadiskii fashiistaha ahaa ee ka dhanka ahaa markhaatiyaashii Rabbiga." Laakiin taariikhyahan Giorgio Rochat, oo ah caqiidada Protestant iyo caan ku ah ka-hortagga fascist, wuxuu soo tebinayaa:

Xaqiiqdii, qofku kama hadli karo weerar guud oo sii soconaya oo looga soo horjeedo mudaaharaadyada dhismayaasha aasaasiga ah ee Katooliga, kuwaas oo, iyagoo dhab ahaantii cambaareynaya jiritaanka kaniisadaha injiilka, waxay lahaayeen dabeecado kala duwan oo la xiriira ugu yaraan afar doorsoomayaal waaweyn: deegaanka gobolka ( …); heerka kaladuwanaanta gardarrada iyo guusha wacdinta wacdinta; xulashooyinka shakhsiyaadka wadaaddada kaniisadaha iyo hoggaamiyeyaasha maxalliga ah (…); iyo ugu dambeyntiina helitaanka gobolka aasaasiga ah iyo mas'uuliyiinta fashiistiga ah.[26]

Rochat wuxuu soo wariyay in marka laga hadlayo "wareegii weynaa ee OVRA" intii u dhaxeysay dabayaaqadii 1939 iyo horaantii 1940, "maqnaanshaha aan caadiga aheyn ee faragelinta Katooliga iyo cadaadiska baaritaanka oo dhan, taasoo xaqiijineysa dhacdooyinka hoose ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee xaaladaha maxalliga ah iyo siyaasadaha ku habboon ee la siiyay cadaadiskooda ”.[27] Waxaa jiray cadaadis ka yimid kaniisadda iyo hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda oo ka soo horjeeday dhammaan cibaadooyinka Masiixiyiinta ee aan ahayn Katoolikka (oo aan kaliya ahayn kuwa ka soo horjeedda kuwa raacsan ee Watchtower, oo ku saabsan 150 Talyaaniga oo dhan), laakiin marka laga hadlayo Markhaatiyaasha, waxay sidoo kale sabab u ahaayeen daandaansi cad by wacdiyayaal. Xaqiiqdii, laga soo bilaabo 1924, buug-yare cinwaankiisu yahay L'Ecclesiasticismo in istato d'accusa (daabacaadda Talyaaniga) Kiniisado Lagu Tilmaamay, dacwadda laga akhriyay shirkii Columbus, Ohio, ee 1924) sida ay Yearbook ee 1983, bogga p. 130, "Cambaareyn xun" oo loo hayo wadaadada Katooliga, 100,000 nuqul ayaa lagu qaybiyey Talyaaniga markhaatiyaashuna waxay sameeyeen intii karaankooda ah si ay u hubiyaan in Pope-ka iyo Vatican-ka ay heleen min hal nuqul. Remigio Cuminetti, oo mas'uul ka ah shaqada Shirkadda, warqad uu u diray Joseph F. Rutherford, oo lagu daabacay La Torre di Guardia (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga) Nofeembar 1925, bogga 174, 175, wuxuu wax ka qorayaa buug-yareha yar-yar ee xinjirowga lidka ku ah:

Waxaan dhihi karnaa wax walboo sifiican ayey udhaceen marka loo eego "deegaanka madow" [ie, Catholic, ed] ee aan ku nool nahay; laba meelood oo kaliya oo u dhow Rome iyo magaalo ku taal xeebta Adriatic walaaleheen waa la joojiyey iyo in go'yaashii loo helay la qabtay, maxaa yeelay sharcigu wuxuu u baahan yahay ruqsad bixinta iyadoo la bixinayo si loo daabaco wixii daabacan ah, annaguna wax fasax ah kama aanan dalban. innagoo og inaynu leenahay kan awoodda sare leh (yacni Yehowah iyo Ciise, oo ku dhex jira Wareegga, ed). Waxay soo saareen amakaag, layaab, cambaareyn, iyo waliba wax walba oo ka careysiiya wadaaddada iyo xulafadooda, laakiin sida aan ognahay, cidna kuma dhiirran inay daabacdo eray ka dhan ah, halkanna waxaan ka arki karnaa in eedeyntu sax tahay

Qoraal daabacan weligiis kuma baahin Talyaanigu, hase yeeshe waxaan garwaaqsan nahay inaysan weli ku filnayn. Rome gudaheeda waxay lagama maarmaan ahayd in dib loogu soo celiyo tiro aad u tiro badan si loo ogeysiiyo sannadkan barakaysan [Cuminetti waxaa loola jeedaa Jubilee ee Kaniisadda Katooliga ee 1925, ed.] Yaa ah aabaha quduuska ah iyo wadaadada aadka loo ixtiraamo, laakiin tan darteed nooma taageerin Xafiiska Dhexe ee Yurub [ee Daabacaadda, ed] oo soo jeedinta la sii hormariyay tan iyo bishii Janaayo ee la soo dhaafay. Waxaa laga yaabaa in wakhtigu uusan weli ahayn Rabbiga.

Ujeeddada ololaha, sidaas darteed, waxay ahayd mid daandaansi ah, oo kuma koobnayn wacdinta Kitaabka Qudduuska ah, laakiin waxay u jeedday inay weeraraan Katooligga, si sax ah magaalada Rome, halkaas oo baadarigu joogo, markii ay halkaas ahayd Jubilee, ee Katooligga sanadka cafiska dembiyada, dib uheshiisiinta, diinta iyo tawbada karaamada, ficil aan xushmad iyo taxaddar toona aheyn in la qeybiyo, oo umuuqday in ujeed laga lahaa si loo soo jiito cadaadis naftiisa ah, maadaama ujeedka ololaha uu ahaa, sida laga soo xigtay Cuminetti, si "loo ogeysiiyo sannadkan barakaysan yaa ah aabaha quduuska ah iyo wadaaddada ugu ixtiraamka badan".

Talyaaniga gudahiisa, uguyaraan 1927-1928, iyadoo loo arko JWs inuu yahay qirasho Mareykan ah oo carqaladeyn karta sharafta Boqortooyada Talyaaniga, saraakiisha booliisku waxay ka soo aruuriyeen macluumaadka ku saabsan cibaadada dibedda shabakadda safaaradaha.[28] Iyada oo qayb ka ah baadhitaanadan, labadaba xarunta adduunka ee Watch Tower Bible iyo Tract Society of Pennsylvania ee Brooklyn iyo laanta Berne, ee kormeertay, ilaa 1946, shaqada JWs ee Talyaaniga, waxaa booqday ergooyin ka tirsan booliska Fascist.[29]

Talyaaniga gudahiisa, dhammaan kuwa helay daabacaadaha jameecada waa la diiwaangelin doonaa iyo horudhaca ku saabsan dhulka talyaaniga ee joornaalka Qancinta (kadib Toos!) Waa la mamnuucay Sanadkii 1932 ayaa xafiis qarsoodi ah oo ka tirsan Watch-ka laga furay magaalada Milaano, ee u dhow Switzerland, si loo abaabulo bulshooyinka yar-yar, in kasta oo mamnuucyadu aysan wali ka joogsan inay wax ka qabtaan: in kaligii-taliyihii Talyaani uu ku kaco duulaan ay ahaayeen warbixinadii OVRA ee waxaa la soo sheegay in JW-yada ay tixgeliyeen "Diidmada iyo Fascism emanations of the Devil". Daabacaadda ururku, runti, halkii ay kaliya ku wacdiyi lahayd Injiilka Masiixa waxay faafisay weeraro ka dhan ah taliskii Mussolini ee ku qornaa Mareykanka si ka duwan kuwii xisbiyada ka soo horjeedka fascist, iyagoo qeexaya Mussolini inuu yahay cunugga wadaadada Katooliga iyo nidaamka “ wadaad-faashiiste ”, oo xaqiijinaya in Rutherford uusan ogeyn xaaladda siyaasadeed ee talyaaniga, nooca Fascism iyo khilaafaadka kaatooliga, isagoo ku hadlaya ereyada:

Waxaa la sheegaa in Mussolini uusan qofna aaminin, inuusan laheyn saaxiib dhab ah, inuusan waligiis cafin cadow. Isaga oo ka baqaya in uu lumiyo xakamaynta dadka, ayuu si hagar la’aan ah isugu fidiyey. (…) Mussolini hamigiisu waa inuu noqdo dagaal ooge weyn iyo inuu dunida oo dhan xoog ku xukumo. Ururka Roman Catholic, oo heshiis kula jira, ayaa taageera hamigiisa. Markii uu bilaabay dagaalka lagu qaadayo neerfayaasha Abyssinia ee saboolka ah, intii lagu guda jiray kumanaanka nolosha aadanaha, baadari iyo urur Katoolig ah ayaa taageeray, waxayna "barakeeyeen" hubkiisii ​​dilaaga ahaa. Maanta kaligii taliyihii Talyaanigu wuxuu isku dayaa inuu ku qasbo ragga iyo dumarka inay si wanaagsan u dhalaan, si ay u soo saaraan tiro aad u tiro badan oo rag ah oo loogu sadqeeyo dagaallada mustaqbalka taasna sidoo kale waxaa taageeray baadariga. (…) Wuxuu ahaa hogaamiyihii faashiiste, Mussolini, oo xiligii dagaalkii aduunka ka horyimid baadariyada in loo aqoonsado awood ku meel gaar ah, waana isla kii bixiyay 1929 si baadarigu u helo awooda ku meel gaadhka ah, wixii markaa ka dambeeya waxaa si aad ah loo maqlay in baadarigu raadinayo kursi ka mid ah Ururka Qaramada Midoobay, tanina waxay tahay wuxuu qaatay siyaasad xeel dheer, isagoo kursi ka helay dhabarka "bahalka" oo dhan conga oo u nugul cagihiisa, diyaarna u ah inuu dhunkado fartiisa suulka suulka.[30]

Boggii. 189 iyo 296 ee isla buugga Rutherford xitaa wuxuu ku dhiirrigeliyay baaritaanno u qalma sheekooyinka basaasnimada ugu wanaagsan: "Dawladda Mareykanku waxay leedahay Agaasime Guud oo ka tirsan Xafiiska Boostada oo ah Roman Catholic oo runtiina ah wakiil iyo wakiil Vatican-ka (…) Wakiilka Vatican-ka waa faafreebid kali talis ah aflaanta shineemooyinka, wuuna ansixiyaa bandhigyada lagu weyneeyo nidaamka Katooliga, dhaqanka dabacsan ee jinsiyeed iyo dembiyo kale oo badan. ” Rutherford, Pope Pius XI wuxuu ahaa puppeteer oo dhaqaajiyay xarigga isagoo maareynaya Hitler iyo Mussolini! Khayaanada Rutherfordian ee awood-sheegashada waxay gaadhay meeshii ugu dambaysay markii lagu sheegay, bogga p. 299, in "Boqortooyada (…) ay ku dhawaaqeen Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, waa waxa kaliya ee maanta runtii laga baqo Roman Roman Hierarchy." Buug-yaraha Fascismo o libertà (Fascism ama xorriyad), ee 1939, bogagga 23, 24 iyo 30, waxaa lagu soo wariyay:

Ma xun tahay in runta laga baahiyo koox dambiilayaal ah oo dadka dhaca? Maya! Ka dibna, laga yaabee inay xun tahay in la daabaco runta ku saabsan urur diimeed [kan Katooligga ah] ee munaafiqnimada ugu shaqeeya si isku mid ah? […] Kali taliyayaashii Fashiiste iyo Naasiyiintii, iyagoo gacan ka helaya iyo iskaashi ay la leeyihiin madaxda Roman Catholic ee ku xareysan magaalada Vatican, waxay hoos u dhigayaan qaaradaha Yurub. Waxay sidoo kale awoodi doonaan, in muddo kooban, inay la wareegaan gacan ku haynta Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Ameerika, laakiin markaa, sida uu Ilaah laftiisu sheegay, wuu soo faragalin doonaa oo wuxuu u mari doonaa Ciise Masiix… Wuxuu baabi'in doonaa gebi ahaanba ururadan.

Rutherford wuxuu u imaan doonaa inuu saadaaliyo guushii Naasi-Fascist ay ka gaareen Anglo-Americans iyagoo gacan ka helaya Kaniisada Katooliga! Iyada oo leh weedho noocan ah, oo laga soo tarjumay qoraallo ku qoran Mareykanka oo uu u arko maamulku faragelin shisheeye, cabudhinta ayaa bilaabmi doonta: soo jeedimaha ku saabsan meelaynta iyo soo jeedimaha kale ee ciqaabta ah, shaabadda waxaa laga helay weedha ah “ Waxaan qaatay amarro isaga kaligiis ah Madaxa Dowladda ”ama“ Waxaan amar ka qaatay Duce ”, oo ay ku qoran yihiin xarfaha horjoogaha Taliyaha Bilayska Arturo Bocchini oo calaamad u ah ansixinta soo jeedinta. Mussolini wuxuu markaa si toos ah u raacay shaqadii cabudhinta oo dhan, wuxuuna dacweeyay OVRA, si uu isugu dubbarido baaritaanka ku saabsan JW-ga Talyaaniga. Ugaadhsiga weyn, ee ku lug lahaa carabinieri iyo bilayska, ayaa dhacay ka dib markii warqad wareegto nr. 441/027713 ee Ogosto 22, 1939 oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "Sette religiose dei" Pentecostali "ed altre» ("Qaybaha diinta ee" Bentakostiga "iyo kuwa kale") taas oo booliiska ku kicin doonta inay ku daraan firqooyinka "thaddaba ka gudub aagga adag ee diinta oo gal goobta siyaasadda waana in sidaa darteed loo tixgeliyaa in lala siman yahay xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee qaran dumiska ah, kuwaas oo runtii, muujinta qaarkood iyo dhinacyada qaarkood qaarkood, ay aad uga khatar badan yihiin, maaddaama, lagu dhaqmayo dareenka diimeed ee shakhsiyaadka, taas oo aad uga qoto dheer dareenka siyaasadeed, waxay ku riixaan xagjirnimo dhab ah, oo had iyo jeer diida caqiido kasta iyo bixinta.

Toddobaadyo gudahood, qiyaastii 300 oo qof ayaa su'aalo la weydiiyay, oo ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaad kaliya ka diiwaangashan Watchtower. Qiyaastii 150 rag iyo dumar ah ayaa la qabtay oo la xukumay, oo ay ku jiraan 26 oo loo haysto mas'uuliyadda ugu badan, oo loo gudbiyey Maxkamadda Gaarka ah, xabsi ugu yaraan ugu yaraan 2 sano ilaa ugu badnaan 11, wadar ahaan 186 sano iyo 10 bilood (xukun lambar. 50 ee Abriil 19, 1940), in kasta oo markii hore mas'uuliyiinta faashiiste ay ku jahwareereen JWs iyo Bentakostiyaal, sidoo kale lagu dhibaateeyey taliskii: “Dhammaan buugyarayaasha illaa iyo hadda laga qabtay kuwa raacsan kooxda 'Pentecostals' waa tarjumaadaha daabacaadda Mareykanka, kuwaas oo had iyo jeer qoraagu waa JF Rutherford gaar ah ”.[31]

Wareegto kale oo wasiir ah, maya. 441/02977 ee 3 Maarso 1940, ayaa aqoonsaday dhibbanayaasha magac ahaan cinwaanka: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religiose i cui principi sono in contrasto con la nostra istituzione» (“Qeybta diinta ee 'Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah' ama 'Ardayda Bible' iyo madaahibta kale ee diinta khilaaf ka dhexjiro hay'adeena "). Wareegtada wasaaradu waxay kahadashay: "aqoonsiga saxda ah ee firqooyinkaas diimeed (which) oo ka duwan kan hore loo yaqaan ee 'Pentecostals'", isagoo hoosta ka xariiqay: "Xaqiijinta jiritaanka dariiqada 'Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah' iyo xaqiiqda in qoraaga arrinta daabacan ee horey loogu tixgeliyey wareegtada aan soo sheegnay ee Agoosto 22, 1939 N. 441/027713 waa in loo aaneeyaa iyada, waa inaysan keenin fikradda ah in dariiqada 'Bentakostiyaal' aysan siyaasad ahaan waxyeello lahayn (…) firqadan waa in loo arkaa inay khatar tahay, in kasta oo ay ka heer hooseyso dariiqada 'Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah' ”. “Aragtiyaha waxaa loo soo bandhigayaa inay yihiin nuxurka dhabta ah ee diinta kiristaanka - wuxuu ku sii wadaa Taliyaha Booliska Arturo Bocchini wareegtada -, iyadoo loo fasirayo si aan macquul aheyn oo Kitaabka Quduuska ah iyo Injiillada. Si gaar ah loo bartilmaameedsaday, daabacaadyadan, ayaa ah kuwa xukuma nooc kasta oo dowladnimo ah, hanti-goosadnimo, xaq u lahaanshaha iclaaminta dagaalka iyo wadaadada diin kasta oo kale, oo uu ugu horreeyo Katooliga ”.[32]

JW-ga Talyaaniga waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray dhibbane Reich Saddexaad, Narciso Riet. Sannadkii 1943, markii uu burburay Fascism, Markhaatiyaashii ay xukuntay Maxkamadda Gaarka ahi waxaa laga sii daayay xabsiga. Maria Pizzato, oo dhowaan la siidaayey Markhaatigii Yehowah, waxay la xiriirtay wadaad-diimeedka Narciso Riet, oo laga soo celiyey Jarmalka, oo xiisaynayay tarjumidda iyo faafinta qodobbada ugu waaweyn ee Taageerayaasha joornaalka, oo fududeynaya soo bandhigidda qarsoodiga ah ee daabacaadda ee Talyaaniga. Naasiyiintu, oo ay taageerayeen faashiisteyaashu, waxay ogaadeen guriga Riet oo ay xireen. Dhageysigii Nofeembar 23, 1944 ka hor Maxkamadda Cadaaladda Dadweynaha ee Berlin, Riet waxaa loogu yeeray inuu ka jawaabo "ku xadgudubka sharciyada amniga qaranka". Waxaa lagu xukumay "xukun dil ah". Sida ku xusan qoraalka ay sameeyeen garsoorayaasha, mid ka mid ah warqadihii ugu dambeeyay ee uu u dirayay walaalihiis Hitler Jarmalka Riet wuxuu ku dhihi lahaa: "Ma jiro dal kale oo dunida ka mid ah oo sheydaan shaydaan uu ka muuqdo sida qarankii Naasiyiinta ahaa ee xumaa (…) Sidee kale ma sharraxaad ka bixin doontaa xasuuqii foosha xumaa iyo rabshadihii weynaa, oo gaar u ahaa taariikhda dadka Ilaahay, oo ay geysteen niman Naziyiin ah oo ka dhan ah Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah iyo malaayiin dad kale ah? ” Riet waxaa loo masaafuriyey Dachau waxaana lagu xukumay dil iyadoo xukun lagu soo rogay magaalada Berlin bishii Noofambar 29, 1944.[33]

4. Joseph F. Rutherford wuxuu dhintay 1942 waxaana ku xigay Nathan H. Knorr. Marka loo eego caqiidada dhaqan gasha tan iyo 1939 oo ay hogaaminayaan Rutherford iyo Knorr, raacayaasha Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxaa waajib ku ahaa inay diidaan adeegga militariga maxaa yeelay aqbalidooda waxaa loo arkay inaysan waafaqsaneyn heerarka masiixiga. Markii la joojiyay shaqadii Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Bulshada Watchtower waxay awood u yeelatay inay sii waddo bixinta “cuntada ruuxiga ah” qaab joornaalada, waraaqo, iwm. Markhaatiyaasha ka socda wadamada kale ee Yurub. Xarunta Shirkaddu ku leedahay Switzerland waxay ahayd mid istiraatiijiyad ahaan aad muhiim u ahayd maadaama ay ku taallay waddanka keliya ee Yurub ee aan dagaalka toos ugu lug lahayn, maadaama Switzerland weligeedba ahayd dal siyaasaddiisu dhexdhexaad tahay. Si kastaba ha noqotee, markii in badan oo ka mid ah Swiss JWs la isku dayay oo lagu xukumay diidmadooda adeegga millatariga, xaaladdu waxay noqotay mid khatar ah. Xaqiiqdii, haddii, ciqaabtan awgeed, mas'uuliyiinta Switzerland ay mamnuuceen JWs, shaqada daabacaadda iyo faafinta guud ahaanba way joogsan kartaa oo, wixii ka sarreeya, hantidii agab ee dhowaan loo wareejiyay Switzerland, waa lala wareegi lahaa sidii 'dhacday dalal kale. Swiss-ka JW-yada waxaa ku eedeeyay saxaafadda inay ka tirsan yihiin urur wiiqay daacadnimada muwaadiniinta ee Ciidanka. Xaaladdu waxay noqotay mid sii kordheysa oo aad u daran ilaa 1940, ay askartu qabsadeen laanta Bern ee Watch Tower oo ay la wareegeen dhammaan suugaantii. Maareeyayaasha laanta waxaa lahorkeenay maxkamad militari waxaana jirtay khatar aad u weyn oo ah in la mamnuuco guud ahaan abaabulka JWs ee Switzerland.

Qareenada Bulshada ayaa markaa ku taliyay in la soo saaro qoraal lagu sheegay in JWs aysan waxba ka qabin militariga isla markaana aysan dooneynin inay wiiqaan sharciyadooda sinnaba. In daabacaadda Switzerland ee Trost (Qancinta, hadda Toos!) Oktoobar 1, 1943 ka dib waxaa la daabacay "Baaq", warqad loo diray mas'uuliyiinta Switzerland oo leh "in marna [Markhaatiyaasha] aysan u arkin gudashada waajibaadka milatari inay tahay dambi ka dhan ah mabaadi'da iyo himilooyinka Ururka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah. Caddaynta rumaysadkooda wanaagsan, warqadda waxaa lagu sheegay in "boqollaal xubnood oo ka tirsan xubnahayaga iyo taageerayaasheena ay guteen waajibaadkoodii milatari ayna sii wadaan sidaas."[34]

Nuxurka bayaankan ayaa qeyb ahaan dib loo soo saaray laguna dhaleeceeyay buug ay wada qoreen Janine Tavernier, madaxweynihii hore ee ururka la dagaalanka ku xadgudubka qowmiyadaha ADFI, oo u arka dokumentigan "cynicism",[35] iyadoo la tixgelinayo dabeecadda caanka ah ee Watch ee adeegga milatariga iyo waxa ku soo kordhay fasiiste Talyaani ama dhulalkii Reich Saddexaad xilligaas, iyada oo la tixgelinayo in dhinaca Switzerland ay weligeed ahayd dowlad dhexdhexaad ah, laakiin aragtida hoggaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo mar horeba isku dayday inay la heshiiso Adolf Hitler sanadkii 1933, weligeed kuma dhibsan inay ogaato in gobolka u baahan fulinta waajibaadka milateri uu dagaal ku jiro iyo in kale; isla mar ahaantaana, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Jarmalka waxaa loo xukumay diidmada adeegga millatari iyo kuwa Talyaaniguba waxay ku dhammaadeen xabsi ama masaafurin. Sidaa awgeed, aragtida laanta Switzerland waxay umuuqataa mid dhibaato leh, xitaa haddii, aysan waxba ka badneyn fulinta istiraatiijiyaddaas oo hoggaamiyeyaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa ay qaadanayeen in muddo ah, oo ah "caqiidada dagaalka dagaalka diimeed",[36] marka loo eego "waa ku habboon tahay in aan runta loo sheegin kuwa aan xaqa u lahayn inay ogaadaan",[37] marka loo eego iyaga beentu waa "In wax been ah loo sheego kuwa xaqa u leh inay ogaadaan runta, iyo tan tan oo looga gol leeyahay in lagu khiyaaneeyo ama lagu waxyeeleeyo isaga ama qof kale".[38] Sannadkii 1948-kii, markii dagaalku dhammaaday, madaxweynaha soo socda ee Jaaliyadda, Nathan H. Knorr, ayaa beeniyay bayaankan sida lagu sheegay La Torre di Guardia ee Meey 15, 1948, pp. 156, 157:

Muddo dhowr sano ah tirada daabacayaasha ku nool Switzerland ayaa sidiisii ​​ahaan jirtay, tanina waxay ka duwaneyd qulqulka ugu badan ee daabacayaasha ee tirada sii kordheysa ee ka dhacday dalal kale. Iyagu ma aysan istaagin mowqif adag oo aan shaki ku jirin oo buuxa dadweynaha si ay u kala soocaan Masiixiyiinta dhabta ah ee kitaabiga ah. Kaasi wuxuu ahaa kiiska culus ee khuseeya su'aasha dhex-dhexaadnimada in loo fiirsado arrimaha adduunka iyo khilaafaadka, iyo sidoo kale kan laga soo horjeedo [?] Nabadoonnada diidan damiirka, iyo sidoo kale su'aasha mowqifka ay tahay inay u qaataan sidii wasiir daacad ah injiilkii Eebbe amray.

Tusaale ahaan, daabacaadii Oktoobar 1, 1943 ee Trost (Daabacaadda Switzerland ee Qancinta. Mitglieder] iyo asxaabta caqiidada ah [Glauberfreunde] waxay guteen waajibaadkoodii milatari walina way sii wadayaan gudashadooda maanta. ” Hadalkan sasabashada ah wuxuu saameyn xun ku yeeshay Switzerland iyo qaybo ka mid ah Faransiiska.

Si diirran ayaa loo sacab tumay, Walaal Knorr wuxuu si cabsi la'aan ah u diiday qodobka bayaanka maxaa yeelay ma matalayo booska ay qaadatay Bulshada mana waafaqsanayn mabaadi'da masiixiga ee si cad loogu muujiyay Kitaabka Quduuska ah. Waqtigu wuxuu sidaa darteed yimid markii walaalaha Switzerland ay ahayd inay sabab ku bixiyaan hortiisa Ilaah iyo Masiixa, iyo, iyagoo ka jawaabaya martiqaadkii Brother Knorr si ay isu muujiyaan, walaalo badan ayaa gacmahooda kor u taagay si ay ugu tilmaamaan dhammaan goobjoogayaasha inay ka laabanayaan ogolaanshahooda caqliga ah ee la siiyay Baaqa 1943 mana aysan dooneynin inay sii taageeraan sinaba.

"Bayaanka" ayaa sidoo kale lagu diidey warqada ka socota Bulshada Faransiiska, halkaas oo aan kaliya ahayn xaqiiqda ah Cadeyn waa la aqoonsan yahay, laakiin halka ay ka muuqato cillad-darrada dukumiintigan, si fiican u ogow inay waxyeello u geysan karto; wuxuu rabaa inay ahaato mid qarsoodi ah wuxuuna ka fiirsanayaa inuu wadahadal dheeri ah la yeesho qofka su'aalaha ka weydiiyay dukumintigan, sida ku cad labada talo ee uu kula hadlay xertaan:

Waxaan kaa codsaneynaa, si kastaba ha noqotee, inaadan "Bayaankan" gacanta u galin cadawga runta iyo gaar ahaan inaadan u oggolaan in koobi laga sameeyo nuxurka mabaadi'da lagu sheegay Matayos 7: 6; 10:16. Aniga oo aan markaa doonaynin inaan aad uga shakinno ujeedka ninka aad booqatay iyo feejignaan fudud, waxaan door bidnay inuusan haysan nuqul ka mid ah "Bayaankan" si looga fogaado wax kasta oo suurtagal ah oo lid ku ah runta. (…) Waxaan u maleyneynaa inay ku habboon tahay oday inuu ku weheliyo inuu soo booqdo ninkan iyadoo la tixgelinayo mugdiga iyo qodxoda doodda ka taagan.[39]

Si kastaba ha noqotee, in kasta oo ay ka kooban yihiin "Baaq" kor ku xusan, haddana Buugga Sannadka ee 1987 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, oo loogu talagalay taariikhda Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Switzerland, oo lagu soo qoray bogga 156 [bogga 300 ee daabacaadda Talyaaniga, ed] oo ku saabsan muddadii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka: “Markii la raacay waxa damiirkooda Masiixiyiintu faray, ku dhowaad dhammaan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah way diideen inay sameeyaan adeegga ciidanka. (Ishacyaah 2: 2-4; Rooma 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2).

Kiiska la xiriira bayaankan Switzerland waxaa lagu sheegay buuga ay qoreen Sylvie Graffard iyo Léo Tristan Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme - 1933-1945, daabacaaddiisii ​​lixaad. Daabacaaddii ugu horreysay ee mugga, oo soo baxday 1994, waxaa loo tarjumay af Talyaani oo cinwaankiisu yahay I Bibleforscher e il nazismo. (1943-1945) Waxaan dimenticati dalla Storia, oo ay daabacday guriga daabacaadda ee Paris Editions Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, iibsigana waxaa lagula taliyay Talyaani JWs, oo u isticmaali doona sanadaha soo socda inuu yahay ilo ka baxsan dhaqdhaqaaqa si uu ugu sheego dhibaatada adag ee ay geysteen Nazis. Laakiin daabacaaddii ugu horreysay kadib, kuwa dambe oo la cusbooneysiiyay lama sii deyn. Qorayaasha buuggan, markii la diyaarinayey daabacaadda lixaad, waxay jawaab ka heleen maamulka Swiss-geo-visual, oo aan ku soo qaadannay qaybo ka mid ah, bogagga 53 iyo 54:

1942 waxaa jiray maxkamad militari oo caan ah oo ka dhan ah hogaamiyayaashii shaqada. Natiijada? Doodda masiixiga ee eedeysanayaasha ayaa kaliya qeyb ahaan la aqoonsaday iyadoo dambiyada qaarna loo aaneynayo iyaga marka la eego su'aasha ah inay diidaan adeeg militari Natiijo ahaan, khatar halis ah ayaa ka soo food saartay shaqadii Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Switzerland, oo ah xayiraad rasmi ah oo ay dowladdu saartay. Hadday taasi jirto, Markhaatiyaashu way lumi lahaayeen xafiiskii ugu dambeeyay ee wali si rasmi ah uga shaqeeya qaaradda Yurub. Tani waxay si dhab ah ugu hanjabtay caawimaadda qaxootiga markhaatiyaasha ah ee ka yimid wadamadii Nazi xukumayay iyo waliba dadaalka qarsoodiga ah ee laga sameeyay dhibanayaasha dhibaataynta Jarmalka.

Waxay ku jirtaa xaaladdan xiisaha leh ee qareennada Markhaatiyaasha, oo uu ku jiro qareenka aadka loo qaddariyo ee Social Democratic Party Johannes Huber ee St. Gallen, ayaa ku dhiirrigeliyey saraakiisha Betel inay soo saaraan qoraal soo saari kara cayda siyaasadeed. Waxaa la bilaabay Ururka Iskaashatada Markhaatiyaasha. Qoraalka “Baaqa” waxaa diyaariyay garyaqaankan, laakiin waxaa saxiixay oo daabacay saraakiisha Ururka. "Bayaanka" wuxuu ahaa mid si daacadnimo ku dheehan tahay iyo guud ahaanba sifiican loohelay. Waxay u badan tahay inay ka caawisay ka fogaanshaha mamnuuca.

"Si kastaba ha noqotee, bayaanka" Baaqa "in" boqolaal ka mid ah xubnahayaga iyo asxaabteena "ay fuliyeen oo ay sii wadeen" gudashada waajibaadkooda milatari "si fudud ayaa loo soo koobay xaqiiqo aad u adag. Ereyga “saaxiibo” waxaa loola jeedaa dadka aan la baabtiisin, oo ay ku jiraan niman aan markhaati ahayn oo dabcan, qabanaya howlo milatari. Sida "xubnaha", waxay dhab ahaan ahaayeen laba koox oo walaalo ah. Marka hore, waxaa jiray Markhaatiyaal diiday shaqada militariga oo lagu xukumay si ka daran. "Bayaanka" ma xuso iyaga. Tan labaad, waxaa jiray Markhaatiyaal badan oo runtii ku biiray ciidanka.

Arrintaan marka laga hadlayo, waa in la xuso dhinac kale oo muhiim ah. Markii ay masuuliyiintu la murmeen Markhaatiyaasha, waxay ku adkaysteen in Switzerland ay dhex dhexaad tahay, in Switzerland waligeed dagaal bilaabi doonin, isdifaaciduna aysan jabin mabaadi'da Masiixiga. Doodda dambe ma ahayn mid ay aqbaleen Markhaatiyaasha. Sidaa darteed mabda'a dhexdhexaadnimada masiixiga ee caalamiga ah ee dhinaca Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxaa mugdi geliyay xaqiiqada rasmiga ah ee "dhex dhexaadnimada" Switzerland. Markhaatifurka xubnaheennii da'da weynaa ee waqtigaas noolaa ayaa markhaati u ah tan: haddii ay dhacdo in Switzerland ay si firfircoon dagaalka u gasho, kuwa la qoray ayaa la go'aamiyay in isla markiiba laga sooco ciidanka oo lagu biiro kuwa diiddan. […]

Nasiib darrose, 1942dii, xiriirradii lala lahaa xarunta adduunka ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waa la jaray. Dadka mas'uulka ka ah shaqada Switzerland sidaa darteed fursad uma helin inay la tashadaan si ay u helaan talada loo baahan yahay. Natiijo ahaan, Markhaatiyaasha ku sugan Switzerland, qaarkood waxay doorteen inay diidaan damiirkooda oo ay diidaan adeegga militariga, taasoo keentay xabsi, halka kuwa kale ay qabaan fikradda ah u adeegidda ciidan dhexdhexaad ah, waddan aan dagaal ka dhexeyn, aan lala heshiin karin iyaga iyo iimaanka.

“Mawqifkan madmadowga leh ee ay markhaatiyaashu ku leeyihiin Switzerland lama aqbalin. Taasi waa sababta, isla marka uu dhammaado dagaalku marna xiriiro lala yeesho xarunta adduunka dib loo soo celiyo, su'aasha ayaa la isweydiiyay. Markhaatiyaashu waxay si saraaxad leh uga hadleen ceebta "Baaqa" ay ku keentay iyaga. Waxaa kale oo xiiso leh in la ogaado in xukunka ciqaabta leh uu ahaa mid canaan iyo toosin dadweyne ah uu u jeediyay madaxweynaha Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, MNH Knorr, iyo in 1947, markii lagu qabtay shir ka dhacay Zurich [[]

Tan iyo waagaas, markasta way u cadaatay dhamaan Markhaatiyaasha Switzerland in dhex dhexaadnimada masiixiga ay ka dhigan tahay ka fogaanshaha xiriir kasta oo lala yeesho ciidamada militariga ee wadanka, xitaa hadii Switzerland ay sii wado inay si rasmi ah u sheegto dhex dhexaadnimadeeda. […]

Sababta bayaankan, sidaas darteed, waa iska cadahay: ururku wuxuu lahaa inuu ilaaliyo xafiiskii ugu dambeeyay ee hawlgal ee Yurub oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin Reich Saddexaad (1943 xitaa waqooyiga Talyaaniga waxaa ku soo duulaya Jarmalka, kaasoo dhisi doona Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga, sida puppy puistet fasiis ah). Bayaanka ayaa si ula kac ah mugdi u galay; ka yeel masuuliinta Swizerland inay aaminaan in Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee diiday adeega militariga inay ku kacayaan iskood oo aysan ku dhaqmin xeer diimeed, iyo in boqolaal "JW" ay qabanayeen adeeg militari, sheegasho been ah sida lagu sheegay bayaanka. Buugga Sannadka ee 1987 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, kaas oo sheegay in “inta badan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah way diideen inay galaan adeeg hubaysan."[40] Sidaa darteed, qoraaga Cadeyn ayaa lagu soo daray iyada oo aan la cayimin niman "aan rumaysnayn" oo guursaday haween JW ah iyo baarayaal aan la baabtiisin - kuwaas oo aan loo tixgelin inay yihiin Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah sida cilmiga loo qabo - iyo sida muuqata qaar ka mid ah Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee runta ah.

Mas'uuliyadda qoraalkaani waxay saaran tahay qof ka baxsan dhaqdhaqaaqa diinta, kiiskan qareenka Watchtower. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii aan dooneyno inaan isbarbardhig sameyno, waxaan ogaaneynaa in isla waxaas oo kale ay ahaayeen wax la mid ah "Baaqii Xaqiiqda" ee Juun 1933, oo ku wajahan kaligii taliyihii Nazi Hitler, oo qoraalkiisu lahaa qaybo Yuhuud naceyb ah, isagoo caddeeyay Qoraagu wuxuu ahaa Paul Balzereit, oo madax ka ahaa Magalada Magdeburg, oo si macno leh loogu caayay Buugga Sannadka ee 1974 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah khaa'in u ah sababta dhaqdhaqaaqa,[41] laakiin kaliya taariikhyahanada kadib, M. James Penton safka hore wuxuu ku biirayaa qorayaasha kale, sida JWs-kii hore ee AWlle Aveta iyo Sergio Pollina, wuxuu fahmi doonaa in qoraaga qoraalka uu ahaa Joseph Rutherford, isagoo soo bandhigaya JW-ga Jarmalka sida uu u doonayo inuu yimaado si loola macaamilo taliskii Hitler oo muujinaya isla naceybkii Nazi ee Mareykanka iyo wareegyada Yuhuudda ee New York.[42] Xaaladaha oo dhan, xitaa haddii uu qoray mid ka mid ah qareenadooda, mas'uuliyiinta Switzerland ee hay'adda Watchtower ayaa runtii ahaa saxiixayaasha qoraalkan. Cudurdaarka kaliya ayaa ah goos gooska, dagaalka awgiis, iyadoo xarunta dhexe ee adduunka ku taal Brooklyn Oktoobar 1942, iyo diidmadii xigtey ee 1947.[43] In kasta oo ay run tahay in tani ay dambi ka dhigeyso mas'uuliyiinta Mareykanka ee cibaadada kun-sano jirka ah, tani kama hor istaageyso inay fahmaan in mas'uuliyiinta Swiss-ka ee Watchtower, in kasta oo ay niyad wanaagsan ku qabaan, ay dhab ahaantii adeegsadeen xeelad aan fiicnayn si looga fogaado dhaleeceynta wejiga ka timaadda hoggaamiyeyaasha Switzerland inta ay ku sugan yihiin taliska fascist ee Talyaaniga ama Naasiyiintii Jarmalka iyo meelo badan oo adduunka ka mid ah in badan oo ka mid ah diintoodii diimeed waxay ku dhammaadeen xabsiyo ama xabsi bilays ama xitaa waxaa toogtay ama khayaanay SS si aan loogu fashilin amarka ah inaan la qaadan hubka.

5. Sannadihii ka dambeeyay madaxtinimadii Rutherford waxaa lagu gartaa gorgortan heer hoose oo xiisad ah oo lala galo shirkadda. Walaacyada anshaxa, oo kuxiran gaar ahaan doorka qoyska, ayaa si aad ah u soo badanaya, aragtida aan loo aabbo yeelin adduunka ku xeeran ayaa ku soo qulqulaya JWs, iyadoo beddeleysa cadaawadda furan ee hay'adaha, oo lagu arkay hoosta Rutherford xitaa talyaanigii faashiistaha ahaa.[44]

Inaad guursato sawir qafiif ah ayaa u roonaan doona koritaan caalami ah oo tilmaami doona dhammaan nuska labaad ee qarnigii labaatanaad, kaas oo sidoo kale u dhigma ballaadhinta tirada ee JW-yada oo ka gudbaya 180,000 xubnood oo firfircoon 1947 illaa 8.6 milyan (xogta 2020). 70 sano gudahood. Laakiin caalamiyeynta JW-yada waxaa loo rogay dib-u-habeyn diimeed oo uu soo saaray 1942 oo uu sameeyay madaxweynihii saddexaad Nathan H. Knorr, oo ah aasaasidda "kulleejooyinka adeegga ee bulshada, Dugsiga Sare ee Maktabadda ee"[45] markii hore Watchtower Biblical University of Gilead, oo u dhashay tababbarka adeegayaasha laakiin sidoo kale hoggaamiyeyaasha mustaqbalka iyo ballaarinta cibaadada adduunka oo dhan[46] ka dib weli rajo kale oo aakhiro warqad ku hartay.

Talyaaniga dhexdiisa, markii uu dhacay xukunkii faashiistaha iyo dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, shaqada JWs si tartiib tartiib ah ayey dib ugu bilaaban doontaa. Tirada daabacayaasha firfircoon aad ayey u yaraayeen, kaliya 120 marka loo eego qiyaasta rasmiga ah, laakiin amarka madaxweynaha Watch Watch Knorr, oo dhammaadkii 1945 booqday laanta Switzerland isaga iyo xoghayaha Milton G. Henschel, halkaas oo shaqadu ahayd iskuduwaha Talyaaniga, guri yar oo villa ah ayaa laga iibsan doonaa magaalada Milano, iyada oo loo marayo Vegezio 20, si loo agaasimo 35 urur ee Talyaaniga ah.[47] Si loo kordhiyo shaqada wadan Katoolik ah halkaasoo xilligii Fascist-kii ay kala sareyn jireen kaniisadaha ay ka horyimaadeen JWs iyo cibaadada Protestant-ka iyagoo si qalad ah ugu xiray “shuuciyad”,[48] Watch Tower Society waxay u diri doontaa dhowr adeegayaal oo ka socda Mareykanka Mareykanka. Sanadkii 1946 kii waxaa yimid adeegii ugu horeeyey ee JW, Talyaani-Mareykan George Fredianelli, iyo dhowr ka mid ah ayaa raaci doona, iyagoo gaaraya 33 1949. Joogistoodu, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxay noqon doontaa wax fudud laakiin waa la mid tan kuwa kale ee adeegayaasha diimeed ee Protestant-ka, wacdiyayaal iyo a -Khamriisteyaasha.

Si loo fahmo macnaha guud ee xiriirka qallafsan ee u dhexeeya Dawladda Talyaaniga, Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo adeegayaasha kala duwan ee Mareykanka, waa in dhinacyada kala duwan la arkaa: dhinac dhinac macnaha guud iyo kan kaleba, dhaqdhaqaaqa Katooliga kadib Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. Kiiskii ugu horreeyay, Talyaanigu wuxuu heshiis nabadeed la saxeexday kuwii guulaystay 1947 halkaas oo awood ka muuqatay, Maraykanka, kaas oo Protestantism evangelical uu dhaqan ahaan ku xooganaa, laakiin ka sarreeya oo dhan siyaasad ahaan, si sax ah markii ay kala qaybsanaanta Masiixiyiinta casriga ah iyo "Evangelicalism-ka cusub" ”Xag-jirnimada markii ay dhalatay Ururka Qaranka ee Evangelicals (1942), Fuller Seminary for Missionaries (1947) iyo Masiixiyadda Maanta majaladda (1956), ama caannimada wadaadka Baabtiisaha Billy Graham iyo saliibiyiintiisa taas oo sii xoojin doonta fikradda ah in isku dhaca juquraafiyeed ee ka dhanka ah USSR uu ahaa nooc "apocalyptic",[49] sidaa awgeedna dardargelinta howlaha wacdinta. Maaddaama Watch Tower Society ay abuurto Maktabadda Bible School of Gilead, wacdiyayaal Mareykan ah, ka dib Pax America iyo agab milatari oo dheeri ah, waxay xoojinayaan ergooyinka dibedda, oo ay ku jiraan Talyaaniga.[50]

Waxaas oo dhami waa inay qayb ka noqdaan xoojinta isku-tiirsanaanta Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka ee heshiiska saaxiibtinimada, ganacsiga iyo isu-socodka ee u dhexeeya Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka, oo lagu saxiixay Rome bishii Febraayo 2, 1948 laguna ansixiyay Law no. 385 ee Juun 18, 1949 waxaa qoray James Dunn, danjiraha Mareykanka ee Rome, iyo Carlo Sforza, wasiirka arrimaha dibadda ee dowladda De Gasperi.

Sharciga maya. 385 ee 18 Juun 1949, oo lagu daabacay dheeri ah Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("Faafinta rasmiga ah ee Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga ”) maya. 157 ee 12 Julaay 1949, waxay xustay xaalad mudnaan gaar ah leh in Mareykanku runtii ku riyaaqay indha indhaynta Talyaaniga gaar ahaan dhinaca dhaqaalaha, sida farshaxanka. 1, maya. 2, kaas oo sheegaya in muwaaddiniinta mid kasta oo ka mid ah Xisbiyada Qandaraaska Sare ay xaq u leeyihiin in ay ku dhaqmaan xuquuqda iyo mudnaanta dhulalka Xisbiga Qandaraaska Sare, iyada oo aan wax faragelin ah lagu sameyn, iyo in la raaco Shuruucda iyo Shuruucda lagu dhaqmayo, xaaladaha aan ka yareyn. u roon kuwa hadda la siiyay ama kuwa mustaqbalka la siin doono muwaadiniinta Xisbiga kale ee Qandaraaska bixinaya, sida midba midka kale uga galo dhulalkiisa, halkaas u degganaado uguna safro si xor ah.

Maqaalka ayaa lagu sheegay in muwaaddiniinta labada dhinacba ay si wada jir ah xaq ugu leeyihiin inay ka fuliyaan dhulalka qandaraaslaha kale ee “ganacsiga, warshadaha, isbeddelka, dhaqaalaha, sayniska, waxbarashada, diinta, samafalka iyo howlaha xirfadeed, marka laga reebo jimicsiga xirfadda sharciga ”. Qod. 2, maya. 2, dhanka kale, waxay sheegaysaa in “Shakhsiyaadka ama Ururada Sharciga ah, loo abuuray ama loo abaabulay si waafaqsan Sharciga iyo Xeerarka ka jira dhulalka Xisbi kasta oo Qandaraasle Sare, waxaa loo tixgelin doonaa Shakhsiyaad Sharci oo ka tirsan Xisbiga kale ee Qandaraasleyda la sheegay, iyo xaaladooda sharci waxaa aqoonsan doona dhulalka kooxda kale ee Qandaraaska qaadanaysa, ha lahaadaan ama yaanay lahayn xafiisyo joogto ah, laamo ama wakaalado ”. Maya. 3 ee isla farshaxanka. 2 waxaa sidoo kale lagu qeexay in "Shakhsiyaadka Sharciga ah ama Ururada Xisbi kasta oo Qandaraas Sare, faragelin la'aan, iyadoo la waafajinayo shuruucda iyo qawaaniinta dhaqangalka ah, ay leeyihiin dhammaan xuquuqda iyo mudnaanta lagu muujiyey par. 2 ee farshaxanka. 1 ”.

Heshiiska, oo lagu dhaleeceeyay Markxist bidix faa'iidooyinka ay heleen aaminaadaha Mareykanka,[51] waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelan doontaa xiriirka diimeed ee u dhexeeya Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka iyadoo lagu saleynayo qodobbada 1 iyo 2, maxaa yeelay Shakhsiyaadka Sharciga ah iyo Ururada laga sameeyay mid ka mid ah labada dal waxaa si buuxda looga aqoonsan karaa Xisbiga kale ee Qandaraaska la siinaya, laakiin wixii ka sarreeya farshaxanka . 11, faq. 1, kaas oo u adeegi doona kooxaha diimeed ee kala duwan ee Mareykanka si ay u helaan xorriyad ballaaran oo dhaqdhaqaaq inkasta oo ay kala soocayaan Kaniisadda Katooliga:

Muwaadiniinta Xisbi kasta oo Qandaraasle Sare waxay ku raaxeysan doonaan aagagga Xisbiga kale ee Qandaraaslayaasha Sare xorriyadda damiirka iyo xorriyadda cibaadada waxaana laga yaabaa, shaqsi ahaan iyo urur ahaan ama hay'adaha diinta ama ururada, iyo iyada oo aan wax dhibaato ah ama dhibaateyn nooc kasta ah ay ugu wacan tahay waxay aaminsan yihiin diimeed, u dabaaldegaan shaqooyinka guryahooda iyo dhisme kasta oo ku habboon, iyadoo la bixinayo in caqiidooyinkooda ama dhaqankoodu uusan ka hor imaanayn anshaxa guud ama nidaamka bulshada.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib, Kaniisadda Katooliga waxay ka fulisay Talyaaniga mashruuc "dib u dhiska Masiixiyiinta ee bulshada" taasoo macnaheedu yahay wadaaddadooda inay fulinayaan kaalin bulsheed oo cusub, laakiin sidoo kale mid siyaasadeed, oo lagu fulin doono doorasho ahaan Taageero siyaasadeed oo ballaaran oo ka faa'iideysanaya Dimuqraadiyiinta Masiixiyiinta, xisbi siyaasadeed Talyaani ah oo masiixi-dimoqraadi ah iyo dhiirigelin qunyar-socod ah oo taagan xarunta dhexe ee baarlamanka, oo la aasaasay 1943 isla markaana firfircoonaa muddo 51 sano ah, illaa 1994, xisbi door muhiim ah ciyaaray Doorkii xilligii dagaalka ka dib ee Talyaaniga iyo geeddi-socodka is-dhexgalka reer Yurub, iyada oo la ogyahay in jilayaasha Christian Democrats ay qayb ka ahaayeen dhammaan xukuumadihii Talyaaniga laga soo bilaabo 1944 ilaa 1994, inta badanna waxay muujiyeen Madaxweynaha Golaha Wasiirrada, sidoo kale waxay u dagaallamayeen dayactirka qiyamka masiixiga ee bulshada talyaaniga (mucaaradka kiristaanka dimuqraadiga ee soo gelitaanka furitaanka iyo soo rida ilmaha sharciga talyaaniga)[52]

Sheekada Kaniisadda Masiix, oo ah koox dib-u-soo-celin ah oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Mareykanka, ayaa xaqiijineysa doorka siyaasadeed ee adeegayaasha Mareykanka, iyada oo la tixgelinayo in isku dayga ah in laga saaro dhulka Talyaaniga ay caqabad ku noqotay faragelinta wakiillada dowladda Mareykanka oo soo wariyay mas'uuliyiinta Talyaaniga in Koongareesku awoodi doono inuu ka falceliyo "cawaaqib xumo aad u daran", oo ay ku jirto diidmada kaalmada dhaqaale ee Talyaaniga, haddii ergooyinka la eryo.[53]

Caadooyinka Katooliga guud ahaan - xitaa JW-yada, in kasta oo aan loo tixgelinaynin inay yihiin Mudaaharaadyo diimeed ka soo horjeedka Mabaa'diidnimada -, xaaladda Talyaaniga dagaalku ka dib kama mid noqon doono kuwa ugu roon, inkasta oo xaqiiqda, waddanka lahaa Dastuur damaanad qaaday xuquuqda dadka laga tirada badan yahay.[54] Xaqiiqdii, laga soo bilaabo 1947, ee kor ku xusan "dib-u-dhiska masiixiga ee bulshada," kaniisada Katooliga ayaa ka soo horjeesan doonta adeegayaashan: warqad ay soo qoreen sunciyada talyaaniga taariikhdii 3 Sebtember 1947 una dirtay Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada, waxaa lagu celiyay "Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibadda ee Quduusnimadiisa" wuxuu ka soo horjeeday ka mid noqoshada Heshiiskii aan soo sheegnay ee saaxiibtinimada, ganacsiga iyo marinka ee u dhaxeeyay Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka, kaas oo ahaa in la saxiixo intaas kadib, oo ah qodob ogolaanaya cibaado aan ahayn Kaatoolig si "loo abaabulo ficillo dhab ah oo cibaado iyo dacaayad ka baxsan macbudyo"[55] Isla nuncio isku mid ah, wax yar ka dib, wuxuu ku tilmaami doonaa taas farshaxanka. 11 ee heshiiska, "Talyaaniga Baabtiisteyaasha, Presbyterian, Episcopalians, Methodists, Wesleyans, Flickering [macno ahaan" Tremolanti ", erey afxumo ah oo loo adeegsado in lagu qoondeeyo Bentakostiga Talyaaniga, ed] Quakers, Swedenborgians, Scientists, Darbites, iwm. waxay lahaan lahaayeen macalimiinta inay furaan “meelaha cibaadada meelkasta gaar ahaan Rome”. Waxaa jira xusid "dhibaatada ka haysata helitaanka aragtida Aragtida Quduuska ah in la aqbalo Wafdiga Mareykanka ee la xiriira farshaxanka. 11 ”.[56] Wafdiga Talyaaniga waxay ku adkeysteen inay isku dayayaan inay ku qanciyaan wafdiga Mareykanka inay aqbalaan soo jeedinta Vatican-ka ”.[57] laakiin waxtar la’aan.[58] Laanta Talyaanigu ee Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, oo sidaan sheegnay ka codsatay in loo diro ergooyin ka socda Mareykanka, oo uu ugu horreeyo George Fredianelli, "oo loo diray Talyaaniga si uu u noqdo kormeere kormeere", taasi waa, sidii hoggaamiyaha hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu, oo dhulkiisa kartiyeed uu ka koobnaan doono "Dhammaan Talyaaniga, oo ay ku jiraan Sicily iyo Sardinia".[59] The Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 (Engl. Daabacaadda, Buugga Sannadka ee 1982 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah), halkaas oo sheekada Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Talyaaniga sidoo kale meelo badan looga hadlay, oo ku tilmaamaya hawshiisii ​​wacdin ee Talyaanigii ka dambeeyay, Talyaniga oo gebi ahaanba burburay sidii dhaxalkii dagaalkii adduunka:

... Hase yeeshe, kormeeraha ugu horreeyay ee wareegga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu ahaa Walaal George Fredianelli, oo bilaabay booqashooyinkiisa bishii Nofeembar 1946. Waxaa markii ugu horreysay la socday walaalkii Vannozzi. (...) Walaal George Fredianelli, oo hadda xubin ka ah Guddiga Laanta, wuxuu dib u xusuusinayaa dhacdooyinkan soo socda ee ku saabsan hawshiisa wareegga:

Markii aan wacay walaalaha waxaan helayaa qaraabo iyo asxaab oo dhammaantood i sugaya oo aad u xiiseynaya inay dhageystaan. Xitaa booqashooyinka soo noqoshada ah ee dadka looga waco eheladooda. Xaqiiqdii dhabta ah, kormeeraha wareegga ma uusan bixin kaliya hal hadal oo dadweyne usbuucii, laakiin mid saacado kooban ayuu ku bixiyaa booqasho kasta oo lagu soo laabto. Wicitaanadaas waxaa xitaa jiri kara 30 qof mararka qaarna qaar badan oo ka mid ah ayaa isugu soo ururay si ay si fiican u dhageystaan

Dagaalki kadambeeyay wuxuu inta badan kadhigaa nolosha shaqada wareega. Walaalaha, sida dadka kale badankood, aad bay u liiteen, laakiin naxariistooda naxariis-darrada ah ayaa ka soo kabatay. Waxay si kal iyo laab ah ula wadaageen cuntada yar ee ay haysteen, badiyaaana waxay igu adkeyn jireen inaan sariirta ku seexdo inta ay sagxadda dhulka dhigayaan dabool la'aan maxaa yeelay waxay ahaayeen dad aad u liita oo aan haysan wax dheeraad ah. Mararka qaarkood waxay ahayd inaan ku seexdo saca lo'da oo dul yaal caws ama caleemo hadhuudh la qalajiyey.

“Hal mar, waxaan imid saldhiga Caltanissetta ee Sicily anigoo waji madow u ah sida qiiqa qiiqa oo ka soo baxa qiiqa ka soo baxa mashiinka uumiga ee hore. In kasta oo ay igu qaadatay 14 saacadood inaan ku safro qiyaastii 80 ilaa 100 kiilomitir [50 illaa 60 mi.] Si kastaba ha noqotee, ma ahayn inay noqoto. Caltanissetta waxay la ciir ciireysay dadka dabaaldega maalinta St. Michael, huteel kasta oo magaalada ku yaal waxaa ka buuxsamay wadaado iyo soorooyin. Ugu dambayntii waxaan dib ugu noqday saldhigga anigoo qaba fikrad ah inaan jiifsado kursiga keydka ee aan ku arkay qolka sugitaanka, laakiin xitaa rajadaas way baaba'day markii aan helay saldhigga oo xiran ka dib imaatinka tareenka fiidkii ugu dambeeyay. Meesha kaliya ee aan helay inaan fariisto oo aan inyar nasto waxay ahayd jaranjarada saldhigga hortiisa. ”

Caawinta kormeerayaasha wareegga ayaa jameecaduhu bilaabeen inay joogteeyaan Watchtower iyo barashada buugaagta. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, markii aan kor u qaadnay tayada shirarka adeegga, walaalaha waxay si aad ah ugu sii fiicnaadeen wacdinta iyo shaqada barashada.[60]

Fredianelli wuxuu sameyn doonaa codsi ah in loo kordhiyo joogitaanka adeegayaashiisa Talyaaniga, laakiin codsiga waxaa diidi doona Wasaarada Arimaha Dibada kadib fikirka xun ee Safaarada Talyaaniga ee Washington, oo ku dhawaaqi doonta 10ka Sebtember, 1949: “Wasaaradani waxay qabataa ma aragno dano siyaasadeed oo dhankeena ah oo nagala talinaya inaan aqbalno codsiga muddo kordhinta ”.[61] Sidoo kale qoraalka ka soo baxay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, ee bishii Sebtember 21, 1949, ayaa lagu xusay in "aysan jirin dan siyaasadeed oo laga leeyahay bixinta muddada kordhinta".[62]

Marka laga reebo qaar ka mid ahaa caruurtii reer Talyaani, adeegayaashii Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, kadib lix bilood oo keliya markay yimaadeen, waa inay ka baxaan ciidda Talyaaniga. Laakiin kaliya markii lagu adkeysto, si kastaba ha noqotee, kordhinta joogitaankooda ayaa dhici doonta,[63] sida sidoo kale lagu xaqiijiyay daabacaadda Talyaaniga ee joornaalka dhaqdhaqaaqa, ee daabacaaddii 1 Maarso 1951:

Xitaa ka hor intii siddeed iyo labaatanka adeegayaal aysan imaanin Talyaaniga bishii Maarso 1949, xafiiska wuxuu sameeyay codsi joogto ah oo uu ku codsanayo fiiso hal sano ah dhammaantood. Markii hore saraakiishu waxay cadeeyeen in dowladdu ay arinta ka eegayso dhinaca dhaqaalaha arintuna sidaa darteed ay umuuqato mid kalsooni gelineysa adeegayaashayada. Lix bilood ka dib, waxaan si lama filaan ah uga helnay isgaarsiin Wasaaradda Arimaha Gudaha oo ku amreysa walaalaheena inay dalka ka baxaan dhamaadka bisha, isbuuc ka yar. Dabcan, waan diidnay inaan aqbalno amarkan iyada oo aan dagaal sharci ah dhicin waxaana dadaal kasta oo suuragal ah la sameeyay si aan u helno salka arrinta si loo ogaado cidda masuulka ka ahayd dhabar jabintan. Markii aan lahadalnay dadka ka shaqeeya Wasaaradda waxaan ogaanay in feylashayadu aysan muujineynin wax jawaab celin ah booliska ama maamulada kale sidaa darteedna kaliya "rag waaweyn" ayaa masuul ka noqon kara. Yuu noqon karaa? Saaxiib Wasaaradda ka mid ah ayaa nagu wargeliyay in tallaabada ka dhanka ah adeegayaasheenna ay ahayd mid aad loola yaabo maxaa yeelay aragtida dowladda ayaa ahayd mid dulqaad badan oo u roon muwaadiniinta Mareykanka. Waxaa laga yaabaa in safaaraddu ay caawin karto. Booqashooyinka shaqsiga ah ee safaaradda iyo wadahadallo badan oo lala yeeshay xoghayaha Safiirka dhammaantood waxay noqdeen kuwo aan waxtar lahayn. Waxay ahayd wax badan oo muuqda, sida xitaa diblomaasiyiinta Mareykanka ay qireen, in qof awood badan ku dhex lahaa dowladda Talyaaniga uusan dooneyn in adeegayaasha Watch Tower ay ku wacdiyaan Talyaaniga. Awoodaan xoogan diblomaasiyiinta Mareykanka waxay si fudud garabka u saareen oo yiraahdeen, "Hagaag, waad ogtihiin, Kaniisada Katooliga waa halkaan Diinta Dowlada waxayna ku dhaqmaan waxay jecel yihiin." Laga soo bilaabo Sebtember ilaa Diseembar waxaan dib u dhignay tallaabada Wasaaradda ee ka dhanka ah adeegayaasha. Ugu dambeyntiina, waxaa la xadiday; adeegayaashu waxay ahayd inay dalka ka baxaan ugu dambayn 31-ka Diseembar.[64]

Eryida ka dib, adeegayaashu waxay awoodeen inay ku soo laabtaan wadanka sida kaliya ee sharcigu ogol yahay, iyagoo ah dalxiisayaal, codsanaya inay ka faa'iideystaan ​​fiisaha dalxiis ee soconaya seddex bilood, ka dib markii ay ku qasbanaadeen inay dibedda u aadaan si ay ugu laabtaan Talyaaniga maalmo yar. ka dib, dhaqan ku dhaqso ah oo isla markiiba ay ogaadeen, oo ay la socdaan, saraakiisha booliisku: Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, dhab ahaan, wareegtada taariikhdu markay ahayd Oktoobar 10, 1952, oo mawduuca ku saabsan «Associazione“ Testimoni di Geova ”» (Ururka “Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah”), oo loo kala diray dhammaan madaxda talyaaniga, wuxuu uga digay meydadka booliska inay xoojiyaan “feejignaanta waxqabadka” ee urur diimeedka aan soo sheegnay, oo aan u oggolaaneyn “in la kordhiyo ruqsadaha degenaanshaha ajaanibta ka baxsan”.[65] Paolo Piccioli wuxuu xusay in "Labada adeegayaal [JWs], Timothy Plomaritis iyo Edward R. Morse, lagu qasbay inay dalka ka baxaan sida ku cad faylka magacooda ku qoran", ee kor lagu soo sheegay, halka dukumiintiyada keydka ee Central State Archives ay xuseen “Xakamaynta soo gelitaanka Talyaaniga ee laba adeegayaal oo kale, Madorskis. Dukumiintiyo laga soo qaatay sanadihii 1952-1953 ayaa laga helay AS [the Archives-ka Gobolka] ee Aosta taas oo u muuqata in booliisku ay isku dayayaan inay raadiyaan lamaanayaasha Albert iyo Opal Tracy iyo Frank iyo Laverna Madorski, adeegayaasha [JWs], si meesha looga saaro inay ka saaraan dhulka qaranka ama ay ka aamin baxaan inay diinta u beddelaan. ”[66]

Laakiin inta badan amarka, had iyo jeer macnaha guud ee ku xusan "dib-u-dhiska masiixiga ee bulshada", wuxuu asal ahaan ka soo jeedaa mas'uuliyiinta kaniisadaha, xilli Vaticanku wali muhiimad leeyahay. Oktoobar 15, 1952 Ildefonso Schuster, Cardinal of Milan, ayaa lagu daabacay Kormeeraha Roman maqaalka "Il pericolo protestante nell'Arcidiocesi di Milano" ("Khatarta Protestant ee Archdiocese of Milan"), oo si xoog leh looga soo horjeedo dhaqdhaqaaqyada diimeed ee Protestant iyo ururada "amarka iyo bixinta mushaharka madaxda ajaanibta", iyadoo la tixraacayo asal ahaan Mareykan, halkaasoo ay u imaan doonto dib-u-qiimeynta Inquisition maxaa yeelay halkaas wadaadadu "waxay ka faa'iideysteen caawimaadda awoodda madaniga ah ee lagu cabudhinayo faasiqnimada", iyagoo ku doodaya in waxqabadka waxa loogu yeero Protestantku "ay wiiqeen midnimada qaranka" iyo "fidinta khilaafaadka ka dhex jira qoysaska", taas oo daliil cad u ah wacdinta shaqada kooxahan, oo ay ugu horreeyaan dhammaan ururada ku xiran Watch Tower Society.

Xaqiiqdii, daabacaaddii Febraayo 1-2, 1954, wargeyska Vatican, ee "Lettera dei Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia ”(“Warqadda Madaxweynayaasha Shirarka Episcopal-ka ee Talyaaniga ”), waxay ku boorisay wadaaddada iyo kuwa aaminka ah inay la dagaallamaan shaqada Borotestayaasha iyo Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah. In kasta oo maqaalka uusan xusin magacyada, hadana waa iska cadahay in inta badan uu iyaga ka hadlayo. Waxay leedahay: "Markaa waa inaan cambaareynaa dacaayadaha sii xoogeysanaya ee Protestant-ka, oo badanaa asal ahaan ka yimid dalal shisheeye, kuwaas oo ku beeraya qaladaad qatar ah xitaa dalkeenna (…) baryaya kuwa waajib ku ah (…)." “Kumaa habboon inuu ahaado” wuxuu noqon karaa oo keliya maamulka Amniga Dadweynaha. Xaqiiqdii, Vatican-ka waxay ku boorisay wadaaddada inay cambaareeyaan JWs - iyo cibaadooyinka kale ee aan kiristaanka ahayn ee Masiixiyiinta ah, oo ay ugu horreyso dhammaan Bentakostiyaal, oo si xun u silciyey Faashiistiyadii iyo Masiixiyiintii Dimuqraadiga ee Talyaaniga illaa 1950s -[67] mas'uuliyiinta booliiska: boqolaal qof ayaa dhab ahaan la xiray, laakiin qaar badan ayaa isla markiiba la sii daayay, qaar kalena waa la ganaaxay ama waa la xiray, xitaa iyagoo adeegsanaya xeerar aan laga noqonayn oo ku saabsan xeerka sharci-dejinta ee Fascist, iyada oo la siiyay in cibaadooyinka kale - laga fikiro Bentakostiga - Wareegtada Wasaaraddu maya . 600/158 ee Abriil 9, 1935 oo loo yaqaanay "Wareegtada Buffarini-Guidi" (oo laga soo qaatay magaca Xogheyaha Arrimaha Gudaha ee saxeexay, oo lala qoray Arturo Bocchini iyo oggolaanshaha Mussolini) waxaana sidoo kale lagu soo oogay dacwadda xadgudubka. 113, 121 iyo 156 ee Sharciga Iskujira ee Shuruucda Amniga Dadweynaha ee ay soo saareen fashiistaha kaasoo ubaahan rukhsadda ama diiwaangelinta diiwaanno gaar ah oo loogu talagalay kuwa daabacay qoraalada (art.113), ku shaqeeyay xirfadda iibiyaha waddooyinka (art.121), ama iyagu uruurinta lacagta ama aruurinta (art. 156).[68]

6. Dulsaar la'aanta dhanka mas'uuliyiinta siyaasadeed ee Mareykanka waxay ka imaaneysaa xaqiiqda ah in JWs ay ka fogaadaan siyaasada iyagoo aaminsan inay "iyagu ka mid aheyn adduunka" (Yooxanaa 17: 4). JWs waxaa si cad loogu amrey inay ilaaliyaan dhex dhexaadnimada arrimaha siyaasadeed iyo militari ee ummadaha;[69] xubnaha cibaadada waxaa lagu boorinayaa inaysan faragalin waxa dadka kale sameynayaan ee ku saabsan codeynta doorashooyinka siyaasadeed, u tartamida xafiis siyaasadeed, ku biirida ururada siyaasada, ku qeylinta hal ku dhigyada siyaasadeed, iwm sida lagu muujiyey La Torre di Guardia (Italia Edition) ee Nofeembar 15, 1968 bogagga 702-703 iyo Sebtember 1, 1986 bogagga 19-20. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo awoodeeda muran la’aan, hoggaaminta Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxay ku kalliftay xayeysiis dalal badankood (laakiin maaha qaar ka mid ah gobollada Koonfurta Ameerika) inaysan ka soo muuqan doorashooyinka doorashooyinka siyaasadeed. waxaan ku sharixi doonaa sababaha doorashadan adoo adeegsanaya waraaqo ka socda laanta Rome ee JWs:

Waxa ku xad gudbaya dhex-dhexaadnimada maahan in si fudud lagu muujiyo goobta doorashada ama la galo qolka codeynta. Xadgudubku wuxuu dhacaa marka shaqsigu doorto dowlad aan ahayn tii Ilaah. (Jn 17:16) Wadamada ay waajib ku tahay inay aadaan doorashooyinka, walaalaha waxay u dhaqmaan sida ku cad W 64. Talyaanigu majiro waajibaadka noocaas ah ama majiraan ciqaab kuwa aan imaan. Kuwa is muujiya, xitaa haddii aysan ku qasbaneyn, waa inay isweydiiyaan sababta ay u sameynayaan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, qof kasta oo isa soo bandhiga laakiin aan sameynin xulasho, oo uusan ku xadgudbin dhex-dhexaadnimada, laguma xukumi karo anshax marinta guddiga garsoorka. Laakiin shaqsigu maahan tusaale. Hadduu oday yahay, midiidin ah, ama hormuud ah, ma noqon karo mid aan eed lahayn oo laga saari doono mas'uuliyaddiisa. (1Tim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii qof yimaado goobta codbixinta, way fiicantahay odayaasha inay la hadlaan si ay u fahmaan sababta. Waxaa laga yaabaa inuu u baahan yahay caawimaad si uu u fahmo dariiqa xigmadda leh ee la raacayo. Laakiin marka laga reebo xaqiiqda ah inuu lumin karo mudnaan gaar ah, tagista doorashooyinka halkii se waa arrin shakhsi iyo damiir.[70]

Hoggaanka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah:

Tallaabada qof kasta oo muujiya doorashada mudnaanta leh wuxuu xadgudub ku yahay dhexdhexaadnimada. Ku xad gudubka dhexdhexaadnimada waa lagama maarmaan in ka badan isbarashada nafta, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la muujiyo doorbid. Haddii qofna sidan sameeyo, wuxuu ka soocaa ururkiisa ku xadgudubka dhexdhexaadnimadiisa. Waxaan fahamsanahay in dadka bislaaday xagga ruuxi ahaan aysan isu soo bandhigin sida ugu badan ee Talyaaniga, ma aha qasab. Haddii kale anshax madmadow leh ayaa soo muuqda. Haddii qof yimaado oo uu oday ama adeege wasiir yahay, waa laga qaadi karaa. Markaan ballan lagu dhex lahayn kiniisadda, hase yeeshe, qofka is muujiya wuxuu muujin doonaa inuu ruuxiisu daciif yahay odayaashuna ay sidaas oo kale u tixgelin doonaan. Way fiicantahay in qof walba loo daayo inuu qaado mas'uuliyadiisa. Jawaabta adigaan ku siineynaa waxaan kugula hadlaynaa W Oktoobar 1, 1970 p. 599 iyo 'Vita Eterna' cutubka. 11. Waa waxtar leh in tan lagu xuso wada-hadallada gaarka ah halkii aan ka ahaan lahaa shirarka. Dabcan, xitaa kulamada waxaan xoojin karnaa baahida loo qabo dhexdhexaadnimada, si kastaba ha noqotee arrintu waa mid aad u jilicsan oo faahfaahinta sida ugu fiican loogu bixiyo hadal ahaan, si gaar ah.[71]

Maaddaama JW la baabtiisay "qayb kama aha dunida", haddii xubin ka mid ah jameecada aan toobad keenin ay ku dhaqaaqdo dhaqan xadgudub ku ah dhexdhexaadnimada Masiixiyiinta, taas oo ah, inuu codeeyo, dhexgalo arrimaha siyaasadda ama uu qabto hawl militari, inuu iska fogeeyo kaniisadda, taasoo keentay faquuqa iyo dhimashada bulshada, sida ku cad La Torre di Guardia . laanta qaranka iyada oo loo marayo nidaamka shaqada ee ku lug leh buuxinta foomamka qaarkood, ee lagu saxeexay S-15 iyo S-1982, kaas oo xaqiijin doona go'aanka.

Laakiin haddii hoggaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa xadgudubka dhabta ah ee mabda'a dhexdhexaadnimada Masiixiyiinta lagu muujiyo codka siyaasadeed, maxay JWs u caddeeyeen mowqifka ah inaysan aadi doonin doorashooyinka? Waxay umuuqataa in Hay’ada Maamulka ay dooraneyso doorashada noocaas ah, si “aysan u kicin shaki oo aysan u safrin kuwa kale”,[72] "Iloobin", marka loo eego kiiska adag ee talyaaniga, farshaxankaas. 48 ee dastuurka Talyaaniga wuxuu dhigayaa: “Codbixintu waa mid shaqsi ah oo loo siman yahay, xor iyo qarsoodi ah. Layligeedu waa a waajibaadka madaniga ah”; waa "la iloobay" farshaxankaas. 4 ee Sharciga Iskujira lam. 361 ee March 3, 1957, oo lagu daabacay kaabista caadiga ah ee Gazzetta Ufficiale  maya. 139 ee Juun 3, 1957 waxay sheegaysaa: “Layliga codbixintu waa waajib taas oo uusan muwaadin u baxsan karin isagoon gudan waajibaadka saxda ah ee ka saaran dalka. ” Marka maxaa diidaya in Maamulka iyo guddiga laanta ee Rome Betel ay tixgeliyaan labadan heer? Sababtoo ah gudaha Talyaanigu ma jiro sharci qeexan oo ciqaabaya kuwa aadaya doorashooyinka, sharci taa beddelkeeda ka jira dalal ka mid ah Koonfurta Ameerika oo keenaya JW-da maxalliga ah iyo kuwa ajaanibta ah inay aadaan doorashooyinka, si aan loogu soo rogin cunaqabateyn maamul. , si kastaba ha noqotee baajinta codbixinta iyadoo la raacayo "neytrality Christian".

Marka laga hadlayo doorashooyinka siyaasadeed, ifafaalaha ka-aamusnaanta ee Talyaanigu wuxuu qabtey 1970s. Haddii, dagaalka kadib, muwaadiniinta Talyaanigu ay dareemeen sharaf inay awood u leeyihiin inay kaqeybqaataan nolosha siyaasadeed ee Jamhuuriyadda kadib sanado badan oo kalidii talisnimo faashiiste ah, iyadoo ay soo ifbaxayaan fadeexado badan oo lala xiriirinayo xisbiyada, dhamaadka 70s, kalsoonida kuwa xaq u leeyahay inuu seego Dhacdadan ayaa weli taagan maanta waxayna muujineysaa kalsooni darrada ka weyn xisbiyada iyo sidaas darteed dimuqraadiyadda. Sida lagu soo warramey daraasadda ISTAT ee arrintan la xiriirta: “Saamiga cod-bixiyeyaasha aan tegin goobaha cod-bixinta ayaa si isdaba-joog ah u kordhay tan iyo doorashadii siyaasadeed ee 1976, markii ay matalaysay 6.6% codbixiyeyaasha, illaa la-tashiyadii ugu dambeeyay ee 2001, oo gaaraya 18.6% kuwa xaqa u leh inay wax doortaan Haddii xogta aasaasiga ah - taasi ay tahay saamiga muwaadiniinta aan tegin goobaha codbixinta - lagu daro xogta la xiriirta waxa loogu yeero codadka aan la shaacin (waraaqaha maran iyo waraaqaha null), ifafaalaha koritaanka “aan codeyn” waxay qaadataa xitaa cabirro aad u ballaaran, waxayna gaaraysaa ku dhowaad afartii codbixiye midkii ugu dambeeyay ee la-tashiyada siyaasadeed ”.[73] Way cadahay in ka-gaabinta doorashada, wixii ka baxsan “dhex-dhexaadnimada masiixiga” ay yeelan karto macno siyaasadeed, kaliya ka fikir kooxaha siyaasadeed, sida fowdo-wadayaasha, oo aan si cad ugu codeynaynin muujinta cadaawada weyn ee ay u qabaan nidaam sharci iyo gelitaanka hay'adaha. Talyaanigu wuxuu dhowr jeer yeeshay siyaasiyiin ku casuumay codbixiyaasha inaysan wax dooran si aysan u gaarin kooramka aftida qaaska ah. Marka laga hadlayo JWs, ka-dhaafitaanku wuxuu leeyahay qiime siyaasadeed, maxaa yeelay, sida kuwa fowdada wada, waxay muujinayaan cadaawad weyn oo ay u qabaan nooc kasta oo nidaam siyaasadeed ah, taas oo, sida ay fiqiga u tahay, ka soo horjeedda madax-bannaanida Rabbiga. JWs isuma arkaan inay yihiin muwaadiniin ka tirsan "nidaamkan hadda jira", laakiin, waxay ku saleysan tahay 1 Butros 2:11 ("Waxaan idinkula dardaarmayaa shisheeyayaal iyo deggeneyaal ku meel gaar ah inaad ka sii fogaataan damacyada jidhka," NWT) waa laga soocay nidaam kasta oo siyaasadeed: “In ka badan 200 oo dal oo ay joogaan, markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waa muwaadiniin sharciga dhawra, laakiin meel kasta oo ay ku nool yihiin, waxay la mid yihiin shisheeyaha: waxay ku hayaan mowqif dhex-dhexaadnimo buuxda oo la xiriirta siyaasadda iyo arrimaha bulshada. Xitaa hadda waxay isu arkaan inay yihiin muwaadiniin adduunyo cusub, adduun uu Ilaahay ballanqaaday. Waxay ku faraxsan yihiin in maalmahooda sida degane ku meelgaar ah Nidaam adduunyo oo aan dhammaystirnayn ayaa dhammaanaya.[74]

Tani, si kastaba ha noqotee, waa waxa loo baahan yahay in loo sameeyo dhammaan kuwa raacsan, xitaa haddii hoggaamiyeyaasha, kuwa xarunta adduunka iyo kuwa laamaha kala duwan ee adduunka, ay inta badan adeegsadaan astaamaha siyaasadeed si ay wax uga qabtaan. Xaqiiqdii, dareenka muuqda ee saaxadda siyaasadeed ee JW-da ugu sarreysa Talyaaniga waxaa xaqiijiyey ilo kala duwan: warqad 1959 ah waxaa lagu xusay in laanta Talyaaniga ee Watch Tower Society ay si cad ugu talisay ku tiirsanaanta qareennada “jamhuuriyadda ama dimoqraadiga bulshada u janjeera ”maadaama“ ay yihiin kuwa ugu fiican difaaceena ”, sidaa darteed adeegsiga cabbiro siyaasadeed, oo laga mamnuucay wax bixinta, markay cadaato in qareenka lagu qiimeeyo xirfadaha xirfadeed, ee uusan ku xirneyn xisbinimo.[75] Taasi 1959 ma noqon doonto kiis go'doon ah, laakiin waxay u muuqataa inay dhaqan ka ahayd laanta Talyaaniga: dhawr sano ka hor, 1954 tIsaga Laanta Talyaanigu waxay u dirtay laba hormood oo khaas ah - taasi waa, wacdiyayaal waqti-buuxa ah meelaha ay aadka ugu baahi badan yihiin wacdiyayaashu; bil kasta waxay u huraan 130 saacadood ama ka badan wasaaradda, iyagoo leh nolol miyir-qab leh iyo dib-u-soo-celin yar oo ka socota Ururka - oo la geeyo magaalada Terni, Lidia Giorgini iyo Serafina Sanfelice.[76] Labada horjooge ee JW ayaa, sida dad badan oo wacdiyayaal ah oo waqtigaas jiray, laga dacwayn doonaa oo lagu soo oogi doonaa inay ku wacdiyaan albaab ilaa albaab. Warqad, cabashada kadib, laanta Talyaaniga ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxay u soo jeedin doonaan masuulka sare ee qareenka difaaca labada hormood, iyadoo lagu saleynayo manhajka, laakiin xuduudaha siyaasadeed ee furan:

Walaal qaaliyow,

Waxaan halkan kugu ogeysiineynaa in maxkamadeynta labada gabdhood ee walaalaha ah ay ka dhaceyso bisha Nofeembar 6 Maxkamadda Degmada Terni.

Bulshadu way difaaci doontaa hawshan tan awgeedna waxaan ku farxi doonnaa inaan kaa ogaanno haddii aad ka heli karto qareen Terni oo qaadi kara difaaca maxkamadda.

Markaan daneyneyno, waxaan door bidnay in xulashada qareenka ay noqoto mid u janjeerta shuuciyadda. Waxaan dooneynaa inaan isticmaalno garyaqaan Jamhuuriya, Liberal ama Social Democrat. Waxyaabaha kale ee aan dooneyno inaan horay u ogaanno waxay noqon doonaan kharashka qareenka.

Isla marka aad hesho macluumaadkan, fadlan la xiriir xafiiskayaga, si Jaaliyaddu ugu sii ambaqaaddo arrinta una go'aansato. Waxaan ku xusuusineynaa inaadan la hadlin wax garyaqaan ah, laakiin aad kaliya hesho macluumaad, inta laga helayo xiriirkeena ku saabsan warqaddaada.

Waan ku faraxsanahay inaan kula kaashado shaqada diimeed, oo aan sugno sheegashadaada, waxaan kuu soo direynaa salaan walaaltinimo.

Walaalihiin iimaanka qaaliga ah

Watch Tower B&T Society[77]

Warqad Xafiiska Talyaaniga ee Laanta Watch Tower Society laanta, oo ku taal Rome ee Via Monte Maloia 10, ayaa looga codsaday JW Dante Pierfelice inuu difaaco kiiska qareenka Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), xubin ka tirsan golaha degmada ee Terni ahna musharax u tartamaya doorashadii sharci dejinta ee 1953 ee Xisbiga Jamhuuriga, oo khidmaddiisu ahayd 10,000 oo lire, tiradaas oo ay laanta u aragtay "mid macquul ah", waxayna ku lifaaqday laba nuqul oo ah xukunno la mid ah si loo tuso qareenka.[78]

Sababaha xaddidaadaha la qaatay 1954 iyo 1959, cabbirada dabeecadda siyaasadeed, waa la fahmi karaa, cabirro ka sharci badan, laakiin haddii JW-ga caadiga ah ay ku dabaqaan, waxaa hubaal ah in lagu xukumi doono inuusan ahayn mid ruuxi ah, kiis cad oo ah "Laba jibbaar" Xaqiiqdii, muuqaalka siyaasadeed ee xilligii dagaalka kadib, Xisbiga Jamhuuriga (PRI), Social-Democratic Party (PSDI) iyo Liberal Party (PLI) waxay ahaayeen seddex awood siyaasadeed oo dhexe, cilmaani iyo qunyar socod, labada ugu horeysa ee “dimuqraadiyadda bidix ”, iyo kii ugu dambeeyay ee muxaafid ah laakiin cilmaani ah, laakiin seddexduba waxay noqon doonaan Mareykan-jecel iyo Atlanticist;[79] kuma habboonaadeen urur millenni ah oo ka dhigaya dagaalka ka dhanka ah Katooliga inuu noqdo qodobkiisa adag inuu adeegsado garyaqaan lala xiriiriyo Dimuqraadiga Masiixiyiinta, iyo cadaadiskii ugu dambeeyay ee xilligii dowladdii fashiistaha ahayd laga reebay suurtagalnimada in lala xiriiro garyaqaanka xuquuqda ba'an. ku socota Dhaqdhaqaaqa Bulshada (MSI), oo ah xisbi siyaasadeed oo qaadi doona dhaxalka faashiisnimada. Layaab malahan, difaacaya adeegayaasha iyo daabacayaasha iyo diidmada JW, waxaan lahaan doonnaa qareeno sida qareen Nicola Romualdi, oo ah jamhuuriyad jamhuuriyada Rome oo difaaci doonta JWs soddon sano "markii ay aad u adkeyd in la helo qareen diyaar u ah inuu taageero ( …) Sabab ”yaa sidoo kale qoraya dhowr qodob oo ku saabsan joornaalka rasmiga ah ee PRI, La Voce Repubblicana, iyada oo loo xaglinayo kooxda diinta ee magaca calmaaniyadda. Maqaalka 1954, wuxuu ku qoray:

Saraakiisha booliisku waxay sii wadaan inay ku xad gudbaan mabda'a xorriyadda [diinta], iyagoo ka hortagaya shirarka nabadeed ee muuminiinta, kala dirista eedaysanayaasha, joojinta dacaayadaha, u soo rogaya digniinta iyaga, mamnuucista deganaanshaha, dib ugu soo celinta Dawladda Hoose iyadoo loo marayo dariiqa qasabka ah . Sidii aan horey u soo tilmaannay, badanaa waa su'aal ku saabsan muujintaas oo dhowaan loogu yeeray "aan toos ahayn". Amniga Dadweynaha, taasi waa, ama Arma dei Carabinieri, kuma dhaqmaan iyagoo si sax ah u mamnuucaya muujinta dareenka diimeed ee la tartamaya midka Katooliga, laakiin waxay u qaataan marmarsiinyo xadgudubyo kale oo aan jirin ama aan jirin, ama natiijada ka dhalatay qaawan oo xanaf leh xeerarka jira. Mararka qaarkood, tusaale ahaan, dadka qaybiya Kitaabka Quduuska ah ama buug-yareyaasha diimeed waxaa lagu xujeeyaa inaysan haysan liisanka loo qoray ganacsatada waddooyinka ku ganacsata; mararka qaarkood shirarka waa la kala dirayaa maxaa yeelay - waa lagu murmaa - ogolaanshaha hore ee booliiska lama codsan; mararka qaarkood dacaayadeeyayaasha waxaa lagu dhalleeceeyaa dabeecad xumo iyo xanaaq taas oo, si kastaba ha noqotee, uma muuqato inay iyagu, iyaga oo dan ugu jira dacaayaddooda, ay mas'uul ka yihiin. Nidaamka caamka ah ee caanka ah ayaa had iyo jeer masraxa ku jira, iyada oo magaca taas oo ah gar-qaadisyo badan oo hore loo caddeeyay.[80]

Si ka duwan warqaddii 1959 ee si fudud loogu codsaday in loo adeegsado garyaqaan ku dhow PRI iyo PSDI, warqadda 1954 waxay tilmaamtay in laantu doorbiday in xulashada qareenka la adeegsado ay ku dhacdo mid ka mid ah “qalooca aan shuuciyadda ahayn.” In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dawladaha hoose badhasaabadii lagu soo doortay liistada Xisbigii Hantiwadaagga iyo Xisbiga Shuuciga ay gacan ka geysteen, fure ka soo horjeedda kaatooligga (tan iyo markii dadka kaatoligga ahi u codeeyeen Dimuqraadiyadda Christian), haddana bulshooyinka wacdinta iyo JWs ee ka soo horjeedda dulmiga Kaatooligga, si ay u kireystaan ​​garyaqaan Marxist ah, inkasta oo ay cilmaani yihiin oo ay doorbidaan dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee diinta, waxay xaqiijin lahayd eedeynta, been iyo la soo darista kuwa adeegayaasha aan ka tirsanayn ee kaatooligga ah, ee ah "Shuuciyada qaran dumiska ah",[81] eedeyn aan ka turjumeynin - nagu koobay kaliya JW-yada - suugaanta dhaqdhaqaaqa, taas oo waraaqaha talyaaniga lagu daabacay markii ugu horeysay ee daabacaadda Mareykanka ka dibna, dhowr bilood ka dib, kan Talyaaniga, kaliya ma ahan dhaleeceynta Kaniisada Katooliga ayaa badatay laakiin sidoo kale "athei shuuciga", oo xaqiijineysa sida asal ahaan Mareykanku u qabsaday, halkaasoo ay kajirtay xukun diidmo kulul.

Maqaal lagu daabacay daabacaadda Talyaaniga ee La Torre di Guardia ee Janaayo 15, 1956 oo ku saabsan doorka Shuuciga Talyaaniga ee Katooliga Talyaaniga, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in laga fogeeyo eedeymaha ay bilaabeen hoggaamiyeyaasha kaniisadaha ee ah in Communistyadu u adeegsadeen diimaha Protestant iyo kan-Katooligga (oo ay ku jiraan Markhaatiyaasha) si ay uga caawiyaan kala-goynta bulshada:

Saraakiisha diinta ayaa ku dooday in dadka u ololeeya shuuciga iyo saxaafadda "ha qarin naxariista iyo taageerada ay u fidinayaan borobagaandadan midaysan." Laakiin arintu sidan ma tahay? Tallaabooyin waaweyn oo xagga xorriyadda cibaadada ah ayaa laga sameeyey Talyaaniga, laakiin taasi dhib ma ahayn. Markay wargeysyada ku takhasusay qoraallada ku soo qoraan tiirarkooda xadgudubyada iyo xaqdarrada lagula dhaqmayo beelaha laga tirada badan yahay ee diinta, welwelka ay ka qabaan ma aha caqiidada saxda ah, ama u damqashada ama taageeridda diimaha kale, laakiin waxay ka dhiganayaan raasamaal siyaasadeed xaqiiqda ah in tallaabooyinka aan dimoqraadiyadda iyo dastuurka waafaqsanayn ay ahaayeen loo qaaday kooxahan laga tirada badan yahay. Xaqiiqooyinka waxay muujinayaan in Communist-yada aysan si dhab ah u daneyneynin arrimaha ruuxiga ah, Katoolig ama non-Catholic. Danta ugu weyn waxay ku jirtaa waxyaalaha maadiga ah ee dhulkan ka jira. Communist-ku waxay ku jees jeesaan kuwa rumaysan ballanqaadyada boqortooyada Ilaah ee Masiixa, oo ay ugu yeeraan fulayo iyo dulinle.

Saxaafadda shuuciga waxay ku jeesjeesayaan Kitaabka Qudduuska ah waxayna sumeeyaan wasiirrada Masiixiyiinta ah ee baraya ereyga Ilaah. Tusaale ahaan, u fiirso warbixinta soo socota ee ka soo baxda wargeyska Communist Runta ee Brescia, Talyaaniga. Markay markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ugu yeeraan "basaasiin Mareykan ah oo loo ekeysiiyay 'adeegayaal,' waxay tiri:" Guri guri ayey u aadayaan 'Kitaabka Quduuska ah' waxay ku wacdinayaan soo gudbinta dagaalka ay diyaariyeen Mareykanku, "waxayna si been ah u sii dallacday in adeegayaashan mushahar la siiyay. wakiillada bangiyada New York iyo Chicago waxayna iskudayeen inay "uruuriyaan macluumaad nooc walba leh oo ku saabsan ragga iyo howlaha ururada" Communist-ka. " Qoraagu wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyey “waajibaadka shaqaalaha, oo yaqaana sida dalkooda ay si fiican u difaacaan. . . sidaas darteed waa inaan albaabka ka garaacaa wajiyada jawaasiiskan foosha xun ee loo soo ekaysiiyey inay yihiin wadaaddo. ”

In badan oo shuuciyiin Talyaani ah ma diidaan in xaasaskooda iyo caruurtoodu ka soo qayb galaan kaniisada Katooliga. Waxay dareemayaan in maadama nooc diinta ka mid ah ay doonayaan dumarka iyo caruurtu ay noqon karto sidoo kale diintii hore ee aabayaashood baray. Doodooda ayaa ah in aanu wax dhib ahi ku jirin barashada diinta ee Kaniisadda Katooliga, laakiin waa hantida kaniisadda ka xanaajineysa iyaga iyo kaniisaddu inay la safato waddamada raasamaalka ah. Hase yeeshe diinta Katooliga ayaa ah tan ugu weyn Talyaaniga - xaqiiqda ah in shuuciyiinta cod-doonka ah ay si wanaagsan u aqoonsadaan. Maaddaama hadaladooda dadweynaha ee soo noqnoqda ay caddeeyeen, Communistyaashu waxay doorbidi lahaayeen kaniisadda Katooliga oo ah lammaane halkii ay ka ahaan lahaayeen diimaha kale ee Talyaaniga.

Shuuciyada waxaa ka go’an inay gacanta ku dhigaan talyaaniga, tanna waxay ku sameyn karaan oo keliya iyagoo ka guuleysta dhinacooda tiro aad u badan oo katoolig ah, oo aan ahayn kuwa katooligga ah. Iskusoo wada duuboo, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay qancinta noocan oo kale ee katooligga ah ee wadajirka runti uusan u rooneyn diin kale oo diimeed. Shuuciyadu waxay aad u xiiseynayaan codadka dadka reer Katooliga ah ee beeraleyda ah, fasalka oo ku xirnaa dhaqanka Katooliga qarniyo, iyo hadalada hogaamiyaha shuuciga ee Talyaaniga “ma weydiisanayaan dunida Katooliga inay joojiso inay ahaato adduun Katoolik ah, ”Laakiin” u janjeera dhanka isfahamka. ”[82]

Xaqiijinta in hay'adda Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, in kasta oo "dhex-dhexaadnimada" lagu wacdiyey, ay saamayn ku leedahay asalka Mareykanka, ma jiraan qoraallo kooban, inta u dhexeysa 50s iyo 70s, halkaas oo ay ka jirto wada-jir ka soo horjeedda wada-xaajoodka loogu talagalay PCI, isagoo ku eedeeyay kaniisadda oo aan ahayn qalcad ka soo horjeeda "casaanka".[83] Maqaallada kale ee laga soo bilaabo 1950-meeyadii iyo 1970-meeyadii waxay u muuqdaan kuwo si xun u arka kor u kaca shuuciyadda, iyagoo cadeynaya in asalka Waqooyiga Ameerika uu aasaas yahay. Munaasabadda Shirweynaha Caalamiga ah ee JWs ee lagu qabtay Rome 1951, majaladda dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa ku sharaxeysa xaqiiqooyinka sida soo socota:

Ku dhawaaqayaashii Boqortooyadii Talyaanigu iyo adeegayaashii waxay maalmo shaqeynayeen si ay u diyaariyaan dhulka iyo hoolka lagu qabanayo kulankaan. Dhismaha la adeegsaday wuxuu ahaa hool carwo u eg. Shuuciyadii in muddo ahba way joogeen halkaas waxayna wax kaga tageen xaalad xun. Dabaqyada ayaa ahaa kuwo wasakh ah gidaarradana waxaa lagu mariyey weedho siyaasadeed. Ninkii ay walaalo ka kiraysteen dhulka iyo dhismaha ayaa sheegay inuu si adag u awoodi karo qarashka wax ku saxida sadexda maalmood ee shirku socdo. Wuxuu u sheegay markhaatiyaasha Yehowah inay sameyn karaan wax alla wixii ay doonaan si meesha looga dhigo mid wanaagsan. Markuu milkiilihihu yimid goobta maalinti ka horaysay shirkii, wuxuu aad ula yaabay markuu arkay in dhamaan darbiyada dhismaha ee aan adeegsan doono la rinjiyeeyay dhulkuna nadiif yahay. ayaa loo dhigay oo tarabuunka quruxda badan ayaa laga taagay geeska "L". Nalalka dhaadheer ayaa la sameeyay. Masraxa gadaashiisa wuxuu ka sameysnaa shabag buluug ah oo laurel cagaar ah lehna dhibco casaan iyo casaan leh. Waxay umuuqatay dhisme cusub hada mana aheyn goob burbursan iyo kacdoon ay kaga tageen Shuuciyadii. ”[84]

Iyo munaasabadda "Sannadka Barakaysan ee 1975", marka lagu daro sharraxaadda cilmaaniyadda bulshada Talyaaniga sannadihii 1970-yadii, halkaas oo "mas'uuliyiinta diinta ay qireen in ka yar mid ka mid ah saddexdii reer Talyaani ah (…) ay si joogto ah u aadaan kaniisadda", majaladda Svegliatevi! (Toos!) wuxuu diiwaan geliyaa "khatar" kale oo xagga ruuxi ahaanta reer Talyaani ah, oo u xaglinaysa ka go'idda kaniisadda:

Kuwani waa soo dhexgalidda cadaw weyn ee kaniisadda oo ku dhex jira dadweynaha Talyaaniga, gaar ahaan dhalinyarada. Cadawgan diinta waa shuuciyadda. In kasta oo dhowr jeer caqiidada shuucigu dhab ahaan ku habboon tahay diinta iyo fikradaha kale ee siyaasadeed, hadafka ugu dambeeya ee shuuciyadda isma beddelin. Ujeeddadan ayaa ah in laga takhaluso saameynta iyo awoodda diineed meel kasta oo shuuciyaddu awoodda ku leedahay.

Soddonkii sano ee la soo dhaafay Talyaaniga, barashada rasmiga ee Katooliga waxay ahayd inaan la dooran musharixiinta Communist. Katooliga ayaa dhowr jeer looga digay inaysan u codeyn Communist, xanuunka ka saarista. Bishii Luulyo ee Sannadka Barakaysan, kiniisadda Katooliga ee Lombardy waxay sheegeen in wadaaddada ku dhiirrigeliyey Talyaaniga inay u codeeyaan Communist ay tahay inay ka noqdaan haddii kale waxay khatar u yihiin in la masaafuriyo.

L'Osservatore Romano, waaxda Vatican-ka, ayaa daabacday bayaan ay soo saareen kiniisadaha waqooyiga Talyaaniga taas oo ay ku muujiyeen "diidmo xanuun badan" natiijada doorashadii Juun 1975 taas oo Communistku ku guuleystey laba milyan iyo badh cod, oo ka badan ku dhowaad tirada codadka helay xisbiga talada haya oo ay taageerto Vatican-ka. Iyo dhammaadka Sannadka Barakaysan, bishii Nofeembar, Pope Paul wuxuu digniino cusub siiyay dadka Katooligga ah ee taageeray Xisbiga Shuuciga. Laakiin in muddo ahba waxaa muuqatay in digniintaas oo kale ay ku soo dhacday dhego badan oo dhego la '.[85]

Iyadoo la tixraacayo natiijooyinkii fiicnaa ee PCI ee siyaasadihii 1976, wadatashiyo lagu arkay Dimuqraadiyadda Masiixiyiinta ayaa mar kale guuleystey, ku dhowaad xasiloon oo leh 38.71%, oo mudnaanta koowaad, si kastaba ha noqotee, markii ugu horreysay, ay si dhab ah u wiiqeen Xisbigii Shuuciga ee Talyaaniga oo, helitaanka koror degdeg ah oo taageero ah (34.37%), waxay joojisay boqolkiiba dhibco yar oo ka timid xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Masiixiyiinta, kuna bislaatay natiijada ugu wanaagsan taariikhdeeda, wixii ka soo baxay Watchtower natiijooyinkaan waxay ahaayeen calaamadda ah in "nidaamka arrimuhu" sii dhammaanayo iyo in Baabuloon Weyn waxay ahaan laheyd in la tirtiro wax yar kadib (waxaan nahay wax yar kadib 1975, markii ururku uu sii sheegay Armageddoon dhow, sida aan gadaal ka arki doonno) Shuuciyada, sida ku cad La Torre di Guardia ee Abriil 15, 1977, p. 242, qeybta “Significato delle notizie”: 

Doorashadii siyaasadeed ee ka dhacday talyaaniga xagaagii hore, xisbiga aqlabiyadda, Christian Democracy, oo ay taageerto kaniisada Katooliga, ayaa guul ciriiri ah ka gaadhay xisbiga shuuciga. Laakiin Shuuciyadii waxay sii wadeen inay helaan dhul. Tan waxaa sidoo kale lagu arkay doorashadii deegaanka ee isla waqtigaas la qabtay. Tusaale ahaan, maamulka degmada Rome, Xisbiga Communist wuxuu ku guuleystay 35.5 boqolkiiba codadka, marka la barbar dhigo boqolkiiba 33.1 dimuqraadiyadda Masiixiyiinta. Marka, markii ugu horreysay Rome waxay hoos tagtay gacan ku haynta isbahaysi ay hoggaaminayeen Shuuciyadii. Warkii "Sunday News" ee ka soo baxa magaalada New York ayaa lagu sheegay in tani "ay ahayd tallaabo dib-u-dhac ku ah Vatican-ka iyo baadariga, oo adeegsada awoodda hoggaamiyaha kiniisadda Katooliga ee Rome". Marka la eego codadka magaalada Rome, Xisbiga Communist Party wuxuu hadda ku badan yahay maamulka magaalo kasta oo weyn oo Talyaani ah, wuxuu ilaalinayaa "News". (…) Isbedeladaan laga diiwaan galiyay talyaaniga iyo wadamada kale ee ku wajahan qaababka xagjirka ah ee dowladeed iyo ka bixitaanka diinta “Orthodox” waa astaan ​​xun oo ku dhacday kaniisadaha masiixiga. Si kastaba ha noqotee tan waxaa lagu sii sheegay wax sii sheegidda kitaabiga ah ee ku jirta Muujintii cutubyada 17 iyo 18. Halkaas Ereyga Eebbe ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in diimaha 'dhillanimada' la sameeyay adduunkan si lama filaan ah loo baabi'in doono mustaqbalka dhow, taas oo ka careysiisay taageerayaasha diimahaas. .

Hogaamiyaha shuuciga Berlinguer, sidaa darteed, waxaa loo wada aqoonsan yahay inuu yahay siyaasi si cadaalad ah isu dheellitiran (wuxuu bilaabay inuu si tartiib tartiib ah uga goosto PCI ka midowgii Soofiyeeti), maskaxda qiirada leh ee Watch Watch Society waxay ku dhowdahay inay baabiiso Baabuloon Talyaaniga: waa wax laga xumaado in iyadoo natiijooyinkaas doorashada ay fureen wajiga "tanaasul taariikhi ah" oo u dhexeeya DC ee Aldo Moro iyo PCI ee Enrico Berlinguer, weji la daahfuray 1973 oo tilmaamaysa u janjeedhka isu soo dhawaanshaha u dhexeeya Christian Democrats iyo Shuuciyadii Talyaaniga ee la arkay 1970s, taas oo wuxuu u horseedi doonaa, 1976, dowladdii ugu horreysay ee Christian Democratic hal-midab leh oo lagu xukumay codbixinta dibedda ee ku-xigeennada Communist-ka, oo loo yaqaan "Midnimo Qaran", oo uu hoggaamiyo Giulio Andreotti. Sannadkii 1978-kii ayay xukuumaddani is casishay si ay ugu oggolaato soo gelitaanka macdanta badan ee 'PCI' aqlabiyadda, laakiin khadkii dhexdhexaadka ahaa ee dawladda Talyaanigu wuxuu halis u galay inuu wax walba burburiyo; Arrinku wuxuu dhammaan doonaa 1979, ka dib afduubkii dilkii hoggaamiyihii Christian Democrat ee argagixisada Marxist ee Red Brigades ay dhacday bishii Maarso 16, 1978.

Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqameed ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa sidoo kale lagu xiray inay ku xiran tahay dhacdooyinka caalamiga ah, sida soo ifbaxaya Hitler iyo Dagaalkii Qaboobaa: marka la fasirayo Daniel 11, oo ka hadlaya isku dhaca boqorka Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta, kaas oo loogu talagalay JWs laba jeer oo la buuxiyo, Guddiga Xukunka ayaa ku tilmaami doona boqorka Koonfurta “labanlaabka awoodda Anglo-American-ka” iyo boqorka Waqooyiga oo la socda Nazi-ga Jarmalka 1933, iyo dhammaadka Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ee USSR iyo xulafadiisa . Burburka Darbigii Berlin ayaa u horseedi doonta ururka inuu joojiyo aqoonsiga Boqorka Waqooyiga ee Soofiyeeti.[86] Soviet-ka-soo-horjeedka ayaa hadda u xuubsiibtay dhaleeceynta Xiriirka Ruushka ee Vladimir Putin, oo mamnuucay hay'adaha sharciga ee Watcht Tower Bible iyo Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Cimilada ayaa u beddeli doonta JW-yada iyo cibaadooyinka aan-kaatooligga ahayn - iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dhacdooyinka kala duwan, sida joojinta arjiga wareegtada “Buffarini Guidi”, oo dhacday 1954 (kadib xukunkii Maxkamadda Cassation ee 30 Nofeembar 1953, oo wareegtadani ahaatay "amar gudeed oo keliya, oo dardaaran u ah hay'adaha ku tiirsan, iyada oo aan wax xayeysiis ah loo samayn muwaadiniinta kuwaas oo, sida Kulliyaddan ay si joogto ah u go'aamisay, aan markaa la kulmi karin ciqaab ciqaabeed haddii ay dhacdo u hoggaansanaan la'aan"),[88] iyo si gaar ah, laba xukun oo kala ah 1956 iyo 1957, kuwaas oo u roonaan doona shaqada Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, oo fududeyneysa aqoonsiga Talyaaniga sida cibaado iyadoo lagu saleynayo heshiiskii Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka ee saaxiibtinimada ee 1948 la mid ah cibaado kale oo aan kaatoolig ahayn oo asal ahaan Mareykan ah.

Xukunka koowaad wuxuu khuseeyay dhamaadka adeegsiga farshaxanka. 113 ee Sharciga Iskujira ee Amniga Dadweynaha, oo ubaahan "liisanka hay'ada amniga bulshada ee deegaanka" inuu "qaybiyo ama la dhexdhigo, meel fagaare ah ama meel u furan dadweynaha, qoraallo ama calaamado", oo horseeday mas'uuliyiinta si loo ciqaabo JWs, oo caan ku ahaa shaqada albaab-ka-albaab. Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, ka dib markii la xiray dhowr daabacadood oo ka tirsan Watch Tower Society, waxay soo saartay xukunkii ugu horreeyay taariikhdeeda, oo lagu dhawaaqay Juun 14, 1956,[89] xukun taariikhi ah, mid gaar ah noociisa ah. Xaqiiqdii, sida uu sheegayo Paolo Piccioli:

Xukunkan, oo ay aqoonyahanadu u arkeen mid taariikhi ah, kuma koobnayn oo keliya hubinta sharcinimada sharciga aan soo sheegnay. Waxay lahayd ugu horreyntii in lagu dhawaaqo su'aal aasaasi ah oo ah in la dhiso, mar iyo dhammaanba, in awooddeeda xakamaynta ay sidoo kale u fidisay qodobbada horay u jiray ee Dastuurka, ama in ay ku koobnaato kuwa markii dambe la soo saaray. Kala sareynta kaniisadaha ayaa waqti hore waxay abaabuleen sharci yaqaanno katoolik ah si ay u taageeraan karti darada maxkamada ee sharciyada horay u jiray. Sida iska cad madaxda sare ee Vatican-ka ma aysan doonayn in la baabi'iyo sharciga faashiiste ee ay wataan aalado xaddidaadyo oo cabudhinaya diinta islaamka ee dadka laga tirada badan yahay. Laakiin Maxkamaddu, iyadoo si adag u hoggaansan dastuurka, waxay diiday qoraalkan iyada oo xaqiijineysa mabda 'aasaasi ah, oo ah "sharci dastuuri ah, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay dabeecadda asal ahaaneed ee nidaamka dastuur adag, waa inuu ka sarreeyaa sharciga caadiga ah". Maxkamadu markay eegto qodobka 113 ee aan soo sheegnay, waxay cadeyneysaa sharci daro dastuuri ah qodobbo kala duwan oo ku jira. Bishii Maarso 1957, Pius XII, isaga oo tixraacaya go'aankan, wuxuu dhaleeceeyay "iyadoo lagu dhawaaqayo ku dhawaaqis sharci-darro dastuuri ah oo xeerarkii hore qaarkood".[90]

Xukunka labaad wuxuu taa badalkeeda khuseeyay 26 taageerayaal ah oo ay xukuntay Maxkamada Gaarka ah. Waqti markii muwaadiniin badan oo Talyaani ah, oo ay xukuntay maxkamaddaasi, ay heleen dib u eegis maxkamadeed oo lagu waayey, Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova ("Ururka Kirishtaanka ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah"), sidii loo yaqaannay cibaadada markaa, waxay go'aansadeen inay weydiiyaan si dib loogu eego maxkamadeynta si loo sheegto xuquuqda aan aheyn 26ka dembiile, laakiin ee ay leedahay hay'adda maxkamadda sare,[91] iyadoo la siiyay in xukunka Maxkamadda Gaarka ah uu ku eedeeyay JWs inay yihiin "urur qarsoodi ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu sameeyo dacaayad lagu niyadjabiyo dareenka qaranka iyo in la fuliyo ficillada loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo qaab dawladeed" iyo in lagu dabagalo "ujeeddooyin dambiyeed".[92]

Codsiga dib-u-eegista dacwadda waxaa looga dooday Maxkamadda Rafcaanka ee L’Aquila horteeda 20-kii Maarso, 1957 iyadoo 11 ka mid ah 26-ka la xukumay, waxaa difaacay qareenka Nicola Romualdi, oo ah qareen rasmi ah oo ka tirsan laanta Talyaaniga ee Watch Tower Society, xubin. ee Xisbiga Jamhuuriga iyo qoraaga La Voce Repubblicana.

Warbixin ku saabsan dib u eegista xukunka ayaa lagu sheegay in halka qareenka Romualdi uu u sharaxay maxkamada in JWs ay u tixgeliyaan kala sareynta Katooliga inay yihiin "dhillo" faragalinta ay ku hayaan arimaha siyaasada (maxaa yeelay iyada oo loo marayo dhaqankeeda jinniyeed "quruumaha oo dhan waa la marin habaabiyay", oo salka ku haya Muujintii 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "xaakinnadu waxay isweydaarsadeen jaleecooyin iyo dhoolla-caddayn faham ah". Maxkamaddu waxay go'aansatay inay laasho xukunnadii hore waxayna sidaa darteed ku aqoonsatay in shaqada laanta Talyaaniga ee Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society aysan ahayn mid sharci-darro ah ama lagu tumanayo.[93] Qiyaasta ayaa la ilaaliyay iyada oo la tixgelinayo "xaqiiqda ah in wareegtadii 1940 [ee mamnuucday JWs] aan si cad looga laabanin illaa iyo hadda, [sidaa darteed] waxaa lagama maarmaan noqon doonta in si hordhac ah loo baaro fursadda lagu dhaqan gelin karo mamnuucidda waxqabad kasta oo Ururka ", isagoo xusay si kastaba ha ahaatee" inay noqon doonto [ro] in la qiimeeyo (…) saameynta ay ku yeelan karto Mareykanka Mareykanka ",[94] marka la eego taas, xitaa haddii si rasmi ah ururka JW uusan u lahayn dabool siyaasadeed, xanaaq ka dhan ah hay'ad Mareykan ah oo sharci ayaa sidoo kale u horseedi karta dhibaatooyin diblomaasiyadeed.

Laakiin isbeddelka xilligii hore ee u roonaan doona aqoonsiga sharci ee kan iyo ururrada kale ee aan Kaatooligga ahayn ee ka socda Mareykanka wuxuu noqon doonaa Golaha Labaad ee Vatican-ka (Oktoobar 1962-Diseembar 1965), oo leh 2,540 "aabbayaashood" ayaa ahaa shirkii ugu ballaadhnaa ee lagu wada hadlo taariikhda Kaniisadda. Kaatooligga iyo midka ugu weyn taariikhda aadanaha, oo go'aan ka gaari doona dib-u-habeynta kitaabiga ah, diinta, cilmiga diinta iyo abaabulka nolosha kaniisada gudaheeda, bedelida kaatooliga asalkiisa, dib u habeynta dacwadeeda, soo bandhigida luuqadaha looga hadlo dabaaldegyada, wax u dhimaya Latinka, cusbooneysiinta cibaadooyinka, dhiirigelinta fekerka. Dib-u-habeyntii ku timid Golaha kadib, meelihii allabariga ayaa la rogay oo khaladaadkii si buuxda loogu tarjumay luqado casri ah. Haddii marka hore Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Katooliga ahi ay kor u qaadi doonto, iyada oo ah gabadha Golaha Trent (1545-1563) iyo ka-soo-horjeedka Dib-u-habeynta, moodellada dulqaad la'aanta dhammaan diimaha laga tirada badan yahay, iyadoo ku dhiirrigelinaysa xoogagga PS-da inay cadaadiyaan oo carqaladeeyaan shirarka kulannada, kicinta dadweynihii iyaga weeraray iyaga oo ku tuuraya waxyaabo kala duwan, iyaga oo ka horjoogsanaya xeel-dheerayaasha cibaadada aan-kaatooligga ahayn in ay galaan shaqada dadweynaha iyo xitaa xafladaha aaska fudud,[95] saacad, oo leh Golaha Vatican-ka Labaad, ayaa kiniisaduhu way is xaqirayaan, waxayna bilaabeen, xitaa dukumiintiyada kala duwan ee laxiriira ecumenism-ka iyo xorriyadda diinta, jawiga ka fudud.

Tani waxay xaqiijin doontaa in 1976 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania "la aqbalay xuquuqda lagu damaanad qaaday heshiiskii 1949 ee Saaxiibtinimada, Ganacsiga iyo Navigation ee u dhaxeeyay Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga iyo Mareykanka ee Mareykanka";[96] dhaqanku wuxuu rafcaan ka qaadan karaa Sharciga lambar. 1159 ee Juun 24, 1929 ee "Qodobada ku saabsan jimicsiga cibaadada ee loo ogolaaday gobolka iyo guurka ayaa lagu dabaaldegay isla wasiirada cibaadada", halkaas oo farshaxanka. 1 waxaa jiray hadal ah "Quduusiin la Aqbalay" oo aan hada ka aheyn "Caqiidooyinka Dulqaadka" sida Sharciga Albertine uu cunaqabateeyay tan iyo 1848, kaas oo "Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah" laga reebay maxaa yeelay ma laha shaqsiyad sharci, mana ahan "Jirka" sharciga Boqortooyada Talyaaniga iyo dibadaba isla markaana laga mamnuucay ilaa 1927. Hadda, iyadoo la aqbalayo xuquuqda uu damaanad qaaday heshiiska ku xusan Mareykanka, laanta Talyaaniga ee Watch Tower Society waxay lahaan kartaa wasiirro cibaado leh iyadoo ay suuragal tahay inay u dabaaldegaan guurka ansaxa ah ee ujeedooyinka madaniga ah, raaxeysiga daryeelka caafimaadka, xuquuqda howlgabka ee sharcigu damaanad qaaday, iyo helitaanka hey'adaha ciqaabta ee howlaha wasaaradda.[97] Waajibaad laga dejiyay Talyaaniga iyadoo lagu saleynayo dpr 31 Oktoobar 1986, maya 783, oo lagu daabacay Gazzetta ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ee Nofeembar 26, 1986.

8. Laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii 1940-yadii illaa 1960-yadii, kororka daabacayaasha JW waxaa si guud u sharraxay Bulshada Wacyigelinta inay caddeyn u tahay raalli ahaanshaha Ilaah. Hoggaanka Mareykanka ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah way ku farxeen markii sharraxaadda suxufinimo lagu tilmaamay inay yihiin "diinta ugu koritaanka badan adduunka" marka loo eego "15 sano gudahood, waxay saddex laab ka noqotay xubinimadeeda";[98] cabsida bamka atomiga, dagaalka qabow, iskahorimaadyada hubeysan ee qarnigii labaatanaad ayaa ka dhigay rajooyinka aakhiro-ka ee Watchtower mid macquul ah, waxayna u roonaan doontaa kororka madaxweynaha Knorr. Iyo luminta awoodda Kaniisadda Katooliga iyo kaniisadaha kala duwan ee "dhaqameed" ee wacdinta waa in aan la iloobin. Sida M. James Penton xusay: “Dad badan oo hore Katoolik u ahaa ayaa soo jiitay Markhaatiyaasha tan iyo markii dib u habeynta Vatican II. Waxay had iyo jeer si cad u sheegaan in caqiidadooda ay ruxday isbeddellada ku yimid dhaqammada dhaqameed ee Katooliga waxayna muujinayaan inay raadinayeen diin leh 'ballanqaadyo qeexan' oo ku saabsan qiyamka anshaxa iyo qaab dhismeedka hay'ad adag. "[99] Daraasada Johan Leman ee ku saabsan soogalootiga Sicilia ee Beljamka iyo kuwa ay sameeyeen Luigi Berzano iyo Massimo Introvigne ee bartamaha Sicily waxay umuuqdaan kuwo xaqiijinaya milicsiga Penton.[100]

Tixgelinnadaani waxay ku wareegsan yihiin "kiiska Talyaaniga", iyadoo la ogyahay in dhaqdhaqaaqa JW uu ku lahaa, waddanka Katooliga, guul weyn, oo markii hore si tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tartiib tarti ah u leh u-kuul, La Torre di Guardia iyo, ilaa 1955, Svegliatevi! Isla sannadkaas, gobolka Abruzzo wuxuu ahaa kan ugu tirada badan ee raacsan, laakiin waxaa jiray gobollo ka tirsan Talyaaniga, sida Maraakiibta, halkaas oo aysan jirin wax jameeco ah. Warbixinta adeegga ee 1962 waxay qirtay in, sidoo kale dhibaatooyinka kor lagu falanqeeyay awgood, "wacdinta lagu sameeyay qayb yar oo ka mid ah Talyaaniga".[101]

Waqti ka dib, si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray koror jaban, oo lagu soo koobi karo sida soo socota:

1948 ……………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 …………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 …………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 …………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 …………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 …………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
1969 …………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
1971 …………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
1975 …………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Waxaan ogaanay koror aad u tiro badan ka dib 1971. Waayo? Isaga oo ka hadlaya heer guud, oo aan kaliya ahayn kiiska talyaaniga, M. James Penton ayaa ka jawaabaya, isaga oo tixraacaya maskaxda hoggaanka hoggaaminta ee wajiga natiijooyinka wanaagsan ee dagaalka kadib:

Waxay sidoo kale u muuqdeen inay qaateen dareen gaar ah oo Mareykan ah oo ku qanacsan, kaliya maahan kororka baaxadda leh ee tirada baabtiisyada iyo daabacayaasha Markhaatiga cusub, laakiin sidoo kale waxay ka baxeen dhismaha madbacado cusub, xarunta laanta, iyo xaddiga cajiibka ah ee suugaanta ee ay daabaceen lana qaybiyey. Ka weyni markasta wuu fiicnaa. Soo-booqdayaasha ka socda Brooklyn Betel waxay inta badan muujiyaan bogagga ama filimyada warshad daabacaadda ee bulshada ee New York halka ay si fiican ugu hadlayaan dhagaystayaasha Goobjoogayaasha ah ee adduunka ku nool inta waraaqo ah ee lagu daabacayo Taageerayaasha iyo Toos! joornaalada. Marka markii kororkii weynaa ee horaantii 1950-meeyadii lagu beddelay koritaan gaabis ah tobanka sano ama laba iyo tobanka sano ee soo socda, tani waxay xoogaa niyad jab ku reebtay hoggaamiyeyaasha Markhaatiga iyo shakhsiyaadka markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee adduunka oo dhan.

Natiijada dareenka noocaas ah ee ka timid Markhaatiyaasha qaarkood waxay ahayd aaminaad laga yaabo in laga yaabo in hawshii wacdintu ay dhammaad ku dhowdahay: laga yaabee in badankii idaha kale la soo ururiyey. Malaha Armageddoon ayaa dhow.[103]

Waxaas oo dhami way is beddeli doonaan, iyada oo la dardargelin doono, taas oo saamayn doonta, sida kor ku xusan, kororka dadka raacsan, 1966, markii ay Bulshadu koranto dhammaan bulshada markhaatiyada iyadoo la tilmaamayo sannadka 1975 oo ah dhammaadka lix kun oo sano ee taariikhda aadanaha iyo , sidaa darteed, itimaal kasta, bilowgii kunkii Masiixa. Tani waxay sabab u ahayd buug cusub oo cinwaankiisu yahay Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio (Inj. Nolosha Weligeed ah ee Xoriyadda Wiilasha Ilaah), oo loo daabacay heshiisyadii xagaaga ee 1966 (1967 ee Talyaaniga). Bogagga 28-30 qoraaga, oo markii dambe la ogaa inuu ahaa Frederick William Franz, madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Watch, ayaa sheegay, ka dib markii uu dhaleeceeyay taariikheedka kitaabiga ah ee uu sharraxay archbishop-ka Irishka James Ussher (1581-1656), oo uu ku tilmaamay 4004 BC. sanadka dhalashada ninka ugu horeeya:

Ilaa waqtigii Ussher waxaa jiray daraasad xoogan oo ku saabsan taariikhda kitaabiga ah. Qarnigan labaatanaad waxaa la sameeyay daraasad madaxbanaan oo aan si indho la’aan ah u raacin qaar ka mid ah xisaabinta taariikh ahaaneed ee masiixiga, xisaabinta daabacan ee waqtiga ee ka soo baxda daraasaddan madaxbannaan waxay tilmaamaysaa taariikhda uu qofku abuuray 4026 BC. EV Sida ku cad taariikhdan taariikh ahaaneed ee kitaabiga ah, lix kun oo sano ka dib abuurista dadka waxay dhammaan doontaa 1975, mudada toddobaad ee kunka sano ee taariikhda aadamuhu waxay bilaabmi doontaa dayrta 1975 CE.[104]

Qoraaga ayaa sii dheereyn doona:

Lix kun oo sano oo ah jiritaanka bani-aadamka ee dhulka ayaa haddaba ku dhow inuu dhammaado, haa, qarnigan. Rabbiyow weligiisba wuu waaraa, siday ugu qoran tahay Sabuurrada 90: 1, 2: "Rabbiyow, adigu waxaad u muujisay inaad nooga deggan tahay boqortooyo Tan iyo ab ka ab. Intaan buuruhu dhalan ka hor, ama intaadan dhulka iyo dhulka waxsoosaarka ah u maamulin sidii adigoo u xanuunsanaya dhalasho, inta ka horaysa ilaa weligaa waxaad tahay Ilaah ”. Marka laga eego xagga Rabbiga Ilaahey ah, lixda kun ee sano ee jiritaanka aadanaha ee dhici doona inay dhacaan waa sida lix maalmood oo afar iyo labaatan saacadood ah, maxaa yeelay isla Sabuurkaas (aayadaha 3, 4) wuxuu sii wadaa inuu dhaho: Ninka dhimanaya ciidduu ku celiyey, oo waxaad tidhaahdaan, Noqda, binu-aadmigow. Waayo, kun sannadood waxay hortaada ku yihiin sidii shalay oo kale markay dhammaatay, iyo sidii ilaalin habeennimo. ”M Sanado badan malaha jiilkeena, markaa, waxaan la imaan doonnaa waxa Rabbiga Ilaahey u arko inuu yahay maalinta toddobaad ee jiritaanka aadanaha.

Sidee bay ugu habboon tahay Rabbiga Ilaahey inuu ka dhigo muddadan toddobaad ee kunka sano sabtida nasasho, oo ah Sabti weyn oo Jubilee loogu dhawaaqo xorriyadda dhulka ee dadka deggan oo dhan! Tani waxay aad ugu habboonaan laheyd aadanaha. Waxay sidoo kale ku habboonaan laheyd dhinaca Ilaah, tan iyo, xusuusnow, bini-aadamka wali wuxuu haystaa kahor waxa buugga ugu dambeeya ee Kitaabka Quduuska ahi uu uga hadlayo xukunka boqortooyada ee Ciise Masiix ee dunida, boqortooyada kun-sano ee Masiixa. Wax sii sheegid ahaan, Ciise Masiix, markuu dhulka joogay sagaal iyo toban qarni ka hor, wuxuu naftiisa ka yiri: "Wiilka Aadanahu waa sayidka sabtida." (Matayos 12: 8) Si kadis ah ku noqon mayso, laakiin waxay ku xirnaan doontaa ulajeedka kalgacalka leh ee Rabbiga Ilaahay in boqortooyada Ciise Masiix, “Eebaha sabtida”, ay barbar socoto kunka toddobaad ee jiritaanka aadanaha. ”[105]

Dhamaadka cutubka, bogga 34 iyo 35,Tabelle di taariikhda muhiimka ah della creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM "("Jadwalka taariikhda muhiimka ah ee abuuritaanka nin 7000 AM ") ayaa la daabacay. kaas oo sheegaya in ninkii ugu horreeyay ee Aadam la abuuray 4026 BCE iyo in lixda kun ee sano ee uu bani-aadamku dhulka ku noolaan doono uu dhammaan doono 1975:

Laakiin kaliya laga soo bilaabo 1968 ururku wuxuu siiyay magac weyn taariikhda cusub ee dhamaadka lixda kun ee sano ee taariikhda aadanaha iyo saameynta suurtagalka ah ee soo jireenka ah. Daabacaad yar oo cusub, Xaaladdan oo kale ayaa jirta, iibiyayaashii ugu wanaagsanaa ee ururka ayaa wali lagu xasuustaa xoogaa nolosheeda ah "bambo buluug ah", waxaa lagu soo bandhigay heshiisyadii degmada ee sanadkaas oo beddeli doona buugii hore Sia Dio riconosciuto verace Maaddaama aalad cilmi-baaris loogu talagalay samaynta dadka beddelaya, taas oo, sida buugga 1966, ay dhalisay rajooyin laga qabo sannadkaas, 1975, oo ay ku jiraan fikrado tilmaamaya xaqiiqda ah in dunidu aysan sii noolaan doonin wixii ka dambeeya sannadkaas masiiriga ah, laakiin lagu saxi doono 1981 dib daabac.[106] Bulshada ayaa sidoo kale soo jeedisay in barashada Kitaabka Quduuska ah ay la degto dadka ay khusayso caawinta buugga cusub waa in lagu xaddido muddo gaaban oo aan ka badnayn lix bilood. Dhamaadka mudadaas, kuwa soo-noqda mustaqbalka waa inay horey u noqdeen JWs ama ugu yaraan si joogto ah uga soo qeyb galaan Hoolka Boqortooyada maxaliga ah. Waqtigu aad buu u koobnaa oo waxaa la dejiyey in haddii dadku aysan aqbalin "Runta" (sida ay ku qeexeen JWs intii ay socdeen caqiidadooda iyo cilmiga fiqiga) lix bilood gudahood, fursadda lagu ogaanayo inay ahayd in dadka kale la siiyo ka hor intaysan daahay.[107] Sida iska cad, xitaa markaan fiirino xogta kobaca ee talyaaniga kaligeed laga soo bilaabo 1971 ilaa 1975, mala awaalka taariikhda apocalyptic waxay dardar gelisay dareenka degdegga ah ee aaminka ah, tanina waxay kalliftay dad badan oo daneynaya inay ku boodaan gaarifaraska apocalyptic ee Watch Society. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, markhaatiyaal badan oo Yehowah oo diirran ayaa ku dhacay naxdin ruuxi ah. Kadib, dayrtii 1968, Shirkaddu, iyadoo ka jawaabaysa jawaabta dadweynaha, waxay bilowday inay daabacdo qoraalo taxane ah oo ku saabsan Svegliatevi! iyo La Torre di Guardia taasi shaki la’aan ugama tagtay inay filanayeen dhamaadka aduunka 1975. Marka loo barbardhigo filashooyinka kale ee istiraatiijiyadeed ee la soo dhaafay (sida 1914 ama 1925), Daabacadu waxay noqon doontaa mid taxaddar badan, xitaa haddii ay jiraan bayaanno cadeynaya in ururku wuxuu u horseeday kuwa raacsan inay rumeeyaan wax sii sheegiddan:

Hal shay ayaa gabi ahaanba hubaal ah, taariikhda taariikh ahaaneed ee kitaabiga ah oo ay taageereyso waxsii sheegista kitaabiga ahi waxay muujineysaa in lix kun oo sano oo jiritaanka bini'aadamka ah ugu dhakhsaha badan uu dhammaan doono, haa, jiilkan dhexdiisa! (Mat. 24:34) Sidaas awgeed, ma aha xilligan inaan dan laga lahayn ama la isma lihi. Waqtigaan la joogo ma ahan in lagu kaftamo ereyada Ciise ee ah "maalintaas iyo saacaddaas ninna ma oga, malaa'igaha jannada iyo Wiilka toona, laakiin Aabbaha oo keliya". (Mat. 24:36) Taas cagsigeeda, waa xilli ay tahay in si fiican loo garto in dhammaadka nidaamkan uu ku soo dhowaanayo dhammaadkiisii ​​rabshadaha. Yaan laydin khiyaanayn, waa ku filan tahay Aabaha laftiisa inuu ogaado 'maalinta iyo saacadda' labadaba!

Xitaa haddii aynaan arki karin wixii ka dambeeya 1975, miyay tani sabab u tahay inaan firfircoonaanno? Rasuulladu waxba ma arki karaan ilaa maanta; waxba ma aysan ogeyn 1975. Waxa kaliya ee ay arkayeen wuxuu ahaa waqti yar oo hortooda ah oo ay ku dhameysanayaan shaqadii loo igmaday. (1 Butros 4: 7) Sidaas darteed waxaa jira dareen qaylodhaan iyo qaylodhaan deg deg ah dhammaan qoraalladooda. (Falimaha 20:20; 2 Tim. 4: 2) Iyo sabab. Hadday dib u dhigi lahaayeen ama waqti ku lumi lahaayeen oo ay ku maaweelin lahaayeen fekerka ah inay jiraan dhawr kun oo sano oo ka hadhsan, weligood ma dhammayn lahaayeen tartanka la hor dhigay. Maya, way ordeen si adag oo dhakhso leh, wayna guuleysteen! Waxay u ahayd arrin nolol ama geeri iyaga ah. - 1 Korintos. 9:24; 2 Tim. 4: 7; Cibraaniyada. 12: 1.[108]

Waa in la yiraahdaa suugaanta bulshada waligood si dogmat ah uma aysan sheegin in 1975 dhamaadka imaan doono. Hogaamiyeyaashii waqtigaas, gaar ahaan Frederick William Franz, shaki la’aan waxay ku dhiseen guuldaradii hore ee 1925. Si kastaba ha noqotee, aqlabiyadda JWs ee wax yar ka og ama aan waxba ka ogeyn fashilaaddii hore ee jiritaanka cibaadada, ayaa lagu qabtay xamaasad; qaar badan oo kormeerayaasha iyo kormeerayaasha degmadu waxay adeegsadeen taariikhda 1975, gaar ahaan shirar, si ay ugu dhiirrigeliyaan xubnaha inay kordhiyaan wacdintooda. Waxayna ahayd caqli xumo in si cad looga shakiyo taariikhda, maxaa yeelay tani waxay tilmaamaysaa "ruuxi liita" haddii uusan iimaan la'aan u lahayn "addoonka aaminka ah oo caqliga leh", ama hoggaaminta.[109]

Sidee bay waxbarashadani saameyn ugu yeelatay nolosha JW-yada adduunka oo dhan? Waxbariddani saameyn weyn ayey ku yeelatay nolosha dadka. Bishii Juun 1974, ayaa Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno ayaa sheegay in tirada horjoogayaashu ay qarxeen oo dadka iibiya guryahooda lagu amaanay inay ku qaataan waqtiga yar ee ka haray adeegga Ilaahay. Sidoo kale, waxaa lagula taliyay inay dib u dhigaan waxbarashada carruurtooda:

Haa, nidaamkan dhammaadkiisu waa dhow yahay! Tani miyaanay sabab u ahayn inaan kobcino ganacsigeenna? Marka la eego, waxaan wax ka baran karnaa orodyahanka oo dhamaadka tartanka ka dhigaya orodkii ugu dambeeyay. Bal u fiirso Ciise, oo sida muuqata u dadajiyay hawlihiisa maalmihii ugu dambeeyay ee uu dhulka joogay. Xaqiiqdii, in ka badan 27 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ku jira Injiillada ayaa loogu talagalay usbuucii ugu dambeeyay ee adeeggii Ciise ee dunida! - Matayos 21: 1–27: 50; Markos 11: 1–15: 37; Luukos 19: 29-23: 46; Yooxanaa 11: 55–19: 30.

Adoo si taxaddar leh u baaraya duruufahayaga tukashada, waxaan sidoo kale ogaan karnaa inaan awoodno inaan waqti iyo xoog badan u hurno wacdinta muddadan ugu dambeysa ka hor inta uusan dhammaan nidaamka hadda jira. Walaalo badan ayaa sidaa sameeya. Tani waxay ka muuqataa tirada sii kordheysa ee hormoodka ah.

Haa, laga soo bilaabo Diseembar 1973 waxaa jiray billow horyaal cusub bil kasta. Hadda waxaa Talyaaniga ka jira 1,141 horjoogeyaal gaar ah iyo kuwo gaar ah, heer sare oo aan horay loo arag. Tani waxay u dhigantaa 362 horyaal marka loo eego bishii Maarso 1973! Kordhin boqolkiiba 43 ah! Qalbiyadeennu miyaanay rayrayn? Warka waxaa laga maqlayaa walaalo iibinaya guryahooda iyo hantidooda ayna diyaarinayaan inay maalmahooda inta ka hartay ku qaataan nidaamkan hore sidii horjooge Runtii tani waa hab fiican oo loo adeegsado waqtiga yar ee ka haray dhammaadka dunida sharka ah. - 1 Yooxanaa 2:17.[110]

Kumanaan dhalinyaro JW ah ah ayaa bilaabay shaqo horyaal joogto ah iyadoo ay kharashka jaamacad ama shaqo waqti-buuxa ah qaadato, sidoo kale kuwa badan oo cusub ayaa beddelay. Ganacsatada, Dukaanleyda, iwm ayaa ka tanaasulay ganacsigooda barwaaqada. Xirfadlayaashu waxay joojiyeen shaqooyinkoodii caadiga ahaa, qoysas aad u tiro yar oo adduunka ahna way iibiyeen guryahoodii waxayna u guureen "Meesha baahida weyn ay u qabeen” Lammaanaha da 'yarta ah ayaa dib u dhigay guurkooda ama waxay go'aansadeen in aysan carruur yeelan haddii ay guursadaan. Lammaanayaasha qaangaarka ah waxay la baxeen akoonnadooda bangiga iyo, halka nidaamka hawlgabku qayb ahaan gaar u ahaa, lacagaha hawlgabka. Dad badan, yar iyo weyn, rag iyo dumarba, waxay go'aansadeen inay dib u dhigaan qalliinnada qaarkood ama daaweyn habboon oo caafimaad. Tani waa kiiska, Talyaaniga, Michele Mazzoni, oday hore oo oday ah, oo markhaati ka ah:

Kuwani waa karbaashid, taxaddar la'aan iyo taxaddar la'aan, taas oo ku riixday qoysaska oo dhan [Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah] wadada laamiga ah si ay uga faa'iideystaan ​​GB [Hay'adda Maamulka, ed.] Sababtoo ah kuwa raacsan ee aan caqliga lahayn ayaa lumiyay alaab iyo shaqooyin ay uga baxaan min guri ilaa guri albaabka si loo kordhiyo dakhliyada Bulshada, horeyba wax badan oo la taaban karo oo muuqda J JW badan ayaa u huray mustaqbalkooda iyo kan caruurtooda faa iidada isla Shirkada… kuwa caqliga lihi waxay u maleynayaan inay faa iido leedahay in la kaydiyo si loo wajaho kuwa ugu horeeya xilliyadii badbaadada kadib maalintii foosha xumayd ee cadhada Eebbe oo 1975 lagu sii deyn lahaa Harmageddon J qaar ka mid ah JWs waxay bilaabeen inay uruuriyaan nolosha iyo shumaca xagaagii 1974; maskaxda noocaas ah ayaa soo baxday (…).

Mazzotti wuxuu ku wacdiyey dhamaadka nidaamka waxyaalaha 1975 meel walba iyo munaasabadaha oo dhan sida ku xusan awaamiirta la bixiyey. Wuxuu sidoo kale ka mid yahay kuwa sameeyey intaas oo qodob (alaabta qasacadaysan) sidaa darteed dhammaadkii 1977 weli isagu kama uusan tuurin iyaga iyo qoyskiisa.[111] "Waxaan dhawaan la kulmay dad ka soo jeeda jinsiyado kala duwan: Faransiis, Iswiisar, Ingiriis, Jarmal, New Zealand iyo dadka ku nool Waqooyiga Afrika iyo Koonfurta Ameerika", ayuu yidhi Giancarlo Farina, JW hore oo markaa samayn doona waddo uu ku baxsado oo uu ku noqdo Protestant iyo agaasimaha Casa della Bibbia (House of Bible), guriga daabacaada ee wacdinta Turin ee buugaagta lagu qaybiyo, “dhammaantood waxay ii xaqiijiyeen in Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ay wacdiyeen 1975 oo ah sannadka dhammaadka. Caddayn dheeri ah oo ku saabsan mugdiga GB ayaa laga helayaa farqiga u dhexeeya wixii lagu sheegay Ministero del Regno ee 1974 iyo waxa lagu sheegay Watch-ka [oo ku taariikhaysan Janaayo 1, 1977, bogga 24]: halkaas, walaalo ayaa lagu ammaanay iibintooda guryaha iyo badeecadaha oo maalmaha ugu dambeeya ku qaadanaya adeegga hormarinta ”.[112]

Ilaha dibedda, sida saxaafadda qaranka, ayaa iyaguna fahmay farriinta ay dusha ka fureyso Watchtower. Daabacaadda 10 Ogosto 1969 ee wargeyskii Roomaanka Il Tempo daabacay koontada Golaha Caalamiga ah "Pace in Terra", "Riusciremo a battere Satana nell'agosto 1975" ("Waxaan awood u yeelan doonnaa inaan garaacno Shaydaanka Ogosto 1975"), iyo warbixino:

Sannadkii hore, madaxweynahoodii [JW] Nathan Knorr wuxuu sharraxay bishii Ogos 1975-kii in dhammaadka 6,000 sano ee taariikhda aadanaha ay dhici doonto. Waxaa la waydiiyay, markaa, hadaanay ahayn dhawaaqa dhamaadka aduunka, laakiin wuxuu kujawaabay, isagoo gacmaha kor uqaadaya cirka astaamo kalsooni leh: “Maya maya, taa lidkeed: bishii Ogos 1975, kaliya dhamaadka xilli dagaallo, rabshado iyo dembi iyo muddo dheer oo miro dhal ah oo 10 qarni oo nabadeed ah ayaa bilaaban doonta inta lagu gudajiro dagaallada la mamnuuci doono dambigana lagu guuleysan doono… ”

Laakiin sidee ayuu ku dambayn doonaa dhammaadka dunuubta dembigu, sidee bayse suurta gal u ahayd in la dhiso bilowga xilligan cusub ee nabadda iyadoo si sax ah loo la yaabay? Markii la weydiiyay, wuxuu ku jawaabay: "Way fududahay: dhammaan markhaatiyada laga uruuriyey Kitaabka Qudduuska ah iyo mahadnaqda muujinta nebiyada badan waxaan awoodnay inaan xaqiijinno inay tahay bisha Ogast 1975 (hase yeeshee ma ogin maalinta) Shaydaanka si cad ayaa loo garaaci doonaa waana bilaabi doonaa. waayaha cusub ee nabada.

Laakiin waxaa iska cad in, fiqiga JW, oo aan saadaalinaynin dhamaadka meeraha dhulka, laakiin nidaamka aadanaha ee "uu xukumo Shaydaanka", "dhammaadka xilli dagaallo, rabshad iyo dembi" iyo “Laga bilaabo wakhti dheer oo miro dhal ah oo 10 qarni oo nabad ah inta lagu gudajiray dagaalada la mamnuuci doono lagana adkaan doono dembiga” waxaa la qaban doonaa oo keliya dagaalka Armageddoon ka dib! Waxaa jiray dhowr wargeys oo ka hadlay, gaar ahaan 1968 ilaa 1975.[113] Markii Guddiga Maamulka ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ay isku arkeen in la majara habaabiyey, si ay uga soo baxaan mas'uuliyadda saadaalinta "apocalypse kale" oo dib loo dhigay, warqad gaar ah oo loo diro akhristaha joornaalada, laanta Talyaanigu aad bey u fogeysay in ay beeniso in ay weligeed dunida dhahday. waa inuu dhammaadaa 1975, oo lagu eedeeyaa saxafiyiinta, oo ceyrsadaa "dareenka" iyo hoosta awoodda Shaydaanka Ibliis:

Mudane,

Waxaan ka jawaabeynaa warqadaada waxaanan ku aqrinay si taxaddar leh, waxaana u maleyneynaa inay caqli gal tahay inaan wax weeydiino kahor intaanan aaminin hadalada la midka ah. Waa inuusan waligiis ilaawin in ku dhowaad dhammaan daabacadaha maanta ay yihiin faa'iido. Tan awgeed, qorayaasha iyo saxafiyiinta waxay ku dadaalaan inay ka farxiyaan qaybaha dadka qaarkood. Waxay ka baqayaan inay xumeeyaan akhristayaasha ama ogeysiiyayaasha. Ama waxay u adeegsadaan xasaasiyad ama layaab si ay u kordhiyaan iibka, xitaa iyadoo ay ku kacayso qalooca runta. Dhab ahaantii wargeys kasta iyo ilaha xayeysiinta waxay diyaar u yihiin inay qaabeeyaan dareenka dadweynaha sida ay tahay doonista Shaydaanka.

Dabcan, kamaanaan hadal wax hadal ah oo ku saabsan dhamaadka adduunka 1975. Kani waa war been ah oo ay soo qaateen wargeysyo iyo idaacado badan.

Waxaan rajeyneynaa in la fahmay, waxaan kuu soo direynaa salaan qaali ah.[114]

Kadibna Guddiga Maamulka, markay ogaadeen in qaar badan oo ka mid ah Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah aysan iibsanayn, waxay ku fureen mas'uuliyadda daabacaadda joornaal ay ku canbaareynayaan Guddiga Qorayaasha Brooklyn inay xoogga saareen taariikhda 1975 oo ah taariikhda dhammaadka adduunka, "iloobaya" si loo caddeeyo in Guddiga Qorayaasha iyo Tifatirayaasha ay ka kooban yihiin xubno ka tirsan isla Maamulka Sare.[115]

Markay 1975 timid oo ay cadeysay "apocalypse" kale oo dib loo dhigay "taariikh dambe (laakiin waxsii sheegista jiilka 1914 ayaa sii jirtay oo aan dhaafi doonin Armagheddon kahor, taas oo ururku xooga saari doono tusaale ahaan buugga Potete vivere halkii semper su una terra paradisiaca ee 1982, iyo 1984, xitaa haddii aysan ahayn caqiido cusub)[116] in yar oo JW ah ayaa la kulantay niyad jab aad u weyn. Dad badan ayaa aamusnaan uga tagay dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ku 1976 Sanadka warbixinnada, bogga 28, in intii lagu jiray 1975 uu kordhay 9.7% tirada daabacayaasha sanadkii ka horreeyay. Laakiin sanadka soo socda kororku wuxuu ahaa kaliya 3.7%,[117] iyo 1977 xitaa waxaa jiray hoos u dhac 1% ah! 441 Wadamada qaarkood hoos udhaca ayaa waliba kasii badnaa.[118]

Markaan hoos u fiirino garaafka, oo ku saleysan kororka boqolkiiba ee JWs-ka Talyaaniga intii u dhaxeysay 1961 ilaa 2017, waxaan si fiican uga aqrisan karnaa shaxanka ah in koritaanka uu sarreeyay tan iyo buugga. Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio dacaayaddii ka dhalatayna waa la sii daayay. Jaantusku wuxuu si cad u muujinayaa kororka 1974, oo u dhow taariikhda masiirka iyo, iyadoo ugu sarreysa 34% iyo isku celcelis koritaan ah, laga bilaabo 1966 ilaa 1975, oo ah 19.6% (oo ka soo horjeedda 0.6 xilligii 2008-2018). Laakiin, kicitaan kadib, hoos u dhaca ku xigay, oo leh heerarka kobaca casriga ah (oo ku xaddidan Talyaaniga kaliya) oo u dhiganta 0%.

Jaantuska, oo xogtiisa inta badan laga soo qaatay warbixinnada adeegga ee lagu daabacay arrimaha Diseembar ee Wasaaradaha Boqortooyada, waxay muujineysaa in wacdinta muddadaas, oo diiradda la saaray dhammaadka la tilmaamay ee 1975, ay ku yeelatay saameyn qancin leh u hiillinta kobaca Markhaatiyaasha Rabbiga, kuwaasoo sanadkii xigay, 1976, ay aqoonsadeen dowladdii Talyaaniga. Hoosudhaca sanadaha soo socda ayaa tilmaamaya kaliya jiritaanka goosashada, laakiin sidoo kale fadhiidnimo - oo xoogaa kacsanaan ah 1980s - ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo aan sii yeelan doonin heerarka koritaanka, marka loo eego tirada dadka, sidii ay ahayd markaa.[119]

LIFAAQA SAWIRKA

 Shirkii ugu horreeyay ee Talyaani ee Ardayda Caalamiga ah ee Kitaabka Quduuska ah
Ururka, oo lagu qabtay Pinerolo, laga bilaabo 23 illaa 26 Abriil, 1925

 

 Remigio Cuminetti

 

Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ayaa saxiixday SB, taarikhduna ahayd 18-kii Diseembar, 1959 halkaasoo Watchtower ay si cad ugu talineyso ku-tiirsanaanta qareennada "u janjeera arrimaha jamhuuriyadda ama dimoqraadiyadda" tan iyo "iyagu waa kuwa ugu fiican difaaca".

Warqaddan oo ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ee lagu saxiixay SB, ee ku taariikhaysan Diseembar 18, 1959, ayaa Watchtower si cad ugu talinayaa: "waxaan doorbidnaa in doorashada qareenka ay noqoto mid u janjeerta shuuciyadda. Waxaan dooneynaa inaan isticmaalno garyaqaan Jamhuuriya, Liberal ama Social Democrat ”.

Waraaqdan oo ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs saxeexay EQA: SSC, oo ku taariikhaysan Sebtember 17, 1979, oo ku socota maamulka sare ee RAI [shirkadda ah ka-dhimista gaarka ah ee adeegga raadiyaha iyo telefishanka ee Talyaaniga, ed.] iyo Madaxweynaha Guddiga Baarlamaanka ee kormeerka Adeegyada RAI, wakiilka sharciga ee Watch Tower Society ee Talyaaniga wuxuu qoray: “Nidaam, sida kan Talyaaniga, oo ku saleysan qiyamka Mucaawinada, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waa kuwa ka mid ah kooxaha aad ugu yar ee ku dhiiraday inay sababaha keenaan damiirka kahor dagaalka kahor Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga. sidaa darteed waxay ku muujiyaan fikrado sharaf leh xaqiiqda casriga ah ”.

Warqad ka socota Laanta talyaaniga ee JW, oo lagu saxiixay SCB: SSA, taarikhduna ahayd 9-kii Sebtember, 1975, halkaas oo saxaafadda talyaaniga lagu eedeeyo faafinta wararka qaylo dhaanta ah ee ku saabsan dhamaadka dunida 1975.

"Riusciremo a battere Satana nell'agosto 1975" ("Waxaan awoodi doonaa inaan garaacno Shaydaanka bisha Ogos 1975"),
Il Tempo, August 10, 1969.

Cadad ballaadhan oo wargeyska kor ku xusan:

“Sannadkii hore, madaxweynahoodii [JW] Nathan Knorr wuxuu sharraxay bishii Ogos 1975-kii in dhammaadka 6,000 sano ee taariikhda aadanaha ay dhici doonto. Waxaa la weydiiyay, markaa, haddii aysan ahayn ku dhawaaqista dhamaadka adduunka, laakiin wuxuu ku jawaabay, isagoo gacmihiisa cirka u taagaya astaamo kalsooni leh: 'Maya maya, taa lidkeed: bishii Ogast 1975, kaliya dhammaadka xilli dagaalo, rabshad iyo dembi iyo mudo dheer oo miro dhal ah oo 10 qarni oo nabadeed ah ayaa bilaaban doonta inta lagu gudajiro dagaalada la mamnuuci doono dambigana lagu guuleystay…

Laakiin sidee ayuu ku dambayn doonaa dhammaadka dunuubta dembigu, sidee bayse suurta gal u ahayd in la dhiso bilowga xilligan cusub ee nabadda iyadoo si layaab leh loola socdo? Markii la weydiiyay, wuxuu ku jawaabay: "Way fududahay: dhammaan markhaatiyada laga uruuriyey Kitaabka Qudduuska ah iyo mahadnaqda muujinta nebiyada badan waxaan awoodnay inaan xaqiijinno inay tahay bisha Ogast 1975 (hase yeeshee ma ogin maalinta) Shaydaanka si adag ayaa loo garaaci doonaa waana bilaabi doonaa. xilligii cusbaa ee nabadda. ”

Sharaxaad or Cadeyn, oo lagu daabacay joornaalka joornaalka Switzerland Trost (Qancinta, maanta Toos!) Oktoobar 1, 1943.

 

Tarjumida Cadeyn lagu daabacay Trost Oktoobar 1, 1943.

Baaqa

Dagaal kasta wuxuu aadayaa aadanaha xumaan aan la soo koobi karin wuxuuna sababaa cilado damiir oo aad u daran kumanaan, xitaa malaayiin dad ah. Tani waa waxa si qumman looga dhihi karo dagaalka socda, oo aan udhici doonin qaarad isla markaana lagula dagaallamayo hawada, badda iyo berriga. Waa lama huraan in waqtiyadaan oo kale aan si ula kac ah u fahmi doonno oo aan si ula kac ah u tuhmeyno si khaldan, kaliya maahan magaca shaqsiyaadka, laakiin sidoo kale kan bulshada noocyadeeda kala duwan.

Annagu Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah kama reebanayn sharcigan. Qaarkood waxay noo soo bandhigaan urur howlahoodu ay yihiin burburinta "anshaxa militariga, iyo si qarsoodi ah uga careysiinta ama ugu yeerista dadka inay ka waantoobaan u adeegida, diidaan amarrada militariga, ku xadgudubka waajibaadka adeegga ama cidla'aanta."

Waxaas oo kale waxaa taageeri kara oo keliya kuwa aan aqoon ruuxa iyo shaqada bulshadayada, xumaan ahaanna, isku dayda inay qalloociso xaqiiqooyinka.

Waxaan si adag u xaqiijineynaa in ururkeenu uusan amar ku bixin, ku talinaynin ama soo jeedinaynin wax uun oo ka dhan ah rijeetooyinka militariga, sidoo kale fikirkaan laguma muujin shirarkeena iyo qoraalada ay daabacday ururkeena Waxba kama qabanno arrimaha noocan oo kale ah. Shaqadeenu waa inaan markhaati ka ahaano Rabbiga Ilaahay oo aan runta u sheegno dadka oo dhan. Boqolaal ka mid ah asxaabteena iyo taageerayaashayada ayaa gutay waajibaadkooda milatari welina way wadaan.

Marnaba weligeen ma yeelan doonno sheegasho aan ku caddeynno in waxqabadka waajibaadka milatari uu ka soo horjeedo mabaadi'da iyo ujeeddooyinka Ururka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah sida ku xusan qaynuunnadiisa. Waxaan ka codsaneynaa dhammaan asxaabteena iyo asxaabtayada iimaanka ku hawlan ku dhawaaqista boqortooyada llaah (Matayos 24:14) inay u hoggaansamaan - sidii had iyo goorba loo samayn jiray illaa hadda - si daacad ah oo adagna loogu dhawaaqo runta baybalka, iyadoo laga fogaanayo wax kasta oo kara keena is fahan la’aan. ama xitaa loo fasirtay kicinta in la diido qodobada militariga.

Ururka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Switzerland

Madaxweynaha: Ad. Gammenthaler

Xoghayaha: D. Wiedenmann

Bern, Sebtember 15, 1943

 

Warqad ka socota laanta Faransiiska ayaa saxiixday SA / SCF, taariikhaysan 11-kii Noofambar, 1982.

Tarjumaadda Letter oo ka tirsan laanta Faransiiska ayaa saxeexay SA / SCF, taariikhdu markay ahayd 11-kii Noofambar, 1982.

SA / SCF

November 11, 1982

Walaasha Qaaliga ah [magaca] [1]

Waxaannu ka helnay warqaddaadii xilligii 1aad ee aannu aad ugu dhuuxnay oo aad na weydiisanaysid nuqul ka mid ah "Baaqa" oo ku soo baxay xilligii loogu talagalay "Tacsiyeynta" Oktoobar 1943.

Waxaan kuu soo diraynaa nuqulkan, laakiin ma hayno nuqul ah sixitaankii lagu sameeyay shirkii qaran ee ka dhacay magaalada Zurich sanadkii 1947. Sikastaba, walaalo badan oo walaalo ah ayaa maqley munaasabadaas iyadoo waqtigaan la joogo dhaqankeena uusan aheyn isfaham la'aan dhan walba ah; tani waa, weliba, aadna loogu yaqaan in ay jirto baahi loo qabo in la sii caddeeyo.

Waxaan kaa codsaneynaa, si kastaba ha noqotee, inaadan "Bayaankan" u gacan gelin cadawga runta iyo gaar ahaan inaadan u oggolaan inay nuqul ka sameysato mabaadi'da ku xusan Matayos 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Aniga oo aan markaa doonaynin inaan aad uga shakinno ujeedka ninka aad booqatay iyo feejignaan fudud, waxaan door bidnay inuusan haysan nuqul ka mid ah "Baaqa" si looga fogaado wax kasta oo suurtagal ah oo lid ku ah runta.

Waxaan u aragnaa inay ku habboon tahay in oday ku weheliyo inuu soo booqdo ninkan iyadoo la tixgelinayo dhinaca doodda ee mugdiga iyo qodxaha leh. Sababtaas awgeed ayaanu nafteena ugu oggolaano inaan u dirno iyaga nuqul ka mid ah jawaabteenna.

Waxaan kuu xaqiijineynaa walaasha qaaliga ah [magac] dhammaan jacaylka walaaltinimo.

Walaalahaa iyo addoommadaada kale,

URURKA CHRÉTIENNE

Macnaha magaca koowaad Jéhovah

EE FRANCE

Sabuurka: Nuqul ka mid ah "Bayaanka"

jc: jirka dadka da'da ah.

[1] Ikhtiyaar ahaan, magaca qaataha waa laga tagay.

[2] Matayos 7: 6 wuxuu leeyahay: "Luulkaaga ha ku tuurin doofaarrada hortooda." Sida cad "luul" waa Cadeyn iyo doofaarradu waxay noqon lahaayeen "kuwa ka soo horjeeda"!

Qoraalada Dhammaadka Qoraalka

[1] Tixraacyada Siyoon waxay ku badan yihiin Russell. Taariikhyahankii hormoodka ahaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqa, M. James Penton, wuxuu qoray: “Intii lagu gudajiray qeybtii hore ee sheekada Ardayda Bible-ka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, sixirku wuxuu bilaabay 1870-yadii, waxay caan ku ahaayeen naxariistii ay u muujiyeen Yuhuudda. In kasta oo in ka badan dabayaaqadii qarnigii sagaalaad iyo labaatanaad ee Maraykanka ee Protestant premillenialit, Watch Watch Society madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay, Charles T. Russell, wuxuu ahaa taageere dhammaystiran oo taageera sababaha Zionist. Wuxuu diiday inuu isku dayo inuu badalo Yuhuudda, wuxuu ku qancay dib u dejinta Yuhuudda ee Falastiin, wuxuuna 1910 ku hogaamiyay dhagaystayaal Yuhuud ah New York inay ku heesaan heesta Sionist, Hatikva. ” M. James Penton, “A Story of Isku day Isku tanaasul: Taageerayaasha Yehowah, anti-Naceybka, Iyo Reich saddexaad ”, The Quest Christian, vol. Aniga, maya. 3 (Xagaagii 1990), 33-34. Russell, warqad ku socota Barons Maurice de Hirsch iyo Edmond de Rothschild, oo ka muuqatay Zion's Watch Tower ee Diseembar 1891, 170, 171, waxay weydiin doontaa "labada Yuhuud ee adduunka hoggaamiya" inay ka iibsadaan dhul Falastiin si loo dhiso degsiimooyinka Sahyuuniyadda. Eeg: Wadaadka Charles Taze Russell: Sahyuunigii Masiixiyiinta Hore, oo uu qoray David Horowitz (New York: Library Philosophical, 1986), oo ah buug uu aad ugu riyaaqay safiirkii Israa'iil ee UN-ka Benjamin Netanyahu, sida uu ku warramay Philippe Bohstrom, "Herzl Kahor, Waxa Jirey Wadaad Russell: Cutubka Dayacan ee Sionism. ”, Haaretz.com, Ogosto 22, 2008. Ninka beddelay, Joseph. F. Rutherford, ka dib markii uu ugu dhawaa bilowgii sababihii Sahyuuniyada (laga bilaabo 1917-1932), wuxuu si weyn u badalay caqiidada, iyo inuu muujiyo in JWs ay ahaayeen "Israel runta ah ee Ilaah" wuxuu ku soo bandhigay fikradaha Yuhuudda ka soo horjeedda suugaanta dhaqdhaqaaqa. . Buugga Xaqiijinta wuxuu qori doonaa: Yuhuudda waa la eriday gurigooduna cidla buu ahaa, maxaa yeelay, Ciise way diideen. Ilaa maantadan la joogo kama ay toobad keenin falkan dambiyeed ee awoowayaashood ay ku kaceen Kuwa ku soo laabtay Falastiin waxay ku laabanayaan danaysi ama sababo shucuur awgood ”. Joseph F. Rutherford, Xaqiijinta, vol. 2 (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. Maanta JWs ma raacaan Ruslay Zionism ama Rutherfordian anti-Judaism, iyagoo ku andacoonaya inay dhexdhexaad ka yihiin su'aal kasta oo siyaasadeed.

[2] Bulshada Watchtower waxay isu soo bandhigeysaa isla mar ahaantaa hay'ad sharciyeed shirkadeed, guri madbacadeed iyo hay'ad diineed. Muujinta udhaxeysa cabbirradan kaladuwan waa mid murugsan, qarnigii labaatanaadna, wuxuu soo maray heerar kala duwan. Sababaha boos awgeed eeg: George D. Chryssides, A ilaa Z ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (Lanham: Ccare Scare, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, 64; Aqoonsi., Taageerayaasha Yehowah (New York: Routledge, 2016), 141-144; M. James Penton, Qiyaasta Daahay. Sheekada Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (Toronto: Jaamacadda Toronto Press, 2015), 294-303.

[3] Magaca “Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah” waxaa la qaatay bishii Luulyo 26, 1931 shirkii ka dhacay Columbus, Ohio, markii Joseph Franklin Rutherford, madaxweynihii labaad ee Watchtower uu khudbada jeediyey. Boqortooyada: Rajada Dunida, oo leh xal Magac Cusub"Waxaan jeclaan lahayn in nalagu garaaco oo lanagu yeedho magaca, taasi waa markhaatiyaasha Rabbiga." Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah: Ku dhawaaqaya Boqortooyada Ilaahay (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Xulashada waxaa waxyooday Ishacyaah 43:10, marin ay ku qoran tahay 2017 Tarjumaadda Adduunka Cusub ee Qorniinka Quduuska ah, ayaa akhrinaya: "Idinku waxaad tihiin markhaatiyaashaydii, ayaa Rabbigu leeyahay," Ilaah, oo aniga mooyaane cid kale oo iga daba dambaysay '. Laakiin dhiirigelinta runtaa way ka duwan tahay: “Sannadkii 1931 - ayuu qoray Alan Rogerson - wuxuu ku yimid taariikh muhiim ah taariikhda ururka. Sannado badan xerta Rutherford waxaa loogu yeeri jiray magacyo kala duwan: 'Ardayda Caalamiga ah ee Kitaabka Quduuska ah', 'Russellites', ama 'Millennial Dawners'. Si si cad looga fogeeyo taageerayaashiisa kooxaha kale ee kala go'ay 1918 Rutherford waxay soo jeediyeen inay qaataan magac gebi ahaanba cusub Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah.”Alan Rogerson, Malaayiin hadda nool waligood ma dhiman doonaan: Daraasad ku saabsan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (London: Constable, 1969), 56. Rutherford qudhiisu wuu xaqiijin doonaa tan: “Tan iyo dhimashadii Charles T. Russell waxaa soo ifbaxay shirkado badan oo laga sameeyay kuwii markii hore la socday, mid kasta oo ka mid ah shirkadahan waxay sheeganayaan inay runta barayaan, iyo mid kasta oo isku magacaabaya magacyada qaarkood, sida "Raaciyaasha Wadaadka Russell", "kuwa runta u taagan sida uu sharaxay wadaadka Russell," "Associated Bible Students", iyo qaar ka mid ah magacyada hogaamiyayaashooda maxaliga ah. Waxaas oo dhami waxay u eg yihiin jahwareer waxayna caqabad ku yihiin kuwa niyad wanaaga leh ee aan si fiican looga baran helitaanka aqoonta runta. “A Magac Cusub ”, The Daawashada, Oktoobar 1, 1931, p. 291

[4] Eeg M. James Penton [2015], 165-71.

[5] Xidid., 316-317. Caqiidada cusub, ee xaraysay “fahamkii hore”, ayaa ka muuqatay Taageerayaasha, Nofeembar 1, 1995, 18-19. Caqiidada ayaa heshay isbeddel dheeri ah intii udhaxaysay 2010 iyo 2015: 2010 Ururka Bulshada ee Watch wuxuu sheegay in "jiilka" ee 1914 - oo ay u arkeen Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah jiilkii ugu dambeeyay kahor Dagaalkii Armageddoon - oo ay kujiraan dad noloshooda "isku dulqaaday" kuwa " la subkay oo noolaa markii ay calaamaddu bilaabantay inay muuqdaan sanadkii 1914. ” Sannadihii 2014 iyo 2015, Frederick W. Franz, oo madaxweynenimada ka soo baxay Watch Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) ayaa loo soo qaatay tusaale ahaan mid ka mid ah xubnihii ugu dambeeyay ee "subkan" ee nool 1914, taas oo soo jeedinaysa in " jiilka ”waa inay ku jiraan dhammaan shakhsiyaadka“ subkan ”ilaa dhimashadiisa 1992. Eeg maqaalka“ Ruuxa Quduuska ah Doorka uu ka leeyahay fulinta Ujeeddada Rabbiga ”, The Muuqaal Abriil 15, 2010, p.10 iyo buugga 2014 Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà! (Engl. Daabacaadda, Xukunka Boqortooyada Eebbe!), buug dib u dhisaya, qaab dib-u-fiirin, taariikhda JWs, oo isku dayaya inuu waqti xadido jiilkan is dulsaaran isaga oo ka reebaya jiilka mid kasta oo la subkay ka dib dhimashadii kii ugu dambeeyay ee la subkay kahor 1914. Iyada oo taariikh la beddelay jiilka wax baraya mar kasta oo waqtiga noocan oo kale ah uu ku guuldareysto inuu la kulmo, shaki kuma jiro in digniintani sidoo kale isbeddelayso waqtiga. Jiilku wuxuu ka kooban yahay laba kooxood oo is dul saaran oo ah kuwa la subkay - tan koowaad waxay ka kooban tahay kuwa la subkay oo arkay bilowgii fulinta calaamadda sanadkii 1914 iyo tan labaad, kuwa la subkay oo iyagu in muddo ah ay isku koox ahaayeen kooxda koowaad. Ugu yaraan qaar ka mid ah kuwa ku jira kooxda labaad ayaa noolaan doona bilowga fitnada soo socota. Labada koox waxay sameysmayaan hal jiil maxaa yeelay noloshooda iyagoo Masiixiyiin ah oo subkan ayaa is dulsaaray in muddo ah. ” Xukunka Boqortooyada Eebbe! (Rome: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Xusuus-qorista, p. 12: “Qof kasta oo la subkay ka dib dhimashadii ugu dambaysay ee la subkay oo ku jira kooxdii ugu horraysay - taas oo ah, ka dib markii ay arkeen“ bilowgii murugada ”ee 1914-kamana mid noqon doono" qarnigan ". -Matt. 24: 8. ” Sawirka buugga ku jira  Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà!, bogga p. 12, waxay muujineysaa laba koox oo fac ah, kuwii la subkay sanadkii 1914 iyo ismuujinta kuwa la subkay oo nool maanta. Natiija ahaan, hadda waxaa jira 3 koox, sida Watchtower ay aaminsan tahay in dhammaystirka "jiilka" uu khuseeyo Masiixiyiintii qarnigii koowaad. Ma jirin wax iskudhaf ah oo loogu talagalay Masiixiyiintii qarnigii koowaad mana jirin aasaas Qorniinka oo ay ahayd in maanta la isku sooro.

[6] M. James Penton [2015], 13.

[7] Eeg: Michael W. Homer, “L’azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)”, oo ku taal Gian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. I valdesi fra due Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII e del XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma e sui movimenti religiosi oo ku taal Italia (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 e 30 agosto- 1º settembre 1998)) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 iyo Id., "Raadinta Masiixiga Aasaasiga ah ee Dooxooyinka Waldensia: Protestant, Mormon, Adventists iyo Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Talyaaniga", Nova Religio (Jaamacadda California Press), Vol. 9, maya. 4 (Maajo 2006), 5-33. Kaniisada Waldensian Evangelical (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) waxay ahayd madhab hordhac ah oo Protestant-ka ah oo uu aasaasey isbadal-yahankii qadiimiga ahaa ee Peter Waldo qarnigii 12aad ee Talyaaniga. Laga soo bilaabo dib-u-habeyntii qarnigii 16-aad, waxay qaadatay fiqiga dib-u-habeynta oo wuxuu ku dhex milmay dhaqankii dib-u-habeynta ballaaran. Kaniisaddu, dib-u-habayntii Protestant-ka, waxay u hoggaansantay fiqiga Calvinist waxayna noqotay laanta Talyaaniga ee kaniisadaha dib-u-habeynta ah, illaa ay ku midoobeen Kaniisadda Methodist Evangelical si ay u sameeyaan Midowga Kiniisadaha Methodist iyo Waldensian ee 1975.

[8] On marxaladaha safarkii Russell ee Talyaaniga, eeg: Zion's Watch Tower, Febraayo 15, 1892, 53-57 iyo lambar ku taariikheysnaa Maarso 1, 1892, 71.

[9] Eeg: Paolo Piccioli, “Sababtoo ah pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova”, Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), maya. 186 (Juun 2000), 76-81; Aqoonsi., Xaaladdu way kala duwan tahay. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa ee Italia negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; Buugga Sannadka ee 1982 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 iyo “Laba Wadaad oo Bogaadiyay Qoraalada Russell" Taageerayaasha, Abriil 15, 2002, 28-29. Paolo Piccoli, oo ahaa kormeeraha wareegga hore ee JWs (ama hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu, xafiis u dhigma kaniisadaha kale ee Masiixiyiinta ah) iyo afhayeenkii hore ee qaranka Talyaaniga ee "Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova", oo ah hay'adda sharciga ee mataleysa Watch Tower Society ee Talyaaniga, ayaa u dhintay kansar bishii Sebtember 6, 2010, sida lagu muujiyey qoraal taariikh nololeedkiisa oo lagu daabacay qormada gaaban Paolo Piccioli iyo Max Wörnhard, "Qarnigii Tacaddi, Koboc iyo Aqoonsi", ee Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Yurub: Hore iyo Hadda, Vol. I / 2 (Newcastle: Daabacaadda Aqoonyahannada Cambridge, 2013), 1-134, wuxuu ahaa qoraaga aasaasiga ah ee shuqullada Markhaatiyaasha ku sugan Talyaaniga, wuxuuna tifaftiray shaqooyinka ay daabacday Watch Society sida Buugga Sannadka ee 1982 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 113–243; wuxuu si qarsoodi ah uga wada shaqeeyay diyaarinta tirooyinka sida Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, oo ay qortay Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Waxaan u markhaati furayaa di Geova Italia: dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) waana qoraaga daraasado dhowr ah oo taariikhi ah oo laga sameeyay Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee reer Talyaani oo ay ka mid yihiin: "Waxaan markhaati u ahay Geova durante il government fascista", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, maya. 1 (Janaayo-Maarso 2000), 191-229; “Waxaan markhaati u ahay geva dopo il 1946: Un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa”, Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, maya. 1 (Janaayo-Maarso 2002), 167-191, oo aasaas u noqon doonta buugga Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa ee Italia negli scorsi cento anni (2010), iyo e “Thanks pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova” (2000), 77-81, oo leh Introduzione waxaa qoray prof. Augusto Comba, 76-77, kaas oo aasaas u noqon doona maqaalka “Laba Wadaad oo Bogaadiyay Qoraallada Russell,” ee lagu daabacay Taageerayaasha ee Abriil 15, 2002, halkaasoo, si kastaba ha noqotee, codka raalligelinta iyo muuqaalka asalka ah la xoojiyay, isla markaana laga saaray buug-gacmeedka si loo fududeeyo akhriska. Piccioli waa qoraaga maqaalka, kaas oo "khuraafaadka Waldensia" iyo fikradda ah in beeshani ay ahayd, bilawgii, u dhigantaa Masiixiyiintii qarnigii koowaad, dhaxal "primitivist" ah, oo cinwaankeedu yahay "Waldens: ka bidcada ilaa iyo Protestantism, ” Wareegtada, 15-kii Maarso, 2002, 20–23, iyo taariikh nololeed diini ah oo kooban, oo ay qortay xaaskiisa Elisa Piccioli, oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "U hoggaansamida Rabbiga Ayaa I Siisay Barakooyin Badan", oo lagu daabacay Taageerayaasha (Daabacaadda Daraasadda), Juun 2013, 3-6.

[10] Eeg: Charles T. Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età (Pinerolo: Tipografia Sociale, 1904). Paolo Piccioli wuxuu sheegayaa Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (bogga 77) in Rivoir uu turjumay buugga 1903 oo uu jeebkiisa ka bixiyay kharashka daabacaaddiisa ee 1904, laakiin waa "halyeey magaalo" kale: shaqada waxaa bixiyay Cassa Generale dei Treaties of the Zion's Watch Tower Society of Allegheny, PA, oo u adeegsanaysa xafiiska Swiss Watch Tower ee Yverdon dhex dhexaadin iyo kormeere, sida lagu soo wariyay Zion's Watch Tower, Sebtember 1, 1904, 258.

[11] Dalka Mareykanka kooxihii ugu horreeyay ee daraasadda ama jameecooyinka waxaa la aasaasay 1879, sannad gudihiisna in ka badan 30 iyaga ka mid ah ayaa ku shiray fadhiyo lix saacadood ah oo daraasad ah oo hoos imanayay jihada Russell, si loo baaro Kitaabka Quduuska ah iyo qoraalladiisa. M. James Penton [2015], 13-46. Kooxuhu way ismaamulnaayeen ecclesia, Qaab dhismeed urureed Russell wuxuu u arkaa inuu ku noqday "fududaantii hore". Eeg: "Ekklesia", Zion's Watch Tower, Oktoobar 1881. Sanadkii 1882 Zion's Watch Tower Maqaalkiisa wuxuu ku sheegay in bulshada oo dhan oo ka mid ah kooxaha waxbarta ay tahay "mid si adag u dhaqma diinta isla markaana aan aqoonsaneyn magac diimeed… ma lihin caqiido (xayndaab) isku xidha ama ka ilaaliya dadka kale shirkadeena. Kitaabka Qudduuska ahi waa halbeegkeena keliya, waxbarashadiisuna waa caqiidadayada keliya. Wuxuu raaciyay: "Waxaan la wadaageynaa dhamaan Masiixiyiinta oo aan ku garan karno Ruuxa Masiixa." "Su'aalo iyo jawaabo", Zion's Watch Tower, Abriil 1882. Laba sano kadib, isaga oo ka fogaanaya koox diimeed kasta, wuxuu sheegay in magacyada kaliya ee ku haboon kooxdiisu ay noqon karaan "Church of Christ", "Church of God" ama "Christian". Wuxuu ku soo gabagabeeyey: “Magac walboo ay dadku noogu yeedhaan, annaga nama khusayso; ma aqoonsan karno magac kale oo aan ka ahayn 'magaca keliya ee laga bixiyo samada hoosteeda iyo dadka dhexdeeda' - Ciise Masiix. Waxaan si fudud isugu yeeraynaa Masiixiyiin. ” "Magaceena", Zion's Watch Tower, February 1884.

[12] Sannadkii 1903dii ayaa cadadkii ugu horreeyay ee La Vedetta di Sion isku magacaabay magaca guud ee "Kaniisadda", laakiin sidoo kale "kaniisadda kiristaanka" iyo "kaniisada aaminka ah". Eeg: La Vedetta di Sion, vol. Aniga, maya. 1, Oktoobar 1903, 2, 3. Sannadkii 1904 oo ay weheliso "Kaniisadda" waxaa jira hadallo ku saabsan "Kaniisadda Xeryaha Yar iyo Mu'miniinta" iyo xitaa "Kaniisadda Evangelical". Eeg: La Vedetta di Sion, vol. 2, No 1, Janaayo 1904, 3. Ma noqon doonto wax Talyaani u gaar ah: raadadka ka soo horjeedka qaran-nimada waxaa sidoo kale laga heli karaa daabacaadda Faransiiska ee Zion's Watch Tower, ka Phare de la Tour de Sion: Sannadkii 1905, warqad uu soo diray Waldensian Daniele Rivoire oo sharraxaysa doodaha iimaanka ee caqiidooyinka ruushka ee Komishanka Kaniisadda Waldensian, waxaa lagu soo warramayaa gabagabadii in: “Galabnimadan Axadda waxaan aadayaa S. Germano Chisone kulan ( Where) Meesha ay joogaan shan ama lix qof oo aad u daneeya 'runta jirta.' ”Wadaadku wuxuu adeegsaday ereyo sida" Sababta Quduuska ah "iyo" Opera ", laakiin ma uusan isticmaalin magacyo kale. Eeg: Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 3, maya. 1-3, Jenuary-Maarso 1905, 117.

[13] Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 6, maya. 5, Maajo 1908, 139.

[14] Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 8, maya. 4, Abriil 1910, 79.

[15] Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Archive of the Waldensian Table) - Torre Pellice, Turin.

[16] Bollettino Mensile della Chiesa (Montly Bulletin ee Kaniisada), September 1915.

[17] Il Vero Principe della Pace (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] Amoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza e antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (Donzelli: Editore, Roma 2006), 30.

[20] Fikrad.

[21] Qoraalka jumlada, xukunka nr. 309 ee Ogosto 18, 1916, waxaa laga soo qaatay qorista Alberto Bertone, Remigio Cuminetti, Qorayaal Kala Duwan, Le periferie della memoria. Profili di testimoni di xawaare (Verona - Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. Intii uu ku guda jiray ka shaqeynta wejiga hore, Cuminetti wuxuu ku kala soocay geesinimo iyo deeqsinimo, isagoo caawinaya “sarkaal dhaawac ah” kaasoo “isku arkaayey hogaga hortiisa isagoon lahayn awood uu dib ugu gurto”. Cuminetti, oo maareeya badbaadinta sarkaalka, ayaa ku dhaawacmay lugta howlgalka. Dhamaadka dagaalka, “geesinimadiisa awgeed… waxaa lagu abaal mariyay bilada qalinka ee halyeeyga militariga” laakiin wuxuu go’aansaday inuu diido maxaa yeelay “uma uusan sameyn ficilkaas inuu kasbado shaashad, laakiin wuxuu jeclaa deriska” . Eeg: Vittorio Giosué Paschetto, “L’odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale”, kulanka ayaa, Julaay-Ogast 1952, 8.

[23] 1920 Rutherford ayaa daabacay buugga Milioni ama Viventi non Morranno Mai (Malaayiin Hada nool Ma dhiman doonaan weligood), oo ku wacdinaysa in 1925 "ay calaamadeyn doonto soo celinta [sarakicidda) Ibraahim, Isxaaq, Yacquub iyo nebiyadii aaminka ahaa ee hore, gaar ahaan kuwii uu magacaabay Rasuulku [Bawlos] ee Cibraaniyada cutubka. 11, xaalad kaamilnimada aadanaha ”(Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1920, 88), waxay hordhac u tahay Dagaalkii Armagheddon iyo dib u soo celinta janadii Ceeden ee Dunida. "Sannadku markuu ahaa 1925 waa taariikh xaqiiqo ah oo si cad loogu tilmaamay Qorniinka, xitaa wuu ka cad yahay kii 1914" (The Watch Tower, Julaay 15, 1924, 211). Arintaan, fiiri: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, Analisi di una setta: Waxaan markhaati u ahay Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985), 116-122 iyo Id., Waxaan markhaati u ahay Geova: un'ideologia che logora (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] On cadaadiska ee xilligii Fascist, ka akhri: Paolo Piccioli, "Waxaan markhaati u ah Geova durante il government fascista", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, maya. 1 (Janaayo-Maarso 2000), 191-229; - Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Tilmaamid e articolazioni del controllo e della repressione (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; - Matteo Pierro, Fra Martirio e Resistenza, La nlerenazione nazista e fascista dei Testimoni di Geova (Como: Editrice Actac, 1997); Achille Aveta iyo Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 13-38 iyo Emanuele Pace, Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova ee Italia, 7 vol. (Gardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Editrice, 2013-2016).

[25] Eeg: Massimo Introvigne, I Testimoni di Geova. Chi sono, kaalay cambiano (Siena: Cantagalli, 2015), 53-75. Xaaladaha qaarkood xiisadaha waxay ku dhamaan doonaan iska horimaadyo furan oo ka dhaca jidadka oo ay kiciyaan dad badan, qolalka maxkamadaha iyo xitaa cadaadisyo rabshado wata oo ka dhaca nidaamyadii Nazi, Communist iyo liberal. Eeg: M. James Penton, Markhaatiyada Yehowah ee Kanada: Horyaallada Xoriyadda Hadalka iyo Cibaadada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976); Aqoonsi., Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah iyo Reich Saddexaad. Siyaasad diimeed oo lagu cadaadinayo (Toronto: Jaamacadda Toronto Press, 2004) Waa. Daabacaadda I Testimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una tsanantaal (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); - Zoe Knox, “Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ma Mareykan baa? Isuduwaha Qorniinka, Xorriyadda Madaniga ah, iyo Waddaniyadda ”, ee Joornaalka Daraasaadka Mareykanka, Vol. 47, maya. 4 (Nofeembar 2013), pp. 1081-1108 iyo Id, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah iyo kuwa cilmaaniga ah Adduunka: Laga bilaabo 1870-yadii ilaa Hada (Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerbe, Zwischen Widerstand und Martyrium: die Zeugen Jehoas im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) iyo EB Baran, Ku Kala Qancin Marginsyada: Sidee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Soofiyeeti u Diideen Shuuciyadda uguna noolaayeen inay ku wacdiyaan wax ku saabsan (Oxford: Jaamacadda Oxford University Press, 2014).

[26] - Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e Chiese evangeliche. Tilmaamid e articolazioni del controllo e della repressione (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Xidid., 290. OVRA waa soo gaabin macnaheedu yahay "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" ama, Ingiriisiga, "feejignaanta cabudhinta fascism-ka". Waxaa soo saaray madaxa dowladda laftiisa, oo aan waligiis loo adeegsanin ficillo rasmi ah, waxay muujisay isku-darka adeegyada booliska siyaasadeed ee qarsoodiga ah xilligii dowladdii fashiistiga ahayd ee Talyaaniga laga soo bilaabo 1927 ilaa 1943 iyo Jamhuuriyadda Bulshada ee Talyaaniga laga bilaabo 1943 ilaa 1945, oo ahayd bartamaha waqooyiga Talyaaniga. wuxuu ku jiray gumeysigii Naasiyiinta, Talyaani u dhigma Gestapo Hantiwadaaggii Qaranka. Eeg: Carmine Senise, Quand'ero capo della polizia. 1940-1943 (Roma: Ruffolo Editore, 1946); Guido Leto, OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (Bologna; Cappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, Nidaamka L'orecchio del. Le intercettazioni telefoniche al tempo del fascismo; soo bandhigida Giuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); - Mimmo Franzinelli, I tentacoli dell'OVRA. Agenti, iskaashatada e vittime della polizia politica fascista (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); - Mauro Canali, Nidaamka Le spie del (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004); - Domenico Vecchioni, Le spie del fascismo. Uomini, apparati e operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) iyo Antonio Sannino, Il Fantasma dell'Ovra (Milano: Greco & Greco, 2011).

[28] Dukumintiga ugu horreeya ee la raad raaco wuxuu ku taariikhaysan yahay May 30, 1928. Kani waa nuqul ka mid ah telespresso [telespresso waa isgaarsiin ay inta badan soo dirto Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda ama safaaradaha kala duwan ee Talyaanigu ku leeyahay dibedda] kuna taariikhaysan May 28, 1928. waraaqihii Bern ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, oo uu hoggaaminayo Benito Mussolini, oo hadda ku jira Xarunta Dhexe ee Gobolka [ZStA - Rome], Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha [MI], Qaybta Amniga Guud ee Dadweynaha [GPSD], Qeybta Guud ee Arimaha Guud [GRAD], bisad G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] Booqashooyinka booliiska faashiistaha ah ee Brooklyn marwalba arag ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, bisad. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, qeexitaan gacmeed oo ku saabsan heshiiskii ay daabacday Watchtower Un Appello alle Potenze del Mondo, kuna lifaaqan telespresso ku taariikhaysan 5-tii Diseembar, 1929-kii ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda; Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, Nofeembar 23, 1931.

[30] Joseph F. Rutherford, Cadawga (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. Xigashooyinka waxaa lagu soo saaray lifaaq warbixintii uu soo saaray Isbatooraha Guud ee Badbaadada Dadweynaha Petrillo, taariikhduna ahayd 10/11/1939, XVIII Fascist Era, N. 01297 of prot., N. Ovra 038193, in ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, subject: “Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'”.

[31] "Sette religiose dei “Pentecostali” ed altre », wareegtada wasaaraddu lambar. 441/027713 ee Ogast 22, 1939, 2.

[32] Eeg: Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] I Testimoni di Geova ee Italia: Dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei testimon di Geova), 20.

[34] “Bayaanka” waa la soo saari doonaa laguna tarjumi doonaa af Ingiriis lifaaqa.

[35] Bernard Fillaire iyo Janine Tavernier, Madhabta Les (Paris: Le Cavalier Bleu, Dakhliga Ururinta Idées, 2003), 90-91

[36] Bulshada Watchtower waxay si wax ku ool ah noo baraysaa inaan si cad oo toos ah u been sheegno: “Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jira hal shay oo ka reeban oo Masiixiyiintu maskaxda ku hayaan. Isaga oo ah askari Masiixi ah wuxuu kaqeyb qaataa dagaal diimeed waana inuu aad uga taxadaraa la macaamilka cadaawayaasha Ilaah. Xaqiiqdii, Qorniinka ayaa tilmaamaya taas si loo ilaaliyo danaha qadiyada ilaahey, waa sax in runta laga qariyo cadawga ilaahey. .. Tan waxaa lagu dari lahaa ereyga "istiraatiijiyad dagaal", sida lagu sharraxay La Torre di Guardia ee Ogosto 1, 1956, waana mid ku habboon taladii Ciise ee ahayd "u taxaddar sida abeesooyinka" markay dhex joogaan yeyda. Haddii duruufuhu u baahan yihiin inuu Masiixi ka markhaati furo maxkamadda isagoo ku dhaaranaya inuu runta sheego, haddii uu hadlo, markaa waa inuu runta sheegaa. Haddii uu isku arko inuu yahay beddelka hadalka iyo khiyaanaynta walaalihiis, ama ka aamuso oo loo wargaliyo maxkamadda, Masiixiga qaangaarka ah wuxuu ka hor marin doonaa wanaagga walaalihiis midda ". La Torre di Guardia ee Diseembar 15, 1960, p. 763, xoojinta ayaa lagu daray. Erayadani waa soo koobid cad oo ku saabsan mowqifka Markhaatiyaasha ee ku saabsan istaraatiijiyadda “dagaalka diimeed”. Markhaatiyaasha, dhammaan dhaleeceeyayaasha iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeda ee Watch Tower Society (oo ay rumeysan yihiin inuu yahay ururka kaliya ee Masiixiyiinta ah ee adduunka) waxaa loo tixgeliyaa "yeey", oo weligood dagaal kula jira isla Bulshada, oo kuwa raacsan, si ka duwan, loogu yeero " ido ”. Sidaa darteed waa "xaq '' idaha 'aan waxyeellada lahayn inay u adeegsadaan istiraatiijiyadda dagaalka ka dhanka ah yeeyda danaha shaqada Eebbe". La Torre di Guardia ee Ogosto 1, 1956, p. 462.

[37] Ausiliario per capire la Bibbia (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] Perspicacia nello studio delle qoraal, Vol. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Eeg: Taageerayaasha, Juun 1, 1997, 10 ss.

[39] Letter ka tirsan laanta Faransiiska oo saxeexday SA / SCF, taariikhaysan 11-kii Noofambar, 1982, oo lagu soo saaray lifaaqa.

[40] Buugga Sannadka ee 1987 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 157.

[41] In ka Buugga Sannadka ee 1974 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (1975 af Talyaani), Bulshada Watchtower waa eedeeyaha ugu weyn ee Balzereit, oo uu ku eedeeyay inuu "daciifiyay" qoraalka Jarmalka asagoo ka turjumaya Ingiriisiga. Baaragaraafka saddexaad ee bogga 111 daabacaadda `` Watchian '' waxay leedahay: "Ma ahayn markii ugu horreysay ee Walaal Balzereit uu waraabiyo luuqadda cad ee aan la fahmi karin ee daabacaadda Jaaliyadda si looga fogaado dhibaatooyinka hay'adaha dowladda." Iyo bogga 112, waxay sii socotaa iyadoo leh, “In kasta oo bayaanka la wiiqay oo inbadan oo walaalo ah aysan si kal iyo laab ah u aqbali karin aqbalaaddeeda, haddana dowladda way ka carootay oo waxay bilowday mowjado cadaadis ah oo ka dhan ah kuwii u qaybiyay. ” "Difaaca" Balzereit waxaan ku haynaa labo dib u eegis uu sameeyay Sergio Pollina: "Balzereit waxaa laga yaabaa inay mas'uul ka ahayd tarjumida Jarmalka ee Baaqa, sidoo kale waxay kaloo masuul ka noqon laheyd qoritaanka warqada Hitler. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa sidoo kale si cad u muuqata inuusan isagu ku maareynin isagoo beddelaya xulashada ereyada. Marka hore, Bulshada Watchtower ayaa lagu daabacay Buugga Sannadka ee 1934 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah nooca Ingiriiska ee Baaqa - oo runti la mid ah nooca Jarmalka - kaas oo ka dhigan bayaankiisa rasmiga ah ee Hitler, saraakiisha Jarmalka, iyo saraakiisha Jarmalka, kan ugu weyn ilaa kan ugu yar; intaas oo dhanna lama qaban karin la’aantii ogolaanshaha buuxa ee Rutherford. Ta labaad, nuqulka Ingiriisiga ee Baaqa waxaa si cad loogu diyaariyey qaabka qaryaqaanka ah ee garsooraha. Tan seddexaad, hadalada ka dhanka ah Yuhuudda ku jirta Baaqa waxay si aad ah ugafiican tahay waxa suuragal ah in la qoro Mareykan sida Rutherford oo kale wixii Jarmalka ah ee laga yaabo inuu qoro… Ugu dambeyntiina [Rutherford] wuxuu ahaa madaxbanaan buuxda oo aan u dulqaadan karin nooca daran diidmada ah in Balzereit uu dambi ku noqon lahaa "daciifinta" kan Cadeyn Ciddii qortay Baaqa, xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in loo daabacay dukumiinti rasmi ah oo ka tirsan Ururka Watch. Sergio Pollina, Risposta a "Svegliatevi!" dell'8 luglio 1998, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] Bishii Abriil 1933, ka dib markii laga mamnuucay ururkooda inta badan Jarmalka, Jarmalka JWs - ka dib booqasho ay ku yimaadeen Rutherford iyo la shaqeeyihii Nathan H. Knorr - 25kii Juun 1933 waxay isugu yimaadeen toddobo kun oo aamin ah magaalada Berlin, halkaas oo 'Baaqa' lagu ansixiyay. , oo loo diray waraaqo la socda xubnaha muhiimka ah ee dowladda (oo uu ku jiro Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler), oo in ka badan laba milyan oo nuqul loo qaybiyo toddobaadyada soo socda. Waraaqaha iyo Bayaanka - kan dambe macnaheedu ma ahan dukumiinti qarsoodi ah, markii dambena dib ayaa loogu daabacay Buugga Sannadka ee 1934 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah Bogagga 134-139, laakiin kuma jiraan kaydka maktabadda maktabadda ee 'Watchtower Online Library', laakiin waxay ku faaftaa internetka pdf ee bogagga mucaaradka - waxay u taagan tahay iskuday khayaano ah oo Rutherford ay ku doonayso inay ku tanaasusho taliskii Nazi oo markaa ay hesho dulqaad iyo ka noqosho weyn ogeysiiska. In kasta oo warqaddii loo diray Hitler dib loogu xasuusto diidmadii Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah ka-qayb-qaadashadii dadaalkii ka soo horjeedka Jarmalka intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, Baaqa Xaqiiqadu wuxuu ciyaarayaa kaarka demagogic ee heerka hoose ee ay sheeganayso, waa hubaal in "Dawladda Jarmalka ee hadda jirta ay ku dhawaaqday dagaalka dulmiga ganacsatada waaweyn (…); tani dhab ahaan waa mowqifkeenna ”. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa lagu daray in Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah iyo dowladda Jarmalka labaduba ay ka soo horjeedaan League of Nations iyo saamaynta diinta ee siyaasadda. “Dadka Jarmalka waxay la soo daristay murugo aad u weyn tan iyo sanadkii 1914 waxayna ahaayeen dhibanayaal cadaalad daro badan oo ay dadka kale ku dhaqmaan. Waddanigu wuxuu caddeeyay inuu ka soo horjeedo dhammaan xaqdarrada noocaas ah wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay in 'Xiriirka aan la leenahay Ilaah uu yahay mid sare oo muqaddas ah.' ”Isagoo ka jawaabaya dood ay adeegsadeen dacaayadaha maamulka ee ka dhanka ah JWs, oo lagu eedeeyay inay maalgeliyaan Yuhuudda, Bayaanka ayaa lagu sheegay in warka waa been, maxaa yeelay “Waxaa been noo sheegay cadaawayaashayada inaan ka helnay taageero dhaqaale shaqadeenna Yuhuudda. Wax runta ka fog ma jiraan. Ilaa saacaddan waligeed ma jirin xoogaa yar oo lacag ah oo ay ku darsadeen shaqadeena Yuhuuddu. Waxaan nahay kuwa raacsan ee Ciise Masiix waxaanan aamin sanahay inuu yahay Badbaadiyaha dunida, halka Yuhuuddu gabi ahaanba diidaan Ciise Masiix waxayna si cad u diidayaan inuu yahay Badbaadiyaha dunida ee ilaahay loogu soo diray wanaagga dadka. Tani lafteeda waa inay ahaato cadeyn buuxda oo muujineysa inaynaan wax taageero ah ka helin Yuhuudda sidaas darteedna eedeymaha nalagu soo oogay ay yihiin kuwo been abuur ah oo laga fillaan karo kaliya Shaydaanka, cadowgeena weyn. Imbaraadooriyada ugu weyn uguna dulmiga badan dhulka waa boqortooyada Anglo-American. Taas waxaa loola jeedaa Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, oo ay Mareykanka ka kooban tahay qayb. Waxay ahayd Yuhuuddii ganacsiga ee boqortooyadii Ingiriiska-Ameerika ee dhistay oo qaaday Ganacsi Weyn oo ah hab looga faa'iideysto laguna cabudhiyo dadyowga dalal badan. Xaqiiqadani waxay si gaar ah u khuseysaa magaalooyinka London iyo New York, meelaha ay ku xoogan yihiin Ganacsiga Weyn. Xaqiiqadani waa mid si cad uga muuqata Mareykanka oo maahmaah ku saabsan magaalada New York ayaa leh: "Yuhuuddu iyagaa iska leh, kuwa katooligga ah ee reer Ireland ayaa xukuma, Mareykankuna waxay bixiyaan biilasha." Ka dib waxay ku dhawaaqday: "Maaddaama ururkeennu uu si buuxda u ansaxinayo mabaadi'daas xaqa ah oo uu ku howlan yahay oo keliya fulinta howlaha lagu baraarujinayo dadka ee ku saabsan Ereyga Rabbiga ah, Shaydaanku wuxuu ku dadaalayaa khiyaanadiisa [sic] ee ah inuu dowladda ka hor istaago shaqadeena oo uu baabi'iyo maxaa yeelay waxaan weyneynaa muhiimada ay leedahay ogaanshaha iyo u adeegida Ilaah. ” Sida lafilayo, Cadeyn saameyn badan ma leh, ku dhowaad sidii haddii ay ahayd daandaansi, iyo cadaadiskii ka dhanka ahaa JW Jarmalka, haddii ay wax jiraan, waa sii xoogeysanayaan. Eeg: Buugga Sannadka ee 1974 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 110-111; "Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah - Waxay Geesinimo Ku Yihiin Khatartii Naasiga ”, Toos!, Luulyo 8, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, "A Story of Isku day Isku tanaasul: Taageerayaasha Yehowah, anti-Naceybka, Iyo Reich saddexaad ”, The Quest Christian, vol. Aniga, maya. 3 (Xagaagii 1990), 36-38; Aqoonsi., I Markhaati di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una tsanantaal (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; Achille Aveta iyo Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] Fiiri: Buugga Sannadka ee 1987 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 163, 164.

[44] Fiiri: James A. Beckford, Buunka Wax sii sheegidda. Daraasad cilmi bulsheed ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah (Oxford, UK: Jaamacadda Oxford Press, 1975), 52-61.

[45] Eeg gelitaanka encyclopedic Taageerayaasha Yehowah, M. James Penton (ed.), The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. XX (Grolier Incorporated, 2000), 13.

[46] The British-ka Encyclopædia Britannica wuxuu xusayaa in Dugsiga Gilead loogu talagalay in lagu tababaro "adeegayaasha iyo hoggaamiyaasha". Eeg gelitaanka Iskuulka Watch Tower Bible School, J. Gordon Melton (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; laba xubnood oo hadda ka tirsan Guddiga Maamulka ee JWs waa adeegayaashii hore ee ka qalin jabiyay Gilead (David Splane iyo Gerrit Lösch, sida lagu soo sheegay Taageerayaasha ee Diisambar 15, 2000, 27 iyo Juun 15, 2004, 25), iyo sidoo kale afar xubnood oo hadda dhintay, sida Martin Poetzinger, Lloyd Barry, Carey W. Barber, Theodore Jaracz (sida lagu soo wariyay Taageerayaasha ee Nofeembar 15, 1977, 680 iyo gudaha La Torre di Guardia, Daabacaadda Talyaaniga, ee Juun 1, 1997, 30, ee Juun 1, 1990, 26 iyo Juun 15, 2004, 25) iyo Raymond V. Franz, oo ahaa adeegayaashii hore ee Puerto Rico ee 1946 iyo wakiilka Watchtower Society for the Caribbean ilaa 1957, markii JWs laga mamnuucay Dominican Republic kalidii taliyihii Rafael Trujillo, markii dambena laga eryay gugii 1980 xaruntii adduunka ee Brooklyn iyadoo lagu eedeeyay inuu ka ag dhawaa shaqaalihii looga eryay "riddada", oo iskii looga saaray 1981. qado shaqo-bixiyahiisa, JW hore Peter Gregerson, oo iska casilay shaqaalihiisii. Eeg: “Qalinjabinta 61aad ee Gilecaad waa Dawo Ruuxi ah”, Taageerayaasha Nofeembar 1, 1976, 671 iyo Raymond V. Franz, Crisi di coscienza. Fedeltà a Dio o alla propria diin? (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Xogta lagu xusay: Paolo Piccioli, "Waxaan markhaati u yahay geva dopo il 1946: un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", Studi Storici: rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, maya. 1 (Janaayo-Maarso 2001), 167 iyo La Torre di Guardia Maarso 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, buugiisa Falanqaynta: waxaan markhaati ka ahay Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) ayaa ku soo qoray bogga 148 isla tirada jameecooyinka, taasi waa 35, laakiin kaliya 95 raacsan, laakiin Buugga Sannadka ee 1982 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, oo ku yaal bogga 178, ayaa tilmaamaya, xusuusinaya in 1946 "ay jireen celcelis ahaan 95 wargeysyada Boqortooyada oo ugu badnaan ay ahaayeen 120 wacdiyaal oo ka kala yimid 35 ururro yaryar."

[48] Sannadkii 1939-kii, majaladda Katooliga ee Genoese Fides, maqaal uu qorey "wadaadka daryeelka nafaha", wuxuu ku caddeeyey in "dhaqdhaqaaqa Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ay yihiin shuuciyad aan diin lahayn iyo weerar cad oo lagu soo qaaday amniga gobolka". Baadariga aan la magacaabin wuxuu isku sifeeyay inuu yahay "mudo seddex sano ah oo si adag uga horyimid dhaqdhaqaaqan", isagoo u taagan difaaca dowladdii faashiistaha. Eeg: "Waxaan Testimoni di Geova ku leeyahay Italia", Fides, maya. 2 (Febraayo 1939), 77-94. On cadaadiska Protestant eeg: Giorgio Rochat [1990], pp. 29-40; - Giorgio Spini, Italia di Mussolini iyo mudaaharaad (Turin: Claudiana, 2007).

[49] Miisaanka siyaasadeed iyo dhaqan ee "Evangelicalism-ka Cusub" Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib eeg: Robert Ellwood, Kontonka Suuqa Ruuxiga ah: Diinta Mareykanka ee Tobankii sano ee isku dhaca (Jaamacadda Rutgers Press, 1997).

[50] Eeg: Roy Palmer Domenico, “'Sababta Masiixa Halkan Ee Talyaaniga': Caqabadaha Protestant ee Mareykanka ee Talyaaniga iyo Madmadowga Dhaqanka ee Dagaalkii Qaboobaa”, Taariikh Diblomaasiyadeed (Jaamacadda Oxford Press), Vol. 29, maya. 4 (Sebtember 2005), 625-654 iyo Owen Chadwick, Kaniisadda Masiixiyiinta ee Dagaalkii Qaboobaa (England: Harmondsworth, 1993).

[51] Eeg: “Porta aperta ai trust americani la firma del trattato Sforza-Dunn ”, l'Unità, Febraayo 2, 1948, 4 iyo "Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti", l'Avanti! (Roman Edition), Febraayo 2, 1948, 1. Wargeysyada l'Unità iyo l'Avanti! waxay kala ahaayeen siday u kala horreeyeen bahda saxaafadda ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Talyaaniga iyo Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Talyaaniga. Tan dambe, waqtigaas, waxay ku saabsanayd mowqifyo taageersan Soofiyeeti iyo Marxist.

[52] Waxqabadka Kaniisadda Katooliga Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka kadib, eeg: Maurilio Guasco, Chiesa e cattolicesimo oo ku taal Italia (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); Andrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica in Italia nel secondo dopoguerra", Gabriele De Rosa, Tullio Gregory, André Vauchez (ed.), Storia dell'Italia religiosa: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; Pietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), Le chiese di Pio XII (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1986), 3-19; Elio Guerriero, Waan ku qanacsanahay taas (Milano 2005); - Francesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. Cattolici, partito e stato nella storia d’Italia (Bologna 1998); - Vittorio De Marco, Le barricate invisibili. La chiesa ee Italia tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); - Francesco Malgieri, Chiesa, cattolici and democracyrazia: da Sturzo a De Gasperi, (Brescia 1990); Giovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico e società civile", Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione. Studi sul rapporto chiesa-società nell'età contemporanea (Casale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; Andrea Riccardi, Roma «città sacra»? Dalla Conciliazione all'operazione Sturzo (Milano 1979); Antonio Prandi, Chiesa e politica: la gerarchia e l'impegno politico dei cattolici oo ku taal Italia (Bologna 1968).

[53] Sida laga soo xigtay Safaaradda Talyaaniga ee Washington, "310 ku xigeenno iyo senatoro" oo ka tirsan koongareeska ayaa soo farageliyay "qoraal ahaan ama shaqsi ahaan, Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda" iyaga oo doorbidaya Kaniisadda Masiixa. Eeg: ASMAE [Diiwaanka Taariikhda ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, Arimaha siyaasada], Quduuska See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, Diseembar 22, 1949; ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1950, b. 25, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, Febraayo 16, 1950; ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, warqad iyo qoraal qarsoodi ah oo ka socda safaaradda Talyaaniga ee Washington, Maarso 2, 1950; ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, 31/3/1950; ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1950-1957, b. 1687, oo loo qoray "sir iyo shaqsi" Safaaradda Talyaaniga ee Washington loona diray Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, Maajo 15, 1953, dhammaantood waxaa laga soo xigtay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] Xaaladda adag ee cibaadada Katooliga ee dagaalkii Talyaaniga kadib, eeg: Sergio Lariccia, Stato e chiesa gudaha Talyaaniga (1948-1980) (Brescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", on Teoria e prassi delle libertà di diinta (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; Giorgio Peyrot, Gli evangelici nei loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; Arturo Carlo Jemolo, “Le libertà garantite dagli artt. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ”, Il diritto ecclesiastico, (1952), 405-420; Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti in Italia", Il Ponte (Juun 1950), 670-689; Id., "La in ka soo gudubto dalka Italia", Il Ponte (Janawari 1953), 1-14; Giacomo Rosapepe, Wax -soo -saarka addomesticata, (Bari: Laterza, 1960); - Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle minoranze religiose ee Italia (Milan-Rome: Edizioni Avanti !, 1956); Ernesto Ayassot, I protestanti gudaha Italia (Milano: Deegaanka 1962), 85 133.

[55] ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, ku dhawaaqidii rasuulnimada ee Talyaaniga, Sebtember 3, 1947, Mudane. Carlo Sforza, Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada. Kan dambe ayaa ku jawaabi doona "Waxaan u sheegay nuncio inuu ku kalsoonaan karo rabitaankeenna ah inaan iska ilaalino waxa dhaawici kara dareenka iyo cadaadiska muuqda." ASMAE, DGAP [Agaasinka Guud ee Arimaha Siyaasada], Xafiiska VII, Quduuska See, Sebtember 13, 1947. Qoraal kale oo ku socday Agaasinka Guud ee Arrimaha Siyaasadda ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda bishii Sebtember 19, 1947, waxaan ku aqrinnay farshaxankaas. 11 ma lahayn wax qiil ah "heshiis lala galay Talyaaniga (…) dhaqanka xorta ah ee dawladda Talyaaniga arrimaha cibaadada". Qoraal ("Daqiiqado Kooban") Nofeembar 23, 1947 waftigii Mareykanka waxay ku ogaadeen dhibaatooyinka ay keeneen Vatican-ka, dhammaantoodna waxaa lagu xusay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, ku dhawaaqida rasuullada ee talyaaniga, oo ku taariikheysneyd 1-dii Oktoobar, 1947. Qoraalkii ku xigay, nuncio waxay codsatay in lagu daro wax-ka-beddelka soo socda: xorriyadda damiirka iyo diinta iyadoo la raacayo shuruucda dastuuriga ah ee labada dhinac ee Qandaraaska sare qaadanaya ”. - ASMAE, DGAP, Xafiiska VII, Quduuska See, Sebtember 13, 1947, oo lagu xusay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, "Daqiiqado Kooban" oo ay sameeyeen waftigii Maraykanka, Oktoobar 2, 1947; qoraal ka yimid wafdigii Talyaaniga ee fadhigii Oktoobar 3, 1947. Qoraal ka soo baxay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda oo ku taariikhaysan Oktoobar 4, 1947 ayaa lagu sheegay “in qodobbada ku jira farshaxanka. 11 ee ku saabsan xorriyadda damiirka iyo diinta […] run ahaantii ma ahan wax caadi ka ah heshiis saaxiibtinimo, ganacsi iyo bad mareen. Waxaa jira horudhac oo keliya heshiisyada sida caadiga ah ay dhigayaan labada dowladood ee aan ahayn ilbaxnimo siman ”, oo lagu xusay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[58] Msgr. Domenico Tardini, oo ka tirsan Xoghaynta Gobolka Holy Holy, warqad ay taariikhdeedu ahayd 4/10/1947, waxay xustay in qodobka 11aad ee heshiisku uu "si xun u dhaawacayo xuquuqda kaniisada Katooliga, oo si xushmad leh loogu fasaxay heshiiskii Lateran". "Miyey sharaf dhac u tahay Talyaaniga, iyo sidoo kale wax laga xumaado aragtida Quduuska ah, in lagu daro qodobka la qorsheeyey ee heshiiska ganacsiga?" ASMAE, Quduuska See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, warqad ka socota Msgr. Tardini wuxuu u diray nuncio, bishii Oktoobar 4, 1947. Laakiin wax ka beddelka ma aqbali doonaan wafdiga Mareykanka, oo la socodsiiyay kii Talyaaniga in xukuumadda Washington, oo ka soo horjeedda "aragtida dadweynaha Mareykanka", oo leh aqlabiyad Protestant iyo evangelical ah, kaas oo “sidoo kale Heshiiska laftiisa gelin kara ciyaar iyo naceyb ku saabsan xiriirka Vatican iyo Mareykanka”. ASMAE, Holy Holy, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, DGAP, Xafiiska VII, oo si sax ah loogu talagalay Wasiir Zoppi, Oktoobar 17, 1947.

[59] Taariikh nololeedka George Fredianelli, oo cinwaankeedu ahaa “Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, ayaa lagu daabacay La Torre di Guardia (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga), Abriil 1, 1974, 198-203 (Eng. Edition: "Albaab weyn oo horseed u ah waxqabad ayaa furmaya", Taageerayaasha, Noofambar 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] Waraaqaha loo diray Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, taariikhdu markay ahayd 11-kii Abriil, 1949 iyo Sebtember 22, 1949, oo hadda ku taal ACC [Archives of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah Witness of Rome, in Italy], waxaa lagu xusay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 168 Jawaabaha diidmada ah ee Wasaaradda Arimaha Dibadda waxay kujirtaa ASMAE, Arimaha Siyaasada Mareykanka, 1949, b. 38, fasc. 5, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibadda, taariikhaysan 8dii July 1949, Oktoobar 6, 1949 iyo Sebtember 19, 1950.

[62] ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Qeybta guud.

[63] Eeg: Giorgio Spini, “Le minoranze protestanti in Italia ”, Il Ponte (Juun 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei testimoni di Geova ee Italia", La Torre di Guardia, Maarso 1, 1951, 78-79, waraaqo aan la saxiixin (oo ah dhaqan ku saabsan JWs laga bilaabo 1942 iyo wixii ka dambeeya) laga soo bilaabo daabacaadda Mareykanka ee Buugga Sannadka ee 1951 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah. Eeg: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 190-192.

[65] ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis iyo Morse. Eeg: ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 266, warqad ka soo baxday Xogheyaha Gobolka ee Arrimaha Dibadda, oo ku taariikhaysan Abriil 9, 1953; ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Brescia, degmada Brescia, Sebtember 28, 1952; ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1957-1960, b. 219 / Ergooyinkii iyo Wadaadadii Protestant-ka Mareykanka ahaa, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, Agaasinka Guud ee Arrimaha Cibaadada, si hufan ayaa Mudane. Bisori, oo aan taariikh lahayn, ayaa lagu soo xigtay Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173, oo uu ku sheegay qoraalka ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis iyo Morse iyo ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bologna. 

[67] Tusaale ahaan, tusaale ahaan, waxa ka dhacay magaalo ku taal agagaarka Treviso, Cavaso del Tomba, sanadkii 1950. Codsi ay u direen dadka reer Bentakostiga oo ahaa inay u helaan biyo ku xidha mid ka mid ah guryahooda adeegayaasha ah, ayay dawladda hoose ee Christian Democratic ugu jawaabtay warqad ay ku taariikhaysan tahay Abriil 6, 1950, hab maamuuska no. 904: “Codsigaaga oo ku taariikheysan 31-kii Maarso ee la soo dhaafay, ee la xiriiray shayga [dalab ku saabsan tanaasulka kirada biyaha ee isticmaalka guriga], waxaan kugu wargalineynaa in golaha degmada ay go’aamiyeen, iyagoo tixgelinaya inay fasiraan rabitaanka aqlabiyadda tirada dadka, inaan laguu oggolaan karin kireysiga biyaha ee isticmaalka guriga ee ku yaal Vicolo Buso no 3, maxaa yeelay gurigan waxaa deggan Mr. Marin Enrico oo caan ku ahaa Giacomo, oo ku dhaqma cibaadada Pentecostal ee dalka, kaas oo, ka sokow mamnuucida Dawladda Talyaaniga, ay ka xanaajiso dareenka Katooliga ee aqlabiyadda dadka ku nool Degmadan. ” Eeg: Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle minoranze religiose ee Italia (Milano: Edizione l'Avanti !, 1956).

[68] Masuuliyiinta booliiska ee Christian Democratic Italy, iyagoo raacaya sharciyadan, waxay isku dhiibayaan shaqada cabudhinta JWs oo runtii u soo bandhigay suugaan diimeed guri-ka-guri iyagoo u baddelaya lacag aan la filayn. Paolo Piccioli, cilmi baaristiisa ku saabsan shaqada Watch Tower Society ee Talyaaniga laga soo bilaabo 1946 ilaa 1976, wuxuu ku soo waramayaa in gudoomiyaha Ascoli Piceno, tusaale ahaan, uu weydiistay tilmaamo ku saabsan arinta Wasiirka Arimaha Gudaha waxaana lagu yiri "sii booliisku waa inuu si sax ah u qeexaa si shaqada dacaayadaha xubnaha ururka ee su'aashu [Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah] looga hortago sinnaba "(eeg: ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Ascoli Piceno, note taariikhaysan 10-kii Abriil, 1953, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, Agaasinka Guud ee Amniga Dadweynaha). Xaqiiqdii, gudoomiyaha dowlada ee gobolka Trentino-Alto Adige warbixintaas oo ku taariikheysneyd Janaayo 12, 1954 (hada waa ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Trento, ayaa laga soo xigtay Fikrad.) Waa la wargaliyay: "Dhanka kale maahan, waxaa lagu maxkamadeyn karaa [JWs] fikradahooda diimeed, sida wadaadada Trentino ay jeclaan lahaayeen, kuwaas oo marar badan u jeestay saldhigga booliiska horay". Wakiilka Bari, dhanka kale, wuxuu helay tilmaamaha soo socda "si dacaayadaha […] shaqada looga hor istaago si kasta ficilinta diinta iyo tan la xiriirta qaybinta daabacadaha iyo boodhadhka" (ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, qoraal ka soo baxay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, Maajo 7, 1953). Arintaan, fiiri: Paolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] Fiiri: Ragioniamo facendo uso delle Qorniinka (Rome: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Warqad ka socota laanta Roomaanka ee JWs waxay saxiixday SCB: SSB, taariikhdu markay ahayd Ogosto 14, 1980.

[71] Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ayaa saxiixday SCC: SSC, taariikhaysan July 15, 1978.

[72] Ka soo qaad waraaqo khaas ah oo u dhexeeya Guddiga Maamulka iyo Achille Aveta, oo lagu soo xigtay buugga Achille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] Linda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. ISTAT (Machadka Tirakoobka Qaranka) waa hay'ad cilmi baaris dadweyne oo Talyaani ah oo ka shaqeysa tirakoobka guud ee dadweynaha, adeegyada iyo warshadaha, iyo beeraha, sahaminta tusaalaha guryaha iyo sahaminta guud ee dhaqaalaha heer qaran.

[74] “Continuiamo waa imi 'degane ku meel gaar ah'”, Le Torre di Guardia (Daabacaadda Daraasadda), Diseembar 2012, 20.

[75] Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ee lagu saxiixay SB, oo ku taariikheysan Diseembar 18, 1959, sawir ahaan dib loogu soo saaray Achille Aveta iyo Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, waxaana lagu daabacay lifaaqa. Isbeddelka siyaasadeed ee hoggaanka JW, iyada oo aan laga warqabin kuwa caqliga leh oo ku kalsoon, oo diiradda saaraya kaliya Talyaaniga, ayaa noqda mid cad sababtoo ah, si loo helo raadiyaha iyo telefishanka meelaha "barnaamijyada marin u helka" si ay u awoodaan inay qabtaan shirarka kitaabiga ah, telefishanka iyo raadiyaha, hogaamiyaasha millen-yaniyiinta cibaadada ah ayaa isa soo bandhiga, inkasta oo ay sheeganayaan dhexdhexaadnimo iyo in kasta oo laga mamnuucayo wax kasta oo caqli-gal ah ka-qaybgalka mudaharaad kasta oo siyaasadeed iyo waddaninimo, sida kuwa sannad kasta lagu qabto Talyaaniga 25-ka Abriil si loo xuso dhammaadka Labaad Dagaalkii Adduunka iyo Xoreyntii Nazi-fashisnimo, oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu qancsan taageerayaasha qiyamka jamhuuriyadda ee iska caabbinta faashiistaha; dhab ahaan, warqad ku taariikheysan Sebtember 17, 1979 oo ku socota maamulka sare ee RAI [shirkadda ah ka-dhimista gaarka ah ee adeegga raadiyaha iyo telefishanka ee Talyaaniga, ed.] iyo Madaxweynaha Guddiga Baarlamaanka ee kormeerka Adeegyada RAI, wakiilka sharciga ee Watch Tower Society ee Talyaaniga wuxuu qoray: “Nidaam, sida kan Talyaaniga, oo ku saleysan qiyamka Mucaawinada, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waa kuwa ka mid ah kooxaha aad u yar ee ku dhiiraday inay sababaha keenaan damiirka kahor dagaalka kahor Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga. sidaa darteed waxay ku muujiyaan fikrado sharaf leh xaqiiqda casriga ah ”. Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ayaa saxiixday EQA: SSC, taariikhaysan Sebtember 17, 1979, oo lagu xusay Achille Aveta [1985], 134, oo si sawir leh loogu soo saaray Achille Aveta iyo Sergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 laguna daabacay lifaaqa . Aveta wuxuu xusay in laanta Romanku ay kula talisay dadka helay warqada "inay si qarsoodi ah u isticmaalaan waxyaabaha ku jira warqadan", maxaa yeelay hadii ay ku dhamaato gacanta kuwa raacsan way ka xanaaqi doontaa.

[76] Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs ayaa saxiixday CB, taariikhaysan Juun 23, 1954.

[77] Letter oo ka tirsan laanta Rome ee JWs ayaa saxeexay CE, taariikhdu markay ahayd Oktoobar 12, 1954, laguna daabacay lifaaqa.

[78] Warqad ka socota laanta Rome ee JWs saxiixay CB, taariikhdu markay ahayd Oktoobar 28, 1954.

[79] Dhinaca Atlanticism-ka PSDI (hore PSLI) eeg: Daniele Pipitone, Il socialismo democraico italiano fra Liberazione e Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni e dhaqanka politiche di un'area di frontiera (Milano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; dhinaca Pri of La Malfa eeg: Paolo Soddu, “Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale / internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter”, Atlantismo ed europeismo, Piero Craveri iyo Gaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; dhanka PLI, oo muujiyey shaqadii Gaetano Martini ee Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada sanadihii 1950, eeg: Claudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana. “Un liberale messinese e l'idea europea”, shahaadada shahaadada ee cilmiga siyaasada, kormeeraha prof. Federico Niglia, Luis Guido Carli, fadhiga 2012-2013 iyo R. Battaglia, Gaetano Martino iyo la politica estera italiana (1954-1964) (Messina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] La Voce Repubblicana, Janaayo 20, 1954. Eeg: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214-215; Paolo Piccioli iyo Max Wörnhard, “Jehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung”, Jehovas Zeugen ee Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Mugga 1, Beljim, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Jehovas Zeugen ee Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Mugga 1, Beljim, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 iyo Paolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Eedeymaha noocan ah, oo ay weheliso cadaadis lagu hayo daabacayaasha, ayaa ku qoran liiska Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 on pp. 196-218. Eedaynta Katooliga ee ka dhanka ah cibaadooyinka aan kaatooligga ahayn ee ah "shuuciyada" waxaa lagu soo saaray wareegto taariikhaysan Oktoobar 5, 1953, oo uu markaa u diray xoghayihii hore ee Golaha Wasiiradu taliyayaal kala duwan oo Talyaani ah, taas oo u horseedi doonta baaritaanno. Diiwaanka Gobolka ee Alessandria, ayaa lagu xusay Paolo Piccioli p. 187 ka mid ah cilmi baaristii uu ku sameeyay JW Talyaani xilligii dagaalka ka dib, wuxuu ilaalinayaa dukumiintiyo ballaaran oo la xiriira baaritaanka lagu sameeyay fulinta qodobadan, wuxuuna xusay in bishii Nofeembar 16, 1953 warbixintii Carabinieri ee Alessandria lagu sheegay in "Dhamaan marka laga reebo macnayaasha ay adeegsadaan macalimiinta cibaadada 'Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah', waxaa muuqata inaysan jirin qaabab kale oo dacaayad diineed ah [is] [waa laga reebay] waxaa jiri kara xiriir macquul ah oo udhaxeeya dacaayadaha kor ku xusan iyo ficilka bidix ”. eedeyntan.

[82] "Waxaan comunisti italiani e la Chiesa Cattolica", La Torre di Guardia, Janaayo 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. Edition: "Shuuciyadii Talyaaniga iyo Kaniisada Katooliga", Taageerayaasha, Juun 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "Talyaaniga, in ka badan 99 boqolkiiba Katoolig, bidix fog iyo xisbiyada shuuciga ah waxay ku guuleysteen boqolkiiba 35.5 codadkii doorashadii ugu dambeysay ee dalka, tanina waxay noqotay koror "iyadoo la sheegay in" wadajirka uu dhex galo dadka Katooliga ah ee dalalkan, laakiin xitaa wuxuu saameeyaa wadaadada, gaar ahaan Faransiiska “, iyagoo tixraacaya kiiska“ wadaad Katoolik ah oo Faransiis ah iyo wadaad Dominican ah, Maurice Montuclard, ayaa laga ceyriyay Hierarchy kadib markii uu daabacay 1952 buug muujinaya aragtida Markis, sidoo kale wuxuu madax u ahaa “Dhallinyartii Dhaqdhaqaaqa kaniisadda oo muujiyey dareen naxariis leh oo loogu talagalay Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Faransiiska "kiis aan go'doon ahayn oo la siiyay in ay jiraan dhacdooyin wadaaddo ah oo xubno ka ah midowgii Marxist-ka ee CGT ama kuwa kabaha ka qaatay si ay uga shaqeeyaan warshad, taasoo horseed u ahayd Watchtower in la waydiiyo: “Noocee ah darbiga ka dhanka ah wadajirka waa kaniisada Katooliga Katooliga, markay u ogolaan waydo wadaaddadeeda, oo ku dhagan madhabta Roman Catholic tan iyo yaraantiisii, inay ku dhacdo cas opaganda? Waa maxay sababta ay wadaaddadani ugu muujinayaan xiisaha dib-u-habeyn bulsho, siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale ee Marxism in ka badan wacdinta diintooda? Miyeysan ahayn sababta oo ah waxaa jira waxoogaa qalad ah oo ku saabsan cuntadooda ruuxiga ah? Haa, waxaa jira daciifnimo aan caadi ahayn oo ku wajahan qaabka Roman Catholic ee dhibaatada shuuciyadda. Ma garwaaqsan in Masiixiyadda dhabta ahi ayan waxba ka dhexeyn dunidan duugga ah, laakiin waa inay ka fogaataa. Danta danaysiga ah awgeed, Hierarchy waxay saaxiibo la yihiin Cesare, iyagoo heshiis la samaynaya Hitler, Mussolini iyo Franco, waxayna diyaar u yihiin inay la xaajoodaan shuuciga Ruushka haddii ay sidaas awooddo ku kasbado faa'iidooyin nafteeda; haa, xitaa Ibliis laftiisa, sida uu qabo Pope Pius XI. - Eagle of Brooklyn, Febraayo 21, 1943. ” "Waxaan comunisti convertono sacerdoti cattolici", La Torre di Guardia, Diseembar 1, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  “Un'assemblea internazionale a Roma”, La Torre di Guardia, Julaay 1, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'quali risultati ha conseguito?”, Svegliatevi!, Ogast 22, 1976, 11.

[86] Eeg: Zoe Knox, "Bulshada Watch Tower iyo Dhammaadka Dagaalkii Qaboobaa: Fasiraadaha dhammaadka-Waqtiyada, Colaadda Superpower, iyo Isbedelka Amarka Juquraafi-siyaasadeed", Wargeyska The Academy of American Religions (Jaamacadda Oxford Press), Vol. 79, maya. 4 (Diseembar 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Dagaalkii qaboobaa ee cusub ee dhex maray Mareykanka iyo Xiriirka Ruushka, oo ka mamnuucay Watch Tower Society dhulalka uu degan yahay tan iyo 2017, wuxuu u horseeday Gudiga Maamulka inay yeeshaan kulan gaar ah, iyagoo sheegay inay aqoonsadeen boqorkii ugu dambeeyay ee Waqooyiga. taasi waa Ruushka iyo xulafadiisa, sida mar dhow lagu celiyey: “Waqti ka dib Ruushka iyo xulafadiisu waxay la wareegeen doorka boqorka woqooyiga. (…) Maxaan u dhihi karnaa Ruushka iyo xulafadiisu waa boqorka waqooyiga ee hadda jira? (1) Waxay si toos ah u saameeyaan dadka Ilaahay markay mamnuucaan shaqada wacdiga iyo dhibaateeyaan boqolaal kun oo walaalo ah oo walaalahood ah oo ku nool dhulka ay ka taliyaan; (2) ficilladan waxay muujinayaan inay neceb yihiin Rabbiga iyo dadkiisa; (3) waxay isku dhacaan boqorka koonfurta, quwada aduunka ee Anglo-American, halgan awoodeed. (…) Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, Ruushka iyo xulafadiisu sidoo kale waxay galeen "Dal Wanaagsan" [kitaab ahaan waa Israel, halkaan waxaa loogu aqoonsaday "la doortay" 144,000 oo jannada aadaya, "Israel of God", ed]. Sidee? Sannadkii 2017, boqorka waqooyiga ee hadda jira wuxuu mamnuucay shaqadeenna wuxuuna xabsi geliyey qaar ka mid ah walaalaheen. Waxay kaloo mamnuucday qoraalladayada, oo ay ku jiraan Tarjumaadda Adduunka Cusub. Wuxuu sidoo kale la wareegay laanteena Ruushka, iyo Hoolalka Boqortooyada iyo Hoolalka Shirarka. Ficilladaas ka dib, Guddiga Maamulka ayaa sharraxay 2018 in Ruushka iyo xulafadiisa ay yihiin boqorka woqooyiga. ” "Chi è il 're del Nord' oggi?”, La Torre di Guardia (Daabacaadda Daraasadda), Maajo 2020, 12-14.

[88] Giorgio Peyrot, La circolare Buffarini-Guidi ei pentecostali (Rome: Associazione Italiana per la Libertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, xukun maya. 1 ee Juun 14, 1956, Giurisprudenza kharashka, 1956, 1-10.

[90] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. Xukunka ka eeg: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, cit., p. 361-362; Aqoonsi., Diritti ilbaxnimo e fattore religioso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Diiwaanka rasmiga ah ee Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania eeg majaladda Svegliatevi! ee Abriil 22, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Sida ku celcelisay Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214, oo sheegaysa: “Walaalaha aaminka ah way ogaayeen inay la soo derseen cadaalad daro mowqifkooda, inkasta oo aysan dan ka lahayn sumcadooda indhaha caalamka, waxay go'aansadeen inay codsadaan dib u eegis lagu sameeyo hanaanka ay ku andacoonayaan Xuquuqda Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah dad ahaan ”(farta ku jirta qoraalka, waxaa loo fahmay inay yihiin“ dadka Yehowah ”, taasi waa, dhammaan Talyaani JWs)

[92] Xukunka n. 50 ee Abriil 19, 1940, oo lagu daabacay Tribunale Speciale per la difesa dello Stato. Go'aanku wuxuu dhacay 1940kii, Wasaaradda Difaaca (ed.) (Rome: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] Waxaa laga soo xigtay Abruzzi-L'Aquila Court of Appeal, xukunka nr. 128 ee Maarso 20, 1957, "Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democratica ai Testimoni di Geova", oo ay ku qoran tahay Sergio Tentarelli, Rivista abruzzese di studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, vol. 2, maya 1 (1981), 183-191 iyo Qorayaal Kala Duwan, Minoranze, coscienza iyo dovere della memoria (Naples: Jovene, 2001), lifaaqa IX. Bayaanka garsoorayaasha ayaa lagu soo qaatay Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Xusuusin ku taariikhaysan Ogosto 12, 1948 oo ka timid Agaasinka Guud ee Arimaha Cibaadada, ee ZStA - Rome, MI, Golaha Wasiirada, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Qeybta guud.

[95] Kiis ceeb ah oo ah dulqaad la’aan diimeed oo ka dhan ah JWs, oo dhacday 1961, ayaa lagu duubay Savignano Irpino (Avellino), halkaas oo wadaadka Katooliga ah uu si sharci darro ah ku soo galay guriga JW halkaas oo lagu wado in lagu qabto aaska geerida hooyadiis. . Wadaadka kaniisadda, oo ay barbar socdaan wadaad kale iyo carabinieri, ayaa ka hortagi doona xafladda aaska ee ka socota dhaqanka JWs, u wareejinta maydka kaniisadda maxalliga ah iyo soo rogaya xaflad cibaado Katoolik ah, ka dibna u keenta mas'uuliyiinta inay soo dhexgalaan, iyagoo cambaareynaya. dadkii ku lug lahaa. Eeg: Maxkamadda Ariano Irpino, xukunkii July 7, 1964, Giurisprudenza Talyaaniga, II (1965), coll. 150-161 iyo II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 e 285-292.

[97] Eeg, waraaqaha soo socda ee ka socda laanta Roomaanka ee JWs waxay ku wajahan yihiin "Waayeelka loo aqoonsan yahay inay yihiin wasiirrada cibaadada" Juun 7, 1977 iyo "… kuwa ku qoran INAM inay yihiin wasiirro diimeed" Oktoobar 10, 1978, oo ku hadla marin u helidda Sanduuqa loo qoondeeyay wasiirrada diinta ee ku saleysan Sharciga 12/22/1973 n. 903 ee xuquuqda hawlgabka, iyo warqadda oo ku taariikhaysan Sebtember 17, 1978, oo ku socota "Dhammaan jameecooyinka Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Talyaaniga", oo nidaaminaya sharciga guurka diimaha ee lala yeelanayo wasiirrada cibaadada ee gudaha ee ay oggolaatay Jamhuuriyadda Talyaaniga.

[98] Qeexitaanka waxaa iska leh Marcus Bach, "Markhaatiyaasha Bilowga ah", The Century Christian ah, maya 74, Febraayo 13, 1957, p. 197. Ra'yigani ma ahayn mid imminka imminka socda. Sida ku xusan warbixinta ay bixisay Sanadka 2006 ee Kaniisadaha, Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, oo ay weheliyaan diimo kale oo badan oo ku saabsan muuqaalka masiixiga Mareykanka, hadda waxay ku jiraan marxalad hoos u dhac deggan. Boqolleyda hoos u dhaca kaniisadaha waaweyn ee Mareykanka waa kuwa soo socda (dhan diidmo): Koonfurta Baptist Union: - 1.05; Kaniisada Methodist United: - 0.79; Kaniisadda Evangelical Lutheran: - 1.09; Kaniisada Presbyterian: - 1.60; Kaniisadda Episcopal: - 1.55; Kaniisada Baabtiisaha Mareykanka: - 0.57; Kaniisada Midaysan ee Masiixa: - 2.38; Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah: - 1.07. Dhinaca kale, waxa kale oo jira kaniisado koraya, oo iyaga ka mid ah: Kaniisadda Katooliga: + 0.83%; Kaniisadda Ciise Masiix ee Maalinka Ugu Dambeysa (Mormon): + 1.74%; Kulammada Eebbe: + 1.81%; Kaniisada Orthodox: + 6.40%. Amarka koritaanka, sidaas darteed, sida ku xusan daabacaaddan aadka u suntan iyo taariikhiga ah, waxay muujineysaa in meesha ugu horeysa ee ka mid ah Bentakostiga iyo kuwa aan caadiga ahayn ee Mareykanka hadda jira ay yihiin Shirarka Ilaah, oo ay ku xigto Mormons iyo Kaniisada Katooliga. Way cadahay in sanadihii dahabiga ahaa ee Markhaatiyaasha ay dhamaadeen.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, nt. 36.

[100] Eeg: Johan Leman, “Waxaan markhaati u ahay in Geova nell'immigrazione siciliana oo ku taal Belgio. Una lettura antropologica ”, Mawduucyada, vol. II, maya. 6 (Abriil-Juun 1987), 20-29; Id., "The Italo-Brussels Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah Ayaa Dib Loogu Arkay: Laga soo bilaabo Jiilka Koowaad ee Asaasiga Diinta ilaa Dhismaha Bulshada Qowmiyadaha-Diinta", Compass Social, vol. 45, maya. 2 (Juun 1998), 219-226; Aqoonsi., Laga soo bilaabo Dhaqankii Caqabadsanaa iyo Dhaqankii Caqabad badnaa. Ku Sisiiliyaan Xeerka Dhaqanka iyo Dhaqan-dhaqameedka Praxis ee Sisiiliyaan Muhaajiriinta Beljamka (Leuven: Jaamacadda Leuven Press, 1987). Eeg: Luigi Berzano iyo Massimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella Sicilia centrale (Caltanissetta-Rome: Sciascia, 1994).

[101] La Torre di Guardia, Abriil 1, 1962, 218.

[102] Xog ay soo tabisay Achille Aveta [1985], 149, oo laga helay isgoyska laba ilo gudaha ah, oo kala ah Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 iyo by kala duwan Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibedda, Warqad bille ah oo ku dhexjirta dhaqdhaqaaqa oo loo qaybiyay daabacayaasha kaliya, baabtiisay iyo kuwa aan baabtiisnayn. Waxay soo bandhigtay barnaamijka toddobaadlaha ah ee saddexda kulan oo mar la qaybiyey bilowgii usbuuca iyo dhexda, ka dibna ay ku midoobeen bartamihii toddobaadka, hal fiidkii: "Daraasadda buugga", markii dambena "Daraasad ee Kitaabka Qudduuska ah (marka hore hadda, ka dib 30 daqiiqo); “Iskuulka Wasaaradda Tacadiga” (ugu horreyn 45 daqiiqo, ka dib qiyaastii 30 daqiiqo) iyo “Kulan Adeeg” (45 daqiiqo ee hore, ka dib qiyaastii 30 daqiiqo). Ministero waxaa loo isticmaalaa si sax ah inta lagu guda jiro seddexdan kulan, gaar ahaan "Kulamada Adeegga", halkaasoo markhaatiyaasha lagu tababaray ruux ahaan ayna ku helayaan tilmaamo waxtar u leh nolol maalmeedka. Waxay sidoo kale ka koobnayd bandhigyo caan ah oo daabacay Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, La Torre di Guardia iyo Svegliatevi !, si loo diyaariyo ama loola taliyo xubnaha sidii looga tegi lahaa joornaaladaan wacdinta. Ku Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno dhammeeyey daabicitaankii sanadkii 2015. Waxaa lagu beddelay 2016 bille cusub, Vita Cristiana iyo Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] Vita eterna nella libertà dei Figli di Dio (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Ardayda Kitaabka Quduuska ah, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., 28-30.

[106] Daabacaadda 1968 ee Runta Buugga waxaa ku jiray xigashooyin xariif ah oo tilmaamaya xaqiiqda ah in adduunku uusan noolaan karin wixii ka dambeeyay 1975. rabshad. "Wuxuuna ka digay," Waxaan ogahay wax ku filan oo ku saabsan waxa dhacaya si aan kuu xaqiijiyo, in shan iyo toban sano, dunidan ay noqon doonto mid aad u khatar ah oo lagu noolaado. (…) Dhawaan, buugga cinwaankiisu yahay "Macaluul - 1960!" (Carestia: 1975! ") Waxaa laga sheegay cunno yaraanta maanta:" Gaajada ayaa ku baahaysa wadanba wadan ka dib, qaarad ka mid ah midba midka kale hareeraheeda isbadal la'aanta kulaylaha iyo kuleylaha hoose. Dhibaatada maanta jirta waxay u socon kartaa oo kaliya hal jiho: dhanka aafada. Umadaha maanta gaajaysan, berrito ummadaha gaajaysan. Sannadkii 1975-kii, kacdoonnada shacabka, dowlad la’aanta, kalitalisnimada militariga, sicir bararka sare, carqaladeynta gaadiidka iyo qalalaasaha fowdada ah ayaa maanta ka jira dalal badan oo gaajaysan. Xaaladdan oo kale ayaa jirta (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. Daabacaadda dib loo eegay ee la daabacay 1981 waxay bedeshay oraahyadan sida soo socota: “Intaas waxaa sii dheer, sida la sheegay 1960, Xoghayihii hore ee Arimaha Dibada ee Mareykanka, Dean Acheson, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in waqtigeenu yahay "waqti daganaansho la'aantan, rabshado aan la mid ahayn. “Oo, iyadoo lagu saleynayo wixii uu arkay ee adduunka ka dhacaya xilligaas, wuxuu gaaray gabagabada in ugu dhakhsaha badan "Adduunku wuxuu noqon doonaa mid aad u khatar badan oo aan lagu noolaan karin." Warbixinadii ugu dambeeyay waxay tilmaameen in la'aanta joogtada ah ee cunno ku filan, oo ka dhalata nafaqo-xumo ba'an, ay noqotay "dhibaatada ugu weyn ee la xiriirta gaajada maanta." The Times of London ayaa leh: “Weligoodba macaluul baa jirtay, laakiin cabirka iyo meel walba oo jirta (taas oo ah xaqiiqda ah inay joogaan meel kasta) ee gaajada maanta waxaa lagu soo bandhigayaa heer cusub. (…) Maanta nafaqo-xumada waxay haysaa in ka badan bilyan qof; laga yaabee in aan ka yarayn afar boqol oo milyan ay si joogto ah ugu nool yihiin qarka u saaran macluusha. ” Ereyadii Dean Acheson ee tixraacayay shan iyo toban sanadood oo ka bilaabanayay 1960 oo ah xadka nolosha adduunka waa la tirtiray, bayaankiina ku qornaa buuga "Macaluul: 1975" waxaa gabi ahaanba lagu badalay masiibo ka yar runtiina taariikheysan. The Times ka yimid London!

[107] Su'aasha ah "Sideed ugu socotaa dhammaystirka barashada Kitaabka Quduuska ah?"The Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga), Maarso 1970, bogga 4aad, ayaa ku jawaabtay: "Tani waa su'aal aan u baahanahay inaan tixgelinno haddii mid ka mid ah waxbarashadeenna hadda la qabtay illaa lix bilood. Miyey durba imaanayaan shirarka jameecada, oo miyay bilaabayaan inay noloshooda cusboonaysiiyaan si waafaqsan wixii ay ka barteen Erayga Ilaahay? Hadday sidaas tahay, waxaan dooneynaa inaan sii wadno caawinta iyaga. Laakiin haddii kale, laga yaabee inaan waqtigeenna uga faa'iideysan karno si aan markhaati uga noqonno kuwa kale. Ku Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga) ee Noofambar 1973, bogga 2aad, ayaa xitaa ka sii cad: "… Adiga oo dooranaya su'aal gaar ah, wuxuu muujinayaa waxa isaga xiiseynaya tanina waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad go'aansato cutubka buugga Runta inuu waxbarto. Barnaamijkeena barashada Kitaabka Qudduuska ah waxaa lagu sharaxay bogga 3 ee maqaalka. Waxay ka jawaabaysaa su'aalaha: Halkee? Goorma? Hay'ada Caafimaadka Aduunka? iyo Maxaa? Tixgeli qodobbada kala duwan isaga. Waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahan tahay inaad u sheegto, tusaale ahaan, in mareegtu ay tahay dammaanad qoran oo ah in adeeggayagu gebi ahaanba bilaash yahay. Sharax in koorsada waxbarashadu ay qaadaneyso lix bilood isla markaana aan u hibeyno illaa hal saac asbuucii. Isku soo wada duuboo waxay u dhigantaa qiyaastii hal maalin oo nolosha qofka ah. Dabcan, dadka qalbiga wanaagsan waxay rabaan inay u huraan maalin noloshooda ah inay Ilaah wax ka bartaan. ”

[108] "Perché attendete il 1975?", La Torre di Guardia, Febraayo 1, 1969, 84, 85. Eeg: “Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?”, Svegliatevi!, Abriil 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Eeg: M. James Penton [2015], 125. Shirweynihii Degmada ee 1967, Kormeeraha Degmada Wisconsin Sheboygan Walaal Charles Sinutko wuxuu soo bandhigay khudbadda "U adeegida Nolosha Weligeed ah Aragtida", isagoo sameynaya bayaankan soo socda: "" Hadda waa hagaag, haddaan nahay Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah , sida orodyahanno, in kastoo qaarkeen xoogaa daalay, haddana waxay u egtahay in sidii Rabbigu uu hilib siiyaya xilligiisa. Sababtoo ah horteenna ayuu kor u taagay, hadaf cusub. Sanad cusub. Waxyaabaha la doonayo in la gaadho oo waxay umuuqataa inay dhamaanteen ina siisay tamar iyo awood aad u badan oo ah xawaarahan ugu dambeeya ee xawaaraha ilaa dhamaadka. Waana sannadka 1975. Hagaag, maahan inaan qiyaasno waxa sannadka 1975 micnaheedu yahay haddii aan aqrino Watchtower. Ha sugin 'illaa 1975. Albaabka waa la xirayaa ka hor. Sida walaalkiis u dhigay, 'Noolow ilaa toddobaatan iyo shan'Bishii Nofeembar 1968, Kormeeraha Dugsiga Duggan wuxuu kaga dhawaaqay shirkii Pampa Texas in "runti ma ahan 83 bilood oo buuxa, marka waxaan leenahay aamin iyo kalsooni and waxaan ku noolaan doonnaa wixii ka dambeeya dagaalka Armageddoon…," oo sidaas darteed loo qorsheeyay Armageddon illaa Oktoobar 1975 (Faylka maqalka ah oo leh qaybahan labada khudbadood oo ku qoran afka asalka ah ayaa laga heli karaa goobta https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Che ne fate della vostra vita?", Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga), Juun 1974, 2.

[111] Eeg: Paolo Giovannelli iyo Michele Mazzotti, Waxaan ku baranay Brooklin oo aan ku helnay galoppini (Riccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] - Giancarlo Farina, La Torre di Guardia alla luce delle Qormada Sacre (Torino, 1981).  

[113] Tusaale ahaan fiiri wargeyska Venetian Il Gazzettino ee 12 Maarso 1974 ee maqaalka "La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975" ("Dhamaadka adduunku waa dhow yahay: waxay imaan doontaa deyrta 1975") iyo qodobka toddobaadlaha ah. Novella 2000 ee Sebtember 10, 1974 oo cinwaankeedu ahaa "I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti" ("Ragga xun ayaa loo digay: 1975 dhammaantood way dhiman doonaan").

[114] Warqad ka socota Laanta talyaaniga ee JW, oo lagu saxiixay SCB: SSA, kuna taariikheysneyd 9-kii Sebtember, 1975, oo aan ku soo gudbin doono lifaaqa.

[115] Fiiri: La Torre di Guardia, Sebtember 1, 1980, 17.

[116] Ka dib markii laga gudbay 1975, Bulshada Watchtower waxay sii waday inay xoogga saarto barashada in Ilaah ku fulin doono xukunkiisa aadanaha kahor jiilka dadka ee goobjoogga u ahaa dhacdooyinka 1914 dhammaantood ma dhiman. Tusaale ahaan, laga soo bilaabo 1982 ilaa 1995, dusha gudaha Svegliatevi! joornaalka waxaa ku jiray, bayaankeeda howlgalka, tixraaca "jiilkii 1914", oo tilmaamaysa "ballanqaadkii Abuuraha (…) ee adduun cusub oo nabdoon oo xasilloon kahor jiilkii arkay dhacdooyinkii 1914 oo aan dhaafin." Bishii Juun 1982, intii lagu jiray Shirarkii Degmooyinka "Verità del Regno" ("Xaqiiqda Boqortooyada") oo adduunka oo dhan lagu qabtay JWs, Mareykanka iyo meelo kale oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Talyaaniga, ayaa la soo bandhigay daabacaad cusub oo lagu barto Kitaabka Quduuska ah, oo lagu beddelayo buugga La Verità che conduce alla vita eterna, kaas oo "dib loo eegay", hadalada halista ah ee ku saabsan 1975, 1981: Potete vivere halkii semper su una terra paradisiaca, sida lagugula taliyay inaad ka bilowdo Wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Del Regno (Daabacaadda Talyaaniga), Febraayo 1983, bogga 4. Buuggan waxaa ku jira xoog badan oo la saaray jiilkii 1914. Bogga 154 wuxuu leeyahay: Jiilkee ayuu Ciise ka hadlayey? Jiilka dadka ee noolaa 1914. Haraagii jiilkaas hadda waa kuwo aad u duqoobay. Laakiin qaar iyaga ka mid ah ayaa noolaan doona markay dhammaadaan nidaamkan sharka ahi. Marka waxaan ku hubin karnaa tan: dhammaadka sharnimada oo dhan iyo kuwa sharka leh oo dhan oo ku jira Armageddoon ayaa dhowaan iman doona. ” Sannadkii 1984, ku dhowaad in la xuso siddeetankii sano ee 1914, waxaa la daabacay Sebtember 1 ilaa Oktoobar 15, 1984 (daabacaadda Talyaaniga, si kastaba ha noqotee. Mareykanka gudihiisa hore ayey u soo bixi doonaan, laga bilaabo Abriil 1 ilaa May 15 oo isku mid ah sanadkii) afar arrimood oo isku xigxiga oo La Torre di Guardia majaladda, oo diiradda saareysa taariikhda nebiyada ee 1914, oo leh lambarkii ugu dambeeyay ee cinwaankiisu, si xoog leh, loogu sheegay jeldiga: "1914: La generazione che non passerà" ("1914 –Qarni aan Dhaafi doonin").

[117] Buugga Sannadka ee 1977 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 30.

[118] Buugga Sannadka ee 1978 ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, 30.

[119] Waad ku mahadsan tahay Talyaani YouTuber JWTruman oo i siiyay sawirada. Eeg: "Crescita dei TdG in Italia prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg iyo dokumenteriga dheer "Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato", oo ay soo saartay JWTruman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, wuxuu wax ka qorayaa hoos u dhaca adduunka kadib 1975: “Sida ku xusan 1976 iyo 1980 Buugaagta Sanadka , waxaa jiray tiro ka yar 17,546 Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee daabacayay Nigeria markay ahayd 1979kii marka loo eego 1975. Jarmalka gudihiisa waxaa ka yaraa 2,722. Ingiriiska gudihiisna, waxaa ka lumay 1,102 isla muddadaas. ” M. James Penton [2015], 427, nt. 6.