Christs Imfa, Kodi pali umboni wowonjezerapo wa m'Baibulowu pazomwe zanenedwa?

Kodi zidachitika? Kodi zidachitika zauzimu? Kodi pali umboni wina wowonjezera wa m'Baibulo?

Introduction

Tikawerenga zochitika zolembedwa patsiku la Yesu, Yesu atha kufa, tingakhale ndi mafunso ambiri m'maganizo mwathu.

• Kodi zidachitikadi?
• Kodi anali achilengedwe kapena zauzimu?
• Kodi pali Umboni wina Wowonjezera M'baibulo womwe unachitika?

Nkhani yotsatirayi ipereka umboni wopezeka kwa wolemba, kuti owerenga athe kupanga zisankho zawo mozindikira.

Maakaunti Abwino

Nkhani zotsatirazi za uthenga wabwino wa Mateyo 27: 45-54, Mark 15: 33-39, ndi Luka 23: 44-48 ikulemba zochitika izi:

• Mdima padziko lonse lapansi kwa maola a 3, pakati pa 6^th ola ndi 9^th (Midday mpaka 3pm)
  • Mateyu 27: 45
  • Mark 15: 33
  • Luka 23: 44 - kuwala kwa dzuwa kudalephera
• Yesu anamwalira mozungulira 9^th
  • Mateyu 27: 46-50
  • Mark 15: 34-37
  • Luka 23: 46
• Katani la Sanctuary lidang'ambika pawiri - pa nthawi ya Imfa ya Yesu
  • Mateyu 27: 51
  • Mark 15: 38
  • Luka 23: 45b
• Chivomerezi Champhamvu - pa nthawi ya Imfa ya Yesu.
  • Matthew 27: 51 - miyala-yambiri idagawika.
• Kudzutsa oyera
  • Matthew 27: 52-53 - manda adatsegulidwa, oyera omwe adagona adawukitsidwa.
• Roman Centurion yalengeza kuti 'munthuyu anali Mwana wa Mulungu' chifukwa cha chivomezi ndi zochitika zina.
  • Mateyu 27: 54
  • Mark 15: 39
  • Luka 23: 47

 

Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule zochitika izi.

Mdima wamaola a 3

Kodi chimayambitsa izi ndi chiyani? Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mwambowu ukhale wochokera kwa mizimu. Mwanjira yanji?

• Mapeto a dzuwa sangachitike mwadongosolo pa Pasika chifukwa cha mwezi. Pa Paskha mwezi wathunthu uli kumalekezero a dziko lapansi ndi dzuwa motero sungasokonekere.
• Kuphatikiza apo, kupindika kwa dzuwa kumakhala mphindi zochepa (nthawi zambiri mphindi za 2-3, m'malo ovuta a 7 mphindi) osati ma 3 maola.
• Mphepo yamkuntho sizimapangitsa dzuwa kutayika (monga momwe Luka adanenera), pobweretsa bwino nthawi yausiku ndipo ngati atero ndiye kuti mumdima nthawi zambiri umatha kwa mphindi osati za 3. A hoaob amatha kusanduza usiku kukhala usiku, koma zimango za zodabwitsa (25mph mphepo ndi mchenga) zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kukhazikika.[I] Ngakhale zochitika zosowa kwambiri izi ndizofalitsa masiku ano. Chofunikanso kuti palibe buku lililonse lomwe limatchulapo za mkuntho kapena nkhondoyi. Olembawo ndi mboni akadakhala akudziwa zamitundu yonseyi koma sanathe kuzitchula. Chifukwa chake pali mwayi wocheperapo kuti ungakhale chimphepo chamkuntho, koma chidziwitso cha nthawi chimachotsa kukhala mwayi wachilengedwe.
• Palibe umboni uliwonse kuti mtambo umaphulika. Palibe umboni wakuthupi kapena umboni wowona ndi maso wa chochitika choterocho. Komanso zofotokozedwa m'Mauthenga Abwino sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri.
• Kuphatikizika kwa chilichonse chomwe chimayambitsa mdima mokwanira kuchititsa kuti 'kuwala kwa dzuwa kulephereke', ndipo nthawi yomweyo kukhala wokhoza kuyambira ndendende nthawi yomwe Yesu adapachikidwa kenako nkuzimiririka mwadzidzidzi Yesu atamaliza. Ngakhale pazinthu zina zachilendo, zosadziwika kapena zachilengedwe zowopsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mdima, nthawi ndi nthawi sizingakhale zangozi. Zinayenera kukhala zauzimu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zochitidwa ndi Mulungu kapena angelo motsogozedwa ndi iye.

Zivomezi zamphamvu

Sizinali zongogwedeza zokha, zinali zolimba kugawa miyala ya miyala yamiyala. Komanso nthawi yanthawi yomwe izi zimachitika Yesu atangomwalira kumene.

Kukhazikika kwa Sanctu kubwereka pakati

Sizikudziwika kuti Kupendekera kunali kovuta motani. Pakhala pali kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana komwe kumaperekedwa malinga ndi miyambo ya arabi, kuyambira phazi (mainchesi a 12), mainchesi 4-6 kapena 1 inchi. Komabe, ngakhale inchi ya 1[Ii] Chinsalu chopangidwa ndi ubweya wa mbuzi choluka chikhoza kukhala cholimba kwambiri ndipo chikanafunika mphamvu zochuluka (kupitirira zomwe amuna angathe kuchita) kuti chizing'ambike pakati kuyambira pamwamba mpaka pansi monga malembo akufotokozera.

Kudzuka kwa Oyera

Chifukwa cha malembedwe a nkhaniyi, nkovuta kudziwa ngati kuuka kwa akufa kudachitika, kapena chifukwa cha manda omwe adatsegulidwa ndi chivomerezichi, matupi ena ndi mafupa adadzutsidwa kapena kutulutsidwa m'manda.

Kodi panali kuuka kwenikweni komwe kunachitika panthawi ya kufa kwa Yesu?

Malembawa sakudziwika bwino pamutuwu. Ndime ya Mateyo 27: 52-53 ndiyovuta kuimvetsetsa. Zomwe timamvetsetsa ndizakuti panali

1. chiwukitsiro chenicheni
2. kapena, kuti kusunthika kwakuthupi kuchokera chivomezi chomwe chidachitika kunapereka chithunzi cha chiukiriro cha matupi kapena mafupa oponyedwa m'manda, mwina ena 'atakhala pansi'.

Mikangano yoperekedwa motsutsa

1. Chifukwa chiyani palibe mbiri yakale kapena mbiri yakale yokhudza omwe awa adaukitsidwa? Zitatha izi zikadadabwitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Yerusalemu ndi ophunzira a Yesu.
2. Kumvetsetsa kofala kwa kusankha (b) sikumveka bwino poganizira kuti mu v53 matupi kapena mafupawa amapita mumzinda wopatulika ataukitsidwa ndi Yesu.

Tsoka ilo 'kuuka' kumeneku ngati kuli kamodzi, sikunatchulidwe mu Mauthenga Abwino ena, ndiye kuti palibe zidziwitso zinanso zotithandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe zinachitika.

Komabe, kulingalira pamalingaliro ndi zochitika zina zolembedwa m'Mauthenga Abwino, kulongosola kowonjezereka kungakhale motere:

Kutanthauzira kwenikweni kwa mawu achi Greek kumawerengedwa "Ndipo manda adatsegulidwa, ndipo matupi ambiri a ogona oyera (omwe adagona) adadzuka ⁵³ ndipo, potuluka m'manda atamuwukitsa, adalowa mumzinda wopatulika, nawonekera kwa ambiri. ”

Mwina kumvetsetsa koyenera kwambiri kungakhale Ndipo manda adatsegulidwa [ndi chivomerezi]" potengera chivomerezi chomwe chinali chitangochitika (ndikumaliza malongosoledwe a vesi lapitalo).

Akauntiyo imapitilira:

"Ndi ambiri mwa oyera [ponena za atumwi] yemwe anali atagona [atakhala maso kunja kwa manda a Yesu] pomwepo adanyamuka natuluka mnyumba ya Mulungu [m'dera la] manda ataukitsidwa kwa iye [Yesu] adalowa mumzinda wopatulika ndipo adawonekera kwa ambiri [kuchitira umboni za kuuka kwa akufa]. ”

Pambuyo pa chiukitsiro chachikulu tidzatha kupeza yankho lenileni la zomwe zidachitika.

Chizindikiro cha Yona

Matthew 12: 39, Matthew 16: 4: and Luke 11: 29 analemba kuti Yesu "Mbadwo woipa ndi wachigololo ukupitiliza kufunafuna chizindikiro, koma sichidzapatsidwa chizindikiro kupatula chizindikiro cha mneneri Yona. Popeza monga Yona anali m'mimba mwa chinsomba masiku atatu usana ndi usiku, momwemonso Mwana wa munthu adzakhala mumtima wa dziko lapansi masiku atatu usana ndi usiku ”. Onaninso Matthew 16: 21, Matthew 17: 23 ndi Luka 24: 46.

Ambiri adadandaula ndi momwe izi zidakwaniritsidwira. Tebulo lotsatirali likuwonetsa kulongosola kotheka kutengera zochitika zomwe zalembedwa m'malemba omwe alembedwa pamwambapa.

Kuzindikira Kwachikhalidwe	Kuzindikira Kwina	tsiku	Events
	Lachisanu - Mdima \ Usiku (Masana - 3pm)	Paskha (Nisan 14)	Yesu anapachikidwa pakati pa Midday (6th Ola) ndikumwalira 3pm (9th ola)
Lachisanu - Tsiku (6am - 6pm)	Lachisanu - Tsiku (3pm - 6pm)	Paskha (Nisan 14)	Yesu adayikidwa
Lachisanu - Usiku (6pm - 6am)	Lachisanu - Usiku (6pm - 6am)	Sabata Yabwino - 7th Tsiku la Sabata	Ophunzira ndi Akazi amapuma pa Sabata
Loweruka - Tsiku (6am - 6pm)	Loweruka - Tsiku (6am - 6pm)	Sabata Yabwino - 7th Tsiku (tsiku la Sabata kuphatikizira tsiku la Pasika nthawi zonse linali Sabata)	Ophunzira ndi Akazi amapuma pa Sabata
Loweruka - Usiku (6pm - 6am)	Loweruka - Usiku (6pm - 6am)	1st Tsiku la Sabata
Lamlungu - Tsiku (6am - 6pm)	Lamlungu - Tsiku (6am - 6pm)	1st Tsiku la Sabata	Yesu anaukitsa Lamlungu loyambilira
Masiku onse a 3 ndi 2 Nights	Masiku Onse a 3 ndi 3 Nights

 

Tsiku la Paskha limadziwika kuti linali Epulo 3^rd (33 AD) ndi chiukitsiro cha Sabata Epulo 5th. Epulo 5^th, chaka chino kutuluka kwa dzuwa ku 06: 22, ndipo mwachidziwikire kutuluka kwa dzuwa kukadakhala nthawi yofanana.

Izi zimapangitsa kuti akauntiyo ikhale pa John 20: 1 yomwe ikuti "Pa tsiku loyamba la sabata Mary Magadalene adabwera kumanda achikumbutso m'mawa, kudakali kwamdima, ndipo adawona mwalawo utachotsedwa kale m'manda achikumbutso."  Zonse zomwe zimafunika kukwaniritsa Yesu poukitsidwa pa 3^rd tsiku likhala pambuyo pa 6: 01am komanso 06 isanachitike: 22am.

Afarisi amawopa kuti izi za Yesu zidzakwaniritsidwa, ngakhale zitakhala zachinyengo monga momwe Mateyo 27: 62-66 ikusonyezera zikati "Tsiku lotsatira, litakhala lokonzekera, ansembe akulu ndi Afarisi anasonkhana pamaso pa Pilato, nati:" Bwana, tikumbukira kuti wonyenga uja akadali ndi moyo, ndidzawukitsidwa nditatha masiku atatu . ' Chifukwa chake lamulani manda akhale otetezedwa kufikira tsiku lachitatu, kuti wophunzira ake sadzabwera kudzamuba, nati kwa anthu, Adawukitsidwa kwa akufa! Ndipo chinyengo chomaliza chikhala chakuipirapo kuposa choyambacho. ”Pamenepo Pilato anawafunsa kuti:“ Muli ndi alonda. Pitani, mukachititse chitetezo monga mudziwa. ”Pamenepo iwo anapita kukateteza manda mwa kusindikiza mwalawo ndi kusindikiza.”

Kuti izi zinachitika patsiku lachitatu ndipo Afarisi amakhulupirira kuti izi zakwaniritsidwa zikuwonetsedwa ndi zomwe amachita. Matthew 28: 11-15 ikulemba zochitika: "Ali m'njira, taonani! Ena mwa alonda aja anapita mumzinda ndipo anakauza ansembe akulu zonse zomwe zinachitika. 12 Ndipo atasonkhana ndi akuluwo, nakhala upo, adapatsa asilikari 13, ndindalama, nati, Nenani, Ophunzira ake anadza usiku, namuba, m'mene tidagona. 14 Ndipo ngati izi zifika kwa bwanamkubwa, tim'kakamiza, ndipo timumasulani. ”15 Ndipo iwo anatenga ndalama zasiliva, nachita monga anawalangiza; ndipo mawu awa afalikira pakati pa Ayuda mpaka lero. ”  Chidziwitso: chomunamizira chinali chakuti mtembowo udabedwa, sikuti adaukitsidwa tsiku lachitatu.

Kodi Izi Zidanenedweratu?

Yesaya 13: 9-14

Yesaya analosera za tsiku likubwera la Yehova komanso zomwe zidzachitike lisanafike. Izi zikugwirizana ndi maulosi ena, zochitika zakufa kwa Yesu, ndi tsiku la Ambuye / Yehova ku 70AD, komanso nkhani ya Peter ku Machitidwe. Yesaya analemba:

“Tawonani! Tsiku la Yehova likubwera, Lidzaza ndi mkwiyo ndi mkwiyo woyaka, Kupangitsa dziko kukhala chinthu chodabwitsa, Ndi kupha ochimwa adzikolo.

¹⁰ Chifukwa nyenyezi zakumwamba ndi magulu awo a nyenyezi sizingawunikire; Dzuwa lidzakhala lakuda potuluka, Ndipo mwezi sudzaonetsa kuwala kwake.

¹¹ Ndidzayankha dziko lapansi kuti likhale loyipa, Ndi oipa chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo. Ndidzaletsa kudzikuza kwa odzikuza, Ndidzatsitsa kudzikuza kwa otsutsa. ¹² Ndidzachititsa kuti munthu akhale wosavuta kuposa golide woyengetsa, + Ndipo anthu ndidzamuchepera kuposa golide wa ku Ofiri. ¹³ Chifukwa chake ndidzagwedeza miyamba, Ndipo dziko lapansi lidzagwedezeka m'malo mwake  Pa mkwiyo wa Yehova wa makamu tsiku la mkwiyo wake woyaka. ¹⁴ Monga mwana wa mbawala yosakidwa, ndi ngati nkhosa zopanda wolumikizitsa, aliyense adzabwera kwa anthu a kwawo; Aliyense adzathawira kudziko lake. ”

Amosi 8: 9-10

Mneneri Amosi nayenso analemba mawu ngati aulosiwa.

^"8 Pa chifukwa ichi dziko ligwedezeka, Ndipo aliyense wokhalamo adzalira. Kodi siimilira yonse ngati mtsinje wa Nailo, + Ndikadzala ndi madzi ngati mtsinje wa Egypt? '  ⁹ 'Pa tsiku limenelo,' watero Yehova, Ambuye Wamkulu Koposa, 'Ndidzachititsa kuti dzuwa lituluke masana, Ndipo Ndidzachita mdima dzikolo tsiku lowala. ¹⁰ Ndidzasinthira zikondwerero zanu kukhala maliro, ndi nyimbo zanu zonse kukhala maliro. Ndidzaika ziguduli m'chiuno chilichonse ndi kumeta mutu uliwonse. Ndidzasanduliza kulira ngati mwana wamwamuna mmodzi yekhayo, Ndipo kutha kwake kuli ngati tsiku lowawa. '”

Joel 2: 28-32

Pambuyo pake ndidzatsanulira mzimu wanga pa mnofu wamitundu iliyonse, ndipo ana anu amuna ndi akazi adzanenera, Okalamba anu adzalota maloto, ndipo anyamata anu adzaona masomphenya. ²⁹ Ndipo ngakhale pa akapolo anga aamuna ndi aakazi anga, ndidzatsanulira mzimu wanga masiku amenewo. ³⁰ Ndipo ndidzapereka zodabwitsa zakumwamba ndi zapadziko lapansi, Magazi ndi moto ndi mizati yautsi. ³¹ Dzuwa lidzasanduka mdima ndi mwezi kukhala magazi Tsiku lalikulu la Yehova lisanafike. ³² Ndipo aliyense amene adzaitana pa dzina la Yehova adzapulumuka; Pakuti m'phiri la Ziyoni ndi m'Yerusalemu mudzakhala opulumuka, monga Yehova wanena, Otsala amene Yehova aitana. ”

Malinga ndi Machitidwe 2: 14-24 gawo la nkhaniyi kuchokera Yoweli lidakwaniritsidwa pomwe Pentekosti 33AD:

"Petro anaimirira pamodzi ndi khumi ndi mmodziwo, nalankhula nawo [unyinji wa ku Yerusalemu pa Pentekosite] mofuula, nati:" Amuna inu aku Yudeya ndi inu nonse okhala m'Yerusalemu, dziwitsani inu, ndi kumvetsera mawu anga. ¹⁵ Anthu awa, makamaka, saledzera, monga mukuganiza, chifukwa ndi ola lachitatu la tsikulo. ¹⁶ Mosiyana ndi izi, izi ndizomwe zidanenedwa kudzera mwa mneneri Yoweli: ¹⁷ '"Ndipo m'masiku otsiriza, "Atero Mulungu," ndidzatsanulira mzimu wanga pa mnofu uliwonse, ndipo ana anu amuna ndi akazi adzanenera; ndipo anyamata anu adzaona masomphenya, ndi akulu anu adzalota maloto. ¹⁸ ndipo ngakhale pa akapolo anga amuna ndi pa adzakazi anga ndidzatsanulira mzimu wanga m'masiku amenewo, ndipo adzanenera. ¹⁹ ndipo Ndidzapatsa zodabwitsa kumwamba kumwamba ndi Zizindikiro padziko lapansi pansipa- magazi ndi moto ndi mitambo yautsi. ²⁰ Dzuwa lidzasanduka mdima ndi mwezi kukhala magazi lisanafike tsiku lalikulu ndi lolemekezeka la Yehova. ²¹ Aliyense amene adzaitana pa dzina la Yehova adzapulumuka. ”' ²² “Amuna inu a Israyeli, mverani mawu awa: Yesu Mnazarati anali munthu amene anakuwonetserani poyera ndi Mulungu mwa ntchito zamphamvu ndi zozizwitsa ndi zizindikiro zomwe Mulungu adachita kudzera mwa inu, monganso inu mukudziwa. ²³ Munthu uyu, amene adaperekedwa mwa kufuna kwake komanso kudziwiratu kwa Mulungu, munakhomerera pamtengo ndi anthu osamvera malamulo, ndipo munamupha. ”

Mudziwa kuti Petro amatanthauza Yesu kuti ndi amene anayambitsa onse izi, osati kutsanulidwa kwa Mzimu Woyera, komanso zodabwitsa zakumwamba ndi zizindikilo padziko lapansi. Kupanda kutero, Peter sakanangogwira mawu ma 30 ndi 31 kuchokera ku Joel 2. Ayuda omvera nawonso akuyenera kuyitanira pa dzina la Yehova ndi Ambuye Yesu Kristu ndikulandira uthenga wa Yesu ndi chenjezo kuti apulumutsidwe kuchokera tsiku likubwera la Ambuye, lomwe lingachitike mu 70 AD.

Kaya maulosi onsewa anakwaniritsidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika pa nthawi ya kufa kwa Yesu kapena akadakwaniritsidwa m'tsogolo sitingakhale otsimikiza za 100 peresenti, koma pali umboni wamphamvu kuti zidakwaniritsidwa panthawiyo.[III]

Zambiri Zakale Zakalembedwa Ndi Olemba Ophatikiza Pa Baibo

Pali zambiri zomwe zimafotokozedwa pazochitika izi m'mabuku a mbiri yakale omwe amapezeka m'Chingerezi. Adzawonetsedwa molingana ndi madeti ofotokozera. Kudalira kwambiri komwe munthu amawakhulupirira ndi kusankha payekha. Komabe, ndizosangalatsa kuti ngakhale m'mbuyomo pambuyo pa Yesu panali chikhulupiriro cha Akhristu oyamba m'choonadi cha nkhani za m'Mauthenga Abwino monga tili nawo lero. Ndizowona kuti ngakhale nthawi imeneyo otsutsa kapena omwe ali ndi malingaliro osiyana, onse omwe si achikristu komanso achikristu angatsutsane pazambiri. Ngakhale komwe zolembedwazo zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zopanda ntchito tsiku lomwe zidalembedwazi zimaperekedwa. Amawerengedwa kuti zilibe kanthu kuti adauziridwa. Monga gwero amakhoza kuwerengedwa ofanana pamtengo wachilengedwe chaomwe amakhala achikristu ndi omwe sakhala Akhrisitu.

Thallus - Wolemba Wopanda Chikhristu (Middle 1^st Zaka zana, 52 AD)

Ndemanga zake zalembedwa ndi

• Julius Africanus mu 221AD Mbiri Yapadziko Lonse. Onani Julius Africanus pansipa.

Phlegon wa Tralles (Late 1^st Zaka zana Lakale, Zoyambirira za 2nd Century)

Ndemanga zake zalembedwa ndi

• Julius Africanus (Mbiri ya Dziko Lonse la 221CE)
• Origen waku Alexandria
• Pseudo Dionysious wa areopagite

pakati pa ena.

Ignatius wa ku Antiokeya (Oyambirira 2^nd Zaka zana, zolemba c. 105AD - c. 115AD)

Mwa iye 'Kalata Kwa Amatrali', Chaputala IX, alemba:

"Anapachikidwa ndipo anafa pansi pa Pontiyo Pilato. Iye kwenikweni, ndipo osati mwa mawonekedwe okha, adapachikidwa, ndipo adamwalira, pamaso pa zolengedwa zakumwamba, zapadziko lapansi, ndi zapadziko lapansi. Mwa iwo omwe ali kumwamba ndimatanthauza omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zina; ndi iwo omwe anali padziko lapansi, Ayuda ndi Aroma, ndi anthu omwe analipo nthawi imeneyo pamene Ambuye anapachikidwa; ndi ndi omwe anali pansi pa dziko lapansi, khamu lomwe lidadzuka limodzi ndi Ambuye. Pakuti lemba likuti,Matupi ambiri a oyera omwe amagona adadzuka" manda awo akutsegulidwa. Adatsikira kumanda yekha, koma Iye adauka ndi gulu lalikulu; ndi bweretsani njira yopatukana lomwe lidaliko kuyambira pachiyambi cha dziko, ndi kugwetsa khoma lake logawikana. Anaukanso m'masiku atatu, Atate amuukitsa; ndipo atatha masiku makumi anayi ndi atumwi, adalandiridwa kwa Atate, ndipo "adakhala pansi kudzanja lake lamanja, kudikira kufikira kuti adani ake adzaikidwa pansi pa mapazi ake." Pa tsiku lokonzekera, ndiye, ola lachitatu, Iye adalandira chiweruzo kuchokera kwa Pilato, Atate kulola kuti zichitike; pa ola la chisanu ndi chimodzi Iye adapachikidwa; pa ola la chisanu ndi chinayi Iye adapereka mzimu; ndipo dzuwa lisanalowe Iye anaikidwa m'manda. Pa Sabata Iye anapitilira pansi pa dziko lapansi mmanda m'mene Yosefe wa ku Arimateya adamuyika Iye. M'bandakucha wa tsiku la Ambuye Iye adauka kwa akufa, molingana ndi zomwe zinayankhulidwa ndi Iyemwini, “Monga Yona anali m'mimba mwa chinsomba masiku atatu usana ndi usiku, chomwechonso Mwana wa munthu adzakhala masiku atatu usana ndi usiku mtima wapadziko lapansi. ” Tsiku lokonzekera, ndiye, limaphatikizapo chidwi; Sabata likuphatikiza kuikidwa mmanda; Tsiku la Ambuye lili ndi kuuka kwa akufa. ” [Iv]

Justin Martyr - Christian Apologist (Middle 2^nd Zaka zana, anamwalira 165AD ku Roma)

'Kupepesa Kwake Kwoyamba', komwe kudalembedwa za 156AD, muli izi:

• Mu chaputala 13 akuti:

“Mphunzitsi wathu wa zinthu izi ndi Yesu Khristu, yemwenso adabadwa pachifukwa ichi, ndipo anali wopachikidwa pansi pa Pontiyo Pilato, kazembe wa Jud ofa, munthawi ya Tiberius Cæsar; ndikuti timamupembedza momuyenera, popeza taphunzira kuti Iye ndiye Mwana wa Mulungu weniweni, ndi kumugwira Iye malo achiwiri, ndi Mzimu wa chitatu, tidzatsimikizira ”.

• Chapter 34

"Tsopano kuli mudzi m'dziko la Ayuda, obala makumi atatu kudza asanu kuchokera ku Yerusalemu. [Betelehemu] m'mene Yesu Kristu adabadwira, momwemonso mungatsimikizire kuchokera ku ziwonetsero za misonkho yomwe idapangidwa ndi Cyrenius, bwanamkubwa wanu woyamba ku Judæa. ”

• Chapter 35

“Ndipo atapachikidwa, iwo adachita maere pazovala Zake, ndipo iwo amene adampachika Iye adagawana pakati pawo. Ndipo kuti izi zidachitika, mutha kutsimikiziratu kuti Machitidwe a Pontiyo Pilato. " [V]

 Machitidwe a Pilato (4^th Kope la Century, lotchulidwa mu 2^nd Zaka Zolembedwa ndi Justin Martyr)

Kuchokera ku buku la Machitidwe a Pirato, Fomu Yachi Greek Yoyamba (monga yomwe ilipo, osati yakale kuposa 4th century AD), koma dzina la dzina ili, 'Machitidwe a Pontius Pilato', amatchedwa Justin Martyr, I Apology. Mutu 35, 48, mkati mwa 2nd century AD. Uku ndikudzitchinjiriza kwake pamaso pa Emperor, yemwe akadatha kufufuza Machitidwe awa a Pontiyo Pilato mwiniwake. 4 iyi^th buku la zaka zana ndi zina pomwe lingakhale loona, mwina ndi kusinthanso ntchito kapena kukulitsa zinthu zakale, zenizeni:

"ndipo pa nthawi yomwe adapachikidwa pamtanda panali mdima padziko lonse lapansi, dzuwa lidadetsedwa pakati pausana, ndi nyenyezi zikuwoneka. koma mwa iwo munalibe wosowa; ndi mwezi, ngati kuti wasandulika magazi, unalephera m'kuwala kwake. Ndipo dziko linaumizidwa ndi zigawo zapansi, kotero kuti malo opatulikawo a kachisi, monga amawatchulira, sanawonekere kwa Ayuda pakugwa kwawo; ndipo adaziwona pansi pawo phokoso lapansi, ndi kubangula kwa mabingu komwe kudagwera. Ndipo mantha amenewo anthu akufa anawoneka amene anali atauka, monga Ayudawo anachitira umboni; ndipo anati anali Abrahamu, ndi Isake, ndi Yakobo, ndi makolo akale khumi ndi awiri, ndi Mose ndi Yobu, amene anali atamwalira, monga zaka 3,000 zapitazo, zaka 3,000 zapitazo. Ndipo panali ambiri omwe ndinawaona akuwonekera m'thupi; Iwo anali kulira mofuula + za Ayudawo, chifukwa cha zoyipa zomwe zinachitika mwa iwo, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa Ayuda ndi malamulo awo. Ndipo kuopa chivomerezicho kunatsalira kuyambira ola la chisanu ndi chimodzi la kukonzekera mpaka ola la chisanu ndi chinayi. "[vi]

Tertullian - Bishop wa ku Antioke (Oyambirira 3^rd Zaka zana, c. 155AD - c. 240AD)

Tertullian adalemba mu Apology yake ya AD 197:

Mutu XXI (Chaputala 21 par 2): "Atakhomeredwa pamtanda, Yesu adawonetsera zodabwitsa zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti imfa yake idisiyanitsidwe ndi ena onse. Mwa kufuna kwake, iye ndi mawu omuchotsera mzimu wake, kuyerekezera omwe adzaphedwe. Munthawi yomweyo, kuwala kwa tsiku kunachotsedwa, pamene dzuwa nthawi yomweyo linali lake meridian moto. Iwo omwe sanazindikire kuti izi zidanenedweratu za Khristu, mosakayikira adaganiza kuti kunali kupendekera. Koma, zomwe muli nazo pazakale zanu, mutha kuziwerenga pamenepo. ”[vii]

Izi zikuwonetsa kuti panali zolembedwa pagulu zomwe zidalipo panthawi yomwe zimatsimikizira zochitikazo.

Ndipo adalemba mu 'Against Marcion' Book IV Chaputala 42:

“Ngati mungazitenge ngati zofunkha za Khristu wanu wonyenga, Salmo lonse (limakwaniritsa) chovala cha Khristu. Koma, taonani, zomwezo zimagwedezeka. Pakuti Mbuye wawo anali akuzunzika. Ngati, komabe, anali mdani wawo yemwe kuvulazidwa konseku kudachitika, kumwamba kukadakhala kowala ndi kuwala, dzuwa likadakhala lowala kwambiri, ndipo tsikulo likadapitilira nthawi yake - mokondwera kuyang'ana pa a Marcion a Khristu atapachikidwa pa gibbet! Umboni uwu ukadakhala woyenera kwa ine, ngakhale akadakhala kuti sananenedwepo. Yesaya akuti: “Ndidzaveka thambo lakuda.” Lero ndi tsiku lomwe Amosi adalembanso kuti: Ndipo padzakhala tsiku lomwelo, ati Yehova, dzuwa lidzaloŵa usana, ndipo dziko lidzakhala mdima usana. (Masana) nsalu yotchinga ya m'kachisi inang'ambika ” [viii]

Mwachindunji amavomereza kuti amakhulupirira moona kuti zomwe zidachitikazo zikunena kuti zomwe zidamuchitikira zikadakhala zokwanira kuti iye akhulupirire Yesu, komabe sizinangochitika izi zokha, palinso chifukwa chakuti zidaloseredwa.

Irenaeus wophunzira wa Polycarp (200AD?)

Mu 'Against Heresies - Book 4.34.3 - Umboni wotsutsa a Marcionites, kuti Aneneri adaneneratu zakulosera kwawo kwa Khristu wathu' Irenaeus alemba:

"" "" "" "" "" "" "" "Zomwe ziwonetsero ndi kulimbika kwa Ambuye, zomwe zidanenedweratu, sizinapezeke kwina. Popeza sizinachitike pakufa kwa munthu aliyense wakale kuti dzuwa litalowa masana, kapena chophimba cha mkachisi sichinabwelekedwe, kapena dziko lapansi silinagwedezeka, kapena miyala sinadasiyidwe, kapena wakufa sanadzuke , ngakhale m'modzi wa amuna awa [akale] sanaukitsidwa pa tsiku lachitatu, kapena kulandira kumwamba, kapena poganiza kuti kumwamba kunatsegulidwa, ndipo amitundu sanakhulupirire dzina la wina aliyense; kapena aliyense wa iwo, popeza anali wakufa ndi kuuka, sanatsegule pangano latsopano la ufulu. Cifukwa cace aneneri sanalankhula za munthu wina koma za Ambuye, amene malembawa onsewo adatsimikizira. [Irenaeus: Adv. Haer. 4.34.3] ” [ix]

Julius Africanus (Oyambirira 3^rd Zaka zana, 160AD - 240AD) Wolemba Mbiri Wachikhristu

Julius Africanus alemba 'Mbiri Yadziko' mozungulira 221AD.

Mu Chaputala 18:

"(XVIII) Pazomwe Zalumikizidwa ndi Chilakolako cha Mpulumutsi Wathu ndi Kuuka Kwake kopatsa Moyo.

1. Kunena za ntchito Zake mosalekeza, ndi kuchiritsa Kwake kochitidwa pa thupi ndi moyo, ndi zinsinsi za chiphunzitso Chake, ndi kuuka kwa akufa, izi zidalengezedwa moyenera ndi ophunzira ake ndi atumwi ife tisanakhale. Padziko lonse lapansi panapanikizidwa mdima wowopsa kwambiri; ndipo miyala ija idang'ambika ndi chivomerezi, ndipo malo ambiri mu Yudeya ndi zigawo zina adaponyedwa. Izi mdima Thallus, m'buku lachitatu la Mbiri Yake, kuyimba, monga zimawonekera kwa ine popanda chifukwa, kadamsana. Pakuti Ahebri amakondwerera pasaka pa tsiku la 14 malinga ndi mwezi, ndipo chidwi cha Mpulumutsi wathu chimalephera tsiku lisanachitike pasika; koma kadamsana kamachitika kokha pamene mwezi ubwera pansi pa dzuŵa. Ndipo sizingachitike nthawi ina iliyonse koma munthawi yapakati pa tsiku loyamba la mwezi watsopano ndi lomaliza la chaka, ndiko kuti, pamphambano yawo: nanga kadamsana amayenera kuchitika bwanji pamene mwezi uli pafupi moyang'anizana kwambiri dzuwa? Lolani malingaliro amenewo apitirirebe; inyamule ochuluka; ndipo mulole izi zionetsero zapadziko lapansi ziwonedwe ngati kadamsana ka dzuwa, monga ena ngati chozizwitsa ndi diso.48) " [x]

Ndipo kenako akuti:

 "(48) Filemon analemba kuti, munthawi ya Tiberiyo Kaisara. Pofika mwezi wathunthu, kadamsana wathunthu kuyambira nthawi ya 6 mpaka 3 koloko-Mawonekedwe amenewo ndiomwe timalankhula. Koma chomwe chimachitika pakatikati pake ndi chiyani ndi chivomerezi, miyala yopingasa, chiwukitsiro cha akufa, komanso ndizolimbikitsa kwambiri chilengedwe chonse? Zachidziwikire kuti palibe zochitika ngati izi zomwe zimalembedwa kwanthawi yayitali. Koma unali mdimawu womwe unkayambitsa ndi Mulungu, chifukwa nthawiyo Ambuye anali kuvutika. Ndipo kuwerengera kumatsimikizira kuti nthawi ya masabata a 70, monga momwe Daniel adanenera, yatha nthawi ino. " [xi]

Origen waku Alexandria (Oyambirira 3^rd Zaka zana, 185AD - 254AD)

Origen anali Mgiriki Wophunzirira ndi Christian Theology. Adakhulupirira kuti akunja adalongosola za mdimawu ngati kupendekera koyesera ndikuyipitsa mbiri ya Mauthenga Abwino.

In 'Origen motsutsana ndi Celsus', 2. Mutu 33 (xxxiii):

 "ngakhale tili okhoza kuwonetsa zodabwitsazi komanso zozizwitsa pazomwe zidamuchitikira, koma tingapeze yankho kuchokera ku gwero lina liti osatinena za nkhani za Uthenga Wabwino, zomwe zimati "kunachitika chivomerezi, ndipo miyala inang'ambika pakati , ndipo manda adatseguka, ndipo chinsalu chotchinga cha m'kachisi chidang'ambika pakati kuyambira kumwamba mpaka pansi, ndipo mdimawo udapambana nthawi yamasana, dzuwa likulephera kuwalitsa? ” [3290] ”

"[3292] Ponena za kadamsana mu nthawi ya Tiberius Cæsar, mukulamulira kumene Yesu akuwonekera kuti adapachikidwa, ndi zivomezi zazikulu zomwe zidachitika, Phlegon nawonso, ndikuganiza, adalemba m'buku la 3293 kapena XNUMX la Mbiri yake. ” [XNUMX] ” [xii]

Mu 'Origen motsutsana ndi Celsus ', 2. Mutu 59 (lix):

"Akuyerekezanso kuti zonse zivomezi ndi mdimawo zinali zatsopano; [3351] koma zokhudzana ndi izi, zomwe tapeza m'masamba apitawa, tidayankha, malinga ndi kuthekera kwathu, ndikuwonjezera umboni wa Phlegon, yemwe akuti zochitika izi zinachitika pa nthawi yomwe Mpulumutsi wathu anavutika. [3352] ” [xiii]

Eusebius (Chakumapeto 3^rd , Oyambirira 4^th Zaka zana, 263AD - 339AD) (wolemba mbiri yakale wa Konstantine)

Pafupifupi 315AD adalemba Demonstratio Evangelica (Umboni wa Uthenga wabwino) Buku 8:

"Ndipo lero, akuti, amadziwika ndi Ambuye, ndipo sanali usiku. Sanali masana, chifukwa, monga kwanenedwera kale, "sipadzakhala kuwala"; zomwe zinakwaniritsidwa, "kuyambira ola lachisanu ndi chimodzi panali mdima padziko lonse lapansi kufikira ola lachisanu ndi chinayi." Komanso sunali usiku, chifukwa "nthawi yamadzulo kudzakhala kuwala" komwe kudakwaniritsidwa pomwe tsikulo lidapezanso kuwala patatha ola lachisanu ndi chinayi. "[xiv]

Arnobius wa Sicca (Oyambirira 4^th Zaka zana, anamwalira 330AD)

Ku Contra Gentes I. 53 adalemba:

"Koma, atamasulidwa ku thupi, lomwe Iye [Yesu] adanyamula ngati gawo laling'ono kwambiri la Iyeye [kutanthauza m'mene adamwalira pamtanda], adazilola kutiwonekere, ndipo zidziwike kuti anali wamkulu bwanji. zinthu zonse zakuthambo zimadodometsedwa ndi zinthu zachilendozo zidasokonezedwa. Chivomerezi anagwedeza dziko lapansi, nyanja inakhazikika m'madzi akuya, kumwamba kunakutidwa mumdima, ndi kuyaka kwamoto dzuwa kudayang'aniridwa, ndipo kutentha kwake kudakhala kopumira; chifukwa china ndi chiani chomwe chingachitike pamene Yesu ndi Mulungu adamuyesa mmodzi wa ife? ” [xv]

Chiphunzitso cha Addaeus Mtumwi (4^th Zaka zana?)

Kulembako kunakhalako koyambirira kwa 5^th Zaka zana, ndipo zidamveka kulembedwa mu 4^th Zaka zana.

Kutanthauzira kwa Chingerezi kupezeka pa p1836 ya Anti-Nicene Fathers Book 8. Kulemba uku akuti:

"Mfumu Abgar kwa Ambuye wathu Tiberius Cæsar: Ngakhale ndikudziwa kuti palibe chobisika Ambuye, ndikulembera kudziwitsa inu mantha anu ndi ukulu wanu wamphamvu womwe Ayuda okhala pansi pawo maufumu anu ndikukhala mdziko la Palestine asonkhana pamodzi ndi kupachika Khristu, popanda chifukwa woyenera za imfa, Iye atachita kale izi zisanachitike ndi zodabwitsa, ndipo adawonetsa ntchito zamphamvu, kotero kuti adaukitsa akufa kukhala ndi moyo kwa iwo; ndipo panthawi yomwe adampachika Iye, dzuwa lidadetsedwa ndi Dziko lapansi linagwedezeka, ndipo zinthu zonse zinanjenjemera ndi kunjenjemera, ndipo, ngati kuti ndizo Izi zidapanga chilengedwe chonse ndipo anthu okhala m'chilengedwewo adazirala. ”[xvi]

Cassiodorus (6^th Zaka zana)

Cassiodorus, wolemba mbiri wachikhristu, fl. 6th century AD, imatsimikizira mtundu wapadera wa kadamsana: Cassiodorus, Chronicon (Patrologia Latina, v. 69) “… Ambuye wathu Yesu Khristu anavutika (kupachikidwa)… ndi kadamsana [anayikira. kulephera, kuwonongedwa] kwa dzuwa kudakhala komwe sikunakhaleko chiyambire kapena chiyambire. ”

Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini: "… Dominus noster Jesus Christus passus est… et defectio solis facta is, qualis ante vel postmodum nunquam fuit."] [xvii]

Pseudo Dionysius wa Areopagite (5^th & 6^th zolemba zakale zodzitcha kuti Dionysius waku Korinto wa Machitidwe 17)

Pseudo Dionysius amafotokoza za mdimawu panthawi yomwe Yesu adapachikidwa, monga momwe zimawonekera ku Egypt, ndipo adalembedwa ndi Phlegon.[xviii]

Mu 'LETTER XI. Dionysius to Apollophanes, Philosopher 'akuti:

"Momwe, mwachitsanzo, tikakhala ku Heliopolis (ine ndinali pafupi zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu, ndipo msinkhu wanu unali wofanana ndi wanga), pa tsiku linalake lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ndipo pafupifupi ola lachisanu ndi chimodzi, dzuwa, kutidabwitsa kwathu , idabisika, kudutsa mwezi womwe umadutsa, osati chifukwa ndi mulungu, koma chifukwa cholengedwa cha Mulungu, pomwe kuwunika kwake kwenikweni kudali kukhazikika, sichimatha kupenya. Kenako ndinakufunsa modzipereka kuti, waganiza chiyani, iwe munthu wanzeru kwambiri. Inu, ndiye, mudapereka yankho lotere momwe ndidakhazikikirabe m'malingaliro mwanga, ndikuti kukumbukira, ngakhale chifanizo chaimfa, sikungaloledwe kuthawa. Pakuti, pamene orb lonse linali litadetsedwa, ndi nkhungu yakuda yamdima, ndipo disk ya dzuwa idayambiranso kuyeretsedwa ndikuunikanso mwatsopano, kenako kutenga tebulo la Philip Aridaeus, ndikuganizira za kumwamba, tidaphunzira , chomwe chinali chodziwika bwino, kuti kadamsana ka dzuwa sakanakhoza, panthawiyo, kuchitika. Kenako, tidawona kuti mwezi umayandikira dzuwa kuchokera kummawa, ndikuphimba kunyezimira kwake, kufikira utakuta lonse; pomwe, nthawi zina, limayandikira kuchokera kumadzulo. Komanso, tidazindikira kuti ikafika kumapeto kwenikweni kwa dzuwa, ndikuphimba orb yonse, kuti kenako idabwerera chakum'mawa, ngakhale inali nthawi yomwe sinkafuna kukhalapo kwa mwezi, kapena kulumikizana kwa dzuwa. Chifukwa chake ine, O chuma chamaphunziro ochulukirachulukira, popeza sindinathe kumvetsetsa chinsinsi chachikulu chotere, ndikukuyankhulani - "Kodi zodabwitsa zomwe simukuzizolowera zimawoneka ngati zisonyezo za chiyani?" Iwe ndiye, ndi milomo youziridwa, osati ndi mawu amunthu, "Awa, Dionysius wabwino," munatero, "kusintha kwa zinthu zaumulungu." Pomaliza, m'mene ndidazindikira tsiku ndi chaka, ndipo ndidazindikira kuti nthawi ija, ndi zizindikiro zake, idagwirizana ndi zomwe Paulo adandilalikira, kamodzi m'mene ndimakhala pamilomo yake, ndidapereka dzanja langa kuchowonadi, ndikutulutsa mapazi anga kuzinthu zolakwika. " [xix]

Mu Letter VII, Gawo la 3 Dionysius kupita ku Polycarp akuti:

"Nenani kwa iye, komabe," Mukutsimikiza chiyani za kadamsana, komwe kunachitika nthawi ya Mtanda wopulumutsa [83] ? ” Kwa ife tonse panthawiyo, ku Heliopolis, kukhalapo, ndikuyimirira limodzi, tidawona mwezi ukuyandikira dzuwa, kudabwitsidwa kwathu (popeza sinali nthawi yoyikika yolumikizana); Ndiponso, kuyambira ola lachisanu ndi chinayi mpaka madzulo, anabwezeretsedwanso mwachilengedwe mu mzere wolingana ndi dzuwa. Ndipo mukumbutseninso zina. Chifukwa akudziwa kuti tidawona, tidadabwitsidwa, kulumikizana komweko kumayambira kummawa, ndikupita kumapeto kwa chimbale cha dzuwa, ndikubwerera m'mbuyo, mobwerezabwereza, kulumikizana ndikukonzanso [84] , osati kuchitika kuchokera komweko, koma kuchokera pamenepo. Zinthu zazikulu zauzimu za nthawi yoikika imeneyo, ndipo ndi zotheka kwa Kristu yekha, chifukwa cha onse, Yemwe amachita zinthu zazikulu ndi zodabwitsa, zosawerengeka. "[xx]

Johannes Philophonos aka. Philopon, Wolemba Mbiri waku Alexandria (AD490-570) Mkristu Neo-Plonist

Chonde dziwani: Sindinathe kupeza matembenuzidwe achingelezi achingelezi, kapena kufikira kapena kupereka chilinganizo chapaintaneti cha Greek Translation chotsimikizira izi. Maumboni omwe aperekedwa kumapeto kwa ichi ndi gawo la mtundu wakale kwambiri wachi Greek \ Latin tsopano mu pdf online.

Amanenedwa ndi chidule chotsatirachi chomwe chili pa intaneti, onani masamba a pdf 3 & 4, buku loyambirira tsamba 214,215.[xxi]

Philopon, Mkristu wa Neo-Platonist, p. 6th century AD (De Mundi Creatione, ed. Corderius, 1630, II. 21, p. 88) adalemba motere pofotokoza zochitika ziwiri zotchulidwa ndi wolemba mbiri yakale wachi Roma, Phlegon, wina "wamkulu koposa wamtundu wosadziwika kale, " mu Phlegon'sChaka cha 2nd cha 202nd Olympiad,"Amenewo ndi AD 30 / 31, enawo"wamkulu pa mtundu wodziwika kale,"Womwe unali mumdima wauzimu womwe umayenda limodzi ndi kugwedezeka kwa nthaka, mwa Phlegon"Chaka cha 4th cha 202nd Olympiad,"AD 33.

Nkhani ya Philopon imati: "Phlegon komanso mu masewera ake a Olympiads amatchula za [kupachikidwa] kumeneku, kapena m'malo mwake usiku uno: chifukwa akuti, 'Kuwala kwa dzuŵa chaka chachiwiri cha 202nd Olympiad [chilimwe AD 30 kudutsa chilimwe AD 31] kutembenuka kukhala wamkulu kwambiri wamtundu wosadziwika kale; ndipo panali usiku pa ola la chisanu ndi chimodzi la usana; kotero kuti nyenyezi zidawoneka m'mlengalenga. ' Tsopano kuti Phlegon amatchulanso kupendekera kwa dzuŵa monga chochitika chomwe chinachitika pamene Kristu anadzozedwa pamtanda, ndipo osati china chilichonse, chikuwonekera: Choyamba, chifukwa akunena kuti kadamsana sanali kudziwika kale m'mbuyomu; chifukwa pali njira imodzi yachilengedwe ya kupendekeka konse kwa dzuwa: chifukwa kupendekera kwadzuwa kumachitika pokhapokha pazolumikizana ziwiriziwiri: koma chochitika pa nthawi ya Kristu Ambuye chinachitika mwezi wathunthu; zomwe ndizosatheka mwa chilengedwe. Ndipo pakasupe ena dzuwa, ngakhale dzuwa lonse limapinda, limakhalabe lopanda kuwala kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri: ndipo nthawi yomweyo limadziwulula lokha. Koma pa nthawi ya Ambuye Yesu mlengalenga unapitilirabe wopanda kuwala kuyambira ola la chisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka lachisanu ndi chinayi. Zomwezi zimatsimikizidwanso kuchokera m'mbiri ya Tiberius Kaisara: Pakuti Phlegon akuti, kuti adayamba kulamulira mchaka cha 2nd cha 198th Olympiad [chilimwe AD 14 mpaka chirimwe AD 15]; koma kuti m'chaka cha 4th cha 202nd Olympiad [chilimwe AD 32 mpaka chirimwe AD 33] kadamsana anali atachitika kale: kotero kuti ngati tingakwaniritse kuyambira pachiyambi cha ulamuliro wa Tiberius, chaka cha 4th cha 202nd Olympiad, ali pafupi zaka zokwanira 19: ie 3 ya 198th Olympiad ndi 16 ya zinayi, ndipo Umu ndi momwe Luka adalembera m'Mauthenga Abwino. Mchaka cha 15th cha ulamuliro wa Tiberius [AD 29], m'mene amalongosola izi, kulalikidwa kwa Yohane Mbatizi kudayamba, kuchokera pomwe izi uthenga wa Mpulumutsi udayamba. Izi zinapitilira osaposa zaka zinayi, monga Eusebius adawonetsa mu Buku Loyamba la Mbiri Yake ya Umboni, ndikupeza izi kuchokera ku Antiquities ya Josephus. Chiyanjano chake chinayamba ndi Anasi mkulu wa ansembe, ndipo panali ena akulu akulu pambuyo pake (kutanthauza kuti mkulu aliyense wokhala chaka chimodzi), ndiye zimatha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mkulu wa ansembe omwe amawatsatira, Kayafa, nthawi yomwe Khristu adapachikidwa. Chaka chimenecho chinali 19th ya ulamuliro wa Tiberius Kaisara [AD 33]; Momwe adapachikidwira Yesu, chifukwa cha chipulumutso cha dziko lapansi; komanso polumikizana ndi kufalikira kwa kadamsana wodabwitsawu wa dzuwa, modabwitsa mu chilengedwe chake, momwe Dionysius the Areopagite adalemba pamakalata ake kwa Bishop Polycarp. ”ndi ibid., III. 9, p. 116: "Kotero chochitika pamtanda wa Yesu, kukhala wamphamvuzimu, kudali kukuwala kwa dzuwa komwe kudachitika mwezi wathunthu: pomwe Phlegon amatchulanso mu Olympiads ake, monga talemba m'buku lakale lija. [xxii]

Uthenga Wabwino wa Peter - Kulemba Kwa Apocrypha, (8 - 9^th Kope la Century la 2^nd Zaka zana?)

Chidutswa chachikulu cha chiphunzitso chachiphrotesitanti ichi, cholemba, cha Gospel kuchokera ku 8^th kapena 9^th Century idapezeka ku Akmim (Panopolis) ku Egypt ku 1886.

Gawo lomwe talitchulalo likufotokoza zochitika zomwe zikuchitika kuyambira nthawi ya kupachikidwa kwa Yesu.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 AD zolembedwa za Eusebius mu Mbiri yake. Mla. VI. xii. 2-6, buku ili la uthenga wabwino wa Peter limatchulidwa kuti linali losavomerezeka ndi Serapion waku Antiokeya ndipo limasinthika kuzungulira pakati kapena koyambirira kwa zaka za zana lomweli. Chifukwa chake ndi umboni woyambirira wazikhalidwe zomwe zachitika m'zaka za zana lachiKristu zokhudzana ndi zomwe zinachitika pa nthawi ya imfa ya Yesu.

"5. Ndipo zinali usana, ndipo m'Yudeya monse mudali mdima: Ndipo iwo [atsogoleri achiyuda] adabvutika ndi kupsinjika, kuti mwina dzuwa litalowa, pomwe iye [Yesu] akadali ndi moyo: (zidalembedwa kwa iwo, kuti dzuwade lisamgwire iye amene adaphedwayo . Ndipo mmodzi wa iwo anati, Mupatse iye kuti amwe ndulu ndi viniga. Ndipo anasakaniza nampatsa iye kuti amwe, ndipo anakwaniritsa zinthu zonse, ndipo anakwaniritsa machimo awo mitu yawo. Ndipo ambiri amayenda ndi nyali, poganiza kuti ndi usiku, ndipo anagwa. Ndipo Yehova anafuula nati, Mphamvu yanga, mphamvu yanga, mwandisiya. Ndipo m'mene adanena izi ananyamulidwa. Ndipo pamenepo ora lotchinga la nyumba ya Yerusalemu idang'ambika pakati. 6. Ndipo iwo adatulutsa misomali m'manja mwa AMBUYE, ndikumuyika pansi, ndipo dziko lapansi linagwedezeka, ndipo mantha akulu adadzuka. Kenako dzuwa linawala, ndipo chinapezeka kuti ndi 9 koloko: Ndipo Ayuda adakondwera, napereka mtembo wake kwa Yosefe kuti akauike, popeza adawona zinthu zabwino zomwe adazichita. Ndipo anatenga Ambuye, namtsuka, namkulunga m'nsalu, nabwera naye kumanda ake, otchedwa Munda wa Yosefe. "[xxiii]

Kutsiliza

Poyamba tidatulutsa mafunso otsatirawa.

• Kodi zidachitikadi?
  • Otsutsa oyambirira adayesa kufotokoza kuti zochitikazo ndi zachilengedwe, m'malo mwachilengedwe, povomereza mowona kuti zochitikazo zikuchitika.
• Kodi anali achilengedwe kapena zauzimu?
  • Ndiye kutsutsana kwa wolemba kuti amayenera kukhala zauzimu, zochokera kwa Mulungu. Palibe chochitika chachilengedwe chodziwika chomwe chingapangitse kutengera kwake kwa nthawi komanso nthawi yake. Pali zochitika zochulukirapo kwambiri pakusunga nthawi.
  • Zochitikazi zidaloseredwa ndi Yesaya, Amosi ndi Yoweli. Kuyamba kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa Yoweli kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mtumwi Peter ku Machitidwe.
• Kodi pali Umboni wina Wowonjezera M'baibulo womwe unachitika?
  • Pali olemba achikhristu oyamba, odziwika komanso otsimikizika.
  • Pali olemba mabuku achinyengo omwe nawonso amavomereza zochitika izi.

 

Pali chitsimikizo chochuluka cha zochitika zakufa kwa Yesu zolembedwa m'Mauthenga Abwino kuchokera kwa olemba achikristu ena oyambirirawo, omwe ena amatchula umboni wa Wopanda Chikristu wotsutsa kapena wotsutsa zochitika izi. Pamodzi ndi zolembedwazi zomwe zimawonedwa kuti ndi mabuku owonjezera, zomwe zimagwirizana modabwitsa pa zomwe Yesu adamwalira, pomwe m'malo ena nthawi zina zimasiyana kwambiri m'Mauthenga Abwino.

Kupenda zochitikazo komanso zolembedwa zakale za iwo zimasonyezanso kufunikira kwa chikhulupiriro. Nthawi zonse pakhala pali omwe samavomereza kuti zochitika zolembedwa mu Bayibulo makamaka mu Mauthenga Abwino ndizowona, chifukwa safuna kuvomereza kuti zonena zake ndizowona. Momwemonso, lero. Komabe, mowonera wolemba (ndipo tikukhulupirira kuti inunso muwona), mlanduwu udatsimikiziridwa kupitilira 'kukayikira kokwanira' kwa anthu oganiza bwino ndipo ngakhale izi zidachitika zaka pafupifupi 2000 zapitazo, titha kuwakhulupirira. Mwinanso funso lofunika kwambiri ndiloti, kodi tikufuna? Komanso kodi ndife okonzeka kuonetsa kuti tili ndi chikhulupiriro?

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[I] Onani izi'oob ku Belarus, koma mudzazindikira kuti mdimawo sunakhalitse kuposa 3-4 mphindi.  https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043071/The-storm-turned-day-night-Watch-darkness-descend-city-Belarus-apocalyptic-weather-hits.html

[Ii] 1 inchi ndi ofanana ndi 2.54 cm.

[III] Onani nkhani yoyambira pa “Tsiku la Ambuye kapena Tsiku la Yehova, Liti?”

[Iv] http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-longer.html

[V] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-1-apostolic-with-justin-martyr-irenaeus/justin-martyr/first-apology-of-justin.html

[vi] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm

[vii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/apology/chapter_xxi_but_having_asserted.htm

[viii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/the_five_books_against_marcion/chapter_xlii_other_incidents_of_the.htm

[ix] https://biblehub.com/library/irenaeus/against_heresies/chapter_xxxiv_proof_against_the_marcionites.htm

[x] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-6-third-century/julius-africanus/iii-extant-fragments-five-books-chronography-of-julius-africanus.html

[xi] https://biblehub.com/library/africanus/the_writings_of_julius_africanus/fragment_xviii_on_the_circumstances.htm

[xii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_xxxiii_but_continues_celsus.htm

[xiii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_lix_he_imagines_also.htm

[xiv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/eusebius_de_08_book6.htm

[xv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.xii.iii.i.liii.html

[xvi] p1836 AntiNicene Fathers Book 8,  http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.html

[xvii] http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0485-0585,_Cassiodorus_Vivariensis_Abbas,_Chronicum_Ad_Theodorum_Regem,_MLT.pdf  Onani tsamba 8 la pdf righthand column pafupi ndi capital C yolembedwa ndi Chilatini.

[xviii] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/mystic_theology/preface_to_the_letters_of.htm

[xix] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_xi_dionysius_to_apollophanes.htm

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/areopagite_08_letters.htm

[xx] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_vii.htm

[xxi] https://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Bountiful_Harvest_Essays_in_Honor_of_S_Kent_Brown/BountifulHarvest-MacCoull.pdf

[xxii] https://ia902704.us.archive.org/4/items/joannisphiliponi00philuoft/joannisphiliponi00philuoft.pdf

[xxiii] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm