Umboni Wakuti Mulungu Aliko M'chilengedwe Chilengedwe Conse

                        Kuzindikira Choonadi cha Zachilengedwe

Genesis 1: 1 - "Pachiyambi Mulungu Adalenga Zakumwamba ndi Dziko Lapansi '

Series 2 - Kulenga

Gawo 1 - Mfundo Yopangika Kapangidwe

 Kodi umboni wotsimikizika uyenera kukutsogolerani kuti Mulungu aliko?

Munkhaniyi, tiona zifukwa zomwe zikutsimikizira kuti kupezeka kwa umboni wotsimikizika wazinthu zovuta kuzitsimikizira kuti kuli Mulungu. Chifukwa chake, chonde tengani mphindi zochepa kuyang'ana mwachidule gawo lomwe silingalingalire mopepuka koma ndi umboni woti Mulungu aliko. Gawo lomwe lidzafotokozeredwe panthawiyi ndi kukhalapo kwa mfundo zomangira zomwe zimapezeka paliponse mu chilengedwe.

Gawo lomwe tikambirane munkhaniyi titha kufotokozeredwa kuti "Design Triangulation".

Lamulo Loyambira kapena Mfundo

Pa zochitika zonse, tili ndi poyambira ndi poti tikumaliza. Tikhozanso kunyenga chinthu chosowa chilichonse mwazitatu izi, tikadziwa ziwiri zilizonse.

Malo oyambira A, ali ndi ndondomeko B akutsatira, ndikupereka zotsiriza C.

Lamulo kapena Lamulo ndiloti: A + B => C.

Malingaliro a kayendedwe kameneka sitingakayikidwe pamene tikugwiritsa ntchito mfundo iyi m'miyoyo yathu tsiku lililonse kupanga zisankho, nthawi zambiri osaganizira ngakhale pang'ono.

Mwachitsanzo: Kuphika chakudya.

Titha kutenga mbatata zosaphika kapena mbewu zosaphika za mpunga. Timawonjezera madzi ndi mchere. Kenako timathira kutentha kwa kanthawi, koyamba kuwira kenako ndi kuwira. Zotsatira zake ndikuti timapumira ndi mbatata zophika ndi zokolola kapena kuphika ndi mpunga wabwino! Tikudziwa nthawi yomweyo kuti ngati tiona mbatata yaiwisi ndi yophika pamodzi kuti wina wagwiritsa ntchito njira kuti asinthe mbatata yaiwisi kukhala kanthu kena, ngakhale sitikudziwa momwe idapangidwira.

Chifukwa chiyani timachitcha kuti Design Triangulation?

Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuwona momwe izi lingaliro imagwira ntchito pamasamu, mungafune kuyesa ulalo uno https://www.calculator.net/right-triangle-calculator.html. Pakanthawi kakona kolondola kumanja, mutha kuyeseza ngodya za alpha ndi beta chifukwa zimawonjezera ngodya ya 90-degree. Kuphatikiza apo, osangowonjezera, monga momwe mbali ziwiri zimakhalira, ngati muli ndi kutalika mbali zonse ziwiri mutha kuyeza kutalika kwa mbali yachitatu.

Chifukwa chake, ngati mukudziwa awiri a atatuwo,

• kaya A ndi B momwe mungadziwire C ngati A + B => C
• kapena A ndi C momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito B monga C - A => B
• kapena B ndi C momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito A monga C - B => A.

Ngati muli ndi njira yosadziwika (B) yomwe imapita imatenga chinthu kuchokera pamalo amodzi (A) kupita kumalo ena ndikusintha pakadali pano (C) iyenera kukhala ndi makina onyamula.

Zitsanzo Zina Zodziwika

mbalame

Mulingo wophweka, mwina munaonapo ma Blackbird kapena Parrots akuwuluka m'bokosi la chisa kumapeto kwa nyengo yanu (poyambira A). Ndiye milungu ingapo pambuyo pake mukuwona a Blackbirds kapena Parrots atangotuluka kumene m'bokosi (kumapeto kwanu C). Chifukwa chake mumazindikira kuti njira ina (B) idachitika kuti izi zichitike. Sizimangochitika zokha!

Simungadziwe kuti ndendende ndi chiyani, koma mukudziwa kuti payenera kukhala njira.

(Njira iyi ndi yosavuta: mbalame za kholo, mazira opangika ndi anagona, mbalame zimakhazikika ndi kuwaswa, makolo amadyetsa thukuta mpaka atakula kukhala mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zitha kuuluka chisa.)

gulugufe

Momwemonso mutha kuwona gulugufe atayikira dzira pachomera, (poyambira A). Ndiye pakatha milungu kapena miyezi ingapo, mumawonanso mtundu womwewo wa gulugufe amatulutsa ndikubwera kutali (kumapeto kwanu C). Mukudziwa kuti panali njira (B), yodabwitsa kwambiri, yomwe idasintha dzira la gulugufe kukhala gulugufe. Apanso, poyamba, mwina simungadziwe njira yeniyeniyo, koma mukudziwa kuti payenera kukhala njira.

Tsopano mu chitsanzo chomaliza ichi cha gulugufe tikudziwa kuti panali poyambira A: dzira

Imayambira B₁ kuti asanduke mbozi. Khwangwala amayambitsidwa ndi B₂ Kusintha kukhala pupa. Pomaliza, pupa limasinthidwa ndi ndondomeko B₃ kukhala gulugufe wokongola C.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zake

Tiyeni tiwone mwachidule chitsanzo chimodzi chakugwiritsa ntchito mfundo iyi.

Chisinthiko chimaphunzitsa kuti ntchito zimangochitika mwangozi, ndipo chisokonezo kapena 'mwayi' ndiko kachitidwe ka kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, kuti nsomba ya nsomba imakhala dzanja kapena phazi chifukwa chakusintha kwadzidzidzi.

Mosiyana ndi kuvomereza kuti kuli Mlengi kungatanthauze kuti kusintha kulikonse komwe timawona kudapangidwa ndi lingaliro (longa la Mlengi). Zotsatira zake, ngakhale titakhala kuti sitingathe kuwona momwe zinthu zasinthira, malo oyambira basi, ndi mfundo yomaliza, timazindikira kuti ntchito yotereyi ikhoza kukhalapo. Mfundo zoyambitsa ndi zotsatira.

Kuvomereza kuti kuli Mlengi ndiye kuti kumatanthauza kuti munthu akapeza dongosolo lovuta lomwe lili ndi ntchito zapadera, ndiye kuti wina wavomereza payenera kukhala mfundo zomveka zakuti zikhalepo. Wina amanenanso kuti pali magawo oyenera kuti agwire ntchito mwapadera. Izi zizikhala choncho, ngakhale simukutha kuwona zigawozo kapena kumvetsetsa momwe zimathandizira kapena chifukwa chake zimagwira.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji tingatero?

Sichoncho chifukwa kuti pazochitika zathu zonse m'moyo, tazindikira kuti chilichonse chomwe chili ndi ntchito yapadera chimafuna lingaliro loyambirira, kapangidwe kosamala ndi kupanga, kuti igwire ntchito. Chifukwa chake tili ndi chiyembekezo chokwanira choti tikawona ntchito zotere, kuti zimasanjika magawo omwe adasonkhana m'njira inayake kuti apereke zotsatira zake.

Chitsanzo chofala ambiri aife tikhoza kukhala nacho ndichinthu ngati kutali ndi TV. Sitingadziwe momwe zimagwirira ntchito, koma tikudziwa kuti tikasindikiza batani linalake zinazake zimachitika, monga kusintha kwa kanema wa TV, kapena liwu la mawu ndipo zimachitika nthawi zonse, bola tikakhala ndi mabatire! Mwachidule, zotsatira zake sizotsatira zamatsenga kapena mwayi kapena chisokonezo.

Chifukwa chake, mu Human Biology, kodi lamulo losavuta ili lingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji?

Chitsanzo: Wopuwa

Malo athu oyambira A = Mkuwa waulere ndiwowopsa m'maselo.

Mapeto athu C = Zamoyo zonse zopumira (zomwe zimaphatikizapo anthu) ziyenera kukhala ndi Mkuwa.

Funso lathu ndilakuti, tingapeze bwanji mkuwa womwe timafuna popanda kuphedwa ndi kawopsedwe ake? Kulingalira zomveka titha kuzindikira izi:

1. Tonsefe timafunika kutenga mkuwa apo ayi tifa.
2. Popeza mkuwa umakhala wowopsa m'maselo athu, umafunika kukhala wosasankhidwa nthawi yomweyo.
3. Kuphatikiza apo, mkuwa wosakhazikikawu umafunikira kuti uzinyamula kupita nawo komwe ukufunika.
4. Pofika komwe mkuwa ukufunika, amafunika kuti amasulidwe kuti agwire ntchito yake.

Mwachidule, ife muyenera kukhala nawo dongosolo lama cellular kumanga (kulowererapo), kunyamula ndikumasulira mkuwa komwe ukufunika. Iyi ndiye njira yathu B.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti palibe 'matsenga' ogwirira ntchitoyo. Kodi mungafune kusiya ntchito yofunikayi kuti ichite chipwirikiti ndi mwayi chabe? Mukadatero, mukadakhala kuti mwafa ndi zakumwa zamkuwa musanafike molekyulu imodzi yamkuwa yomwe inali itafunikira.

Ndiye kodi njira iyi B ilipo?

Inde, idawonedwa pompopompo mu 1997. (Chonde onani chithunzi chotsatira)

Chithunzi chikuvomerezedwa kuchokera kwa Valentine ndi Gralla, Science 278 (1997) p817[I]

Makinawa amagwira ntchito motere kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi mwatsatanetsatane:

RA Pufahl et al., "Metal Ion Chaperone Ntchito ya Soluable Cu (I) Receptor Atx1," Science 278 (1997): 853-856.

Cu (I) = Copper Ion. Cu ndi dzina lalifupi lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamafomulamu monga CuSO₄ (Copter Sulphate)

RNA kwa Mapuloteni - tRNA Kusamutsa RNA [Ii]

 Mchaka cha 1950 a Francis Crick adalemba pepala lomwe likusonyeza kuti molekyulu ya DNA (yomwe yavomerezedwa tsopano) yopanga mphoto ya Nobel mu Medicine ndi James Watson ya mu 1962.

Lingaliro la messenger RNA linabuka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, ndipo limalumikizidwa ndi KokaniMalongosoledwe ake “Chiphunzitso Chapakati cha Biology ya Molecular",[III] zomwe zimatsimikiza kuti DNA idatsogolera pakupanga RNA, komwe kunapangitsa kuti mapuloteni.

Makina omwe izi zidachitikira sanazindikire mpaka pakati pa 1960 koma adalimbikitsidwa ndi Crick chifukwa cha chowonadi cha Design Triangulation.

Izi ndizomwe zimadziwika m'ma 1950:

Pa chithunzichi, kumanzere kuli DNA yomwe imapanga ma amino acid kudzanja lamanja komwe ndiko zomanga mapuloteni. Crick sakanakhoza kupeza limagwirira kapena kapangidwe kalikonse pa DNA komwe kamatha kusiyanitsa ma amino acid osiyanasiyana kuti awapangitse kukhala mapuloteni.

Crick amadziwa:

• A - DNA imanyamula zidziwitso, koma mwachilengedwe sizofanana, ndipo iye amadziwa
• C - kuti ma amino acid ali ndi ma geometric enieni,
• Kuti awa anali makina ovuta ochita ntchito zapadera,.
• B - payenera kukhala ntchito kapena ntchito yolumikizira kapena ma mamolekyulu adapter omwe analipo omwe amathandizira chidziwitso kuti chithe kuchokera ku DNA kupita ku amino acid.

Komabe, sanapeze umboni weniweni wazomwe zikuchitika B koma anaziwona kuti ziyenera kukhalapo chifukwa chamalingaliro a Design Triangulation ndipo motero anafufuza.

Zinali zododometsa kuti kapangidwe ka DNA kamangowonetsa kapangidwe kazinthu kakang'ono ka ma hydrogen bond ndi zina zochepa, pomwe izi zikufunika “Madzi oundana opindika [pamalo oyang'ana madzi] pamalo osiyanasiyanitsa amatha kusiyanitsa mandala ndi leucine ndi isoleucine". Komanso, adafunsa "Ndi kuti komwe magulu omwe akufuna kuti apatsidwe ndalama, kuti apite limodzi ndi acid ndi basic amino acid?".

Kwa onse omwe siopanga mankhwala pakati pathu, tiyeni timasulire mawuwa kukhala chinthu chosavuta.

Ganizirani zamtundu uliwonse wa amino acid kumanzere komwe nyumba za Lego zimamangidwira mosiyanasiyana kuti apange mawonekedwewo. Chipinda chilichonse cha amino acid chimakhala ndi malo ena olumikizana ndi mankhwala ena kuti adziphatike, koma mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chiyani kufunikira kwa kulumikizana kapena malo ophatikiza? Kulola kuti mankhwala ena azilumikizana okha ndikupanga zochita pakati pawo ndi ma amino acid kuti apange maunyolo a ma block ndi mapuloteni ena.

Crick adapitilira ndikufotokozera zomwe ntchitoyi kapena adapter ayenera kuchita. Adatero "... aliyense amino acid amatha kuphatikiza mankhwala, pa puloteni yapadera, ndi molekyu yaying'ono yomwe, yomwe imakhala ndi ma hydrogen othandizira padziko lapansi,[kuyanjana ndi DNA ndi RNA] zikuphatikiza makamaka ndi template ya acid ya nucleic ... Mu mawonekedwe ake osavuta kwambiri pakhala mitundu 20 yama mamolekyulu a adapter…".

Komabe, nthawi imeneyo ma adapter ang'ono awa samatha kuwoneka.

Zomwe zimapezeka pambuyo pake zaka zingapo pambuyo pake?

Sinthani RNA ndendende ndi zomwe anafotokozedwa ndi Crick.

Pansi pali malo omangapo a RNA, pagululi yofiira yonse, ndi malo amino acid ofikira kumtunda pamwamba pa chithunzi. Khodi mu RNA pamenepa CCG imatanthawuza makamaka amino acid Alanine.

Ngakhale pano makina onse samveka bwino, koma zambiri zimaphunziridwa chaka chilichonse.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mpaka njira imeneyi idapezedwa ndikulemba, James Watson, wolemba mnzake wa mapangidwe awiri a helix DNA ndi Francis Crick, sanasangalale ndi lingaliro la adapter la Francis Crick (yemwe adayika malingaliro ake pazotsatira za kapangidwe kake mfundo). Mu James Watson's autobiography (2002, p139) adafotokoza chifukwa chomwe amakayikira lingaliro lakumasulira: "Sindinakonde lingaliro konse ..... Zowonjezereka mpaka, kachipangizidwe kamagetsi kankawoneka kovuta kwambiri kuti kangakhaleko koyambira koyamba moyo ”. Mwanjira imeneyi anali kunena zoona! Ndi. Vuto ndilakuti chisinthiko cha Darwini chomwe James Watson amakhulupirira kuti chida chovuta kuchilimbitsa ndikumala kwa nthawi. Apa panali makina omwe amayenera kukhalapo kuyambira pachiyambi kuti moyo ukhalepo.

Malingaliro ake anali oti:

• DNA (ndi RNA) monga zonyamulira zidziwitso (zomwe ndizovuta zokha)
• Ndipo ma protein (amino acid) ngati amphaka (omwe amadziwikanso okha)
• Kuti mulandidwe ndi ma Adap kuti musinthanitse ndi kusintha kwa chidziwitso kuchokera ku DNA kupita ku mapuloteni, (ovuta kwambiri),

linali sitepe lotalikirapo.

Komabe umboni ukusonyeza bwino kuti mlambowu ulipo. Chifukwa chake zimapereka umboni wambiri kuti wopanga wanzeru kapena Mulungu (mlengi) ayenera kukhalapo, yemwe samamangidwa ndi nthawi, pomwe chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimamangidwa nthawi ndi nthawi.

Ngati mumalola kuti umboni uzitsogolera, titha kugwiritsa ntchito choonadi, titha kuchirikiza chowonadi ndi kulola nzeru kutitsogolera. Monga momwe Miyambo 4: 5 amalimbikitsira "Tengani nzeru, pezani luntha".

Tithandizenso ena kuchita zomwezo, mwina pofotokozera mfundo iyi ya Design Triangulation!

 

 

 

 

 

 

Zikomo:

Ndikuthokoza kwambiri chifukwa cha Kupsinjika komwe kwaperekedwa ndi kanema wa YouTube "Kupanga Zopangidwira" kuchokera pa Zolemba Zachidule zolemba ndi Cornerstone Television

[I] Zoyambitsa zivomerezedwa. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Bwino: Zina mwa zithunzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala ndi ufulu wokhala nazo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake komwe sikunalole konse kukhala ndi ufulu wamalo. Tikupanga zinthu ngati izi kuti tithe kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwa nkhani za sayansi ndi zipembedzo, etc. Tikukhulupirira kuti izi ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zokhala ndi ufulu monga zomwe zaperekedwa mgawo la 107 la US Copyright Law. Malinga ndi mutu 17 USC Gawo 107, zinthu zomwe zili patsamba lino zimapezeka popanda phindu kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi chofuna kulandira ndikuwona zomwezi pazakufufuza kwawo komanso zolinga zawo. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi copyright zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito moyenera, muyenera kupeza kaye chilolezo kuchokera kwa eni ake.

[Ii]  Ma mamolekyulu a RNA opangidwa mu nyukiliya amatengedwa kupita kumalo awo ogwirira ntchito mu gawo lonse la eukaryotic ndi njira zina zoyendera. Ndemanga iyi ikuyang'ana pa kayendedwe ka messenger RNA, RNA yaying'ono ya nyukiliya, RNA ya ribosomal, ndikusamutsa RNA pakati pa nyukiliya ndi cytoplasm. Ma molekyulu apakati omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kayendedwe ka nucleocytoplasmic ya RNA akungoyamba kumveka. Komabe, pazaka zochepa zapitazi, kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwachitika. Mutu waukulu womwe umatuluka mu kafukufuku waposachedwa wa mayendedwe a RNA ndikuti ma signature enieni amalowera mayendedwe amtundu uliwonse wa RNA, ndipo izi zimaperekedwa makamaka ndi mapuloteni ena omwe RNA iliyonse imagwirizanirana. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14154301_RNA_transport

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850961/

Maubwino enanso: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology

[III] Crick anali wambiri wakuwunika wasayansi wazamoyo ndipo adachita mbali yofunikira pakufufuza kokhudzana ndi kuwulula kapangidwe kake ka DNA. Amadziwika kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "chiphunzitso chapakati”Kufotokoza mwachidule lingaliro lakuti chidziwitso chikasamutsidwa kuchokera ku ma nucleic acid (DNA kapena RNA) kupita ku mapuloteni, sichingabwerere ku ma nucleic acid. Mwanjira ina, gawo lomaliza pakuyenda kwazidziwitso kuchokera ku ma acid a ma protein mpaka mapuloteni silingasinthike.