Mboni za Yehova ku Italy (1891-1976)

ndi Maria G. Buscema

Magazini Yoyamba ya La Vedetta di Ziyoni, October 1, 1903,
Mtundu waku Italy wa Zion's Watch Tower

Mwa magulu achipembedzo atsopano ochokera ku United States of America pali a Mboni za Yehova, omwe ali ndi otsatira pafupifupi 8.6 miliyoni padziko lapansi komanso otsatira 250,000 ku Italy. Yogwira ntchito ku Italy kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, kuyenda kudalephereka pantchito zake ndi boma la fascist; koma kutsatira kupambana kwa Allies komanso chifukwa cha Lamulo la June 18, 1949, ayi. 385, yomwe idavomereza Pangano la Ubwenzi, Malonda ndi Kuyenda Pakati pa boma la US ndi la Alcide De Gasperi, a Mboni za Yehova, monga mabungwe ena achipembedzo omwe si Akatolika, adavomerezedwa mwalamulo ngati mabungwe azovomerezeka ku United States.

1. Chiyambi cha Mboni za Yehova (Ita. Mboni za Yehova, kuyambira pano JW), wachikhristu wachipembedzo, wazaka zikwizikwi ndi wobwezeretsa, kapena "woyamba", adatsimikiza kuti Chikhristu chiyenera kubwezeretsedwanso motsatira zomwe zimadziwika za tchalitchi choyambirira cha atumwi, kuyambira ku 1879, pomwe Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916) , wabizinesi waku Pittsburgh, atapita ku Second Adventists, adayamba kufalitsa magaziniyi Zion's Watch Tower ndi Herald of Christ's Presence mu Julayi chaka chimenecho. Anakhazikitsa mu 1884 Zion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] wophatikizidwa ku Pennsylvania, womwe mu 1896 udakhala Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. kapena Watchtower Society (yomwe ma JWs amawatcha "Sosaiti" kapena "Gulu la Yehova"), bungwe lalikulu lalamulo lomwe atsogoleri a JW amagwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.[2] Pasanathe zaka khumi, kagulu kakang'ono ka kuphunzira Baibulo, komwe poyamba kanalibe dzina lenileni (popewa zipembedzo adzasankha "Akhristu" osavuta), omwe amadzitcha okha "Ophunzira Baibulo," adakula, ndikupanga mipingo yambiri yomwe inali ndi mabuku achipembedzo a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, omwe mu 1909 adasamutsa likulu lawo kupita ku Brooklyn, New York, pomwe lero kuli ku Warwick, New York. Dzinalo “Mboni za Yehova” linavomerezedwa mu 1931 ndi woloŵa m’malo wa Russell, Joseph Franklin Rutherford.[3]

A JW akuti amazika zikhulupiriro zawo m'Baibulo, kwa iwo ndi Mawu ouziridwa ndi osadalirika a Yehova. Ziphunzitso zawo zaumulungu zimaphatikizaponso chiphunzitso cha "vumbulutso lowonjezeka" lomwe limalola utsogoleri, Bungwe Lolamulira, kusintha kumasulira kwa Baibulo ndi ziphunzitso pafupipafupi.[4] Mwachitsanzo, a JWs amadziwika ndi zaka chikwizikwi ndikulalikira za kutha kwa nyumba ndi nyumba. (alengeza m'magazini Nsanja ya Olonda, Mtolankhani wa Galamukani!, mabuku ofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Society ndi nkhani ndi makanema olembedwa patsamba lovomerezeka la bungwe, jw.org, ndi zina zambiri), ndipo kwa zaka zambiri akwaniritsa kuti "dongosolo la zinthu" liripoli anthu onse am'badwo pano 1914 adamwalira. mapeto, odziwika ndi nkhondo ya Aramagedo, akadali pafupi, osatinso kuti ayenera kugwa mu 1914.[5] amawakakamiza kuti adzipatule pakati pa anthu ampatuko kuchokera ku chiwonongeko cha Aramagedo, iwo amatsutsa Utatu, amatsutsa (samatsimikizira kuti moyo sufa), samasunga maholide akhristu, osamalira chiyambi chachikunja, ndi Nenani kuti chipulumutso chimachokera ku dzina la Mulungu, “Yehova.” Ngakhale izi ndizopadera, ma JW opitilira 8.6 miliyoni padziko lapansi sangatchulidwe ngati chipembedzo chaku America.

Monga tafotokozera prof. Bambo James Penton,

A Mboni za Yehova adakula kuchokera mchipembedzo chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi Chiprotestanti ku America. Ngakhale atha kuwoneka osiyana kwambiri ndi Apulotesitanti akuluakulu ndikukana ziphunzitso zina zikuluzikulu zamatchalitchi akulu, kwenikweni ndi olowa m'malo aku America a Adventism, kayendetsedwe kaulosi mkati mwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri Britain ndi American Evangelicalism, ndi millenarianism ya onse khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri Anglicanism wazaka zana limodzi ndi Apulotesitanti aku England osagwirizana. Pali, kwenikweni, zochepa kwambiri paziphunzitso zawo zomwe sizachilendo pachikhalidwe cha Anglo-America Chiprotestanti, ngakhale pali malingaliro ena omwe amafanana kwambiri ndi Chikatolika kuposa Chiprotestanti. Ngati ali apadera m'njira zambiri - monga momwe mosakayikira aliri - ndichifukwa chazophatikiza zaumulungu ndi zilolezo za ziphunzitso zawo osati chifukwa chatsopano.[6]

Kufalikira kwa mayendedwe padziko lonse lapansi kudzatsata mphamvu yolumikizidwa ndi zina mwa ntchito zaumishonale, koma mbali ina ndi zochitika zazikulu zadziko lapansi, monga Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso kupambana kwa Allies. Izi ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Italy, ngakhale gululi lakhalapo kuyambira zaka makumi awiri zoyambirira.

2. Chodziwika bwino chamitundu ya ma JW ku Italy ndikuti chitukuko chawo chidalimbikitsidwa ndi anthu ena kunja kwa Watch Tower Society. Woyambitsa, Charles T. Russell, adafika ku Italy mu 1891 paulendo waku Europe ndipo, malinga ndi atsogoleri a gululi, akadayima ku Pinerolo, m'zigwa za Awadensi, kudzutsa chidwi cha Daniele Rivoir, mphunzitsi wachingerezi wa Chikhulupiriro cha Awadensi. Koma kupezeka kwa ku Pinerolo - zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zikutsimikizira chiphunzitsochi kuti utsogoleri waku America, monga maumboni ena aku America, adakhudzidwa ndi "nthano ya Awadensi", ndiye kuti chiphunzitso chomwe chidakhala chabodza kunali kosavuta kutembenuza Awadensi kukhala Italiya m'malo mokhala Akatolika, ndikuyika mishoni zawo ku Pinerolo ndi mzinda wa Torre Pellice -,[7] akufunsidwa pamaziko ofufuza zolembedwa za nthawi yomwe ikukhudzana ndiulendo wa mbusa waku Europe ku 1891 (womwe umatchula Brindisi, Naples, Pompeii, Roma, Florence, Venice ndi Milan, koma osati Pinerolo ngakhalenso Turin),[8] komanso maulendo omwe adakopa chidwi cha Italy (1910 ndi 1912) sakupereka magawo ku Pinerolo kapena ku Turin, pokhala mwambo wapakamwa wopanda zolemba, komabe, wopangidwa ndi wolemba mbiri, komanso wamkulu wa JWs, Paolo Piccioli m'nkhani yofalitsidwa mu 2000 mu Bollettino della Società ndi Studi Valdesi (A Bulletin ya Sosaiti ya Maphunziro a Awadensi), magazini yachipulotesitanti yolemba mbiri, komanso zolembedwa zina, zofalitsidwa ndi a Watchtower komanso ofalitsa akunja kwa gululi.[9]

Zachidziwikire kuti Rivoir, kudzera mwa Adolf Erwin Weber, mlaliki waku Switzerland waku Russell Russell komanso woyang'anira munda wakale, wokonda kwambiri malingaliro azaka za Russell koma osafuna kutaya chikhulupiriro cha Awadensi, apeza chilolezo chomasulira zolembedwazo, ndipo mu 1903 voliyumu yoyamba ya buku la Russell Kafukufuku Wamalemba, mwachitsanzo Piano Waku Divin delle Età (Dongosolo Laumulungu La Mibadwo), pomwe mu 1904 magazini yoyamba ya ku Italy ya Zion's Watch Tower anatulutsidwa, wokhala ndi mutu La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza di Cristo, kapena mochulukira La Vedetta ku Zion, yogawidwa m'malo ogulitsa nyuzi akumaloko.[10]

Mu 1908 mpingo woyamba udakhazikitsidwa ku Pinerolo, ndikuwunikanso kuti kukhwimitsa zinthu masiku ano sikunkagwira ntchito pakati pa omwe anali mgulu la Watchtower Society - malinga ndi malingaliro ena a "Pastor" Russell -,[11] anthu aku Italiya azigwiritsa ntchito dzina loti "Ophunzira Baibulo" kuyambira 1915 mtsogolo. M'magazini yoyamba ya La Vedetta ku Zion, omwe amagwirizana nawo ku Watch Tower ku Italiya amagwiritsa ntchito, kuzindikira ubale wawo, mayina osamveka bwino omwe ali ndi kununkhira "koyambira" mogwirizana ndi zolembedwa zaku Russellian za 1882-1884 zomwe zimawona kuti zipembedzo ndizomwe zimayambitsa magulu ampatuko, mayina monga "Tchalitchi" , "Christian Church", "Church of the Little Flock and of Believers" kapena, ngakhale, "Evangelical Church".[12] Mu 1808, Clara Lanteret, ku Chantelain (wamasiye), m'kalata yayitali adatanthauzira oyanjana aku Italiya a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, komwe adakhalako, ngati "Readers of the AURORA and the TORRE". Adalemba kuti: "Mulungu atipatse tonsefe kuti tikhale achilungamo komanso otseguka mu umboni wathu wa zomwe zilipo ndikutulutsa mokweza mbendera yathu. Aloleni apatse owerenga onse a Dawn ndi Tower kuti asangalale mosalekeza mwa Ambuye amene akufuna kuti chisangalalo chathu chikhale changwiro osalola aliyense kutilanda ”.[13] Zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, mu 1910, m'kalata ina yayitali, Lanteret adangonena mawu osamveka bwino a uthenga wa "M'busa" Russell ngati "wopepuka" kapena "chowonadi chamtengo wapatali": "Ndili ndi chisangalalo cholengeza kuti m'busa wachikulire m'baptist wopuma pantchito yayitali , Mr. M., kutsatira zokambirana pafupipafupi ndi awiri a ife (Fanny Lugli ndi ine) tikulowa kwathunthu ndikuwunika mosangalala zowonadi zamtengo wapatali zomwe Mulungu wawona kuti ndizoyenera kutiwululira kudzera mwa mtumiki wake wokondedwa komanso wokhulupirika Russell ".[14] Chaka chomwecho, m'kalata yosiya ntchito yolembedwa mu Meyi 1910 ndi mamembala anayi a Tchalitchi cha Waldensian Evangelical, omwe ndi a Henriette Bounous, a Francois Soulier, a Henry Bouchard ndi a Luoise Vincon Rivoir, palibe, kupatula Bouchard yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Church of Christ", sanagwiritse ntchito dzina lililonse kutanthauzira chipembedzo chatsopano cha Chikhristu, komanso Consistory of the Waldensian Church, pozindikira zakusiya kwa mpingo wa Awadensi wa gulu lomwe limalimbikitsa ziphunzitso za "Mbusa" Russell, samagwiritsa ntchito chilichonse m'ndendemo achipembedzo, ndipo amawasokoneza ndi mamembala amatchalitchi ena: mpingo kuti agwirizane ndi Darbysti, kapena kuti apeze gulu latsopano. (…) Pomwe Louise Vincon Rivoire wadutsa kwa Baptisti m'njira yotsimikizika ".[15] Omenyera ufulu wawo ku Tchalitchi cha Katolika asokoneza otsatira a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, mpaka pomwe nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse idayamba, ndi Chiprotestanti kapena Valdism[16] kapena, monga zolembedwa zina zakale za Awadensi, zomwe zingapatse mpata gululi, ndi mtsogoleri wawo, a Charles Taze Russell, akukakamiza mu 1916 nthumwi zaku Italiya, m'kalata, kuti zidziwike ndi "Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici".[17]

Mu 1914 gululi lidzavutika - monga magulu onse achiRussel padziko lapansi - kukhumudwitsidwa chifukwa cholephera kugwidwa kumwamba, komwe kudzatsogolera gululi, lomwe lidafika pafupifupi otsatira makumi anayi makamaka m'zigwa za Awadensi, kuti atsike mwa okha mamembala khumi ndi asanu. M'malo mwake, monga akunenera 1983 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova (Edition la Chingerezi la 1983):

Mu 1914 Ophunzira Baibulo ena, dzina la Mboni za Yehova pa nthawiyo, ankayembekezera kuti 'adzatengedwa m'mitambo kukakumana ndi Ambuye mumlengalenga' ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ntchito yawo yolalikira yapadziko lapansi yatha. (1 Ates. 4:17) Nkhani ina yomwe inalipo kale inati: “Tsiku lina, ena mwa iwo anapita kumalo kopanda anthu kuti akayembekezere kuti zichitike. Komabe, pomwe palibe chomwe chidachitika, adayenera kubwerera kwawo ali okhumudwa kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, ambiri mwa iwo adataya chikhulupiriro. ”

Pafupifupi anthu 15 anakhalabe okhulupirika, akupitirizabe kupezeka pamisonkhano ndi kuphunzira zofalitsa za Sosaite. Pofotokoza za nthawi imeneyi, M'bale Remigio Cuminetti anati: “M'malo mopatsidwa mphoto yapamwamba, tinalandira nsapato zolimba pantchito yolalikira.”[18]

Gululi lidzadumphadumpha chifukwa chakuti m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe anakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, a Remigio Cuminetti, anali otsatira a Nsanja ya Olonda. Cuminetti, wobadwa mu 1890 ku Piscina, pafupi ndi Pinerolo, m'chigawo cha Turin, adawonetsa "kudzipereka mwachipembedzo" ali mwana, koma atangowerenga ntchito ya Charles Taze Russell, Piano Waku Divin delle Età, akupeza gawo lake lodalirika lauzimu, lomwe adalifunafuna pachabe mu "miyambo" yamatchalitchi aku Roma.[19] Kudzipatula ku Chikatolika kunamupangitsa kuti agwirizane ndi Ophunzira Baibulo a Pinerolo, motero anayamba njira yake yolalikira.

Pakubuka kwa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, Remigio adagwira ntchito pamsonkhano wamisonkhano ya Riv, ku Villar Perosa, m'chigawo cha Turin. Kampaniyo, yomwe imapanga mayendedwe a mpira, imalengezedwa ndi boma la Italy ngati wothandizira pankhondo ndipo chifukwa chake, a Martellini alemba, "gulu lankhondo" lakhazikitsidwa: "ogwira ntchito (...) avala chibangili chodziwika gulu lankhondo laku Italiya lomwe limapereka chilolezo kwa atsogoleri awo ankhondo, koma nthawi yomweyo amapatsidwa mwayi woti asagwire ntchito yankhondo ”.[20] Kwa achichepere ambiri izi ndizopindulitsa kuthawa kutsogolo, koma osati kwa Cuminetti yemwe, kutsatira zomwe Baibulo limanena, amadziwa kuti sayenera kuthandizana, mwanjira iliyonse, pokonzekera nkhondo. Wophunzira Baibulo wachinyamatayo adaganiza zosiya ntchito ndipo, patangopita miyezi yochepa, alandila khadi loyenera kupita patsogolo.

Kukana kuvala yunifolomu kumatsegula mlandu wa Cuminetti ku Khothi Lankhondo la Alexandria, lomwe - monga Alberto Bertone alembera - m'mawu a chigamulochi akuwunikira momveka bwino "zifukwa zomwe chikumbumtima chimakhudzira wotsutsa:" Adakana, akunena kuti Chikhulupiriro cha Khristu chili ndi maziko amtendere pakati pa anthu, ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, womwe (…) monga wokhulupirira wotsimikiza chikhulupiriro sichingathe ndipo sanafune kuvala yunifolomu yomwe ndi chizindikiro cha nkhondo ndipo ndikupha abale ( monga adatchulira adani a dziko lawo) ”.[21] Kutsatira chigamulochi, nkhani yaumunthu ya Cuminetti imadziwa "maulendo wamba amndende" a Gaeta, Regina Coeli ndi Piacenza, omwe amakhala mndende ya Reggio Emilia ndi zoyesayesa zingapo zomuchepetsa kuti amvere, pambuyo pake, asankha "kulowa asitikali ankhondo ngati wonyamula ovulala ”,[22] kuchita zomwe, pambuyo pake, zoletsedwa kwa wachinyamata aliyense wa JW, kapena wogwirizira ntchito yankhondo - ndikupatsidwa mendulo ya siliva yolimba mtima yankhondo, zomwe Cuminetti anakana kuchita zonsezi chifukwa cha "chikondi chachikhristu" -, chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito Kuletsedwa mpaka 1995. Nkhondo itatha, Cuminetti adayambiranso kulalikira, koma pakubwera kwa fascism, a Mboni za Yehova, motsogozedwa ndi OVRA, adakakamizidwa kugwira ntchito mobisa. Adamwalira ku Turin pa Januware 18, 1939.

3. M'zaka za m'ma 1920, ntchito ku Italy idalandira chilimbikitso chatsopano kuchokera kunyumba kwa anthu ambiri omwe adasamukira kudziko la United States, ndipo magulu ang'onoang'ono a JWs adafalikira kumadera osiyanasiyana monga Sondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara ndi Teramo, komabe, monga mu 1914, ndikukhumudwitsidwa poyerekeza ndi 1925, ntchitoyi ikupitilira kuchepa.[23]

Munthawi ya Fascism, ngakhale mtundu wa uthengawo udalalikidwa, okhulupirira mpatuko (monga ena azipembedzo zina zomwe si za Katolika) adazunzidwa. Ulamuliro wa a Mussolini udawona otsatira a Watchtower Society ngati anthu "owopsa kwambiri".[24] Koma sizinali zachilendo ku Italiya: zaka za Rutherford zidadziwika osati kokha pokhazikitsa dzina loti "mboni za Yehova", koma poyambitsa mawonekedwe abungwe loyang'anira ndi kukhazikitsa machitidwe m'mipingo yosiyanasiyana yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito lerolino - yotchedwa "Teokrase" -, komanso mikangano yomwe ikukula pakati pa Watch Tower Society ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo, zomwe zidzatsogolera gululi kuti lizunzidwe osati maulamuliro achi Fascist ndi National Socialist, komanso ndi a Marxist ndi Liberal Democratic.[25]

Ponena za kuzunzidwa kwa a Mboni za Yehova ndi ulamuliro wankhanza wa a Benito Mussolini, a Watchtower Society, a Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, patsamba 162 la m'Chitaliyana, inati “anthu ena amene anali atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika anathandiza kwambiri kuti Mboni za Yehova zizunzidwe mwankhanza.” Koma wolemba mbiri Giorgio Rochat, wachikhulupiriro Chachipolotesitanti komanso wodziwika kuti amatsutsana ndi fascist, akuti:

M'malo mwake, wina sangalankhule zotsutsana ndi achiprotestanti zomwe zimakhumudwitsidwa ndi Akatolika, omwe, ngakhale kuti amatsutsa kukhalapo kwa mipingo yaulaliki, anali ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana potengera mitundu isanu yayikulu: madera ozungulira ( …); kusiyanasiyana kwamphamvu ndi kupambana pakulalikira kwaulaliki; zisankho za ansembe a parishi payokha komanso atsogoleri am'deralo (…); ndipo pamapeto pake kupezeka kwa boma loyambirira komanso la fascist.[26]

Rochat akuti ponena za "kugwiridwa kwakukulu kwa OVRA" pakati chakumapeto kwa 1939 mpaka koyambirira kwa 1940, "kusowa kwachilendo kwa kusokonezedwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwa Akatolika pakufufuza konse, kutsimikizira kuchepa kwa a Mboni za Yehova m'malo omwe akukhala komanso malingaliro kuponderezedwa kwawo ”.[27] Tchalitchichi chidawakakamiza kuti azitsutsana ndi zipembedzo zonse zachikhristu zosakhala Chikatolika (osati okhulupirira ochepa okha a Watchtower, pafupifupi 150 ku Italy konse), koma kwa a Mboni, amachititsanso kuti awonongeke ndi alaliki. M'malo mwake, kuyambira 1924, kabuku kakuti L'Ecclesiasticismo mu istato d'accusa (kope laku Italiya Atsogoleri achipembedzo Amatsutsidwa, chitsutso chiwerengedwe pamsonkhano wachigawo wa 1924 ku Columbus, Ohio) Malinga ndi Yearbook ya 1983, patsamba. 130, "chiweruzo chowopsa" kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo Katolika, makope 100,000 adagawidwa ku Italy ndipo a Mboni adayesetsa kuchita zonse zomwe angathe kuti Papa ndi Vatican azilandira buku limodzi aliyense. Remigio Cuminetti, woyang'anira ntchito ya kampani, m'kalata yopita kwa Joseph F. Rutherford, yofalitsidwa mu La Torre di Guardia (Lolemba lachi Italiya) Novembala 1925, tsamba 174, 175, limalemba za kapepala kotsutsa:

Titha kunena kuti zonse zidayenda bwino molingana ndi chilengedwe chakuda "[mwachitsanzo, Katolika, ed] momwe tikukhalamo; m'malo awiri kufupi ndi Roma komanso mumzinda wapagombe la Adriatic abale athu adayimitsidwa ndikuti mapepala omwe adamupeza adagwidwa, chifukwa lamuloli limafuna chilolezo chololeza kugawira buku lililonse, pomwe sitinapemphe chilolezo podziwa kuti tili ndi Ulamuliro Wamkulu [mwachitsanzo Yehova ndi Yesu, kudzera mu Nsanja ya Olonda, ed]. Adapanga kudabwitsidwa, kudabwitsidwa, kufuula, ndipo koposa zonse kukwiya pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi anzawo, koma monga tikudziwira, palibe amene adalimba mtima kufalitsa mawu otsutsana nawo, ndipo kuchokera pano titha kuwona zambiri kuti zomwe akunenazo ndi zowona.

Palibe buku lomwe lidasindikizidwa kwambiri ku Italy, komabe tikuzindikira kuti sikokwanira. Ku Roma zikadakhala zofunikira kuti abweretsenso zochuluka kuti zidziwike mchaka choyera ichi [Cuminetti amatanthauza Jubilee ya Katolika mu 1925, ed.] Yemwe ndi bambo woyera komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo, koma pa izi sitinathandizidwe ndi European Central Office [ya Nsanja ya Olonda, ed] yomwe pempholi lidakwezedwa kuyambira Januware watha. Mwina nthawi sinakwanebe ya Ambuye.

Cholinga cha msonkhanowu chinali chokwiyitsa, ndipo sichinali chokhacho pakulalikira kwa Baibulo, koma ankakonda kuwukira Akatolika, makamaka mumzinda wa Roma, komwe papa ali, pomwe kunali Jubilee, kwa Akatolika Chaka chokhululukidwa machimo, chiyanjanitso, kutembenuka mtima ndi sakramenti la kulapa, zomwe sizopatsa ulemu kapena kusamala kugawa, zomwe zimawoneka kuti zidapangidwa ndicholinga chodzikopa, chifukwa cholinga cha kampeni, malinga ndi Cuminetti, kuti "adziwitse mchaka chino choyera yemwe ndi bambo woyera komanso atsogoleri achipembedzo odziwika kwambiri".

Ku Italy, kuyambira 1927-1928, pozindikira kuti a JWs ngati kuvomereza ku US komwe kungasokoneze kukhulupirika kwa Kingdom of Italy, apolisi adatolera zambiri zamatsenga akunja kudzera pamaukonde a kazembe.[28] Monga gawo la kufufuzaku, likulu lonse la Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ku Brooklyn ndi nthambi ya Berne, yomwe imayang'anira, mpaka 1946, ntchito ya a JWs ku Italy, idayendera ndi nthumwi za apolisi achi Fascist.[29]

Ku Italy, onse omwe adalandira zofalitsa za mpingo adzalembetsedwa ndipo mu 1930 kuyambitsa gawo laku Italiya la magazini Consolation (kenako Galamukani!) Adaletsedwa. Mu 1932 ofesi yachinsinsi ya Watch Tower inatsegulidwa ku Milan, pafupi ndi Switzerland, kuti igwirizane ndi madera ang'onoang'ono, omwe ngakhale panali zoletsedwa sanasiye kuchitapo kanthu: kupondereza wolamulira mwankhanza ku Italiya anali malipoti a OVRA zidanenedwa kuti a JWs adalingalira "zoyambira za Duce ndi Fascism za Mdyerekezi". Zofalitsa za bungweli, m'malo mongolalikira za Uthenga Wabwino wa Khristu zidafalitsa ziwopsezo ku boma la Mussolini lolembedwa ku United States mosiyana ndi azipani zotsutsa-fascist, akumafotokoza Mussolini ngati chidole cha atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika komanso boma ngati " clerical-fascist ”, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti Rutherford samadziwa zandale zaku Italiya, mtundu wa Fascism komanso mikangano ndi Chikatolika, polankhula momveka bwino:

Amati Mussolini samakhulupirira aliyense, kuti alibe bwenzi lenileni, kuti samakhululukira mdani. Poopa kuti ataya mphamvu ndi anthu, adalimbikira. (…) Cholinga cha a Mussolini ndikukhala wankhondo wamkulu ndikulamulira dziko lonse mokakamiza. Gulu la Roma Katolika, likugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi iye, limachirikiza chikhumbo chake. Pamene ankamenya nkhondo yolimbana ndi a Negro osauka aku Abyssinia, pomwe miyoyo masauzande ambiri idaperekedwa nsembe, papa ndi gulu Lachikatolika adamuthandiza, ndipo "adadalitsa" zida zake zakupha. Lero wolamulira mwankhanza ku Italy akuyesera kukakamiza abambo ndi amai kuti abereke mwa kugona, kuti apange amuna ochulukirapo kuti aperekedwe nsembe pankhondo zamtsogolo ndipo nawonso amathandizidwa ndi papa. (...) Anali mtsogoleri wa a fascists, Mussolini, yemwe panthawi ya nkhondo yapadziko lonse adatsutsa apapa kuzindikiridwa ngati mphamvu yakanthawi, ndipo ndi yemweyo yemwe adapereka mu 1929 kuti papa apezenso mphamvu zapanthawi, kuyambira pamenepo kunamveka kwambiri kuti papa anali kufunafuna mpando mu League of Nations, ndipo izi chifukwa adatengera njira yochenjera, kupeza mpando kumbuyo kwa "chirombo" chonsecho ndipo conga chonse chimakhala pansi pamapazi ake, wokonzeka kupsompsona chala chake chakumapazi.[30]

Pa masamba 189 ndi 296 a buku lomweli Rutherford adalimbikitsanso kufufuzidwa koyenera nkhani zoseketsa kwambiri: "Boma la United States lili ndi Director General wa Post Office omwe ndi Roma Katolika ndipo, wa ku Vatican (…) Wothandizira ku Vatican ndiwowonera mwamawonekedwe wankhanza wamafilimu amakanema, ndipo amavomereza ziwonetsero zomwe zikukweza dongosolo la Katolika, kumasuka pakati pa amuna ndi akazi komanso milandu yambiri. ” Kwa Rutherford, Papa Pius XI anali wotsutsa omwe anasuntha zingwezo pogwiritsa ntchito Hitler ndi Mussolini! Chinyengo cha a Rutherford chokhala ndi mphamvu zonse chimafika pachimake pomwe zanenedwa, pa p. 299, kuti "The Kingdom (…) yolengezedwa ndi Mboni za Yehova, ndiye chinthu chokha chomwe masiku ano chikuwopedwadi ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lachiroma Katolika." M'kabukuka Fascismo kapena libertà (Fascism kapena ufulu), wa 1939, patsamba 23, 24 ndi 30, akuti:

Kodi ndi zoipa kufalitsa zoona zake za gulu la zigawenga zomwe zimaba anthu? ” Ayi! Ndiyeno, mwina ndi koipa kufalitsa zoona zake zokhudza gulu lachipembedzo [lachikatolika] lomwe limachita zachinyengo mofananamo? […] Olamulira mwankhanza achi Fascist ndi a Nazi, mothandizidwa ndi mgwirizano ndi olamulira akuluakulu a Roma Katolika omwe amakhala mu Vatican City, akubweretsa pansi kontinenti ya Europe. Adzakhalanso okhoza, kwakanthawi kochepa, kuti alamulire Ufumu waku Britain ndi America, koma ndiye, malinga ndi zomwe Mulungu Mwiniwake walengeza, Iye alowererapo ndipo kudzera mwa Khristu Yesu… Adzawonongeratu mabungwe onsewa.

Rutherford adzabwera kudzaneneratu kupambana kwa chipani cha Nazi-Fascists pa Anglo-America mothandizidwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika! Ndi mawu amtunduwu, omasuliridwa kuchokera m'malemba olembedwa ku United States ndipo boma liziwona ngati zosokoneza zakunja, kuponderezana kuyambika: pamalingaliro oti aponyedwe m'ndende komanso pamalangizo ena, chilango chidapezeka ndi mawu akuti " Ndinatenga malamulo mwa iye yekha Mutu wa Boma ”kapena" Ndidalamula kuchokera ku Duce ", ndi maina oyamba a Chief of Police Arturo Bocchini ngati chizindikiro chovomerezera pempholi. Mussolini kenako adatsata mwachindunji ntchito zonse zopondereza, ndipo adalamula OVRA, kuti igwirizane ndi kufufuzidwa kwa ma JW aku Italiya. Kusaka kwakukulu, komwe kunakhudza carabinieri ndi apolisi, kunachitika pambuyo pa kalata yozungulira ayi. 441/027713 ya pa Ogasiti 22, 1939 yotchedwa «Sette religiose dei" Pentekoste "ed altre» ("Amagawanitsa zipembedzo za" Achipentekoste "ndi ena") zomwe zipangitsa apolisi kuti awaphatikizire m'gulu lomwe "tAmapita kudera lachipembedzo mosamalitsa ndikulowetsa ndale ndipo chifukwa chake amayenera kulingaliridwa mofanana ndi zipani zandale, zomwe, zowonetserako zina mwazinthu zina, ndizoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa, potsatira malingaliro achipembedzo a anthu, omwe ndi ozama kwambiri kuposa malingaliro andale, amawakakamiza kukhala opitilira muyeso, pafupifupi nthawi zonse amatsutsa malingaliro ndi malingaliro aliwonse. ”

Patangotha ​​milungu ingapo, anthu pafupifupi 300 anafunsidwa mafunso, kuphatikizapo anthu amene analembetsa kuti azilandira magazini a Nsanja Olonda basi. Pafupifupi amuna ndi akazi 150 adamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa, kuphatikiza 26 omwe adagwira ntchito yayikulu, omwe adatumizidwa ku Khothi Lapadera, kuti akhale m'ndende kuyambira zaka zosachepera 2 mpaka 11, pazaka zonse 186 ndi miyezi 10 (chilango no. 50 ya Epulo 19, 1940), ngakhale poyambilira akuluakulu achifasistasi adasokoneza ma JWs ndi Apentekoste, nawonso omwe adazunzidwa ndi boma: pafupifupi nthawi zonse wolemba wina JF Rutherford ”.[31]

Zozungulira zina za mtumiki, ayi. 441/02977 pa Marichi 3, 1940, adazindikira omwe adazunzidwa mayina awo pamutuwu: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religiose i cui principi sono in conto con con nostra istituzione» ("Gulu lachipembedzo la 'Mboni za Yehova' kapena 'Ophunzira Baibulo' ndi magulu ena achipembedzo omwe ali ndi mfundo zawo kutsutsana ndi bungwe lathu ”). Zoyang'anira za minisitala zidalankhula za: kuti kulembedwa kwa zomwe zidasindikizidwa kale muzolemba zomwe zatchulidwazi pa August 22, 1939 N. 441/027713 ziyenera kunenedweratu kuti, siziyenera kupereka lingaliro loti kagulu ka 'Achipentekoste' kalibe vuto lililonse pankhani zandale (...) gulu ili liyenera kuonedwa kuti ndi loopsa, ngakhale pang'ono pang'ono kuposa gulu la 'Mboni za Yehova' ”. "Malingalirowa akuwonetsedwa kuti ndi Chikhristu chenicheni - akupitiliza wamkulu wa apolisi Arturo Bocchini mu zozungulira -, ndi matanthauzidwe opanda tanthauzo a Baibulo ndi Mauthenga Abwino. Makamaka, pazosindikizidwa izi, olamulira amtundu uliwonse waboma, capitalism, ufulu wofalitsa nkhondo ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo china chilichonse, kuyambira ndi Akatolika ”.[32]

Mwa ma JW aku Italiya munalinso wozunzidwa ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu, Narciso Riet. Mu 1943, pamene boma la Fascism linagwa, a Mboni omwe anaweruzidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu anatulutsidwa m'ndende. A Maria Pizzato, omwe ndi a Mboni za Yehova omwe atulutsidwa kumene, adalumikizana ndi a Narciso Riet, omwe amapembedzanso ku Germany, obwerera kwawo kuchokera ku Germany, omwe anali ndi chidwi chamasuliridwe ndi kufalitsa nkhani zazikulu za Nsanja ya Olonda , ndikuthandizira kufalitsa mwachinsinsi ku Italy. Anazi, mothandizidwa ndi achikunja, adapeza nyumba ya Riet ndipo adamumanga. Pakumva kwa Novembala 23, 1944 ku Khothi Lachilungamo la Anthu ku Berlin, Riet adaitanidwa kuti akaweruzidwe "chifukwa chophwanya malamulo achitetezo adziko lonse". "Kuphedwa" kunaperekedwa kwa iye. Malinga ndi zomwe oweruza adalemba, m'modzi mwamakalata omaliza kwa abale ake ku Hitler Germany Riet akanati: "Palibe dziko lina lapadziko lapansi lino lomwe mzimu wachisatana ukuonekera kwambiri mdziko la Nazi (...) Kodi nkhanza zowopsa zitha kufotokozedwa komanso ziwawa zazikulu, zomwe sizinachitikepo m'mbiri ya anthu a Mulungu, zomwe a Nazi amazunza a Mboni za Yehova komanso anthu mamiliyoni ambiri? ” Riet adasamutsidwira ku Dachau ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe ndi chilango chomwe adapereka ku Berlin pa Novembala 29, 1944.[33]

4. Joseph F. Rutherford anamwalira mu 1942 ndipo analowa m'malo mwake Nathan H. Knorr. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi kuyambira 1939 motsogozedwa ndi Rutherford ndi Knorr, otsatira a Mboni za Yehova anali ndi udindo wokana kulowa usilikali chifukwa kuvomereza kunkawoneka kuti sikugwirizana ndi miyezo yachikhristu. Ntchito ya Mboni za Yehova italetsedwa ku Germany ndi ku Italy pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, a Watchtower Society adatha kupitiriza kupereka "chakudya chauzimu" monga magazini, timapepala, ndi zina zambiri kuchokera kulikulu lawo ku Switzerland. kwa a Mboni ochokera kumayiko ena ku Europe. Likulu la kampaniyi ku Switzerland linali lofunika kwambiri popeza linali mdziko lokhalo ku Europe lomwe silinkachita nawo zankhondo, popeza dziko la Switzerland lakhala likulowerera ndale. Komabe, pamene ma JW ambiri aku Switzerland adazengedwa ndikuwapeza olakwa chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali, zinthu zidayamba kukhala zowopsa. M'malo mwake, ngati, chifukwa chazikhulupirirozi, akuluakulu aku Switzerland aletsa a JWs, ntchito yosindikiza ndi kufalitsa imatha kutha ndipo, koposa zonse, zinthu zomwe zidasamutsidwa posachedwa ku Switzerland, zikadalandidwa monga 'zidachitika m'maiko ena. A Swiss JWs adatsutsidwa ndi atolankhani kuti anali mgulu lomwe limasokoneza kukhulupirika kwa nzika zankhondo. Zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri kwakuti, mu 1940, asirikali analanda nthambi ya Bern ya Watch Tower ndikulanda mabuku onse. Oyang'anira nthambi adatengeredwa kukhothi lankhondo ndipo padali pachiwopsezo chachikulu kuti gulu lonse la JWs ku Switzerland liletsedwe.

Kenako maloya a Sosaite adalangiza kuti pakalankhulidwe pomwe akuti a JWs alibe chilichonse chotsutsana ndi asirikali ndipo sakufuna kupeputsa kuvomerezeka kwawo mwanjira iliyonse. M'kope la Switzerland la Trost (Consolation, tsopano Mtolankhani wa Galamukani!ya pa Okutobala 1, 1943 kenako idasindikiza "Declaration", kalata yopita kwa akuluakulu aku Switzerland onena kuti "palibe nthawi iliyonse [a Mboni] omwe adawona kukwaniritsidwa kwa zomwe akukakamizidwa kukhala asitikali ngati kuphwanya mfundo ndi zikhumbo za Association a Mboni za Yehova. ” Kalatayi inatsimikizira kuti iwo ali ndi chikhulupiriro cholimba.[34]

Zomwe zanenedwazi zidasindikizidwanso pang'ono ndikudzudzulidwa m'buku lolembedwa ndi a Janine Tavernier, Purezidenti wakale wa bungwe lolimbana ndi nkhanza za magulu ampatuko ADFI, yemwe akuwona mu chikalata ichi "kusuliza",[35] poganizira malingaliro odziwika bwino a Watchtower pantchito yankhondo komanso zomwe zimachitika ku fascist Italy kapena madera a Reich yachitatu panthawiyo, popeza mbali imodzi Switzerland idakhala yopanda ndale, koma malingaliro a utsogoleri wa gululi, omwe anali atayesetsa kale kuti agwirizane ndi Adolf Hitler mu 1933, sanadandaule konse kudziwa ngati boma lomwe likufuna kukwaniritsidwa kwa udindo wankhondo linali pankhondo kapena ayi; nthawi yomweyo a Mboni za Yehova aku Germany adaphedwa chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali ndipo aku Italiya adakakhala kundende kapena kuthamangitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro a nthambi yaku Switzerland akuwoneka ovuta, ngakhale, sizinali zina koma kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi yomwe atsogoleri a gululi akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwakanthawi, yomwe ndi "chiphunzitso chankhondo chateokalase",[36] malinga ndi zomwe "kuli koyenera kuti tisadziwitse choonadi kwa iwo omwe alibe ufulu wodziwa",[37] kupatsidwa kuti kwa iwo bodza ndilo "Kunena zabodza kwa iwo omwe ali ndi ufulu wodziwa chowonadi, ndikuchita izi ndi cholinga chomunyenga kapena kumuvulaza kapena wina".[38] Mu 1948, pomenya nkhondo, purezidenti wotsatira wa Sosaite, a Nathan H. Knorr, adatsutsa izi monga zafotokozedwera. La Torre di Guardia ya May 15, 1948, tsamba 156, 157:

Kwa zaka zingapo chiŵerengero cha ofalitsa ku Switzerland sichinasinthe, ndipo ichi chinasiyana ndi chiŵerengero chachikulu cha ofalitsa m’chiŵerengero chowonjezeka chimene chinachitika m’maiko ena. Sanatenge gawo lolimba komanso losatsutsika poyera kuti athe kudzizindikiritsa kuti ndi Akhristu enieni a m'Baibulo. Imeneyi inali nkhani yayikulu yokhudza kusalowerera ndale komwe kuyenera kuchitidwa pazochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso mikangano, komanso kutsutsana [?] Kwa omenyera ufulu wawo omwe amakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo, komanso pankhani yokhudza udindo womwe akuyenera kukhala atumiki enieni a uthenga wokonzedweratu ndi Mulungu.

Mwachitsanzo, mu kope la October 1, 1943 la Trost (Kusindikiza kwa Switzerland kwa Consolation), yomwe idawonekera panthawi yankhondo yayitali yapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe ndale zaku Switzerland zidawoneka ngati zikuwopsezedwa, ofesi yaku Switzerland idayamba kugwira ntchito yofalitsa Chidziwitso, chikalata chake chidati: "Mwa anzathu mazana [Germany: Mitglieder] ndi abwenzi m'chikhulupiriro [Glauberfreunde] achita ntchito zawo zankhondo ndipo akuwapatsabe mpaka pano. ” Mawu okometsawa adasokoneza ku Switzerland komanso madera ena a France.

Atawombera m'manja, M'bale Knorr mopanda mantha sanatsutse mawuwo chifukwa sankaimira malingaliro a Sosaite komanso sanali ogwirizana ndi mfundo zachikhristu zomwe zafotokozedwa momveka bwino m'Baibulo. Nthawi inali itakwana yoti abale aku Switzerland apereke zifukwa pamaso pa Mulungu ndi Khristu, ndipo, poyankha pempho la M'bale Knorr loti adziwonetse, abale ambiri adakweza manja awo kuloza kwa owonerera onse kuti akuchotsa chilolezo chomwe adapatsidwa chilengezochi mu 1943 ndipo sanafune kupitilirabe kuchirikiza mwanjira iliyonse.

"Chidziwitso" sichinaperekedwenso m'kalata yochokera ku French Society, komwe sikuti kudalirika kwa Chidziwitso imadziwika, koma pomwe zovuta za chikalatachi zikuwonekera, mukudziwa bwino kuti zitha kuwononga; akufuna kuti chikhalebe chachinsinsi ndipo akuganizira zokambirana zina ndi munthu amene adafunsa mafunso za chikalatachi, monga umboni wa malingaliro awiri omwe adauza wotsatirayu:

Tikukupemphani, komabe, kuti musapereke "Chidziwitso" ichi m'manja mwa adani a chowonadi ndipo makamaka kuti musalole mafotokopi ake chifukwa cha mfundo zomwe zalembedwa pa Mateyu 7: 6; 10:16. Popanda kufuna kukayikira zolinga za munthu yemwe mumamuyendera komanso mwanzeru, timakonda kuti asakhale ndi "Chidziwitso" ichi kuti apewe kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika motsutsana ndi chowonadi. (…) Tikuwona kuti nkoyenera kuti mkulu apite nanu kukachezera njonda iyi poganizira mbali yosokonekera komanso yaminga ya zokambiranazi.[39]

Komabe, ngakhale zili ndi zomwe zatchulidwazi "Chidziwitso", a 1987 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehovayolembedwa m'mbiri ya Mboni za Yehova ku Switzerland, inanena za tsamba 156 [tsamba 300 la m'Chitaliyana, ed] za nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. usilikali. (Yes. 2: 2-4; Aroma 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2). ”

Mlandu wokhudzana ndi "Declaration" iyi yaku Switzerland watchulidwa m'buku la Sylvie Graffard ndi Léo Tristan lotchedwa Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme - 1933-1945, m'kope lake lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Kutulutsa koyamba kwa voliyumu iyi, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu 1994, idamasuliridwa m'Chitaliyana ndi mutuwo Ine Bibleforscher ndi nazismo. (1943-1945) Ine dimenticati dalla Storia, lofalitsidwa ndi nyumba yosindikiza ya Parisian Editions Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, ndipo kugula kunalimbikitsidwa pakati pa a JWs aku Italiya, omwe adzawagwiritse ntchito mzaka zotsatirazi ngati gwero kunja kwa gululi kuti anene kuzunza koopsa komwe Anazi adachita. Koma kutatha kutulutsa koyamba, palibe zomwe zidasinthidwa zomwe zidatulutsidwa. Olemba bukuli, pakulemba kope lachisanu ndi chimodzi, alandila yankho kuchokera kwa akuluakulu aku Switzerland aku geo-visual, omwe timatchulapo zina mwamalemba, patsamba 53 ndi 54:

Mu 1942 panali kuzenga mlandu kodziwika bwino motsutsana ndi atsogoleri a ntchitoyi. Chotsatira? Zokambirana zachikhristu za omwe akuwamasulirazo sizinadziwike pang'ono ndipo ena amadziimba mlandu chifukwa chokana kulowa usilikali. Zotsatira zake zinali zakuti ntchito ya Mboni za Yehova ku Switzerland inali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chomwe boma linaletsa. Zikadakhala choncho, a Mboni akadataya ofesi yomaliza yomwe ikugwirabe ntchito ku Europe. Izi zikanawopseza kwambiri thandizo kwa a Mboni othawa kwawo ochokera kumayiko olamulidwa ndi Nazi komanso zoyeserera zobisika m'malo mwa omwe akuzunzidwa ku Germany.

Ndi pankhani yodabwitsa iyi yomwe maloya a Mboni, kuphatikiza loya wodziwika bwino wa Social Democratic Party a Johannes Huber aku St. Gallen, adalimbikitsa akuluakulu aku Beteli kuti apereke chikalata chothetsa miseche. Yakhazikitsidwa motsutsana ndi Msonkhano wa Mboni za Yehova. Zolemba za "Chidziwitso" zidakonzedwa ndi loya uyu, koma zidasainidwa ndikusindikizidwa ndi akuluakulu a Association. "Chidziwitso" chinali ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino komanso mawu onse. Mwina zidathandizira kupewa chiletso.

"Komabe, mawu mu" Chidziwitso "kuti" mazana a mamembala athu ndi abwenzi "adakwaniritsa ndikupitiliza kuchita" ntchito zawo zankhondo "adangofotokoza mwachidule zovuta zenizeni. Mawu oti "abwenzi" amatanthauza anthu osabatizidwa, kuphatikiza amuna omwe si Mboni omwe anali kuchita nawo ntchito yankhondo. Ponena za "mamembala", anali magulu awiri a abale. Poyamba, panali a Mboni amene anakana kulowa usilikali ndipo anaweruzidwa kuti awapatse chilango chokhwima. "Chidziwitso" sichitchula iwo. M'chiwiri, munali a Mboni ambiri amene analowa usilikali.

"Pachifukwa ichi, mbali ina yofunikira iyenera kuzindikiridwa. Akuluakulu atatsutsana ndi a Mboni, adanenetsa kuti dziko la Switzerland sililowerera ndale, kuti dziko la Switzerland silingayambitse nkhondo, ndikuti kudzitchinjiriza sikukuphwanya mfundo zachikhristu. Mfundo yomalizirayi sinali yolakwa kwa a Mboni. Chifukwa chake kusaloŵerera m'ndale kwadziko lonse lapansi kwa Mboni za Yehova kunabisika chifukwa cha "ndale" zaku Switzerland. Maumboni a mamembala athu achikulire omwe amakhala nthawi imeneyo amatsimikizira izi: zikadzachitika kuti Switzerland idalowa nawo nkhondo, omwe adalembetsa adatsimikiza mtima kusiya gulu lankhondo ndikukhala nawo pagulu la omwe akukana. […]

Tsoka ilo, pofika 1942, kulumikizana ndi likulu la padziko lonse la Mboni za Yehova kunali kutadulidwa. Anthu omwe amayang'anira ntchito ku Switzerland sanakhale ndi mwayi wofunsira kuti alandire upangiri woyenera. Zotsatira zake, pakati pa a Mboni ku Switzerland, ena adasankha kukana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo ndikukana kulowa usilikali, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti aponyedwe m'ndende, pomwe ena amaganiza kuti kugwira ntchito yankhondo, m'dziko lomwe silimenya nkhondo, sikunagwirizane ndi chikhulupiriro.

“Kusamvetseka kwa a Mboni ku Switzerland sikunali kovomerezeka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, nkhondo itangotha ​​ndipo nthawi yolumikizana ndi likulu lonse lapansi, funsolo lidadzutsidwa. Mbonizo zinalankhula poyera za manyazi omwe "Chidziwitso" chinawachititsa. Ndizosangalatsanso kudziwa kuti chigamulo chovutikachi chidadzudzulidwa pagulu ndi Purezidenti wa World Association of Jehovah's Witnesses, MNH Knorr, ndikuti mu 1947, pamsonkhano womwe unachitikira ku Zurich […]

“Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kwakhala kukuwonekera kwa a Mboni onse aku Switzerland kuti kusalowerera ndale kwachikhristu kumatanthauza kupewa kulumikizana kulikonse ndi gulu lankhondo ladziko, ngakhale Switzerland ipitilizabe kunena kuti salowerera ndale. […]

Chifukwa cha kulengeza kumeneku, ndichachidziwikire: bungweli lidayenera kuteteza ofesi yomaliza yomaliza ku Europe yozunguliridwa ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu (mu 1943 ngakhale kumpoto kwa Italy adzaukiridwa ndi Ajeremani, omwe adzakhazikitsa Italy Social Republic, ngati chidole cha boma cha fascist). Mawuwa anali osokonekera mwadala; pangani akuluakulu aku Switzerland kuti akhulupirire kuti a Mboni za Yehova omwe amakana kulowa usilikali akuchita izi mwa kufuna kwawo osati chifukwa chazipembedzo zawo, ndikuti "mazana" a JW akuchita ntchito yankhondo, zabodza malinga ndi zomwe ananena 1987 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, yomwe inati “a Mboni za Yehova ambiri anakana kulowa usilikali."[40] Chifukwa chake, wolemba wa Chidziwitso aphatikizira osanenapo amuna "osakhulupirira" okwatiwa ndi akazi achikazi a JW komanso ofufuza osabatizidwa - omwe samawerengedwa kuti ndi a Mboni za Yehova malinga ndi chiphunzitso - ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndi a Mboni za Yehova owona.

Udindo wa lemba ili ndi munthu wakunja kwa chipembedzo, pankhaniyi loya wa Watchtower. Komabe, ngati tikufuna kuyerekezera, tazindikira kuti chinthu chomwecho chinali chimodzimodzi ndi "Chidziwitso cha Zoona" cha Juni 1933, cholankhulidwa kwa wolamulira mwankhanza wa Nazi, Hitler, yemwe mawu ake anali ndi mbali zotsutsana ndi achi Semiti, kunena kuti Wolemba anali Paul Balzereit, wamkulu wa magazini ya Magdeburg, womenyedweratu mu 1974 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova ngati wotsutsa pazomwe zikuyenda,[41] koma atangolemba olemba mbiri, a James James Penton omwe ali kutsogolo adalumikizana ndi olemba ena, monga wakale waku JWs Achille Aveta ndi Sergio Pollina, amvetsetsa kuti wolemba nkhaniyo anali a Joseph Rutherford, kuwonetsa a JWs aku Germany ali ofunitsitsa kubwera mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Hitler wosonyeza kukondera komweko kwa Nazi ku United States ndi magulu achiyuda ku New York.[42] Nthawi zonse, ngakhale italembedwa ndi m'modzi wa maloya awo, akuluakulu aku Switzerland a bungwe la Watchtower ndiomwe adasainira lembalo. Chodzikhululukira chokha ndichakuti, chifukwa chankhondo, ndi likulu lapadziko lonse ku Brooklyn mu Okutobala 1942, komanso anthu omwe sanagwirizane nawo mu 1947.[43] Ngakhale zili zowona kuti izi zimachotsera akuluakulu aku America pachipembedzo cha zaka chikwi, izi sizimawalepheretsa kumvetsetsa kuti akuluakulu aku Switzerland aku Switzerland, ngakhale ali ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, adagwiritsa ntchito njira yosakondera popewa kunyozedwa ndi olamulira aku Switzerland pomwe anali ku fascist Italy kapena Nazi Germany ndi madera ena ambiri padziko lapansi ambiri azipembedzo anzawo adathera m'ndende kapena kupolisi, kapena kuwombeledwa kapena kuphedwa ndi ma SS kuti asalephere lamulo loti asatenge zida.

5. Zaka zotsatira utsogoleri wa Rutherford zadziwika ndi kukonzanso kukambirana kwakanthawi kochepa ndi kampaniyo. Zovuta zamakhalidwe, zolumikizidwa makamaka pantchito yabanja, zikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo malingaliro osayanjanitsika ndi dziko lozungulira adzalowa mu JWs, m'malo mwa udani wowonekera pamagulu, omwe akuwonedwa pansi pa Rutherford ngakhale ku fascist Italy.[44]

Kukhala ndi banja lachifaniziro chofewa kumathandizira kukula kwapadziko lonse komwe kudzaonekera m'chigawo chonse chachiwiri cha zaka makumi awiri, zomwe zikufanana ndi kukulitsa kwamanambala kwa ma JW omwe amachokera ku 180,000 mamembala achangu mu 1947 mpaka 8.6 miliyoni (data ya 2020), kuchuluka kudakwera m'zaka 70. Koma kudalirana kwa ma JWs kudakondedwa ndi kusintha kwachipembedzo komwe kudayambitsidwa mu 1942 ndi Purezidenti wachitatu a Nathan H. Knorr, komwe ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa "koleji yaumishonale ya anthu, Watchtower Bible School of Gilead",[45] poyambirira Watchtower Bible University of Gilead, yomwe idabadwira kuphunzitsa amishonale komanso atsogoleri amtsogolo ndikufutukula gulu lonse lapansi[46] pambuyo chiyembekezo china chowopsya chatsalira papepala.

Ku Italy, kugwa kwa boma la fascist komanso kutha kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ntchito ya a JWs iyambiranso pang'onopang'ono. Chiwerengero cha ofalitsa okangalika chinali chotsika kwambiri, 120 okha malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaboma, koma molamulidwa ndi purezidenti wa Watch Tower Knorr, yemwe kumapeto kwa 1945 adapita ku nthambi ya Switzerland ndi mlembi Milton G. Henschel, komwe ntchitoyi inali yolumikizidwa ku Italy, nyumba yaying'ono idzagulidwa ku Milan, kudzera ku Vegezio 20, kuyang'anira mipingo 35 yaku Italiya.[47] Kuchulukitsa ntchito mdziko lachikatolika pomwe munthawi ya Fascist atsogoleri achipembedzo adatsutsa ma JWs ndi miyambo yachiprotestanti powalumikiza molakwika ndi "chikominisi",[48] Watch Tower Society idzatumiza amishonale angapo ochokera ku United States ku Italy. Mu 1946 m'mishonale woyamba wa JW adafika, waku Italiya-waku America a George Fredianelli, ndipo angapo adzatsatira, kufikira 33 mu 1949. Kukhazikika kwawo, komabe, sikungakhale kosavuta, ndipo zomwezi ndizomwe zimachitikira amishonale ena Achiprotestanti, alaliki ndi -Akatolika.

Kuti timvetsetse momwe zimakhalira maubale pakati pa boma la Italiya, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi amishonale osiyanasiyana aku America, mbali zosiyanasiyana ziyenera kuwonedwa: mbali imodzi kumayiko ena komanso mbali ina, kuchitapo kanthu kwachikatolika pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Pachiyambi pomwe, Italy idasainirana pangano lamtendere ndi omwe adapambana mu 1947 pomwe mphamvu idadziwika, United States, momwe Chiprotestanti cha evangelical chinali champhamvu pachikhalidwe, koma koposa zonse ndale, ndendende pomwe panali kusiyana pakati pa akhristu amakono ndi "New Evangelicalism" ”Ochita zachikhazikitso atabadwa National Association of Evangelicals (1942), Fuller Seminary for Missionaries (1947) ndi Chikhristu Lerolino magazine (1956), kapena kutchuka kwa m'busa wa Baptist Billy Graham ndi nkhondo zake zomwe zingalimbikitse lingaliro loti kulimbana kwandale polimbana ndi USSR kunali kwamtundu "wovuta",[49] chifukwa chake chilimbikitso chakufalitsa uthenga wabwino. Pamene Watch Tower Society imapanga Watchtower Bible School of Gilead, alaliki aku America, pambuyo pa Pax America komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo zochulukirapo, akulimbikitsa maiko akunja, kuphatikiza ku Italy.[50]

Zonsezi ziyenera kukhala gawo lolimbikitsa kudalirana kwa Italy ndi America ndi Pangano laubwenzi, malonda ndi kuyenda pakati pa Republic of Italy ndi United States of America, zomwe zidasainidwa ku Roma pa 2 February 1948 ndikuvomerezedwa ndi Law no. 385 ya Juni 18, 1949 wolemba James Dunn, kazembe waku America ku Roma, ndi Carlo Sforza, nduna yakunja ya boma la De Gasperi.

Lamulo ayi. 385 la 18 June 1949, lofalitsidwa mu zowonjezera za Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("Kalata Yovomerezeka ya Republic of Italy ”) ayi. 157 la 12 Julayi 1949, adazindikira mwayi womwe United States idasangalalako makamaka popita ku Italy makamaka pankhani yazachuma, monga zaluso. 1, ayi. 2, yomwe imanena kuti nzika za Maphwando Osewerera Ali Ndi Ufulu Wogwiritsa Ntchito Ufulu Ndi Maudindo M'madera a Party Yaikulu Yopikisana, popanda zosokoneza zilizonse, ndikutsatira Malamulo ndi Malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito, pansi pazifukwa zochepa zabwino kwa iwo omwe apatsidwa pano kapena omwe adzaperekedwe mtsogolo kwa nzika za Party Yotsutsana Yina, momwe angalowere magawo a wina ndi mnzake, kukhala komweko ndikuyenda momasuka.

Nkhaniyo idati nzika za magulu awiriwa onse ali ndi ufulu kuchita madera a Kontrakitala wina wamkulu "zamalonda, mafakitale, kusintha, zachuma, zasayansi, zamaphunziro, zachipembedzo, zachifundo komanso zantchito, kupatula ntchito zalamulo ”. Luso. 2, ayi. 2, kumbali inayo, akuti "Anthu Amilandu kapena Mabungwe, omwe adapangidwa kapena kulinganizidwa molingana ndi Lamulo ndi Malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito mdera la Party Yaikulu Iliyonse Yogwira Ntchito, adzawerengedwa kuti ndi Anthu Amilandu a Gulu Lina Lopikisana, udindo wawo walamulo udzavomerezedwa ndi madera ena a Contracting Party, ngakhale atakhala ndi maofesi okhazikika, nthambi kapena mabungwe ”. Ayi ayi. 3 zaluso zofananira. 2 zafotokozedwanso kuti "Anthu Amilandu kapena Mabungwe a Mgwirizano Wapamwamba, osasokonezedwa, motsatira malamulo ndi malamulo omwe ali nawo, ali ndi ufulu ndi mwayi wonse womwe ukuwonetsedwa mundime. 2 zaluso. 1 ".

Panganolo, lotsutsidwa ndi a Marxist wakumanzere pazabwino zomwe mabungwe aku US adapeza,[51] Zidzakhudzanso ubale wachipembedzo pakati pa Italy ndi United States potengera zomwe zalembedwa mu Article 1 ndi 2, chifukwa Anthu Amilandu ndi Mabungwe omwe apangidwa mmaiko awiriwa atha kudziwika mokomera ena, koma koposa zonse zaluso . 11, ndime 1 XNUMX, yomwe itumikire zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zaku America kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri woyendetsa ngakhale panali Tchalitchi cha Katolika:

Nzika za Party Contracting Party zizisangalala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi chikumbumtima komanso ufulu wopembedza m'mipando ina ya Mgwirizano Wapamwamba, ndipo aliyense payekhapayekha komanso mogwirizana kapena m'mabungwe azipembedzo kapena m'mabungwe, popanda chovuta chilichonse kapena kuzunza kwamtundu uliwonse chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo zimakhala zachipembedzo, amakondwerera ntchito zawo m'nyumba zawo komanso munyumba ina iliyonse yoyenera, malinga ngati ziphunzitso zawo kapena zochita zawo sizikutsutsana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena bata.

Kuphatikiza apo, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, tchalitchi cha Katolika chidachita ku Italy ntchito yoti "akhristu akhazikitsenso anthu" zomwe zikutanthauza kuti abusa ake azigwiranso ntchito yatsopano, komanso yandale, yomwe ichitike mosankha mothandizidwa ndi andale ambiri kuti apindule ndi ma Democrat Achikhristu, chipani chandale ku Italy chazachipembedzo chodzikongoletsa mwa demokalase komanso chokhazikika pakati pa nyumba yamalamulo, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1943 ndikugwira ntchito zaka 51, mpaka 1994, chipani chomwe chidasewera atenga nawo gawo munthawi ya nkhondo itatha ku Italy komanso pakuphatikizana ku Europe, poti olamulira achikhristu a Democrat anali mbali ya maboma onse aku Italy kuyambira 1944 mpaka 1994, nthawi zambiri kufotokoza Purezidenti wa Council of Ministers, akumenyananso Kusunga mikhalidwe yachikhristu pakati pa anthu aku Italiya (otsutsa a Democrat Achikhristu kukhazikitsa kukhazikika ndi kutaya mimba m'malamulo aku Italy).[52]

Nkhani ya Church of Christ, gulu lobwezeretsa lomwe lidachokera ku United States, limatsimikizira udindo wandale wa amishonale aku America, popeza kuyesera kuwathamangitsa kudera la Italy kudasokonekera chifukwa cholowererapo nthumwi za boma la America lomwe lidayankha kwa akuluakulu aku Italiya kuti Congress ikadatha kuchita "ndi zoyipa zazikulu", kuphatikizapo kukana thandizo la ndalama ku Italy, ngati amishonalewo atathamangitsidwa.[53]

Pazipembedzo za-Katolika wamba - ngakhale a JWs, ngakhale samatengedwa ngati Apulotesitanti chifukwa chotsutsana ndi chiphunzitso cha Utatu -, zomwe zachitika ku Italiya pambuyo pa nkhondo sizikhala zoyipa kwambiri, ngakhale kuti, mwanjira zonse, dzikolo anali ndi Constitution yomwe imatsimikizira maufulu ochepa.[54] M'malo mwake, kuyambira 1947, pazomwe zatchulidwazi za "kumangidwanso kwachikhristu," Tchalitchi cha Katolika chiziwatsutsa amishonalewa: m'kalata yochokera kwa nuncio wa atumwi ku Italy ya 3 Seputembara 1947 ndikutumiza kwa Nduna Yowona Zakunja, akunenanso kuti "Secretary of State of Holiness" adatsutsana ndikuphatikizidwa mu Pangano lomwe latchulidwalo laubwenzi, malonda ndi kuyenda pakati pa Republic of Italy ndi United States of America, lomwe limayenera kusainidwa pambuyo pake, la gawo lomwe likadaloleza zipembedzo zomwe si Zachikatolika kuti "zipange mapembedzero enieni ndi mabodza kunja kwa akachisi".[55] Nuncio yemweyo wautumwi, posakhalitsa, adzawonetsa izi mwaluso. 11 la Mgwirizanowu, "ku Italy Baptisti, Presbyterian, Episcopalians, Methodist, Wesleyans, Flickering [kutanthauza" Tremolanti ", mawu onyoza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula Achipentekoste ku Italy, ed] Quaker, Swedenborgians, Scientists, Darbites, etc. Akadakhala ndi mwayi wotsegula "malo opembedzera kulikonse komanso makamaka ku Roma". Pali kutchulidwa kwa "zovuta kuti malingaliro a Holy See avomerezedwe ndi American Delegation pankhani zaluso. 11 ".[56] Nthumwi zaku Italiya zidalimbikira kuyesera kutsimikizira nthumwi zaku US kuti zivomereze lingaliro la Vatican ",[57] koma pachabe.[58] Nthambi yaku Italiya ya Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, yomwe monga tidanenera idapempha kutumizidwa kwa amishonale ochokera ku United States, woyamba mwa iwo adzakhala George Fredianelli, "wotumizidwa ku Italy kukakhala woyang'anira dera", ndiye kuti, monga bishopu woyendayenda, yemwe gawo lake loyenerera liphatikiza "Italy yonse, kuphatikiza Sicily ndi Sardinia".[59] The Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 (Engl. Kusindikiza, 1982 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova), komwe kumanenedwa za a Mboni za Yehova ku Italy m'malo angapo, pofotokoza ntchito yake yaumishonale ku Italy pambuyo pa nkhondo, Italy yomwe idawonongeka ngati cholowa cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse:

... Woyang'anira dera woyamba kusankhidwa, anali M'bale George Fredianelli, yemwe adayamba kuchezera mu Novembala 1946. Anaperekezedwa ndi M'bale Vannozzi koyamba. (...) Mbale George Fredianelli, amene tsopano ali m'Komiti ya Nthambi, akukumbukira zochitika zotsatirazi kuchokera m'ntchito yake yadera:

"Nditapita kwa abale ndimapeza abale ndi abwenzi onse akundidikirira ndipo akufuna kumva. Ngakhale pamaulendo obwereza anthu amayitanitsa abale awo. M'malo mwake, woyang'anira dera samangokamba nkhani yapagulu imodzi pamlungu, koma amayankhula maola angapo paulendo wobwereza. Pamaulendo awa pakhoza kukhala anthu 30 pomwe nthawi zina ambiri amasonkhana kuti amvetsere mwachidwi.

“Zitachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo nthawi zambiri zinkapangitsa kuti moyo woyang'anira dera ukhale wovuta. Abale, monga anthu ena ambiri, anali osauka kwambiri, koma chifukwa cha kukoma mtima kwawo mwachikondi. Ankagawana ndi mtima wonse chakudya chochepa chomwe anali nacho, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankandikakamiza kuti ndigone pabedi pomwe amagona pansi opanda zokutira chifukwa anali osauka kwambiri kuti sangakhale ndi zina zowonjezera. Nthawi zina ndimagona m khola lang'ombe pamulu wa udzu kapena masamba achimanga owuma.

“Nthaŵi ina, ndinafika pa siteshoni ya Caltanissetta ku Sicily nkhope yanga ili yakuda ngati chimbudzi chosesa kuchokera ku mwaye wouluka panjini ya nthunzi kutsogolo. Ngakhale zidanditengera maola 14 kuyenda makilomita 80 mpaka 100 [50 mpaka 60 mi.], Mzimu wanga udadzuka nditafika, pomwe ndimaganiza zamasamba abwino ndikutsatira bwino mu hotelo ina kapena ina. Komabe, sizinachitike. Caltanissetta anali atadzaza ndi anthu pachikondwerero cha Tsiku la St. Michael, ndipo hotelo iliyonse mtawuniyi idadzaza ndi ansembe ndi masisitere. Pomaliza ndinabwerera kusiteshoni ndi lingaliro logona pa benchi yomwe ndidawawona mchipinda chodikirira, koma chiyembekezo chomwecho chidasowa nditapeza siteshoni itatsekedwa pambuyo pofika sitima yamadzulo omaliza. Malo okhawo omwe ndidapeza kuti ndikhale pansi ndikupumula kwakanthawi anali masitepe kutsogolo kwa siteshoni. ”

Mothandizidwa ndi oyang'anira madera mipingo idayamba kuchita mokhazikika Nsanja ya Olonda ndi maphunziro a mabuku. Komanso, pamene tinkawongolera bwino misonkhano yathu yautumiki, abalewo anayamba kuchita bwino kwambiri pa ntchito yolalikira ndi kuphunzitsa.[60]

Fredianelli apempha kuti apititse patsogolo amishonale ake ku Italy, koma pempholi likanidwa ndi Unduna wa Zakunja pambuyo pa malingaliro olakwika a Kazembe waku Italy ku Washington, yemwe adzalengeza pa Seputembara 10, 1949 kuti: "Undunawu osawona chidwi chilichonse pandale chomwe chikutilangiza kuti tivomere pempho loti tiwonjezeredwe ”.[61] Komanso kalata yochokera ku Ministry of the Interior, ya Seputembara 21, 1949, idatinso "kulibe chidwi chandale chovomerezera pempholi".[62]

Kupatula ena omwe anali ana aku Italiya, amishonale a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, atangofika miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yokha, adzafunika kuchoka ku Italy. Koma pokhapokha,[63] monga zatsimikizidwanso ndi magazini yaku Italy ya kayendetsedwe kake, mu 1 Marichi 1951:

Ngakhale amishonale makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu asanafike ku Italy mu Marichi 1949, ofesiyi idapereka fomu yofunsira visa ya chaka chimodzi kwa onse. Poyamba akuluakuluwo adanena momveka bwino kuti boma likuyang'ana nkhaniyi pankhani zachuma ndipo chifukwa chake izi zimawoneka zolimbikitsa kwa amishonale athu. Pambuyo pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mwadzidzidzi tinalandila kulankhulana kuchokera ku Unduna wa Zamkati kulamula abale athu kuti atuluke m'dzikolo kumapeto kwa mweziwo, pasanathe sabata limodzi. Zachidziwikire, tidakana kulandira lamuloli popanda kumenya nkhondo mwalamulo ndipo zoyesayesa zonse zidatheka kuti tifike kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi kuti tidziwe yemwe wachita izi. Polankhula ndi anthu omwe ankagwira ntchito ku Undunawu taphunzira kuti mafayilo athu sanayankhe chilichonse kupolisi kapena kwa akuluakulu ena, chifukwa chake, ndi "akulu akulu" ochepa okha omwe angakhale ndiudindo. Kodi angakhale ndani? Mnzake wa Undunawu anatiuza kuti zomwe amishonale athu achita ndizodabwitsa chifukwa malingaliro aboma anali ololera komanso okondera nzika zaku America. Mwina a Embassy atha kukhala othandiza. Kuyendera kwanu ku Embassy komanso zokambirana zambiri ndi mlembi wa kazembeyo zidakhala zopanda ntchito. Zinali zowonekeratu, monga akazembe aku America adavomerezera, kuti munthu yemwe anali ndi mphamvu zambiri m'boma la Italy sanafune amishonale a Watch Tower kuti azilalikira ku Italy. Polimbana ndi mphamvu zamphamvu izi, akazembe aku America adangogwedeza phewa lawo ndikunena, "Mukudziwa, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndiye Chipembedzo cha Boma pano ndipo amachita zomwe amakonda." Kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Disembala tidachedwetsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa Unduna polimbana ndi amishonalewa. Pomaliza, malire adakhazikitsidwa; amishonalewo adayenera kukhala kunja kwa dzikolo pofika Disembala 31.[64]

Atathamangitsidwa, amishonalewo adatha kubwerera kudziko mwa njira yokhayo yololedwa ndi lamulo, monga alendo, kufunsa kuti atenge mwayi wa visa yoyendera alendo yokhala miyezi itatu, pambuyo pake adayenera kupita kunja kuti abwerere ku Italy masiku ochepa Pambuyo pake, chizolowezi chomwe chidazindikirika, ndikuwopa, apolisi: Unduna Wamkati, mozungulira, kuchokera pa Okutobala 10, 1952, ndi mutuwo «Associazione" Testimoni di Geova "» (Msonkhano wa "Mboni za Yehova"), wopita kwa oyang'anira onse ku Italy, wachenjeza mabungwe apolisi kuti alimbikitse "kukhala tcheru pantchito" ya gulu lachipembedzo lomwe talitchulalo, osalola "kuwonjezera chilolezo chokhala ndi nyumba zakunja kwa omwe akunja" a bungweli.[65] Paolo Piccioli adazindikira kuti "Amishonale awiri [JWs], a Timothy Plomaritis ndi a Edward R. Morse, adakakamizidwa kuchoka mdziko muno monga zikuwonetsedwa mufayiloli mdzina lawo", omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, pomwe anali kuchokera pazosungidwa zakale ku Central State Archives adazindikira “Choletsa kulowa ku Italy kwa amishonale ena awiri, a Madorskis. Zikalata zochokera mchaka cha 1952-1953 zidapezeka ku AS [State Archives] ku Aosta komwe zikuwoneka kuti apolisi amayesa kufunafuna okwatirana Albert ndi Opal Tracy ndi Frank ndi Laverna Madorski, amishonale [JWs], kuti athetse kuwachotsa kudera lawo kapena kuwakhulupirira kuti asatembenuke. ”[66]

Koma nthawi zambiri dongosolo, nthawi zonse potengera zomwe zatchulidwazi "kumangidwanso kwachikhristu", zimachokera kwa akuluakulu ampingo, panthawi yomwe Vatican idalinso yofunika. Pa Okutobala 15, 1952 Ildefonso Schuster, kadinala waku Milan, adalemba mu Wowonera Wachiroma nkhaniyi "Il pericolo protestante nell'Arcidiocesi di Milano" ("Kuopsa kwa Apulotesitanti ku Archdiocese ya Milan"), motsutsana ndi magulu achipembedzo Achiprotestanti ndi mabungwe "olamulira komanso olipira atsogoleri akunja", ndikuzindikira komwe idachokera ku America, komwe ikayeserenso Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo chifukwa kumeneko atsogoleri achipembedzo "anali ndi mwayi waukulu wothandizidwa ndi akuluakulu aboma kupondereza mpatuko", ponena kuti zochita za omwe amati ndi Apulotesitanti "zasokoneza mgwirizano wamayiko" komanso "zimafalitsa kusagwirizana m'mabanja", zomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti zikufalitsa uthenga wabwino ntchito ya maguluwa, choyambirira ku mabungwe a Watch Tower Society.

M'malo mwake, mu kope la February 1-2, 1954, nyuzipepala ya Vatican, mu "Lettera dei Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia "("Kalata ya Purezidenti wa Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Episkopi ya ku Italy ”), idalimbikitsa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi okhulupilira kuti amenye ntchito ya Apulotesitanti ndi Mboni za Yehova. Ngakhale kuti nkhaniyi sikunatchule mayina, zikuwonekeratu kuti kwenikweni anali kutanthauza iwo. Ilo likuti: "Tiyenera kutsutsa zabodza za Chiprotestanti, zomwe zimachokera kudziko lina, zomwe zikufesa zolakwika ngakhale mdziko lathu lino […] kumasula omwe ali pantchito (…)." "Yemwe akuyenera kukhala" atha kukhala oyang'anira chitetezo cha boma. M'malo mwake, Vatican idalimbikitsa ansembe kudzudzula a JWs - ndi zipembedzo zina zachikhristu zosakhala Zachikatolika, choyambirira Achipentekoste, ozunzidwa mwankhanza ndi a Fascists ndi Christian Democratic Italy mpaka ma 1950 -[67] kwa oyang'anira apolisi: mazana adamangidwa, koma ambiri adamasulidwa nthawi yomweyo, ena adalipitsidwa kapena kumangidwa, ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo osasinthidwa a malamulo achifascist, chifukwa cha zipembedzo zina - lingalirani za Apentekoste - Circular Ministerial . 600/158 ya Epulo 9, 1935 yotchedwa "Circular Buffarini-Guidi" (yotchedwa Undersecretary of the Interior yemwe adasaina, adalemba ndi Arturo Bocchini ndikuvomereza kwa Mussolini) komanso adaimbidwa mlandu wophwanya zolemba 113, 121 ndi 156 a Consolidated Law on Public Security malamulo operekedwa ndi fascism omwe amafunikira layisensi kapena kulembetsa m'madipatimenti apadera kwa iwo omwe amafalitsa zolemba (art. 113), ogwiritsa ntchito yogulitsa m'misewu (art. 121), kapena adachita zosonkhetsa ndalama kapena zosonkhanitsa (art. 156).[68]

6. Kupanda chidwi kwa olamulira andale aku US kungatenge chifukwa choti a JWs amapewa ndale pokhulupirira kuti "sali mbali ya dziko" (Yohane 17: 4). A JW alamulidwa kuti asatenge nawo mbali pazandale komanso zankhondo zamayiko;[69] Mamembala azipembedzo amalimbikitsidwa kuti asasokoneze zomwe ena akuchita pakuvota pazisankho zandale, kuyimira maudindo andale, kulowa nawo mabungwe andale, kufuula mawu andale, ndi zina zambiri monga akuwonetsera. La Torre di Guardia (Yolemba mu Chitaliyana) ya November 15, 1968 masamba 702-703 ndi ya September 1, 1986 masamba 19-20. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zosatsutsika, utsogoleri wa Mboni za Yehova wakopa anthu ambiri m'maiko ambiri (koma osati m'maiko ena ku South America) kuti asadzawoneke pazisankho zandale. Tidzafotokozera zifukwa zosankhazi pogwiritsa ntchito makalata ochokera kunthambi yaku Roma ya JWs:

Zomwe zimaphwanya kusalowerera ndale sikungowonekera pamalo opumira kapena kulowa m'malo ovota. Kuphwanya kumeneku kumachitika pomwe munthu amasankha boma lina osati la Mulungu. (Jn 17:16) M'mayiko omwe ali ndi udindo wopita kukavota, abale amakhala ngati akuwonetsera mu W 64. Ku Italy kulibe udindo wotere kapena kulipira zilango kwa omwe sapezeka. Iwo omwe amadza, ngakhale sakukakamizidwa, ayenera kudzifunsa chifukwa chomwe amapangira izi. Komabe, aliyense amene angadzipereke koma osasankha, osaphwanya uchete, sayenera kulangidwa ndi komiti yachiweruzo. Koma munthuyo siwachitsanzo. Akadakhala mkulu, mtumiki wothandiza, kapena mpainiya, sakadakhala wopanda cholakwa ndipo amachotsedwa paudindowo. (1Tim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Ndipouli, usange munthu wakwiza pa voti, nchakwenelera kuti ŵalara ŵayowoyenge nayo kuti ŵapulikiske chifukwa chake. Mwina akufuna kuthandizidwa kuti amvetsetse njira yanzeru yomwe angatsatire. Koma kupatula kuti ataye mwayi winawake, kupita kumalo oponyera zisankho kumangokhala nkhani yamunthu komanso chikumbumtima.[70]

Atsogoleri a Mboni za Yehova:

Kuchita kwa aliyense amene akuwonetsa kuvota kosankhidwa ndikuphwanya ndale. Kuti tipewe kusalowerera ndale ndikofunikira kuposa kungodzidziwikitsa, ndikofunikira kufotokoza zomwe tikufuna. Ngati wina achita izi, amadzichotsa mu mpingo chifukwa chokana kulowerera ndale. Tikumvetsetsa kuti anthu okhwima mwauzimu samadzionetsera ngati momwe ziliri ku Italy, sizokakamiza. Apo ayi khalidwe losamvetseka limawonetsedwa. Ngati munthu abwera ndipo ndi mkulu kapena mtumiki wothandiza, akhoza kuchotsedwa. Mwa kusakhala ndi msonkhano mumpingo, munthu amene amadziwonetsera yekha angawonetse kuti ndi wofooka mwauzimu ndipo akulu amamutenga. Ndi bwino kulola aliyense kuti azichita udindo wake. Pokupatsani yankho tikukuyankhulani ku W October 1, 1970 p. 599 ndi 'Vita Eterna' mutu. 11. Ndikothandiza kutchula izi pokambirana patokha osati pamisonkhano. Zachidziwikire, ngakhale pamisonkhano titha kutsindika kufunikira kosalowerera ndale, komabe nkhaniyo ndiyosakhazikika kotero kuti tsatanetsatane amaperekedwa bwino pakamwa, mwamseri.[71]

Popeza ma JW obatizidwa "siali adziko lapansi", ngati membala wa mpingo osalapa akuchita zomwe zikuphwanya kusalowerera ndale kwachikhristu, ndiko kuti, kuvota, kulowerera ndale kapena kugwira ntchito yankhondo, amadzilekanitsa ndi mpingo, zomwe zimapangitsa kunyalanyaza komanso kufa pagulu, monga akuwonetsera La Torre di Guardia (Mtundu waku Italy) Julayi 15, 1982, 31, yochokera pa Yohane 15: 9. Ngati a JW anenedwa kuti akuphwanya uchete wachikhristu koma akukana thandizo lomwe apereka ndikuzenga mlandu, komiti yachiweruzo ya akulu iyenera kufotokozera zomwe zatsimikizira kudzipatula kunthambi yadziko kudzera mu njira zaubungwe zomwe zimakhudza kudzaza mitundu ina, zosainidwa S-77 ndi S-79, zomwe zidzatsimikizira chisankhocho.

Koma ngati utsogoleri wa gululi kuphwanya koona kwa mfundo zakusalowerera ndale kwachikhristu kukufotokozedwa ndi voti yandale, chifukwa chiyani a JWs adatsimikiza kuti sanapite kukavota? Zikuwoneka kuti Bungwe Lolamulira limasankha chisankho chovuta chonchi, kuti "asadzutse okayikira kapena kuti asakhumudwitse ena",[72] "Kuyiwala", pankhani yaku Italiya, luso. Malamulo 48 aku Italiya akuti: "Votiyi ndiyayekha komanso yofanana, yaulere komanso yachinsinsi. Zochita zake ndi ntchito zachitukuko”; "zaiwalika" kuti luso. 4 la Chilamulo Chophatikiza No. 361 ya Marichi 3, 1957, idasindikizidwa mu zowonjezera zowonjezera ku Gazzetta Ufficiale  ayi. 139 ya Juni 3, 1957 imati: “Kuvota ndi Ndikupempha kumene palibe nzika iliyonse yomwe ingathe kuthawira popanda kulephera kugwira ntchito iliyonse yokhudza dzikolo. ” Ndiye ndichifukwa chiyani Bungwe Lolamulira komanso komiti yanthambi ku Beteli ya Roma saziganizira miyezo iwiriyi? Chifukwa ku Italy palibe lamulo lenileni lomwe limapereka chilango kwa iwo omwe sapita kukavota, malamulo m'malo mwake omwe akupezeka m'maiko ena ku South America komanso omwe amabweretsa ma JW am'deralo komanso akunja kuti apite kumalo oponyera zisankho, kuti asapezeke pachilango chazoyang'anira , komabe kuletsa chisankho molingana ndi "chinyengo chachikhristu".

Ponena za zisankho zandale, chodabwitsa chodziletsa ku Italy chidachitika m'ma 1970. Ngati, nkhondo itatha, nzika zaku Italiya zidadzimva kuti ndi mwayi wokhoza kutenga nawo mbali pazandale za Republic patadutsa zaka zambiri mwankhanza mwankhanza, ndikubwera kwanyengo zambiri zomwe zidalumikizidwa ndi maphwando, kumapeto kwa ma 70s, kudalira kwa iwo woyenera kuphonya. Zodabwitsazi zidakalipobe mpaka pano ndipo zikuwonetsa kusakhulupirika kwakukulu maphwando motero mu demokalase. Monga momwe kafukufuku wa ISTAT adanenera pankhaniyi: "Gawo la ovota omwe sanapite kukavota lachulukirachulukira kuyambira pachisankho cha 1976, pomwe chidayimira 6.6% ya omwe adasankhidwa, kufikira kukambirana komaliza mu 2001, kufika 18.6% mwa omwe ali ndi ufulu wovota. Ngati zoyambira - ndilo gawo la nzika zomwe sizinapite kukavota - zawonjezedwa zomwe zikukhudzana ndi mavoti omwe sanatchulidwe (mavoti opanda kanthu ndi mavoti opanda pake), chodabwitsa cha kukula kwa "osavota" amatenga mbali zazikulu kwambiri, kufikira pafupifupi mmodzi mwa ovota anayi pazokambirana zaposachedwa andale ”.[73] Zikuwonekeratu kuti kunyalanyaza zisankho, kupyola "kusalowerera ndale kwa chikhristu" kumatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo pandale, tangoganizirani magulu andale, monga anarchists, omwe samavota momveka bwino kuti akuwonetsa kudana kwawo ndi dongosolo lazamalamulo komanso kulowa m'mabungwe. Italy yakhala ndi andale mobwerezabwereza omwe amapempha ovota kuti asavote kuti asafike pamsonkhano m'maperendamu ena. Pankhani ya a JWs, kudziletsa kuli ndi phindu pandale, chifukwa, monga anarchists, ndikuwonetsa kudana kwawo kwakukulu ndi mtundu uliwonse wandale, zomwe, malinga ndi maphunziro awo aumulungu, zingatsutse ulamuliro wa Yehova. JWs sadziona ngati nzika za "dongosolo lino lazinthu", koma, kutengera 1 Petro 2:11 ("Ndikupemphani inu monga alendo komanso osakhalitsa kuti mupitilize kupewa zilakolako zathupi," NWT) ali kutali ndi ndale: "M'mayiko oposa 200 omwe akupezeka, mboni za Yehova ndi nzika zomvera malamulo, koma kulikonse komwe akukhala, ali ngati alendo: amakhalabe osalowererapo pankhani zandale ndi nkhani zachikhalidwe. Ngakhale panopo akudziona kuti ndi nzika za dziko latsopano, dziko lolonjezedwa ndi Mulungu. Amasangalala kuti masiku awo monga okhala kwakanthawi m'dziko lopanda ungwiro likutha. ”[74]

Izi, komabe, ndizomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kwa otsatira onse, ngakhale atsogoleri, onse akumalikulu padziko lonse lapansi komanso nthambi zosiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magawo andale kuchitapo kanthu. M'malo mwake, chidwi chazonse pabwalo lazandale cha a JW apamwamba ku Italy chimatsimikiziridwa ndi magwero osiyanasiyana: m'kalata ya 1959 zimadziwika kuti nthambi yaku Italy ya Watch Tower Society idalimbikitsa motsimikiza kudalira maloya "a republican kapena demokalase. zizolowezi "popeza" ndiye chitetezo chathu chabwino ", chifukwa chake tikugwiritsa ntchito ndale, zoletsedwa kutsatira, pomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti loya ayenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa chaukadaulo, osati chifukwa chokomera chipani.[75] Izi za 1959 sizidzakhala zokhazokha, koma zikuwoneka kuti zinali zoyeserera ku nthambi yaku Italy: zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, mu 1954 tiye nthambi ya ku Italy ya Watchtower idatumiza apainiya apadera awiri - ndiye kuti, alaliki anthawi zonse kumadera omwe kukufunika olalikira ambiri; Mwezi uliwonse amapereka maola 130 kapena kupitilira muutumiki, ndikukhala moyo wabwino komanso ndalama zochepa kuchokera ku Organisation - mumzinda wa Terni, Lidia Giorgini ndi Serafina Sanfelice.[76] Apainiya awiri a JW, mofanana ndi alaliki ambiri a nthawiyo, adzaimbidwa mlandu ndi kulipira chifukwa cholalikira khomo ndi khomo. M'kalata yotsatira madandaulowo, nthambi ya Mboni za Yehova ku Italy ipereka mwayi kwa loya wamkulu woteteza apainiya awiriwa, malinga ndi zomwe aphunzira, koma ndale.

Wokondedwa m'bale,

Tikukudziwitsani kuti mlandu wa alongo awiri apainiyawa uchitike pa Novembala 6 ku Khothi Lalikulu la Terni.

Sosaite iteteza izi ndipo chifukwa cha izi tidzakhala okondwa kudziwa kuchokera kwa inu ngati mungapeze loya ku Terni yemwe angateteze pakuzenga mlandu.

Potenga chidwi ichi, tikufuna kuti loya wosankha akhale wachikomyunizimu. Tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito loya wa Republican, Liberal kapena Social Democrat. China chomwe tikufuna kudziwa pasadakhale ndalama za loya.

Mukangodziwa izi, chonde lemberani ku ofesi yathu, kuti Sosaite ipitirire pankhaniyi ndikusankha. Tikukukumbutsani kuti simusowa kukambirana ndi loya aliyense, koma kuti mupeze zambiri, podikira kulumikizana kwanu ndi kalata yanu.

Wokondwa kugwira nanu ntchito zateokalase, ndipo poyembekezera kutchulidwa kwanu, tikukupatsani moni waubwenzi.

Abale anu ndi chikhulupiriro chamtengo wapatali

Bungwe la Watch Tower B&T[77]

M'kalata yomwe ofesi ya ku Italy ya nthambi ya Watch Tower Society, yomwe ili ku Roma ku Via Monte Maloia 10, idapemphedwa a JW Dante Pierfelice kuti apereke chitetezo cha mlanduwo kwa loya Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), khansala wamatauni ku Terni Wosankhidwa pa chisankho cha 1953 cha Republican Party, yemwe ndalama zake zinali 10,000 lire, zomwe nthambi zimawona ngati "zomveka", ndipo adatsegula ziganizo ziwiri zofananira kuti awonetse loya.[78]

Zifukwa za magawo omwe adakhazikitsidwa mu 1954 ndi 1959, magawo andale, amamveka, magawo omwe ndi ovomerezeka, koma ngati JW wamba angawagwiritse ntchito, zitha kuweruzidwa osati zauzimu, mlandu womveka bwino "Kawiri kawiri". M'malo mokhala ndale pambuyo pa nkhondo, chipani cha Republican (PRI), Social-Democratic Party (PSDI) ndi Liberal Party (PLI) anali magulu atatu andale, osapembedza komanso ochepa, awiri oyamba a "demokalase kumanzere ”, ndipo omaliza osamala koma osakonda zachipembedzo, koma onse atatu adzakhala aku pro-American ndi Atlanticist;[79] sizikanakhala zoyenera bungwe la zaka chikwizikwi lomwe limapangitsa kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi Chikatolika ikhale chida chake chogwiritsa ntchito loya wokhudzana ndi a Democrat Achikhristu, ndipo kuzunzidwa kwaposachedwa munthawi ya ulamuliro wa fascist kunapatula mwayi wolumikizana ndi loya wazamphamvu kwambiri, wolumikizidwa ku Social Movement (MSI), chipani chandale chomwe chidzatengere cholowa cha fascism. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuteteza amishonale ndi ofalitsa ndi omwe amakana kulowa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima chawo JW, tidzakhala ndi maloya ngati loya Nicola Romualdi, wotsutsa ku Republican ku Roma yemwe adzateteze a JWs kwazaka zopitilira makumi atatu "pomwe zinali zovuta kupeza loya wofunitsitsa kuthandizira ( …) Chifukwa ”komanso amene alembe zolemba zingapo munyuzipepala ya PRI, La Voce Repubblicana, mokomera gulu lachipembedzo mdzina lachikunja. M'nkhani ya 1954, adalemba kuti:

Akuluakulu apolisi akupitilizabe kuphwanya lamuloli [lachipembedzo] la ufulu, kuletsa misonkhano yamtendere ya okhulupirira, kufalitsa omwe akuimbidwa mlandu, kuletsa otsutsa, kuwachenjeza, kuletsa kukhala kwawo, kubwerera kwawo ku Municipality kudzera mwa chikalata chovomerezeka . Monga tanena kale, nthawi zambiri limakhala funso lazowonetserako zomwe zatchedwa "zosalunjika" posachedwa. The Public Security, ndiye kuti, kapena Arma dei Carabinieri, sachitapo kanthu moyenera kuletsa kuwonetseredwa kwa malingaliro achipembedzo omwe akupikisana ndi achikatolika, koma amatenga ngati chonamizira zolakwa zina zomwe zilipo kapena sizikupezeka, kapena ndi zotsatira za kukhwimitsa ndi kukhumudwitsa malamulo omwe akugwira ntchito. Nthawi zina, mwachitsanzo, omwe amafalitsa Mabaibulo kapena timapepala ta zachipembedzo amatsutsidwa kuti alibe chilolezo cholozera ogulitsa mumsewu; nthawi zina misonkhano imathetsedwa chifukwa - akuti - chilolezo choyambirira cha apolisi sichinapemphedwe; nthawi zina omwe amafalitsa anzawo amatsutsidwa chifukwa chazinthu zopanda pake komanso zosasangalatsa, komabe, sizikuwoneka kuti chifukwa chofalitsa nkhani zawo, ali ndi udindo. Lingaliro lodziwika bwino pagulu nthawi zambiri limakhala papulatifomu, mdzina la zomwe zotsutsana zambiri m'mbuyomu ndizoyenera.[80]

Mosiyana ndi kalata ya 1959 yomwe imangofuna kuti loya yemwe ali pafupi ndi PRI ndi PSDI agwiritsidwe ntchito, kalata ya 1954 idanenanso kuti nthambiyo idasankha kuti loya yemwe angawagwiritse ntchito angagwere "osakhala achikomyunizimu." Ngakhale kuti m'matauni ena ma meya omwe adasankhidwa pamndandanda wa Socialist Party ndi chipani cha Communist adathandizira, mu kiyi yotsutsana ndi Katolika (popeza anthu achikatolika adavotera Christian Democracy), madera olalikirako komanso a JWs motsutsana ndi kuponderezedwa a Akatolika, kulembera loya wa Marxist, ngakhale anali osapembedza komanso okonda zipembedzo zochepa, akanatsimikiza kuti mlanduwu, wabodza komanso wopita kwa amishonale omwe si Akatolika, kuti ndi "achikomyunizimu owukira",[81] mlandu womwe sunawonetsedwe - kutiletsa ife okha a JWs - mabuku a gululi, omwe m'makalata ochokera ku Italy adasindikiza koyamba mu kope la America kenako, patatha miyezi ingapo, mu Chitaliyana, osangodzudzula okha Tchalitchi cha Katolika chimachulukirachulukira komanso "achikomyunizimu osakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu", kutsimikizira momwe mbiri yaku America idakhalira, komwe kuli anti-chikominisi chowopsa.

Nkhani yomwe idasindikizidwa munyuzipepala yaku Italiya ya La Torre di Guardia ya Januware 15, 1956 yokhudzana ndi chikominisi cha ku Italiya ku Katolika ku Italy, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzichotsa pamlandu womwe atsogoleri achipembedzo akuti achikomyunizimu amagwiritsa ntchito miyambo yachiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika (kuphatikiza Mboni) kuti athandize kuwononga anthu:

Akuluakulu achipembedzo anena kuti achipani achikomyunizimu komanso atolankhani "sakubisa chifundo chawo ndi umboni wawo wotsutsana ndi mabodza achiprotesitanti." Koma kodi zili choncho? Zinthu zazikulu zakhala zikuchitika ku Italy, koma izi zakhala zovuta. Ndipo pamene nyuzipepala ya proommunist imalemba m'makalata awo nkhanza ndi nkhanza za zipembedzo zazing'ono, nkhawa zawo sizili ndi chiphunzitso cholondola, kapena kumvera kapena kuthandizira zipembedzo zina, koma ndikupanga ndalama zandale podziwa kuti zochita zopanda demokalase komanso zosagwirizana ndi malamulo anatengedwa motsutsana ndi magulu ochepawa. Zoona zikuwonetsa kuti achikomyunizimu samachita chidwi ndi zinthu zauzimu, mwina Akatolika kapena omwe si Akatolika. Chidwi chawo chachikulu chagona pazinthu zakuthupi zapadziko lapansi. Achikomyunizimu amanyoza iwo amene amakhulupirira malonjezo a ufumu wa Mulungu pansi pa Khristu, amawatcha amantha ndi tiziromboti.

Atolankhani achikomyunizimu amanyoza Baibulo ndikunyoza atumiki achikristu omwe akuphunzitsa Mawu a Mulungu. Mwachitsanzo, taonani lipoti lotsatirali lochokera m'nyuzipepala ya Chikomyunizimu Chowonadi wa Brescia, Italy. Potchula mboni za Yehova kuti "azondi aku America obisika ngati 'amishonale,'" idati: "Amapita kunyumba ndi nyumba ndipo ndi 'Malemba Oyera' amalalikira zakugonjera kunkhondo komwe anthu aku America adakonza," ndipo idanenanso zabodza kuti amishonalewa adalipidwa nthumwi za mabanki aku New York ndi Chicago ndipo amayesetsa "kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso zamtundu uliwonse zokhudzana ndi amuna komanso ntchito za mabungwe [achikomyunizimu]." Wolembayo anamaliza kuti "ntchito ya ogwira ntchito, omwe amadziwa kuteteza dziko lawo bwino. . . chifukwa chake ndikuti azitsegula chitseko pankhope za azondi otukwana omwe amadziwika kuti ndi abusa. ”

Achikomyunizimu ambiri ku Italy samatsutsa kuti akazi awo ndi ana awo azipita kutchalitchi cha Katolika. Amawona kuti popeza mtundu wina wachipembedzo umafunidwa ndi azimayi ndi ana mwina ungakhale chipembedzo chakale chimodzimodzi chomwe makolo awo anawaphunzitsa. Iwo amati palibe vuto lililonse mu ziphunzitso zachipembedzo cha Katolika, koma ndi chuma cha tchalitchi chomwe chimakwiyitsa iwo komanso kukhala kumbali ya mpingo ndi mayiko opondereza. Komabe chipembedzo chachikatolika ndi chachikulu kwambiri ku Italy — mfundo yomwe achikomyunizimu omwe amafuna mavoti amadziwa bwino. Monga momwe akunenera mobwerezabwereza pagulu, achikomyunizimu angasankhe Tchalitchi cha Katolika kukhala mnzake m'malo mokhala zipembedzo zina ku Italy.

Achikomyunizimu atsimikiza mtima kulamulira Italy, ndipo angachite izi pokhapokha atapambana Akatolika ambiri, osati omwe si Akatolika. Koposa zonse, izi zikutanthauza kutsimikizira Akatolika odziwika kuti chikominisi sichikondera chipembedzo china chilichonse. Achikomyunizimu amasangalala kwambiri ndi mavoti a anthu wamba achikatolika, gulu lomwe lakhala likugwirizana ndi miyambo yachikatolika kwazaka zambiri, ndipo m'mawu a mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu ku Italy "sapempha dziko lonse la Katolika kuti lisiye kukhala Akatolika, "Koma" timakonda kumvana. "[82]

Kutsimikizira kuti gulu la Mboni za Yehova, ngakhale "kulowerera ndale" kulalikidwa, limakhudzidwa ndi mbiri yaku America, palibe zolemba zochepa, pakati pa 50 ndi 70s, pomwe pali anti-chikominisi cholunjika ku PCI, chodzudzula mpingo wosakhala chitetezo ku "reds".[83] Zolemba zina kuyambira ma 1950 ndi 1970s zimawona molakwika kukwera kwa chikominisi, kutsimikizira kuti mbiri yaku North America ndiyofunikira. Pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wa JWs womwe unachitikira ku Roma mu 1951, magazini ya gululi imafotokoza izi motere:

“Ofalitsa Ufumu ndi amishonale aku Italiya adagwira ntchito kwa masiku angapo kukonza malo omangira msonkhanowu. Nyumba yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito inali holo yoonetsa ngati L. Achikomyunizimu anali atakhalako kalekale ndipo anali atasiya zinthu moyipa. Pansi pake panali pauve ndipo makoma anali okutidwa ndi zandale. Munthu amene abale adachita lendi malo ndi nyumbayo adati sangakwanitse kulipira zinthu masiku atatu amsonkhanowo. Anauza mboni za Yehova kuti akhoza kuchita chilichonse chomwe angafune kuti malowa akhale abwino. Mwiniwake atabwera pamalowa tsiku loti msonkhanowo uyambe, anadabwa kuona kuti makoma onse a nyumbayo yomwe tidzagwiritse ntchito anali opakidwa utoto komanso nthaka ili yoyera. adayikidwa bwino ndipo khothi lokongola lidamangidwa pakona ya "L". Magetsi a fulorosenti adakhazikitsidwa. Kumbuyo kwa sitejiyo kunapangidwa ndi ukonde wobiriwira wa laurel wokhala ndi pinki komanso zofiira. Zinkawoneka ngati nyumba yatsopano tsopano osati malo owonongeka ndi achiwawa omwe asiyidwa ndi achikomyunizimu. ”[84]

Ndipo pamwambo wa "Chaka Chopatulika cha 1975", kuwonjezera pofotokoza kutaya mtima kwa anthu aku Italiya mzaka zam'ma 1970, pomwe "akuluakulu achipembedzo amavomereza kuti ochepera m'modzi mwa Ataliyana atatu (…) amapita kutchalitchi nthawi zonse", magaziniyo Svegliatevi! (Mtolankhani wa Galamukani!) adalemba china "chowopseza" ku uzimu wa aku Italiya, womwe umakondera gulu lampingo:

Awa ndikulowerera kwa mdani wamkulu wa Tchalitchi pakati pa anthu aku Italiya, makamaka pakati pa achinyamata. Mdani wachipembedzo uyu ndi chikominisi. Ngakhale kangapo chiphunzitso cha chikominisi chimakwanira zonse zachipembedzo ndi malingaliro ena andale, cholinga chachikulu cha chikominisi sichinasinthe. Cholinga ichi ndikuchotsa mphamvu zachipembedzo ndi mphamvu kulikonse komwe chikominisi chili ndi mphamvu.

Kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi ku Italy, chiphunzitso chovomerezeka cha Katolika sichinali kusankha ofuna Chikomyunizimu. Akatolika achenjezedwa kangapo kuti asavote Achikomyunizimu, akumva kupweteka kuchotsedwa. Mu Julayi wa Chaka Chopatulika, mabishopu Achikatolika ku Lombardy adati ansembe omwe amalimbikitsa anthu aku Italiya kuti avotere Chikomyunizimu amayenera kusiya ngati atapatsidwa mwayi wochotsedwa.

L'Osservatore Romano, bungwe la Vatican, linasindikiza chikalatacho ndi mabishopu aku kumpoto kwa Italiya pomwe anafotokoza kuti "sanasangalale nazo" zotsatira za zisankho mu Juni 1975 momwe achikomyunizimu adapambana mavoti miliyoni ndi theka, kupitirira pafupifupi mavoti onse wopezedwa ndi chipani cholamula chothandizidwa ndi Vatican. Ndipo chakumapeto kwa Chaka Choyera, mu Novembala, Papa Paul adachenjeza Akatolika omwe amathandizira Chipani cha Komyunizimu. Koma kwakanthawi kwakhala kukuwonekera kuti machenjezo oterewa sanamveke.[85]

Ponena za zotsatira zabwino za PCI pamalingaliro a 1976, upangiri womwe udawona kuti Demokalase ya Chikhristu ikulamuliranso, osakhazikika ndi 38.71%, omwe ulemu wawo, kwa nthawi yoyamba, udasokonezedwa ndi Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu ku Italy, kupeza kuwonjezeka kwachangu kwa chithandizo (34.37%), kudayimitsa magawo ochepa kuchokera kwa a Democrat Achikhristu, ndikukhazikitsa zotsatira zabwino m'mbiri yake, ku Watchtower zotsatirazi zinali chizindikiro choti "dongosolo lazinthu" linali kutha komanso kuti Babulo chachikulu chikadafafanizidwa posakhalitsa pambuyo pake (tili patangopita chaka cha 1975, pomwe bungwe lidalosera za Armagedo yomwe ikuyandikira, monga tionere mtsogolo) ndi achikomyunizimu, monga akuwonetsera La Torre di Guardia ya April 15, 1977, p. 242, mu gawo la "Significato delle notizie": 

Pazisankho zandale zomwe zidachitika ku Italy chilimwe chatha, chipani chambiri, Christian Democracy, mothandizidwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika, chidapambana chipambano pa Chipani cha Komyunisiti. Koma achikomyunizimu adapitilizabe kupeza mwayi. Izi zidawonekeranso pazisankho zam'deralo zomwe zidachitika nthawi yomweyo. Mwachitsanzo, pakuwongolera boma la Roma, Chipani cha Komyunisiti adapambana mavoti 35.5%, poyerekeza ndi 33.1% ya demokalase yachikhristu. Chifukwa chake, kwa nthawi yoyamba Roma idakhala pansi paulamuliro wa mgwirizano womwe udatsogoleredwa ndi achikomyunizimu. "Sunday News" ku New York inati izi "zinali kubwerera kumbuyo ku Vatican komanso kwa papa, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za bishopu wa Roma ku Roma". Ndi mavoti ku Roma, Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu tsopano chimakhala chofunikira pakulamulira mzinda uliwonse waukulu waku Italiya, "News". Izi ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………EZO… Komabe izi zidanenedweratu mu ulosi wa m'Baibulo mu Chivumbulutso chaputala 17 ndi 18. Pamenepo Mawu a Mulungu amavumbula kuti zipembedzo zomwe "zachita uhule" ndi dziko lino zidzawonongedwa modzidzimutsa posachedwa, zomwe zidzakhumudwitse anthu omwe amatsatira zipembedzozi .

Mtsogoleri wachikomyunizimu Berlinguer, chifukwa chake, wodziwika ndi onse ngati wandale woyenera (adayambitsa gulu lankhondo la PCI pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku Soviet Union), m'maganizo achangu a Watch Tower Society anali pafupi kuwononga Babulo ku Italy: zachisoni kuti ndi zotsatira za zisankho zidatsegula gawo la "kunyengerera kwakale" pakati pa DC ya Aldo Moro ndi PCI ya Enrico Berlinguer, gawo lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa mu 1973 lomwe likuwonetsa njira yolumikizirana pakati pa a Christian Democrats ndi achikominisi aku Italiya omwe adawonedwa m'ma 1970, idzatsogolera, mu 1976, kwa boma loyamba la Christian Democratic lokhala ndi mtundu umodzi lomwe limayendetsedwa ndi voti yakunja ya akazembe achikomyunizimu, otchedwa "National Solidarity", motsogozedwa ndi Giulio Andreotti. Mu 1978 boma lino lidasiya ntchito kulola kuti anthu ambiri alowe mu PCI, koma mzere wochepa kwambiri waboma la Italy udali pachiwopsezo chowononga chilichonse; nkhaniyi idzatha mu 1979, pambuyo poti kugwidwa kwa kuphedwa kwa mtsogoleri wachikhristu wa Democrat ndi zigawenga za Marxist a Red Brigades sikunachitike pa Marichi 16, 1978.

Zoyeserera za kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake zidakonzedwanso kuti zidakonzedwa ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, monga kuwuka kwa Hitler ndi Cold War: potanthauzira Daniel 11, yomwe imalankhula zakumvana pakati pa mfumu yaku North ndi South, yomwe a JWs adachita kukwaniritsidwa kawiri, Bungwe Lolamulira lidzazindikira mfumu ya Kummwera ndi "mphamvu ziwiri za Anglo-America" ​​ndi mfumu yaku North ndi Nazi Germany ku 1933, ndipo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha ndi USSR ndi anzawo . Kugwa kwa Khoma la Berlin kudzapangitsa kuti bungweli lisiye kuzindikira Mfumu Yakumpoto ndi Soviet.[86] Chotsutsana ndi Sovietism tsopano chasanduka chodzudzula a Russian Federation a Vladimir Putin, omwe aletsa mabungwe azovomerezeka a Watcht Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Nyengo isintha kwa ma JWs - komanso zipembedzo zosakhala Zachikatolika - chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, monga kutha kwa ntchito ya circular ya "Buffarini Guidi", yomwe idachitika mu 1954 (kutsatira chigamulo cha Khothi Lalikulu la 30 Novembala 1953, lomwe bwaloli lidakhalabe "dongosolo lamkati, lolamula matupi odalira, popanda kudziwika kwa nzika zomwe, monga College iyi idaganizira nthawi zonse, sizingabweretse chilango ngati satsatira"),[88] ndipo makamaka, kwa ziganizo ziwiri za 1956 ndi 1957, zomwe zithandizira ntchito ya Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, ndikuthandizira kuti izidziwike ku Italy ngati chipembedzo pamaziko a Pangano la Italy ndi America laubwenzi wa 1948 chimodzimodzi ndi zipembedzo zina zomwe si zachikatolika zochokera ku America.

Chiganizo choyamba chinali chokhudza kutha kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zaluso. 113 la Consolidated Law on Public Security, lomwe limafuna "layisensi ya chitetezo chamtundu wakomweko" kuti "igawire kapena kufalitsa, pamalo opezeka anthu ambiri kapena malo otseguka kwa anthu onse, zolemba kapena zikwangwani", ndipo zomwe zidatsogolera akuluakulu kulanga a JWs, omwe amadziwika ndi ntchito yolalikira khomo ndi khomo. Khoti Loona za Malamulo, pomangidwa ndi ofalitsa angapo a Watch Tower Society, linapereka chigamulo choyamba m'mbiri yake, cholengezedwa pa June 14, 1956,[89] chilango chosaiwalika, chosiyana ndi mtundu wake. M'malo mwake, monga a Paolo Piccioli akuti:

Chigamulochi, chomwe akatswiri ankachiwona ngati chosaiwalika, sichinangokhudza kufunsa kuti lamuloli ndi lovomerezeka. Choyamba, idafunikira kufunsa funso lofunikira ndikuti akhazikitse, ngati mphamvu zake zowongolera zidaperekanso pazomwe zidalipo kale za Constitution, kapena ngati zikuyenera kungoperekedwa ndi zomwe zidaperekedwa pambuyo pake. Akuluakulu achipembedzo anali atalimbikitsa kale oweruza achikatolika kuti athandizire kukhothi kosagwirizana ndi malamulo omwe analipo kale. Zachidziwikire kuti olamulira ku Vatican sanafune kuthetsedwa kwa lamulo lachifasizimu ndi zida zake zoletsa zomwe zimalepheretsa kutembenuka kwa zipembedzo zazing'ono. Koma Khotilo, potsatira kwambiri Malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, lidakana chiphunzitsochi povomereza mfundo yayikulu, yoti "lamulo lalamulo, chifukwa chazomwe limakhazikika mu dongosolo lamalamulo okhwima, liyenera kukhala lopambana pamalamulo wamba". Powunika Article 113 yomwe yatchulidwayi, Khotilo likulengeza kuti malamulo a boma ali osavomerezeka pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mu Marichi 1957, a Pius XII, ponena za chigamulochi, adadzudzula "polengeza zakusavomerezeka kwa malamulo pamalamulo ena".[90]

Chilango chachiwiri m'malo mwake chimakhudza otsatira 26 omwe adapatsidwa chilango ndi Khothi Lapadera. Panthawi yomwe nzika zambiri zaku Italiya, zomwe khothi lidawapeza olakwa, zidapeza kuti awunikenso mlanduwo ndipo adawamasula, Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova ("Mgwirizano Wachikhristu wa Mboni za Yehova"), adaganiza zofunsa kuwunikiranso mlanduwu kuti akafunse ufulu wa omwe adamangidwa 26, koma woweruza milandu kubwalo lamilandu,[91] Popeza kuti chigamulo cha Khothi Lapadera chidadzudzula a JWs kuti ndi "gulu lachinsinsi lomwe cholinga chake ndi kupanga mabodza okhumudwitsa dziko komanso kuchita zinthu zomwe zasintha maboma" ndikutsata "milandu".[92]

Pempho loti awunikenso mlanduwo lidakambidwa ku Khothi Lapilili la L'Aquila pa Marichi 20, 1957 ndi 11 mwa 26 omwe adaweruzidwa, otetezedwa ndi loya Nicola Romualdi, loya wamkulu wa nthambi yaku Watch Tower Society yaku Italiya, membala wa Republican Party komanso wolemba nkhani wa La Voce Repubblicana.

Lipoti lowunikiranso chigamulochi akuti pomwe loya Romualdi adafotokozera Khothi kuti a JWs amawona olamulira achikatolika ngati "hule" chifukwa cholowerera ndale (chifukwa kudzera mumachitidwe ake azamizimu "mayiko onse asokeretsedwa", pa Chivumbulutso 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "oweruza anasinthana ndi kumwetulira pomvetsetsa". Khotilo linaganiza zothetsa milandu yomwe inkaweruzidwa kale ndipo linazindikira kuti ntchito ya nthambi ya ku Italy ya Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society sinali yoletsedwa kapena yowukira boma.[93] Muyesowo udasungidwa poganizira "zakuti zozungulira za 1940 [zomwe zidachotsa ma JWs] sizinasinthidwe pakadali pano, [chifukwa chake] kuyenera kuyang'anitsitsa mwayi woti kuletseratu ntchito iliyonse ya Association ", polemba kuti" zikhala [ro] kuwunikiridwa (…) zomwe zingachitike ku United States of America ",[94] Popeza kuti, ngakhale bungwe la JWs likanalibe chandale, ukali wotsutsana ndi bungwe lalamulo ku America ukhozanso kubweretsa mavuto pazokambirana.

Koma kusintha kwakukulu komwe kudzavomereze kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo kwa mabungwe awa omwe si achikatolika ochokera ku United States kudzakhala Second Vatican Council (Okutobala 1962-Disembala 1965), yomwe ndi "abambo" ake 2,540 inali msonkhano waukulu kwambiri wokambirana mbiri ya Mpingo. Chikatolika ndi chimodzi mwazikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yaumunthu, ndipo chiti chidzasankhe zosintha m'Malemba, zamatchalitchi, m'matchalitchi komanso pokonza zamoyo mu Tchalitchi, kusintha Chikatolika pazu lake, kukonzanso miyambo yake, kuyambitsa zilankhulo zoyankhulidwa zikondwerero, kuwononga Chilatini, kukonzanso miyambo, kulimbikitsa maganizidwe. Ndi kusintha komwe kudadza pambuyo pa Khonsolo, maguwa adasinthidwa ndipo ma miss adamasuliridwa kwathunthu m'zilankhulo zamakono. Ngati choyamba Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chidzalimbikitsa, pokhala mwana wamkazi wa Council of Trent (1545-1563) komanso wa Counter-Reformation, zitsanzo zakusalolera zipembedzo zonse zazing'ono, kulimbikitsa magulu a PS kuti awatsendereze ndikusokoneza misonkhano, misonkhano ikuluikulu, yolimbikitsa anthu omwe amawaukira powaponyera zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuletsa anthu ampatuko omwe si Akatolika kuti azigwira ntchito zaboma ngakhalenso miyambo yamaliro yosavuta,[95] ola limodzi, ndi Khonsolo Yachiwiri ya Vatican, a Atsogoleri achipembedzo adzadzinyoza okha, ndipo adayamba, ngakhale zolemba zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi ecumenism ndi ufulu wachipembedzo, nyengo yovuta.

Izi ziwonetsetsa kuti mu 1976 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania "idalandiridwa ku ufulu wotsimikizika ndi Pangano la Ubwenzi, Malonda ndi Kuyenda pakati pa 1949 pakati pa Italy Republic ndi United States of America";[96] achipembedzo atha kupempha Chilamulo. 1159 ya Juni 24, 1929 pa "Makonzedwe azikhalidwe zopembedza zomwe zimavomerezedwa ku boma komanso zaukwati zomwe zimakondwereredwa pamaso pa atumiki omwewo olambira", komwe kuli zaluso. 1 panali zokambirana za "Zipembedzo Zovomerezeka" osatinso za "Zipembedzo Zolekerera" monga momwe Albertine Statute idavomerezera kuyambira 1848, pomwe "International Bible Student Association" idachotsedwa pamilandu chifukwa idalibe anthu ovomerezeka, osakhala "Thupi" mwalamulo ku Kingdom of Italy kapena kunja ndipo adaletsedwa kuyambira 1927. Tsopano, kuvomereza ufulu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi panganoli malinga ndi United States, nthambi yaku Watch Tower Society yaku Italiya itha kukhala ndi atumiki olambira omwe atha kukondwerera Maukwati ovomerezeka pazifukwa zokomera boma, kusangalala ndi zaumoyo, ufulu wa penshoni wotsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo, komanso mwayi wopezeka kuzilango zantchito zantchito.[97] Exponential yakhazikitsidwa ku Italy pamaziko a dpr wa 31 Okutobala 1986, palibe 783, yofalitsidwa mu Gazzetta ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana Novembala 26, 1986.

8. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa ma 1940 mpaka ma 1960, kuwonjezeka kwa ofalitsa a JW kunali kofotokozedwa ndi Watchtower Society ngati umboni wa kuyanjidwa ndi Mulungu. Utsogoleri waku America wa Mboni za Yehova adakondwera pomwe m'manyuzipepala amafotokozedwa kuti ndi "chipembedzo chofulumira kwambiri padziko lapansi" kuposa "M'zaka 15, chakhala chiwalo chake katatu";[98] kuopa bomba la atomiki, nkhondo yozizira, mikangano yankhondo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri izi zidapangitsa kuti ziyembekezo za apocalyptic za Watchtower zikhale zomveka, ndipo zithandizira kuwonjezeka ndi purezidenti wa Knorr. Ndipo kutayika kwa nyonga kwa Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi matchalitchi osiyanasiyana a "evangelical" sikuyenera kuyiwalika. Monga momwe M. James Penton ananenera: “Ambiri amene kale anali Akatolika akopeka ndi Mboni kuyambira pamene kusintha kwa Vatican II. Kaŵirikaŵiri amanena poyera kuti chikhulupiriro chawo chinagwedezeka ndi kusintha kwa miyambo yachikatolika ndipo akusonyeza kuti anali kufunafuna chipembedzo chokhala ndi 'miyezo yotsimikizika' ya makhalidwe abwino ndi olamulira olimba. ”[99] Kafukufuku wa a Johan Leman osamukira ku Sicilian ku Belgium ndi omwe a Luigi Berzano ndi Massimo Introvigne mkatikati mwa Sicily akuwoneka kuti akutsimikizira zomwe Penton adachita.[100]

Izi zikuzungulira "mlandu waku Italiya", popeza kuti kayendetsedwe ka JW, m'dziko la Katolika, kachita bwino kwambiri, koyamba kukula pang'onopang'ono: zotsatira za zomwe bungwe lidakhazikitsa Purezidenti Knorr posakhalitsa zidaloleza kusindikizidwa kwamabuku ndi La Torre di Guardia ndipo, kuyambira 1955, Svegliatevi! Chaka chomwecho, dera la Abruzzo ndilo lomwe linali ndi otsatira ambiri, koma panali madera aku Italy, monga Marches, komwe kunalibe mipingo. Lipoti lautumiki la 1962 lidavomereza kuti, komanso chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe tafufuza pamwambapa, "kulalikiraku kunkachitika mdera laling'ono ku Italy".[101]

Popita nthawi, komabe, panali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu, komwe kumatha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere:

1948 …………………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 ………………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 ………………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 ………………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 ………………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 ………………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
1969 ………………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
1971 ………………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
1975 ………………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Tikuwona kuwonjezeka kwamphamvu kwambiri pambuyo pa 1971. Chifukwa? Polankhula pamlingo waukulu, osati mlandu waku Italiya wokha, M. James Penton akuyankha, ponena za malingaliro a utsogoleri wa Watchtower atakumana ndi zotsatira zabwino pambuyo pa nkhondo:

Amawonekeranso kuti akukhala okhutira mwaku America, osati kokha chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa chiwerengero cha obatizidwa ndi ofalitsa atsopano a Mboni, komanso chifukwa chomanga nyumba zosindikizira zatsopano, likulu la nthambi, komanso kuchuluka kwa mabuku omwe adasindikiza ndikugawa. Kukula nthawi zonse kumawoneka bwino. Oyankhula ochokera ku Beteli ya ku Brooklyn nthawi zambiri amawonetsa zithunzi kapena makanema a fakitale yosindikiza ku New York pomwe amalankhula bwino kwa Mboni padziko lonse lapansi pamapepala omwe amasindikizidwa Nsanja ya Olonda ndi Mtolankhani wa Galamukani! magazini. Chifukwa chake pomwe kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 kudasinthidwa ndikukula pang'onopang'ono kwa zaka khumi kapena khumi ndi ziwiri zotsatira, izi zidakhumudwitsa atsogoleri a Mboni komanso Mboni za Yehova padziko lonse lapansi.

Zotsatira zakumverera koteroko kwa Mboni zina zinali chikhulupiriro kuti mwina ntchito yolalikira inali itatsala pang'ono kutha: mwina ambiri a nkhosa zina anali atasonkhanitsidwa. Mwina Armagedo inali pafupi.[103]

Zonsezi zisintha, ndichangu, chomwe chingakhudze, monga tawonera pamwambapa, kuwonjezeka kwa otsatira, mu 1966, pomwe Sosaite idapatsa mphamvu gulu lonse la Mboni posonyeza kuti chaka cha 1975 ndi kumapeto kwa zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi za mbiri ya anthu komanso , chotero, mwa kuthekera konse, kuyamba kwa zaka chikwi za Kristu. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha buku latsopano lotchedwa Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio (Eng. Moyo Wosatha Mwa Ufulu wa Ana a Mulungu), yofalitsidwa pamisonkhano yachilimwe ya 1966 (1967 ku Italy). Pamasamba 28-30 wolemba wake, yemwe pambuyo pake Amadziwika kuti anali Frederick William Franz, wachiwiri kwa purezidenti wa Nsanja ya Olonda, adati, atadzudzula nthawi yomwe Baibuloli limalongosola ndi bishopu wamkulu waku Ireland James Ussher (1581-1656), yemwe adalemba 4004 BC. chaka chobadwa kwa munthu woyamba:

Kuyambira nthawi ya Ussher pakhala kuphunzira kozama za nthawi ya m'Baibulo. M'zaka makumi awiri zapitazi kafukufuku wodziyimira pawokha adapangidwa yemwe samatsatira mwachisawawa kuwerengera kwachikhristu, komanso kuwerengera nthawi komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kafukufukuyu kumawonetsera tsiku lomwe munthu adalengedwa ngati 4026 BC. EV Malinga ndi kalembedwe kodalirika kameneka ka m'Baibulo, zaka sikisi sikisi kuchokera pomwe munthu adalengedwa zidzatha mu 1975, ndipo nyengo yazaka chikwi chachisanu ndi chiwiri ya mbiri ya anthu iyamba kumapeto kwa 1975 CE[104]

Wolemba apitiliza izi:

Zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakukhalapo kwa munthu padziko lapansi motero zatsala pang'ono kutha, inde, mkati mwa m'badwo uno. Yehova Mulungu ndi wamuyaya, monga momwe kwalembedwera mu Salmo 90: 1, 2 kuti: “Inu Yehova, mwasonyeza kuti Inu ndinu mokhalamo mwathu mibadwo mibadwo. Mapiri asanabadwe, kapena musanalamulire dziko lapansi ndi dziko lapansi, monga zowawa za kubala, kuyambira nthawi yosayamba kufikira nthawi yosatha Inu ndinu Mulungu ”. Kwa Yehova Mulungu, zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zakukhalapo kwa munthu zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zili ngati masiku asanu ndi limodzi a maola makumi awiri mphambu anayi, chifukwa salmo lomweli (vesi 3, 4) limanenanso kuti: mubweretse munthu wakufa kufumbi, ndipo mukuti, 'Bwererani, inu ana a anthu. Pakuti pamaso panu zaka chikwi ziri ngati dzulo popita, ndi ngati ulonda usiku. ”M Zaka zochepa m'badwo wathu, ndiye, tidzafika pa zomwe Yehova Mulungu angaganize kuti ndi tsiku lachisanu ndi chiwiri la kukhalapo kwa munthu.

Zingakhale zoyenera kwambiri kuti Yehova Mulungu apange nyengo yachisanu ndi chiwiri iyi kukhala nthawi yopumula ya Sabata, Sabata lalikulu la Jubile loti alengeze ufulu wapadziko lonse kwa anthu onse okhalamo! Izi zingakhale zoyenera anthu. Ziyeneranso kukhala zoyenera kwa Mulungu, chifukwa, kumbukirani, anthu adakali ndi zomwe buku lomaliza la Holy Bible likunena ngati ulamuliro wazaka chikwi wa Yesu Khristu padziko lapansi, ulamuliro wa zaka chikwi wa Khristu. Mwaulosi, Yesu Khristu, pomwe anali padziko lapansi zaka mazana khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zapitazo, adanena za iye: "Mwana wa munthu ndiye Mbuye wa Sabata." (Mateyu 12: 8) Sizingakhale mwangozi, koma zidzakhala molingana ndi cholinga chachikondi cha Yehova Mulungu kuti ufumu wa Yesu Khristu, "Mbuye wa Sabata", umayenda mofanana ndi zaka chikwi chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha kukhalapo kwa munthu. ”[105]

Kumapeto kwa mutuwo, tsamba 34 ndi 35, “Tabelle di date tanthauzo la della creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM "("Mndandanda wa masiku ofunikira a kulengedwa kwa munthu ku 7000 AM ”) adasindikizidwa. lomwe limanena kuti munthu woyamba Adamu adalengedwa mu 4026 BCE ndikuti zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zomwe munthu adakhalapo padziko lapansi zitha mu 1975:

Koma kuyambira 1968 pomwe bungweli lidadzitamandira kwambiri patsiku latsopano lakumapeto kwa zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi za mbiri ya anthu komanso zomwe zingachitike pamapeto pake. Kabuku kakang'ono katsopano, La verità che conduce all vita eterna, wogulitsa kwambiri mu bungweli yemwe amakumbukiridwabe ndi chiyembekezo china ngati "bomba la buluu", lomwe linaperekedwa pamisonkhano yachigawo chaka chomwecho kuti ilowe m'malo mwa buku lakale Sia Dio riconosciuto Verace ngati chida chachikulu chophunzitsira anthu, omwe, monga buku la 1966, adapereka chiyembekezo kwa chaka chimenecho, 1975, chokhala ndi mawu omwe amatanthauza kuti dziko lapansi silidzapulumuka kupitirira chaka chopambanacho, koma chomwe chidzakonzedwe mu Kusindikizidwanso mu 1981.[106] Sosaite idatinso maphunziro a Baibulo okhalamo anthu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi mathandizidwe a buku latsopanoli azikhala ochepa kwa miyezi yopitilira isanu ndi umodzi. Pamapeto pa nthawiyo, otembenuka mtsogolo ayenera kuti akhala kale a JWs kapena amapita ku Nyumba Yaufumu yakomweko. Nthawi inali yocheperako kotero kuti idakhazikika kotero kuti ngati anthu sanalandire "Choonadi" (monga momwe a JW amafotokozera paziphunzitso zawo ndi zamulungu zawo) mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, mwayi wodziwa umayenera kuperekedwanso kwa ena usanachitike mochedwa.[107] Zachidziwikire, ngakhale pakuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa kukula ku Italy kokha kuyambira 1971 mpaka 1975, kuyerekezera kwa tsiku lachiwombankhanga kunathandizira chidwi cha okhulupirika, ndipo izi zidalimbikitsa ambiri omwe anali ndi chidwi chodumpha pagaleta la apocalyptic la Watchtower Society. Kuphatikiza apo, a Mboni za Yehova ambiri ofunda adadzidzimuka mwauzimu. Kenako, kumapeto kwa 1968, kampaniyo, poyankha kuyankha kwa anthu, idayamba kufalitsa nkhani zingapo Svegliatevi! ndi La Torre di Guardia izi sizinasiye kukayikira kuti anali kuyembekezera kutha kwa dziko lapansi mu 1975. Poyerekeza ndi ziyembekezo zina zamatsenga zam'mbuyomu (monga 1914 kapena 1925), a Watchtower azikhala osamala kwambiri, ngakhale zitakhala kuti zikuwonetsa kuti otsogolera amatsogolera otsatira kuti akhulupirire ulosiwu:

Chinthu chimodzi ndichotsimikizika, kuwerengera kwa nthawi kochitika mothandizidwa ndi ulosi wakwaniritsidwa wa m'Baibulo kumawonetsa kuti zaka sikisi sikisi zakukhalapo kwa anthu zitha posachedwa, inde, m'badwo uno! (Mat. 24:34) Conco, ino si nthawi yoti anthu ayambe kudzinyalanyaza kapena kuwanyalanyaza. Ino si nthawi yanthabwala ndi mawu a Yesu kuti "za tsikulo ndi nthawi yake palibe amene akudziwa, angakhale angelo akumwamba kapena Mwana, koma Atate yekha". (Mat. 24:36) M'malo mwake, ndi nthawi yoti tizindikire kuti mapeto a dongosolo lino la zinthu ayandikira kwambiri. Musanyengedwe, ndikokwanira kuti Atate mwiniwake adziwe zonse 'tsiku ndi nthawi'!

Ngakhale sitingathe kuwona kupitilira 1975, kodi ichi ndi chifukwa chosakhala okangalika? Atumwi sanathe kuona mpaka lero; sanadziwe kalikonse ka 1975. Zomwe amangoona zinali kanthawi kochepa patsogolo pawo kuti amalize ntchito yomwe apatsidwa. (1 Pet. 4: 7) Nanshi i biyampe kulangulukila pa byobya byotubwanya kulonga pa kufundija bakwabo. (Mac. 20:20; 2 Tim. 4: 2) Ndipo chifukwa chake. Akadachedwa kapena kuwononga nthawi ndikulingalira kuti panali zaka zikwi zingapo zoti zichitike, sakanatha kumaliza mpikisano womwe adapatsidwa. Ayi, adathamanga kwambiri, ndipo adapambana! Inali nkhani ya moyo kapena imfa kwa iwo. - 1 Akor. 9:24; 2 Tim. 4: 7; Aheb. 12: 1.[108]

Tiyenera kunena kuti mabuku a Sosaite sananene motsimikiza kuti mu 1975 mapeto adzafika. Atsogoleri a nthawiyo, makamaka Frederick William Franz, mosakayikira anali atamanga kale kulephera kwa 1925. Ngakhale zili choncho, ambiri a JWs podziwa pang'ono kapena osadziwa kalikonse za kulephera kwakale kwa mpatuko, adagwidwa ndi chidwi; oyang'anira oyendayenda ambiri ndi zigawo adagwiritsa ntchito deti la 1975, makamaka pamisonkhano, ngati njira yolimbikitsira mamembala kuti azilalikira kwambiri. Ndipo sichinali chanzeru kukayikira poyera tsikulo, chifukwa izi zitha kuwonetsa "uzimu wosauka" ngati sichikhulupiriro cha "kapolo wokhulupirika ndi wanzeru", kapena utsogoleri.[109]

Kodi chiphunzitsochi chakhudza bwanji miyoyo ya ma JW padziko lonse lapansi? Chiphunzitsochi chinakhudza kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu. Mu June 1974, Ministero del Regno inanena kuti chiwerengero cha apainiya chaphulika ndipo anthu omwe agulitsa nyumba zawo adayamikiridwa kuti agwiritsa ntchito kanthawi kochepa komwe katsala mukutumikira Mulungu. Momwemonso, adalangizidwa kuti asiye maphunziro a ana awo:

Inde, mapeto a dongosolo lino ali pafupi! Kodi ichi si chifukwa chokulitsira bizinesi yathu? Pankhaniyi, titha kuphunzira kanthu kuchokera kwa wothamanga yemwe kumapeto kwa mpikisanowu amapanga mpikisano wothamanga komaliza. Onani Yesu, yemwe mwachionekere anafulumizitsa ntchito yake m'masiku otsiriza omwe anali padziko lapansi. M'malo mwake, zopitilira 27 peresenti ya zomwe zili m'Mauthenga Abwino zidaperekedwa sabata yatha lautumiki wa Yesu padziko lapansi! - Mateyu 21: 1–27: 50; Maliko 11: 1–15: 37; Luka 19: 29-23: 46; Yohane 11: 55–19: 30.

Mwa kupenda mosamalitsa mikhalidwe yathu mu pemphero, tingapezenso kuti tiri okhoza kupereka nthaŵi ndi nyonga zochuluka kulalikira m'nthawi yomaliza ino dongosolo lino lisanathe. Abale ambiri amachita izi. Izi zikuwonekera pakuchulukirachulukira kwa apainiya.

Inde, kuyambira Disembala 1973 pakhala apainiya atsopano okwera mwezi uliwonse. Tsopano ku Italy kuli apainiya okhazikika ndi apadera 1,141, omwe sanachitikepo. Izi zikufanana ndi apainiya ena 362 kuposa mu Marichi 1973! Kuwonjezeka kwa 43 peresenti! Kodi mitima yathu sichikondwera? Akumva kuti abale akugulitsa nyumba zawo ndi katundu wawo ndikukonzekera kuti adzakhale moyo wawo wonse mu dongosolo lakaleli monga mpainiya. Imeneyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito kanthawi kochepa kamene kamatsala asanathe dziko loipali. --1 Yohane 2:17.[110]

Masauzande a ma JW achichepere adayamba ntchito yaupainiya wokhazikika aku University kapena pantchito yanthawi zonse, momwemonso otembenuka mtima ambiri. Ochita bizinesi, ogulitsa m'misika, ndi zina zambiri adasiya bizinesi yawo yopambana. Ogwira ntchito asiya ntchito zawo zanthawi zonse ndipo mabanja angapo padziko lonse lapansi adagulitsa nyumba zawo ndikusamukira "Kumene kunali kufunika [alaliki] kwakukulu." Maanja achichepere adazengereza ukwati wawo kapena adasankha kuti asadzakhale ndi ana akadzakwatirana. Mabanja okhwima adasiya maakaunti awo akubanki ndipo, pomwe ndalama za penshoni sizinali zachinsinsi, ndalama za penshoni. Ambiri, achichepere ndi achikulire omwe, amuna ndi akazi, adaganiza zopititsa patsogolo maopaleshoni ena kapena chithandizo chamankhwala choyenera. Umu ndi momwe ziliri ku Italy, kwa Michele Mazzoni, yemwe kale anali mkulu mu mpingo, akuchitira umboni kuti:

Izi ndizokwapula, kusasamala komanso kusasamala, zomwe zakakamiza mabanja athunthu [a Mboni za Yehova] kupita pakhonde kuti athandizire GB [Bungwe Lolamulira, ed.] Kuti chifukwa cha omwe otsatira awo opanda nzeru ataya katundu ndi ntchito zawo kupita khomo ndi khomo khomo lokulitsa ndalama za Sosaite, zomwe zilipo kale zochulukirapo komanso zowonekera… Ma JW ambiri adataya tsogolo lawo komanso la ana awo kuti athandizire kampani yomweyo ... a JWs osazindikira amaganiza kuti ndikofunikira kusungitsa ndalama zoyambilira nthawi zopulumuka pambuyo pa tsiku lowopsa la mkwiyo wa Mulungu lomwe mu 1975 likadakhala litatulutsidwa ku Harmageddon… ma JW ena adayamba kusungitsa ndalama ndi makandulo mchilimwe cha 1974; psychosis yotereyi idayamba (…).

Mazzotti adalalikira kutha kwa dongosolo la zinthu la 1975 kulikonse komanso m'malo onse malinga ndi malangizo omwe aperekedwa. Ndi m'modzi mwa iwo omwe amapanga zinthu zambiri (zamzitini) kotero kuti kumapeto kwa 1977 anali asanawataye ndi banja lake.[111] "Posachedwa ndidakumana ndi anthu amitundu yosiyana: French, Swiss, English, Germany, New Zealanders komanso anthu omwe amakhala ku North Africa ndi South America", atero a Giancarlo Farina, omwe kale anali a JW omwe apanga njira yopulumukira kukhala Chiprotestanti ndiponso woyang'anira nyumba yofalitsa uthenga wabwino ya Casa della Bibbia (Nyumba ya Baibulo), ku Turin yomwe imagawira Mabaibulo, “onse anditsimikizira kuti Mboni za Yehova zalalikira chaka cha 1975 ngati chaka chomaliza. Umboni winanso wosamveka bwino kwa GB ukupezeka posiyanitsa zomwe zidanenedwa mu Ministero del Regno ya 1974 ndi zomwe zidafotokozedwa mu Nsanja ya Olonda [ya 1 Januware 1977, tsamba 24]: kumeneko, abale akuyamikiridwa chifukwa chogulitsa nyumba ndi katundu ndikumaliza masiku awo omaliza akuchita upainiya ”.[112]

Mabuku akunja, monga atolankhani adziko lonse, nawonso amamvetsetsa uthenga womwe Nsanja ya Olonda imayambitsa. Kutulutsa kwa 10 August 1969 kwa nyuzipepala yaku Roma Nthawi adalemba nkhani ya International Assembly "Pace in Terra", "Riusciremo a battere Satana nell'agosto 1975" ("Titha kumenya Satana mu Ogasiti 1975"), ndipo akuti:

Chaka chatha, purezidenti wawo [JW] a Nathan Knorr adalongosola mu Ogasiti 1975 kuti kutha kwa zaka 6,000 za mbiri ya anthu kudzachitika. Adafunsidwa, ngati sichinali chilengezo chakumapeto kwa dziko lapansi, koma adayankha, akukweza manja ake kumwamba ndi mawu olimbikitsa: "Ayi ayi, m'malo mwake: mu Ogasiti 1975, kutha kokha kwa nyengo yankhondo, ziwawa ndi tchimo ndipo nthawi yayitali komanso yopindulitsa yazaka 10 zamtendere zidzayamba pomwe nkhondo zidzaletsedwa ndipo tchimo lidzagonjetsedwa… ”

Koma kodi kutha kwa dziko la uchimo kudzachitika bwanji ndipo zidatheka bwanji kukhazikitsa chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano yamtendere molondola modabwitsa chonchi? Atafunsidwa, wamkulu adayankha kuti: "Ndizosavuta: kudzera mu maumboni onse omwe adapezeka m'Baibulo ndikuthokoza pakuwululidwa kwa aneneri ambiri tatsimikiza kuti ndi mu August 1975 (koma sitikudziwa tsikulo) Satana adzamenyedwa motsimikizika ndipo ayamba. nyengo yatsopano yamtendere.

Koma zikuwonekeratu kuti, mu zamulungu za JW, zomwe sizikuwoneratu kutha kwa dziko lapansi, koma za dongosolo laumunthu "lolamulidwa ndi Satana", "kutha kwa nyengo yankhondo, ziwawa ndi uchimo" ndi "Kuyambira nthawi yayitali komanso yobala zipatso ya zaka mazana khumi zamtendere pomwe nkhondo zidzaletsedwa ndipo tchimo lidzagonjetsedwa" zidzachitika pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Aramagedo! Panali manyuzipepala angapo omwe amalankhula za izi, makamaka kuyambira 10 mpaka 1968.[113] Bungwe Lolamulira la Mboni za Yehova litapezeka kuti lasocheretsedwa, kuti likwaniritse udindo wolosera za "chiwonongeko china" chomwe chidasinthidwa, m'makalata achinsinsi omwe adatumizidwa kwa owerenga magazini ake, nthambi yaku Italiya idakana mpaka kunena kuti idanenapo dziko lapansi ziyenera kutha mu 1975, ndikuimba mlandu atolankhani, kuthamangitsa "kukopa" komanso motsogozedwa ndi Satana Mdyerekezi:

Wokondedwa Sir,

Tikuyankha kalata yanu ndipo tayiwerenga mosamala kwambiri, ndipo tikuganiza kuti ndi nzeru kufunsa tisanadalire mawu ofanana nawo. Sayenera kuyiwala kuti pafupifupi zofalitsa zonse masiku ano zimapindulitsa. Pachifukwa ichi, olemba ndi atolankhani amayesetsa kukondweretsa magulu ena a anthu. Amaopa kukhumudwitsa owerenga kapena alengezi. Kapenanso amagwiritsa ntchito chidwi kapena chodabwitsa kuwonjezera malonda, ngakhale atasokoneza chowonadi. Pafupifupi nyuzipepala iliyonse ndi gwero lazotsatsa lokonzeka kupanga malingaliro pagulu malinga ndi chifuniro cha Satana.

Inde, sitinanenepo chilichonse chokhudza kutha kwa dziko mu 1975. Iyi ndi nkhani yabodza yomwe yatengedwa ndi manyuzipepala ndi mawayilesi ambiri.

Tikukhulupirira kuti mumvetsedwa, tikukupatsani moni wochokera pansi pamtima.[114]

Kenako Bungwe Lolamulira, litazindikira kuti ambiri a Mboni za Yehova sakuigula, idapereka udindo wawo ndikufalitsa magazini yomwe imanyoza Komiti Yaku Brooklyn Yolemba chifukwa chatsimikiza kuti chaka cha 1975 ndi tsiku lomaliza dziko lapansi, "kuyiwala" kunena kuti Komiti ya Olemba ndi Akonzi amapangidwa ndi mamembala a Bungwe Lolamulira lomwelo.[115]

Pomwe 1975 idadza ndikuwonetsanso kuti "kuchedwa kwachedwa" kudzafika mtsogolo (koma ulosi wa m'badwo wa 1914 udatsalira womwe sukadadutsa Armagheddon, komwe bungwe lidzagogomezera mwachitsanzo kuchokera m'bukuli Potete vivere pa semper su una terra paradisiaca ya 1982, ndipo mu 1984, ngakhale sichinali chiphunzitso chatsopano)[116] si ma JW ochepa omwe adakumana ndi zokhumudwitsa zazikulu. Mwakachetechete ambiri adasiya gululi. Pulogalamu ya Buku Lapachaka la 1976 , patsamba 28, kuti mu 1975 panali ofalitsa omwe anawonjezeka ndi 9.7% chaka chatha. Koma mchaka chotsatira chiwonjezerocho chinali 3.7% yokha,[117] ndipo mu 1977 padali ngakhale kutsika kwa 1%! 441 M'mayiko ena kuchepa kunali kwakukulu.[118]

Kuyang'ana pansipa pa graph, kutengera kukula kwa ma JW ku Italy kuyambira 1961 mpaka 2017, titha kuwerenga bwino kuchokera pa chiwerengerocho kuti kukula kunali kwakukulu kuyambira pomwe bukulo Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio ndipo mabodzawo adatulutsidwa. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa 1974, pafupi ndi tsiku lowopsa ndipo, ndi nsonga za 34% ndikukula kwapakati, kuyambira 1966 mpaka 1975, za 19.6% (motsutsana ndi 0.6 munthawi ya 2008-2018). Koma, zitatha, kuchepa kwotsatira, ndikukula kwamakono (kochepera ku Italy kokha) kofanana ndi 0%.

Chithunzicho, chomwe chidziwitso chake chimatengedwa kwambiri kuchokera ku malipoti autumiki omwe adasindikizidwa mu ma Kingdom of December a Kingdom Ministries, chikuwonetsa kuti kulalikira kwa nthawiyo, komwe kumayang'ana kumapeto kumapeto kwa 1975, kudakhala kothandiza pakukula kwa Mboni za Yehova, omwe chaka chotsatira, mu 1976, adadziwika ndi dziko la Italy. Kutsika pazaka zotsatirazi sikukuwonetsera kokha zakukhalapo kwachipanduko, komanso kuima - ndikukula mu 1980s - za gululi, lomwe silidzakhalanso ndi ziwonjezeko, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, monga momwe zinalili nthawi imeneyo.[119]

ZOTHANDIZA ZITHUNZI

 Msonkhano woyamba ku Italy wa Ophunzira Baibulo Amayiko
Msonkhano, womwe unachitikira ku Pinerolo, kuyambira pa 23 mpaka 26 Epulo, 1925

 

 Remigio Cuminetti

 

Kalata yochokera kunthambi ya ku Roma ya JWs idasaina SB, yolembedwa pa Disembala 18, 1959 pomwe a Watchtower amafotokoza momveka bwino kudalira maloya "a republican kapena social-democracy" popeza "ndi omwe amatiteteza".

M'kalata iyi kuchokera kunthambi ya ku Roma ya a JWs adasaina SB, ya pa Disembala 18, 1959, a Watchtower adalangiza mosapita m'mbali kuti: "Tikufuna kuti kusankha loya kukhale kosakonda chikominisi. Tikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito loya wa Republican, Liberal kapena Social Democrat ".

Kalatayi yochokera ku nthambi ya Roma ya JWs yasaina EQA: SSC, yolembedwa pa Seputembara 17, 1979, yolunjika kwa oyang'anira akuluakulu a RAI [kampani yomwe ndiyokhazikitsidwa ndi onse pawailesi yakanema komanso wailesi yakanema ku Italy, ed.] komanso kwa Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo yoyang'anira wa ntchito za RAI, woimira milandu ku Watch Tower Society ku Italy analemba kuti: “M'njira imeneyi, mofanana ndi ya ku Italy, yozikidwa pa mfundo za Resistance, Mboni za Yehova ndi limodzi mwa magulu ochepa kwambiri amene alimba mtima kupereka zifukwa chikumbumtima chisanachitike nkhondo ku Germany ndi Italy. chifukwa chake amafotokoza zabwino zenizeni masiku ano ”.

Kalata yochokera ku nthambi yaku JW yaku Italiya, yosainidwa ndi SCB: SSA, yolembedwa pa Seputembara 9, 1975, pomwe atolankhani aku Italiya akuimbidwa mlandu wofalitsa nkhani zowopsa zakumapeto kwa dziko mu 1975.

"Riusciremo a battere Satana nell'agosto 1975" ("Tidzatha kumenya Satana mu Ogasiti 1975"),
Nthawi, August 10, 1969.

Chidutswa chokulitsa cha nyuzipepala yomwe tatchulayi:

“Chaka chatha, purezidenti wawo [JW] a Nathan Knorr adalongosola mu Ogasiti 1975 kuti kutha kwa zaka 6,000 za mbiri ya anthu kudzachitika. Adafunsidwa, ngati sichinali chilengezo chakumapeto kwa dziko lapansi, koma adayankha, akukweza manja ake kumwamba ndi mawu olimbikitsa: 'Ayi, m'malo mwake: mu Ogasiti 1975, kutha kokha kwa nyengo yankhondo, ziwawa ndi tchimo komanso nthawi yayitali komanso yopindulitsa yazaka 10 zamtendere zidzayamba pomwe nkhondo zidzaletsedwa ndipo tchimo lidzagonjetsedwa ... '

Koma kodi kutha kwa dziko la uchimo kudzachitika bwanji ndipo zidatheka bwanji kukhazikitsa chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano yamtendere molondola modabwitsa chonchi? Atafunsidwa, wamkulu adayankha kuti: "Ndizosavuta: kudzera mu maumboni onse omwe adapezeka m'Baibulo ndikuthokoza pakuwululidwa kwa aneneri ambiri tatsimikiza kuti ndi mu August 1975 (koma sitikudziwa tsikulo) Satana adzamenyedwa motsimikizika ndipo ayamba. nyengo yatsopano yamtendere. ”

Kufotokozera or Chidziwitso, lofalitsidwa m'magazini ya ku Switzerland Trost (Consolation, lero Galamukani!) ya Okutobala 1, 1943.

 

Kutanthauzira kwa Chidziwitso lofalitsidwa Trost ya Okutobala 1, 1943.

KUSINTHA

Nkhondo iliyonse imasautsa anthu ndi zoipa zambiri ndipo imayambitsa chikumbumtima kwa zikwi, ngakhale mamiliyoni a anthu. Izi ndi zomwe zitha kunenedwa moyenera za nkhondo yomwe ikupitilira, yomwe silingapatse kontinenti iliyonse ndipo imamenyedwa mlengalenga, munyanja ndi pamtunda. Ndizosapeweka kuti munthawi ngati izi tidzamvetsetsa molakwika komanso mwadala mwadala, osati m'malo mwa anthu okha, komanso pamitundu yonse.

Ifenso Mboni za Yehova sitimachita chimodzimodzi ndi lamuloli. Ena amatiyambitsa ngati gulu lomwe cholinga chake ndi kuwononga "usirikali, ndikupangitsa mobisa kapena kuyitanitsa anthu kuti asatumikire, asamvere malamulo a asirikali, aphwanye ntchito zawo kapena kuthawa."

Zinthu zoterezi zitha kuthandizidwa ndi iwo omwe sadziwa mzimu komanso ntchito mdera lathu ndipo, moyipa, amayesa kupotoza zowonadi.

Timatsimikiza motsimikiza kuti gulu lathu sililamula, kulangiza kapena kunena mwanjira iliyonse kuti tichite zotsutsana ndi zomwe asirikali apatsidwa, ndipo izi sizikufotokozedwanso pamisonkhano yathu komanso zolembedwa zosindikizidwa ndi gulu lathu. Sitimachita nawo zinthu ngati izi. Ntchito yathu ndiyo kuchitira umboni za Yehova Mulungu ndi kulengeza choonadi kwa anthu onse. Ambiri mwa anzathu komanso otimvera adakwaniritsa ntchito yawo yankhondo ndipo akupitilizabe kutero.

Sitinanenepo konse kuti ntchito zankhondo zikutsutsana ndi mfundo ndi zolinga za Association of Mboni za Yehova monga zafotokozedwera m'malamulo ake. Tikupempha anzathu onse ndi anzathu mu chikhulupiliro chotenga nawo mbali pakulengeza za ufumu wa Mulungu (Mateyu 24:14) kuti akhale - monga zakhala zikuchitikira mpaka pano - mokhulupirika komanso molimba mtima polengeza choonadi cha m'Baibulo, kupewa chilichonse chomwe chingachitike zimayambitsa kusamvana. kapenanso kutanthauziridwa ngati chisonkhezero chosamvera zankhondo.

Msonkhano wa Mboni za Yehova ku Switzerland

Purezidenti: Ad. Wopanga masewera

Mlembi: D. Wiedenmann

Bern, Seputembara 15, 1943

 

Kalata yochokera kunthambi yaku France idasaina SA / SCF, ya Novembala 11, 1982.

Kutanthauzira kwa Letter wochokera ku nthambi yaku France adasaina SA / SCF, ya Novembala 11, 1982.

SA / SCF

November 11, 1982

Mlongo Wokondedwa [dzina] [1]

Talandira kalata yanu kuchokera pakadali pano pomwe tidayang'anitsitsa ndipo mwatifunsa kuti tijambulitse "Declaration" yomwe idatuluka munkhani ya "Consolation" ya Okutobala 1.

Tikukutumizirani fotokopi iyi, koma tiribe kopanda zomwe zidakonzedwa pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse ku Zurich mu 1947. Komabe, abale ndi alongo ambiri adazimva pamwambowu ndipo panthawiyi machitidwe athu sanali kusamvetsetsa konse; izi ndizoponso, zodziwika bwino kwambiri kuti pakufunika kufotokozeranso.

Tikukupemphani, komabe, kuti musapereke "Chidziwitso" ichi m'manja mwa adani a chowonadi ndipo makamaka kuti musalole zithunzi zake chifukwa cha mfundo zopezeka pa Mateyu 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Popanda kufuna kukayikira zolinga zamunthu amene mumamuyendera komanso mwanzeru, timakonda kuti asakhale ndi "Chidziwitso" ichi kuti apewe kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika motsutsana ndi chowonadi.

Tikuwona kuti nkoyenera kuti mkulu apite nanu kukamuchezera njonda ameneyu poganizira mbali yosokosera komanso yaminga ya zokambiranazo. Ndi chifukwa chake timadzilola kuti tiwatumizireko yankho lathu.

Tikukutsimikizirani mlongo wokondedwa [dzina] chikondi chathu chonse chaubale.

Abale anu ndi antchito anzanu,

CHITSANZO CHRÉTIENNE

Les Témoins de Yehova

WA FRANCE

Sal.: Chithunzi cha "Chidziwitso"

cc: kwa thupi la okalamba.

[1] Mwanzeru, dzina la wolandirayo silichotsedwa.

[2] Mateyu 7: 6 amati: "Musamaponye ngale zanu patsogolo pa nkhumba." Mwachiwonekere "ngale" ndizo Chidziwitso ndipo nkhumba zikanakhala "otsutsa"!

Zolemba Pamapeto Zolemba Pamanja

[1] Zolemba za Ziyoni ndizambiri mwa Russell. Wolemba mbiri wamkulu wa gululi, a M. James Penton, alemba: Kuyambira nthawi yakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri mphambu makumi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri, Purezidenti woyamba wa Watch Tower Society, a Charles T. Russell, anali ochirikiza kwambiri zolinga za Zionist. Anakana kuyesa kutembenuza Ayuda, anali m'dera lachiyuda lokhalitsa Palestina, ndipo mu 1870 anatsogolera omvera achiyuda ku New York kuyimba nyimbo ya Ziyoni, Hatikva. ” M. James Penton, “A Nkhani of Kuyesera Kunyengerera: Mboni za Yehova, odana-ZachiyudaNdipo Ulamuliro Wachitatu ”, The Kufuna Kwachikhristu, vol. Ine, ayi. 3 (Chilimwe 1990), 33-34. M'kalata yopita kwa a Barons Maurice de Hirsch ndi a Edmond de Rothschild, adalemba Zion's Watch Tower ya Disembala 1891, 170, 171, ipempha "Ayuda awiri otsogola padziko lapansi" kuti agule malo ku Palestina kuti akhazikitse mizinda ya Ziyoni. Onani: M'busa Charles Taze Russell: An Zionist Oyambirira Achikhristu, lolembedwa ndi David Horowitz (New York: Philosophical Library, 1986), buku loyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi kazembe wa Israeli panthawiyo ku UN Benjamin Netanyahu, monga ananenera Philippe Bohstrom, mu "Before Herzl, There was Pastor Russell: A Neglected Chapter of Zionism ”, Haaretz.com, Ogasiti 22, 2008. Wolowa m'malo, Joseph. F. Rutherford, atayandikira koyamba zolinga zaku Zionist (kuyambira 1917-1932), adasintha chiphunzitsochi, ndikuwonetsa kuti a JWs anali "Israeli weniweni wa Mulungu" adayambitsa malingaliro odana ndi Chiyuda m'mabuku a gululi . M'buku Kuvomerezedwa alemba: "Ayuda adathamangitsidwa ndipo nyumba yawo idakhala bwinja chifukwa chakana Yesu. Mpaka lero, iwo sanalape za mchitidwe wachiwawa wa makolo awo. Iwo omwe abwerera ku Palestina amatero chifukwa chodzikonda kapena pazifukwa zomveka ". Joseph F. Rutherford, Kuvomerezedwa, vol. 2 (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. Masiku ano a JWs satsatira zipembedzo zachi Russellite kapena Rutherfordian anti-Judaism, ponena kuti salowerera ndale.

[2] Watchtower Society imadziwonetsera nthawi imodzi ngati bungwe lazamalamulo, monga nyumba yosindikizira komanso bungwe lachipembedzo. Kulongosola pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana ndi kovuta ndipo, m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, kudutsa magawo osiyanasiyana. Pazifukwa zamlengalenga onani: George D. Chryssides, A mpaka Z a Mboni za Yehova (Lanham: Scare Crow, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, wazaka 64; Id., Mboni za Yehova (New York: Routledge, 2016), 141-144; M. James Penton, Apocalypse Achedwa. Nkhani ya Mboni za Yehova (Toronto: Yunivesite ya Toronto Press, 2015), 294-303.

[3] Dzina lakuti “Mboni za Yehova” linavomerezedwa pa July 26, 1931 pamsonkhano wa ku Columbus, Ohio, pamene Joseph Franklin Rutherford, pulezidenti wachiwiri wa Nsanja ya Olonda, anakamba nkhaniyi Ufumu: Chiyembekezo cha Dziko Lapansi, Ndi chisankho Dzina Latsopano: “Tikufuna kudziwika ndi kutchedwa ndi dzinalo, kutanthauza kuti, Mboni za Yehova.” Mboni za Yehova: Olengeza Ufumu wa Mulungu (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Chisankhochi chidakwezedwa ndi Yesaya 43:10, ndime yomwe, mu 2017 Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano la Malemba Opatulika, limati: “'Inu ndinu mboni zanga,' watero Yehova, '… Mulungu, ndipo kunalibe wina wonditsata ine.” Koma cholinga chenicheni ndi chosiyana: "Mu 1931 - alemba Alan Rogerson - adakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya bungweli. Kwa zaka zambiri otsatira Rutherford anali kutchedwa mayina osiyanasiyana: 'International Bible Student', 'Russellites', kapena 'Millennial Dawners'. Pofuna kufafaniza momveka bwino otsatira ake ochokera m'magulu ena omwe adagawanika mu 1918 Rutherford adapempha kuti atenge dzina latsopano Mboni za Yehova."Alan Rogerson, Mamiliyoni Okhala Nawo Sadzafa Konse: Phunziro la Mboni za Yehova (London: Constable, 1969), 56. Rutherford mwiniyo adzatsimikizira izi: "Kuyambira pomwe Charles T. Russell amwalira pakhala pali makampani ambiri opangidwa kuchokera mwa omwe adayenda naye limodzi, iliyonse yamakampaniwa omwe amati amaphunzitsa chowonadi, ndipo aliyense amadzitchula mayina, monga "Otsatira a Pastor Russell", "iwo omwe amaima pachowonadi monga momwe anafotokozera Pastor Russell," "Associated Bible Student," ndipo ena mayina a atsogoleri awo. Zonsezi zimasokoneza komanso zimalepheretsa anthu omwe ali ndi zolinga zabwino omwe sadziwa zambiri za choonadi. ” “A Dzina Latsopano ”, The Watch Tower, Okutobala 1, 1931, p. 291

[4] Onani M. James Penton [2015], 165-71.

[5] Ibid., 316-317. Chiphunzitso chatsopano, chomwe chidachotsa "kumvetsetsa kwakale," chidayamba Nsanja ya Olonda, Novembala 1, 1995, 18-19. Chiphunzitsochi chidasinthanso pakati pa 2010 ndi 2015: mu 2010 Watchtower Society idati "m'badwo" wa 1914 - wowonedwa ndi Mboni za Yehova ngati m'badwo womaliza nkhondo ya Aramagedo isanachitike - akuphatikizapo anthu omwe miyoyo yawo "imakumanizana" ndi " Odzozedwa omwe anali ndi moyo pamene chizindikirocho chinayamba kuonekera mu 1914. ” Mu 2014 ndi 2015, a Frederick W. Franz, Purezidenti wa Watchtower Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) adatchulidwa ngati chitsanzo cha m'modzi mwa omaliza a "odzozedwa" amoyo mu 1914, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti " m'badwo ”uyenera kuphatikizapo“ odzozedwa ”onse mpaka pamene anamwalira mu 1992. Onani nkhani yakuti“ Udindo wa Mzimu Woyera Pokwaniritsa Cholinga cha Yehova ”, The Watchtower, Epulo 15, 2010, p. 10 ndi buku la 2014 Il Regno di Dio è già una zenizeni! (Engl. Kusindikiza, Ufumu wa Mulungu Ulamulira!), buku lomwe limamangidwanso, munjira yowunikiranso, mbiri ya a JWs, omwe amayesa kuyika malire pamibadwo yolumikizana iyi kupatula m'badwo wodzozedwa aliyense atamwalira womaliza wodzozedwa asanafike 1914. Ndi mbiri yakusintha mbadwo wophunzitsa nthawi iliyonse yotere ikalephera kukwaniritsidwa, mosakayikira mphangayi iyenso idzasintha pakapita nthawi. “Mbadwowu uli ndi magulu awiri odzozedwa omwe akuphatikizana - loyamba limapangidwa ndi odzozedwa omwe adawona kuyambika kwa kukwaniritsidwa kwa chizindikiro mu 1914 ndipo chachiwiri, odzozedwa omwe kwakanthawi adakhala m'gulu limodzi. Osachepera a m'gulu lachiwiri adzapulumuka kuti chisautso chikubwera chiziyambika. Magulu awiriwa ndi m'badwo umodzi chifukwa moyo wawo wokhala Akhristu odzozedwa unaphatikizana kwakanthawi. ” Ufumu wa Mulungu Ulamulira! (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Mawu Akumunsi, p. 12: “Aliyense amene anadzozedwa pambuyo pa imfa ya womaliza wa odzozedwa a m'gulu loyamba - ndiko kuti, pambuyo pa awo amene anaona“ zowawa zoyamba ”mu 1914-sakanakhala mbali ya“ m'badwo uwu. ” -Mat. 24: 8. ” Fanizo m'bukuli  Il Regno di Dio è già una zenizeni!, pa tsa. 12, ikuwonetsa magulu awiri amibadwo, odzozedwa a 1914 ndikupatsidwa odzozedwa amoyo lero. Zotsatira zake, tsopano pali magulu atatu, monga momwe Nsanja ya Olonda imakhulupirira kuti kukwaniritsidwa koyambirira kwa "m'badwo" kunakhudza Akhristu a m'nthawi ya atumwi. Panalibe kudalirana kwa Akristu a m'zaka 3 zoyambirira za nyengo yathu ino ndipo panalibe maziko a m'Malemba amene ayenera kukhazikitsidwa masiku ano.

[6] M. James Penton [2015], 13.

[7] Onani: Michael W. Homer, "L'azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)", pa Gian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. Ine valdesi fra chifukwa cha Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII e del XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma e sui movimenti religiosi in Italia (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 ndi 30 agosto- 1º malo a 1998) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 ndi Id., "Kufunafuna Chikhristu Chakale M'zigwa za Awadensi: Apulotesitanti, Amormoni, Adventist ndi Mboni za Yehova ku Italy", Nova Religio (Yunivesite ya California Press), Vol. 9, ayi. 4 (Meyi 2006), 5-33. Tchalitchi cha Waldensian Evangelical (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) chinali chipembedzo chisanachitike Chipulotesitanti chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa ndi Peter Waldo wazaka zapakati pazaka za zana la 12 ku Italy. Kuyambira nthawi ya Kukonzanso kwa zaka za zana la 16, idatengera zaumulungu zosinthidwa ndikuphatikizika mu miyambo yayikulu ya Reformed. Mpingo, pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Chiprotestanti, unatsatira maphunziro a chiphunzitso cha Calvinist ndipo unakhala nthambi yaku Italiya yamatchalitchi a Reformed, kufikira pomwe unalumikizana ndi Methodist Evangelical Church kupanga Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches mu 1975.

[8] Pazigawo zaulendo wa Russell ku Italy, onani: Zion's Watch Tower, February 15, 1892, 53-57 ndi nambala ya March 1, 1892, 71.

[9] Onani: Paolo Piccioli, "Due pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova", Bollettino della Società ndi Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), ayi. 186 (Juni 2000), 76-81; Id., Il prezzo della osiyanasiyana. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa ku Italia negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; 1982 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 ndi “Abusa Awiri Omwe Anayamikira Zolemba za Russell" Nsanja ya Olonda, Epulo 15, 2002, 28-29. Paolo Piccoli, woyang'anira dera wakale wa a JWs (kapena bishopu, ngati ofesi yofananira m'matchalitchi ena achikhristu) komanso wolankhulira dziko lakale ku Italy ku "Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova", bungwe loyimira bungwe la Watchtower Society ku Italy, wamwalira khansa pa Seputembara 6, 2010, monga zawonetsedwa m'mbiri yolembedwa mu nkhani yayifupi Paolo Piccioli ndi Max Wörnhard, "A Century of Soppression, Growth and Recognition", ku Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Mboni za Yehova ku Europe: Zakale Komanso Zamakono, Vol. I / 2 (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 1-134, anali wolemba mabuku a Mboni ku Italy, ndipo adasindikiza mabuku ofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Society monga 1982 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 113–243; adagwira ntchito mosadziwika polemba mabuku ambiri monga Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila, lolembedwa ndi Associazione europea de Testimoni di Geova pa la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Ndili umboni wa Geova ku Italia: dossier (Aromani: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) ndipo ndi mlembi wa maphunziro angapo okhudza mbiri ya Mboni za Yehova ku Italy kuphatikizapo: "I testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, ayi. 1 (Januware-Marichi 2000), 191-229; "Ndili umboni wa Geova dopo il 1946: Un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, ayi. 1 (Januware-Marichi 2002), 167-191, yomwe ipanga maziko a bukuli Il prezzo della osiyanasiyana. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa ku Italia negli scorsi cento anni (2010), ndi e "Chifukwa pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova" (2000), 77-81, ndi Introduzione ndi prof. Augusto Comba, 76-77, yomwe idzakhala maziko a nkhani ya "Abusa Awiri Omwe Amayamikira Zolemba za Russell," yofalitsidwa mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya Epulo 15, 2002, pomwe, komabe, mawu opepesa komanso amiseche amakula, ndipo zolembedwazo zimachotsedwa kuti ziwerengenso kuwerenga. Piccioli ndiye mlembi wa nkhaniyi, momwe "nthano ya Awadensi" komanso lingaliro loti anthuwa, pachiyambi, anali ofanana ndi Akhrisitu a m'zaka za zana loyamba, cholowa "choyambirira", chotchedwa "Awadensi: Kuchokera ku Mpatuko mpaka Chipulotesitanti, ” Watch Tower, Marichi 15, 2002, 20-23, komanso mbiri yachidule yachipembedzo, yolembedwa ndi mkazi wake Elisa Piccioli, yotchedwa "Kumvera Yehova kwandibweretsera Madalitso ambiri", idasindikizidwa mu Nsanja ya Olonda (Yophunzira), June 2013, 3-6.

[10] Onani: Charles T. Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età (Pinerolo: Tipografia Sociale, 1904). Paolo Piccioli akuti mu Bollettino della Società ndi Studi Valdesi (tsamba 77) kuti Rivoir adamasulira bukuli mu 1903 ndikulipirira kuchokera m'thumba lake mtengo wake wofalitsa mu 1904, koma ndi "nthano ina yakumizinda": ntchitoyi idalipiridwa ndi a Cassa Generale dei Treaties of the Zion's Watch Tower Society of Allegheny, PA, pogwiritsa ntchito ofesi ya Swiss Watch Tower ku Yverdon ngati mkhalapakati komanso woyang'anira, monga akunenera Zion's Watch Tower, Seputembara 1, 1904, 258.

[11] Ku US magulu oyambira kuphunzira kapena mipingo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1879, ndipo mkati mwa chaka opitilira 30 mwa iwo anali kukumana kwamaora sikisi motsogozedwa ndi Russell, kuti aunike Baibulo ndi zolemba zake. M. James Penton [2015], 13-46. Maguluwa anali odziyimira pawokha ecclesia, bungwe lomwe Russell adaliona ngati kubwerera ku "kuphweka koyambirira". Onani: "Ekklesia", Zion's Watch Tower, Okutobala 1881. Mu 1882 Zion's Watch Tower anati gulu lake ladziko lonse la magulu ophunzirira "linali losagwirizana ndi magulu achipembedzo ndipo chifukwa chake silimazindikira dzina lachipembedzo… tiribe chikhulupiriro (chotchinga) chotimangirira kapena kutipangitsa kuti tisakhale nawo pagulu lathu. Baibulo ndiye muyeso wathu wokha, ndipo ziphunzitso zake ndizo chikhulupiriro chathu chokha. ” Ananenanso kuti: "Tikugwirizana ndi Akhristu onse omwe titha kuzindikira Mzimu wa Khristu." "Mafunso ndi mayankho", Zion's Watch Tower, Epulo 1882. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, kuyang'anira zipembedzo zilizonse, adati mayina okhawo oyenera gulu lake ndi "Church of Christ", "Church of God" kapena "Christian". Anamaliza ndi kuti: “Mayina aliwonse omwe anthu angatitchule nawo, zilibe kanthu kwa ife; sitidziwa dzina lina koma 'dzina lokhalo lopatsidwa pansi pa thambo ndi mwa anthu' - Yesu Khristu. Timadzitcha kuti ndife Akhristu. ” "Dzina lathu", Zion's Watch Tower, February 1884.

[12] Mu 1903 magazini yoyamba ya La Vedetta ku Zion Amadzitcha okha ndi dzina loti "Church", komanso "Christian Church" ndi "Faithful Church". Onani: La Vedetta ku Zion, vol. Ine, ayi. 1, Okutobala 1903, 2, 3. Mu 1904 pambali pa "Mpingo" pamalankhulidwa za "Mpingo wa Gulu Laling'ono ndi Okhulupirira" komanso "Mpingo wa Evangelical". Onani: La Vedetta ku Zion, vol. 2, No. 1, Januwale 1904, 3. Sizingakhale zachilendo ku Italiya: zotsutsana ndi kukonda dziko lanu zitha kupezeka mu buku la France la Zion's Watch Tower, ndi Phare de la Tour de Ziyoni: mu 1905, m'kalata yomwe a Waldensian Daniele Rivoire adalemba yofotokoza zokambirana zachikhulupiriro paziphunzitso za Russell ndi a Waldensian Church Commission, akuti pamapeto pake kuti: "Lamlungu lino masana ndikupita kwa S. Germano Chisone pamsonkhano ( …) Kumene kuli anthu asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi amene akusangalatsidwa ndi 'chowonadi chatsopano.' ”Mbusayo anagwiritsa ntchito mawu ngati" Choyera Choyera "ndi" Opera ", koma osati mayina ena. Onani: Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 3, ayi. 1-3, Jenuary-Marichi 1905, 117.

[13] Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 6, ayi. 5, Meyi 1908, 139.

[14] Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 8, ayi. 4, Epulo 1910, 79.

[15] Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Mbiri Yakale ya Gulu la Awadensi) - Torre Pellice, Turin.

[16] Bollettino Mensile della Chiesa (Montly Bulletin wa Mpingo), September 1915.

[17] Il Vero Principe della Kuyendera (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] Amoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza e antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (Donzelli: Editore, Roma 2006), 30.

[20] Idem.

[21] Zolemba za chiganizocho, sentensi ayi. 309 ya Ogasiti 18, 1916, yatengedwa kuchokera pakulemba kwa Alberto Bertone, Remigio Cuminetti, pa Olemba Osiyana, Chikumbutso cha le periferie della. Profili di testimoni di mayendedwe (Verona - Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. Pomwe anali pachibwenzi kutsogolo, Cuminetti adadziwika kuti anali wolimba mtima komanso wowolowa manja, kuthandiza "wovulala" yemwe "adapezeka kuti ali patsogolo pa ngalande wopanda mphamvu yobwerera". Cuminetti, yemwe amatha kupulumutsa wapolisiyo, wavulala mwendo pantchitoyo. Kumapeto kwa nkhondoyi, "chifukwa cha kulimba mtima […] adapatsidwa mendulo ya siliva yolimba mtima yankhondo" koma asankha kukana chifukwa "sanachite izi kuti apeze pendenti, koma chifukwa chokonda mnansi" . Onani: Vittorio Giosué Paschetto, "L'odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale", Msonkhano, Julayi-Ogasiti 1952, 8.

[23] Mu 1920 Rutherford adafalitsa bukuli Milioni kapena Viventi osati Morranno Mai (Mamiliyoni Tsopano Okhala Ndi Moyo Sadzafa), kulalikira kuti mu 1925 "kudzawonetsa kubwerera [kuukitsidwa] kwa Abrahamu, Isake, Yakobo ndi aneneri okhulupirika akale, makamaka omwe adatchulidwa ndi Mtumwi [Paulo] mu Ahebri chap. 11, kwa mkhalidwe wa ungwiro waumunthu ”(Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1920, 88), chiyambi cha Nkhondo ya Armagheddon ndi kukonzanso paradaiso wa Edene pa Dziko Lapansi. “Chaka cha 1925 ndi chaka chotsimikizika komanso chomveka bwino m'Malemba, momveka bwino kuposa chaka cha 1914” (Watch Tower, Julayi 15, 1924, 211). Potengera izi, onani: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, Analisi di una setta: Ine umboni wa Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985), 116-122 ndi Id., Ine umboni wa Geova: un'ideologia che logora (Aromani: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] Pazitsenderezo munthawi ya Fascist, werengani: Paolo Piccioli, "I testimoni di Geova durante il government fascista", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, ayi. 1 (Januware-Marichi 2000), 191-229; Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della kuponderezedwa ( Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; Matteo Pierro, Fra Martirio e Resistenza, La accompuzione nazista e fascista dei Testimoni di Geova (Como: Editrice Actac, 1997); Achille Aveta ndi Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 13-38 ndi Emanuele Pace, Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova ku Italia, 7 voll. (Gardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Kusintha, 2013-2016).

[25] Onani: Massimo Introvigne, Ine Testimoni di Geova. Chi sono, bwerani cambiano (Siena: Cantagalli, 2015), 53-75. Nthawi zina kusamvana kumatha chifukwa chakumenyanirana m'misewu chifukwa cha khamu, m'makhothi komanso kuzunzidwa mwankhanza pansi paulamuliro wa Nazi, Chikomyunizimu komanso ufulu. Onani: M. James Penton, A Mboni za Yehova ku Canada: Omasulira a Ufulu Wolankhula Komanso Kulambira (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976); Id., Mboni za Yehova ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu. Ndale Zachipembedzo Pozunzidwa (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004) Icho. Kusindikiza Ine Testimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una accompuzione (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); Zoe Knox, “Kodi a Mboni za Yehova si Amereka? Kuyanjana Kwamalemba, Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, ndi Kukonda Dziko ”, mu Zolemba pa American Studies, Vol. 47, ayi. 4 (November 2013), pp. 1081-1108 ndi Id, A Mboni za Yehova Komanso Anthu Amdziko World: Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1870 mpaka lero (Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerbe, Zwischen Widerstand und Martyrium: afe Zeugen Jehovas im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) ndi EB Baran, Kusagwirizana Ndi Ma Margins: Momwe a Mboni za Soviet Adanyozera Chikomyunizimu Ndi Moyo Wawo Kulalikira Za Izi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

[26] Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e Chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della kuponderezedwa (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Ibid., 290. OVRA ndichidule chotanthauza "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" kapena, mu Chingerezi, "anti-fascism repression vigilance". Lopangidwa ndi mutu waboma lomwe, lomwe silinagwiritsidwepo ntchito pazochitika zaboma, zikuwonetsa zovuta za apolisi achinsinsi paulamuliro wankhanza ku Italy kuyambira 1927 mpaka 1943 komanso ku Italy Social Republic kuyambira 1943 mpaka 1945, pomwe chapakati-kumpoto kwa Italy anali muulamuliro wa Nazi, wofanana ndi National Socialist Gestapo waku Italiya. Onani: Carmine Senise, Quand'ero capo della polizia. 1940-1943 (Aromani: Ruffolo Editore, 1946); Guido Leto, OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (Bologna; Cappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, L'orecchio del boma. Le intercettazioni telefoniche al tempo del fascismo; chiwonetsero cha Giuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); Mimmo Franzinelli, Ine tentacoli dell'OVRA. Agenti, mgwirizano ndi nthawi yayitali della polizia politica fascista (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); Mauro Kanali, Le spie del boma (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004); Domenico Vecchioni, Le spie del fascismo. Uomini, apparati e operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) ndi Antonio Sannino, Ndi Fantasma dell'Ovra (Milano: Greco & Greco, 2011).

[28] Chikalata choyamba chomwe adalemba ndi Meyi 30, 1928. Ili ndi buku la telespresso [telespresso ndi kulumikizana komwe kumatumizidwa nthawi zambiri ndi Unduna wa Zakunja kapena ndi akazembe osiyanasiyana aku Italiya kunja] kwa Meyi 28, 1928, wotumizidwa ndi Gulu la Bern ku Ministry of the Interior, lotsogozedwa ndi Benito Mussolini, yemwe tsopano ali ku Central State Archive [ZStA - Rome], Ministry of the Interior [MI], General Public Security Division [GPSD], General Reserved Affairs Division [GRAD], mphaka. G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] Pamaulendo apolisi achifasist ku Brooklyn onani ZStA - Roma, MI, GPSD, GRAD, paka. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, cholembedwa pamanja pamgwirizano wofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Un Appello alle Potenze del Mondo, yolumikizidwa ndi telespresso ya Disembala 5, 1929 ya Unduna wa Zachilendo; Utumiki Wachilendo, Novembala 23, 1931.

[30] Joseph F. Rutherford, Adani (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. Zolembedwazo zimasindikizidwanso mu cholumikizira ku lipoti lomwe Inspector General of Public Safety Petrillo adalemba, pa 10/11/1939, XVIII Fascist Era, N. 01297 wa prot., N. Ovra 038193, ku ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, mutu: "Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'".

[31] «Sete religiose dei "Pentekoste" ed altre », zozungulira za mtumiki ayi. 441/027713 ya Ogasiti 22, 1939, 2.

[32] Onani: Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila, Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova pa la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] Ine Testimoni di Geova ku Italia: Dossier (Aromani: Congregazione Cristiana dei testimoni di Geova), 20.

[34] "Chidziwitso" chidzasindikizidwanso ndikumasuliridwa m'Chingerezi kumapeto.

[35] Bernard Fillaire ndi Janine Tavernier, Les mipatuko (Paris: Le Cavalier Bleu, Collection Idées reçues, 2003), 90-91

[36] Watchtower Society ikutiphunzitsa moyenera kuti tizinama mosapita m'mbali komanso mwachindunji kuti: "Komabe, pali chosiyana chimodzi chomwe Mkhristu ayenera kukumbukira. Monga msirikali wa Khristu amatenga nawo gawo pankhondo zateokalase ndipo ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri polimbana ndi adani a Mulungu. Kwenikweni, Malemba amasonyeza zimenezo kuti titeteze zofuna za Mulungu, ndibwino kubisa chowonadi kwa adani a Mulungu. .. Izi zitha kuphatikizidwa m'mawu oti "njira yankhondo", monga amafotokozera La Torre di Guardia ya August 1, 1956, ndipo ikugwirizana ndi malangizo a Yesu akuti tikhale “ochenjera ngati njoka” tikakhala pakati pa mimbulu. Ngati mikhalidwe ikufuna kuti Mkhristu achite umboni kukhothi akulumbira kuti anena zowona, ngati alankhula, ndiye kuti ayenera kunena zoona. Ngati akupeza kuti angalankhule ndi kupusitsa abale ake, kapena kungokhala chete ndikumakawuzidwa kukhothi, Mkhristu wokhwima mwauzimu adzaika zabwino za abale ake mmalo mwake ”. La Torre di Guardia ya Disembala 15, 1960, p. 763, kutsindika kuwonjezeredwa. Mawu awa ndi chidule chomveka chonena za lingaliro la a Mboni pankhani ya "nkhondo yateokalase". Kwa a Mboni, onse otsutsa komanso otsutsa a Watch Tower Society (omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi bungwe lokhalo lachikhristu padziko lonse lapansi) amawerengedwa kuti ndi "mimbulu", nthawi zonse akumenya nkhondo ndi Sosaite yomweyo, omwe otsatira awo, amatchedwa " nkhosa ”. Ndikoyenera kuti “nkhosa” zopanda vuto zigwiritse ntchito njira yolimbana ndi mimbulu mokomera ntchito ya Mulungu ”. La Torre di Guardia ya Ogasiti 1, 1956, p. 462.

[37] Ausiliario pamutu uliwonse wa Bibbia (Aromani: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] Perspicacia nello studio delle malembedwe, Vol. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Onani: Nsanja ya Olonda, Juni 1, 1997, 10 ss.

[39] Letter yochokera ku nthambi yaku France idasainira SA / SCF, ya Novembala 11, 1982, yolembedwanso kumapeto.

[40] 1987 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 157.

[41] Mu 1974 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova (1975 m'Chitaliyana), Watchtower Society ndi yomwe imamutsutsa Balzereit, yemwe adamunamizira kuti "adafooketsa" mawu achijeremani potembenuza kuchokera ku Chingerezi. M'ndime yachitatu patsamba 111 buku lofalitsidwa ndi Watchtowerian linati: “Aka sikanali koyamba kuti M'bale Balzereit athetse nkhani zomveka bwino komanso zosatsutsika za zofalitsa za Sosaite kuti apewe mavuto ndi mabungwe aboma.” Ndipo patsamba 112, ikupitilira kuti, "Ngakhale chilengezocho chidafooketsedwa ndipo abale ambiri sakanatha kuvomereza ndi mtima wonse kuti chivomerezocho, komabe boma lidakwiya ndikuyamba kuzunza anthu omwe adawagawa. ” Mu "chitetezo" cha Balzereit tili ndi malingaliro awiri a Sergio Pollina: "Balzereit ayenera kuti anali ndi udindo wotanthauzira Chijeremani cha Declaration, ndipo mwina anali ndi udindo wolemba kalata ya Hitler. Komabe, zikuwonekeranso kuti sanazigwiritse ntchito posintha kusankha kwamawu. Choyamba, Watchtower Society inafalitsa mu 1934 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova mtundu wa Chingerezi wa Declaration - womwe ungafanane ndi mtundu waku Germany - womwe ndi chidziwitso chake kwa Hitler, akuluakulu aboma aku Germany, komanso kwa akuluakulu aku Germany, kuyambira akulu kwambiri mpaka ang'onoang'ono; ndipo zonsezi sizikanatheka popanda chilolezo chonse cha Rutherford. Chachiwiri, mtundu wa Chingerezi wa Declaration walembedwa momveka bwino m'njira yoweruza ya woweruzayo. Chachitatu, mawu omwe adanenedwa motsutsana ndi Ayuda omwe ali mu Declaration akugwirizana kwambiri ndi zomwe zingatheke kuti ava a America ngati Rutherford kuti zomwe Mjeremani akadatha kulemba… ya kusafuna kuti Balzereit akhale wolakwa pa "kufooketsa" a Chidziwitso … Mosasamala kanthu za amene analemba Lamuloli, chowonadi ndichakuti lidasindikizidwa ngati chikalata chovomerezeka cha Watchtower Society. ” Sergio Pollina, Risposta "Svegliatevi!" dell'8 luglio 1998, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] Mu Epulo 1933, bungwe lawo litaletsedwa ku Germany, a JWs aku Germany - atachezeredwa ndi Rutherford ndi mnzake a Nathan H. Knorr - pa 25 June 1933 adasonkhanitsa anthu zikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri okhulupirika ku Berlin, komwe A 'Declaration' ivomerezedwa , yotumizidwa ndi makalata opita nawo kwa mamembala ofunikira aboma (kuphatikiza Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler), ndipo mwa iwo oposa mamiliyoni awiri amagawidwa m'masabata otsatira. Makalata ndi Chidziwitso - chomalizirachi sichinalembedwe mwachinsinsi, kenako nkusindikizidwanso mu 1934 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova pamasamba 134-139, koma sichipezeka mu nkhokwe ya Watchtower Online Library, koma imazungulira pa intaneti ndi pdf patsamba la otsutsa - ikuyimira kuyesa kopanda nzeru kwa Rutherford kuti agwirizane ndi ulamuliro wa Nazi ndikupeza kulolerana ndikuchotsedwa kulengeza. Pomwe kalata yopita kwa Hitler ikukumbukira kukana kwa Ophunzira Baibulo kukachita nawo zankhondo zotsutsana ndi Germany munkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, Declaration of Facts imasewera khadi yotsimikizira kuti ndiwotsika kwambiri populism, motsimikiza kuti "Boma lamakono la Germany lalengeza nkhondo yopondereza mabizinesi akulu (…); Umu ndi momwe timakhalira ”. Kuphatikiza apo, akuwonjezeranso kuti a Mboni za Yehova komanso boma la Germany akutsutsana ndi League of Nations komanso zipembedzo zomwe zimakhudza ndale. “Anthu aku Germany azunzika kwambiri kuyambira 1914 ndipo akhala akuzunzidwa ndi ena. Okonda dziko lawo anena kuti akutsutsana ndi zosalungama zonsezi ndipo adalengeza kuti 'Ubale wathu ndi Mulungu ndi wapamwamba komanso woyera.' ”Poyankha mkangano womwe boma limafalitsa motsutsana ndi a JWs, omwe akuimbidwa mlandu woti amalandira ndalama ndi Ayuda, Declaration ikuti nkhaniyo ndi zabodza, chifukwa "Adani athu akunamizira kuti talandira thandizo la ndalama kuchokera ku ntchito yathu kuchokera kwa Ayuda. Palibe chomwe chiri kutali ndi chowonadi. Mpaka nthawi ino sipanakhalepo ndalama ngakhale imodzi yomwe inkaperekedwa ku ntchito yathu ndi Ayuda. Ndife otsatira okhulupirika a Yesu Khristu ndipo timakhulupirira pa Iye ngati Mpulumutsi wadziko lapansi, pomwe Ayuda amakana kwathunthu Yesu Khristu ndipo amakana motsimikiza kuti ndiye Mpulumutsi wadziko lapansi wotumizidwa ndi Mulungu kuti athandize anthu. Uwu wokha uyenera kukhala umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti sitilandira thandizo lililonse kuchokera kwa Ayuda ndikuti chifukwa chake milandu yomwe akutiimba ndiyabodza ndiyabodza ndipo ingachokere kwa Satana, mdani wathu wamkulu. Ufumu waukulu komanso wotsendereza kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi ufumu wa Anglo-America. Mwa ichi akutanthauza Ufumu waku Britain, womwe United States of America umakhala nawo. Awa anali Ayuda amalonda aku Britain-America omwe amamanga ndi kuchita Big Business ngati njira yozunza ndikupondereza anthu amitundu yambiri. Izi zimakhudza makamaka mizinda ya London ndi New York, malo achitetezo a Big Business. Izi zikuwonekera ku America kotero kuti pali mwambi wokhudza mzinda wa New York womwe umati: "Ayuda ndiomwe ali nawo, ndi Akatolika aku Ireland, ndipo aku America ndiwo amalipira ngongole." Kenako inalengeza kuti: “Popeza gulu lathu limavomereza mokwanira mfundo zachilungamo izi ndipo likugwira ntchito yokhayo yowunikira anthu za Mawu a Yehova Mulungu, Satana mochenjera [amayesetsa] kuti abweretse boma pa ntchito yathu ndi kuwononga chifukwa chakuti timalimbikitsa kufunika kodziwa ndi kutumikira Mulungu. ” Monga tikuyembekezera, the Chidziwitso ilibe mphamvu zambiri, ngati kuti idaputa, ndipo kuzunzidwa kwa ma JW aku Germany, ngati chilipo, kumakulirakulira. Onani: 1974 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 110-111; "Mboni za Yehova - Zolimba Mtima Pokumana ndi Mavuto a Nazi ”, Mtolankhani wa Galamukani!, Julayi 8, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, “A Nkhani of Kuyesera Kunyengerera: Mboni za Yehova, odana-ZachiyudaNdipo Ulamuliro Wachitatu ”, The Kufuna Kwachikhristu, vol. Ine, ayi. 3 (Chilimwe 1990), 36-38; Id., Ine Testimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una accompuzione (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; Achille Aveta ndi Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Sinthani Vaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] Onani: 1987 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 163, 164.

[44] Onani: A James A. Beckford, Lipenga La Uneneri. Phunziro Lofufuza za Mboni za Yehova (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1975), 52-61.

[45] Onani zolemba za encyclopedic Mboni za Yehova, M. James Penton (Mkonzi.), Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. XX (Grolier Yophatikizidwa, 2000), 13.

[46] The Encyclopædia Britannica akunena kuti Sukulu ya Giliyadi cholinga chake ndikuphunzitsa "amishonale ndi atsogoleri". Onani cholowera Watch Tower Bible School ya Gileadi, J. Gordon Melton (mkonzi.), Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; Mamembala awiri apano a Bungwe Lolamulira la JWs ndiamishonale omwe adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Gileadi (David Splane ndi Gerrit Lösch, monga akunenera Nsanja ya Olonda a Disembala 15, 2000, 27 ndi Juni 15, 2004, 25), komanso mamembala anayi omwe adamwalira, monga Martin Poetzinger, Lloyd Barry, Carey W. Barber, Theodore Jaracz (monga akunenera Nsanja ya Olonda ya November 15, 1977, 680 ndi mu La Torre di Guardia, Chitaliyana, cha June 1, 1997, 30, cha June 1, 1990, 26 ndi June 15, 2004, 25) ndi Raymond V. Franz, yemwe kale anali mmishonale ku Puerto Rico mu 1946 ndi woimira Watchtower Society ku Caribbean mpaka 1957, pomwe ma JW adaletsedwa ku Dominican Republic ndi wolamulira mwankhanza Rafael Trujillo, pambuyo pake adathamangitsidwa kumapeto kwa 1980 ku likulu lapadziko lonse ku Brooklyn pomunamizira kuti anali pafupi ndi antchito omwe adachotsedwa "mpatuko", ndipo adadzichotsa mu 1981 chifukwa chokhala ndi nkhomaliro ndi bwana wake, uyo kale wakaŵa JW Peter Gregerson, uyo wakaleka ntchito ku Watchtower Society. Onani: "Omaliza Maphunziro a 61 a Giliyadi Amathandizira Mwauzimu", Nsanja ya Olonda a November 1, 1976, 671 ndi Raymond V. Franz, Crisi di coscienza. Fedeltà a Dio o onse mapulogalamu achipembedzo? (Aromani: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Zambiri zatchulidwa mu: Paolo Piccioli, "Ine umboni wa Geova dopo il 1946: un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", Studi Storici: rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, ayi. 1 (Januware-Marichi 2001), 167 ndi La Torre di Guardia Marichi 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, m'buku lake Analisi di una setta: i testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) patsamba 148 nambala yomweyo ya mipingo, ndi 35, koma otsatira 95 okha, koma 1982 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, patsamba 178, akunena kuti, pokumbukira kuti mu 1946 “panali ofalitsa Ufumu pafupifupi 95 okhala ndi ofalitsa 120 ochokera m'mipingo ing'onoing'ono 35.”

[48] Mu 1939, magazini ya Genoese Catholic Amuna, munkhani yolembedwa ndi "wansembe wosamalira miyoyo", adanenetsa kuti "kayendedwe ka Mboni za Yehova ndi chikomyunizimu chosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu komanso ndi chiwonetsero chachitetezo cha boma". Wansembe wosadziwika adadzinena yekha "kwa zaka zitatu akuchita mwamphamvu motsutsana ndi gululi", akuyimirira kuteteza boma la fascist. Onani: "Ine Testimoni di Geova ku Italia", Amuna, ayi. 2 (February 1939), 77-94. Pa chizunzo cha Chiprotestanti onani: Giorgio Rochat [1990], masamba 29-40; Giorgio Spini, Italy di Mussolini ndi protestanti (Turin: Claudiana, 2007).

[49] Pazandale komanso chikhalidwe cha "New Evangelicalism" nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha: Robert Ellwood, Msika wa Makumi Ausanu Mwauzimu: Chipembedzo Chaku America Zaka khumi Zachisokonezo (Rutgers University Press, 1997).

[50] Onani: Roy Palmer Domenico, "'Chifukwa cha Khristu Pano ku Italy': Vuto Laku America la Chiprotestanti ku Italy ndi Chikhalidwe Chosadziwika cha Cold War", Mbiri Yazokambirana (Oxford University Press), Vol. 29, ayi. 4 (September 2005), 625-654 ndi Owen Chadwick, Mpingo Wachikhristu mu Cold War (England: Harmondsworth, 1993).

[51] Onani: "Porta aperta ai trust americani la firma del tratoato Sforza-Dunn ", Unità, February 2, 1948, 4 ndi “Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti”, L'Avanti! (Kope la Chiroma), February 2, 1948, 1. Manyuzipepala Unità ndi L'Avanti! onsewa anali atolankhani a chipani cha Communist Party ku Italy komanso chipani cha Socialist ku Italy. Otsatirawo, panthawiyo, anali m'malo ovomerezeka ndi Soviet ndi Marxist.

[52] Pazokhudzana ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, onani: Maurilio Guasco, Chiesa e cattolicesimo ku Italia (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); Andrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica ku Italia nel secondo dopoguerra", Gabriele De Rosa, Tullio Gregory, André Vauchez (ed.), Storia dell'Italia religiosa: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; Pietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), Le chiese di Pio XII ( Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1986), 3-19; Elio Guerriero, Ine cattolici e il dopoguerra (Milano 2005); Francesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. Cattolici, partito e stato nella storia d'Italia (Bologna 1998); Vittorio de Marco, Le barricate mosaibili. La chiesa ku Italia tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); Francesco Malgieri, Chiesa, cattolici e democrazia: da Sturzo ndi De Gasperi, (Brescia 1990); Giovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico e società civile", Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione. Studi sul rapporto chiesa-società nell'età contemporanea (Casale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; Andrea Riccardi, Aromani «città sacra»? Dalla Conciliazione all'operazione Sturzo (Milano 1979); Antonio Prandi, Chiesa e politica: la gerarchia e l'impegno politicso dei cattolici ku Italia (Bologna 1968).

[53] Malinga ndi ofesi ya kazembe waku Italiya ku Washington, "oyang'anira ndi maseneta 310" a Congress anali atalowererapo "mwa kulemba kapena mwa iwo okha, ku State department" mokomera Mpingo wa Christ. Onani: ASMAE [Mbiri Yakale ku Unduna wa Zakunja, Nkhani Zandale], Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, a Unduna wa Zakunja, Disembala 22, 1949; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950, b. 25, Unduna wa Zakunja, Febriary 16, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, kalata ndi chinsinsi kuchokera ku ofesi ya kazembe waku Italy ku Washington, Marichi 2, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, wa Unduna wa Zakunja, 31/3/1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1687, yolembedwa "chinsinsi komanso chinsinsi" cha kazembe waku Italy ku Washington kupita ku Unduna wa Zakunja, Meyi 15, 1953, onse atchulidwa pa Paolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] Pazovuta za miyambo yachikatolika ku Italy pambuyo pa nkhondo, onani: Sergio Lariccia, Stato e chiesa Ku Italia (1948-1980) (Brescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", pa Teoria e prassi delle libertà di Religione (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; Giorgio Peyrot, Gli evangelici not loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; Arturo Carlo Jemolo, "Le libertà garantite dagli luso. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ", Il diritto ecclesiastico, (1952), 405-420; Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti ku Italia", Ponte (Juni 1950), 670-689; Id., "La accompuzione contro gli evangelici ku Italia", Ponte (Januwale 1953), 1-14; Giacomo Rosapepe, Inquisizione addomesticata, (Bari: Laterza, 1960); Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle zazipembedzo zazing'ono ku Italy (Milan-Roma: Edizioni Avanti !, 1956); Ernesto Ayassot, Ine ndikutsutsa ku Italia (Milan: Chigawo 1962), 85 133.

[55] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, kutchulidwa kwa atumwi ku Italy, pa 3 September, 1947, kwa Wolemekezeka a Hon. Carlo Sforza, Nduna Yowona Zakunja. Wachiwiriyu ayankha kuti "Ndamuuza nuncio kuti atha kudalira kufunitsitsa kwathu kuti tipewe zomwe zitha kupweteketsa mtima kapena kupsinjika". ASMAE, DGAP [Directorate General for Political Affairs], Ofesi VII, Holy See, September 13, 1947. M'kalata ina yopita kwa Directorate General for Political Affairs of the Foreign Ministry pa Seputembara 19, 1947, tidawerenga zaluso. 11 analibe "zifukwa zomveka pangano ndi Italy (…) pa miyambo yolemekeza ya dziko la Italy pankhani yazachipembedzo". M'mawu ake ("Summary Minute") ya Novembala 23, 1947 nthumwi zaku United States zidazindikira mavuto omwe Vatican idabweretsa, onse omwe atchulidwa mu Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, chisamaliro chautumwi ku Italy, cholembedwa cha Okutobala 1, 1947. M'mawu omwe adatsatira, a nuncio adapempha kuti awonjezere zosintha izi: "Nzika za Party Yotsutsa Yotsutsana zizitha kuchita zomwe zili mgululi a ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo molingana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. ASMAE, DGAP, Office VII, Holy See, September 13, 1947, wotchulidwa mu Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, "Summary Minute" yolembedwa ndi nthumwi zaku US, Okutobala 2, 1947; memo kuchokera kwa nthumwi zaku Italiya pa gawo la Okutobala 3, 1947. M'kalata yochokera ku Unduna wa Zakunja yolembedwa pa Okutobala 4, 1947 adati "ziganizo zomwe zidalembedwa. Zokhudza ufulu wa chikumbumtima ndi chipembedzo […] sizachilendo pangano laubwenzi, malonda ndi kuyenda. Pali zoyambilira zokha pamgwirizano womwe umanenedwa pakati pa mayiko awiri osafanana chitukuko ", wotchulidwa mu Paolo Piccioli [11], 2001.

[58] Msgr. A Domenico Tardini, a Secretariat of State of the Holy See, mu kalata yolembedwa pa 4/10/1947, ananena kuti nkhani 11 ya mgwirizanowu "inali kuwononga kwambiri ufulu wa Tchalitchi cha Katolika, chovomerezedwa mwamphamvu mu Pangano la Lateran". "Kodi zingakhale zochititsa manyazi ku Italy, komanso kukhumudwitsa Holy Holy, kuphatikiza nkhani yomwe idakonzedwa mu mgwirizano wamalonda?" ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, kalata yochokera kwa Msgr. Tardini kwa nuncio yautumwi, 4 Okutobala 1947. Koma zosinthazi sizivomerezedwa ndi nthumwi zaku US, zomwe zidalankhula kwa aku Italiya kuti boma la Washington, motsutsana ndi "malingaliro aku America", ndi ambiri Achiprotestanti ndi alaliki, zomwe zitha "kuyikanso Panganoli kuti liziwonetsedwa komanso kuwononga ubale wa Vatican-America". ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DGAP, Office VII, ndendende kwa Minister Zoppi, Okutobala 17, 1947.

[59] Mbiri ya George Fredianelli, yotchedwa "Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, idasindikizidwa mu La Torre di Guardia (Mtundu waku Italy), Epulo 1, 1974, 198-203 (Eng. Edition: "Khomo Lalikulu Lotsogolera Ku Ntchito Litseguka", Nsanja ya Olonda, Novembala 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] Makalata opita ku Ministry of the Interior, a Epulo 11, 1949 ndi Seputembara 22, 1949, omwe tsopano ali ku ACC [Archives of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses of Rome, in Italy], atchulidwa ku Paolo Piccioli [2001], 168 Mayankho olakwika a Unduna wa Zakunja ali ku ASMAE, US Political Affairs, 1949, b. 38, fasc. 5, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, yolembedwa pa Julayi 8, 1949, Okutobala 6, 1949 ndi Seputembara 19, 1950.

[62] ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Gawo lonse.

[63] Onani: Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti ku Italia ”, Ponte (Juni 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei testimoni di Geova ku Italia", La Torre di Guardia, Marichi 1, 1951, 78-79, makalata osainidwa (monga machitidwe mu JWs kuyambira 1942 mtsogolo) kuchokera ku American edition ya 1951 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova. Onani: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 190-192.

[65] ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis ndi Morse. Onani: ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 266, kalata yochokera kwa Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, yolembedwa pa Epulo 9, 1953; ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Brescia, chigawo cha Brescia, Seputembara 28, 1952; ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1957-1960, b. 219 / Amishonale Achiprotestanti Achimereka ndi Abusa, Unduna wa Zamkati, Directorate General for Worship Affairs, ndendende kwa Hon. Bisori, wosalembedwa masiku, wotchulidwa mu Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173, lomwe limatchula mu ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis ndi Morse ndi ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bologna. 

[67] Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zomwe zinachitika m'tawuni ina m'dera la Treviso, Cavaso del Tomba, mu 1950. Atapemphedwa ndi Apentekoste kuti atenge madzi a nyumba yawo imodzi ya amishonale, boma la Christian Democratic linayankha ndi kalata ya April 6, 1950, protocol no. 904: "Chifukwa cha pempho lanu la 31 Marichi watha, zokhudzana ndi chinthucho [pempho lovomerezeka pobwereketsa madzi kuti agwiritse ntchito zapakhomo], tikudziwitsani kuti khonsolo yamatauni yasankha, poganizira kutanthauzira chifuniro cha ambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuti sangakupatseni mwayi woti mugwiritse ntchito nyumba m'nyumba ya Vicolo Buso no 3, chifukwa mnyumbayi mumakhala Bambo Marin Enrico odziwika anali Giacomo, yemwe amapembedza dziko, lomwe, kuwonjezera pa kuletsa boma la Italy, limakwiyitsa malingaliro achikatolika a anthu ambiri amchigawochi. ” Onani: Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle zazipembedzo zazing'ono ku Italy (Milano: Edizione l'Avanti !, 1956).

[68] Akuluakulu apolisi ku Christian Democratic Italy, kutsatira malamulowa, adzipereka pantchito yopondereza a JWs omwe adapereka mabuku achipembedzo khomo ndi khomo posinthana ndi ndalama zochepa. Paolo Piccioli, pakufufuza kwake za ntchito ya Watch Tower Society ku Italy kuyambira 1946 mpaka 1976, akuti mkulu wa Ascoli Piceno, mwachitsanzo, adapempha malangizo kwa nduna ya zamkati ndipo adauzidwa kuti "apereke apolisi amapereka ndendende kuti ntchito zabodza za mamembala a bungwe lomwe likukambidwa [Mboni za Yehova] zilepheretsedwe mwanjira iliyonse ”(onani: ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Ascoli Piceno, cholembedwa pa Epulo 10, 1953, Ministry of the Interior, General Directorate of Public Security). M'malo mwake, Commissioner wa boma ku Trentino-Alto Adige Region mu lipoti la Januware 12, 1954 (tsopano ku ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Trento, wotchulidwa mu Idem.) Adatinso: "Osati mbali inayi, amatha kuzengedwa mlandu [a JWs] chifukwa cha malingaliro awo achipembedzo, monga atsogoleri achipembedzo a Trentino angafune, omwe nthawi zambiri amapita kupolisi kale". Woyang'anira wa Bari, mbali inayi, adalandira malangizo awa "kuti ntchito yabodza […] itetezedwe mwanjira iliyonse pakutembenuza komanso potengera kufalitsa nkhani ndi zikwangwani" (ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, cholemba kuchokera ku Ministry of the Interior, Meyi 7, 1953). Potengera izi, onani: Paolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] Onani: Ragioniamo facendo uso delle Zolemba (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Kalata yochokera ku nthambi yachi Roma ya JWs idasaina SCB: SSB, ya Ogasiti 14, 1980.

[71] Kalata yochokera kunthambi yaku Roma ya JWs idasaina SCC: SSC, ya Julayi 15, 1978.

[72] Kuchokera pamakalata achinsinsi pakati pa Bungwe Lolamulira ndi Achille Aveta, olembedwa m'buku la Achille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] Linda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. ISTAT (National Statistical Institute) ndi bungwe lofufuza anthu ku Italy lomwe limafufuza zowerengera za anthu, ntchito ndi mafakitale, ndi zaulimi, zoyesa zitsanzo zapanyumba komanso kafukufuku wazachuma mdziko lonse.

[74] "Continuiamo a vivere come 'residenti temporanei'", Le Torre di Guardia (Magazini Yophunzira), Disembala 2012, 20.

[75] Kalata yochokera kunthambi yaku Roma ya JWs idasaina SB, ya Disembala 18, 1959, yojambulidwa ku Achille Aveta ndi Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, ndikufalitsa kumapeto kwake. Kusintha kwandale kwa utsogoleri wa JW, osadziwa omwe ali ndi chikhulupiriro chabwino, kuyang'ana ku Italy kokha, kumakhala kopanda tanthauzo chifukwa, kuti tipeze malo awayilesi ndi kanema wawayilesi mu "mapulogalamu olowera" kuti athe kuchititsa misonkhano ya m'Baibulo, wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi, atsogoleri azipembedzo za zaka zikwizikwi amapezekanso, ngakhale akuti salowerera ndale ngakhale kuti aletsa aliyense kutengapo gawo pazandale komanso kukonda dziko lawo, monga zomwe zimachitika chaka chilichonse ku Italy pa Epulo 25 kukumbukira kutha kwachiwiri Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse ndi Kumasulidwa ku Nazi-fascism, ngati m'modzi wotsimikizira otsimikiza mtima amitundu ya republican yotsutsana ndi fascist; M'malo mwake, m'kalata yolembedwa pa Seputembara 17, 1979 yopita kwa oyang'anira akuluakulu a RAI [kampani yomwe ndiyomwe imagwiritsa ntchito wailesi komanso makanema apa TV ku Italy, ed.] komanso kwa Purezidenti wa Nyumba Yamalamulo yoyang'anira wa ntchito za RAI, woimira milandu ku Watch Tower Society ku Italy analemba kuti: “M'njira imeneyi, mofanana ndi ya ku Italy, yozikidwa pa mfundo za Resistance, Mboni za Yehova ndi limodzi mwa magulu ochepa kwambiri amene alimba mtima kupereka zifukwa chikumbumtima chisanachitike nkhondo ku Germany ndi Italy. chifukwa chake amafotokoza zabwino zenizeni masiku ano ”. Kalata yochokera kunthambi ya ku Roma ya JWs idasaina EQA: SSC, ya Seputembara 17, 1979, yotchulidwa ku Achille Aveta [1985], 134, ndikujambulanso ku Achille Aveta ndi Sergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 ndikusindikizidwa mu zowonjezera. . Aveta adanena kuti nthambi ya Roma idalangiza omwe adalandira kalatayo "kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mwachinsinsi zomwe zili mkalata iyi", chifukwa ikadakhala m'manja mwa otsatirawo zingawakhumudwitse.

[76] Kalata yochokera kunthambi yaku Roma ya JWs idasaina CB, yolembedwa pa 23 Juni 1954.

[77] Letter wochokera kunthambi ya ku Roma ya ma JW adasaina CE, wa pa Okutobala 12, 1954, ndikusindikizidwa kumapeto.

[78] Kalata yochokera kunthambi ya Roma ya JWs adasaina CB, ya pa Okutobala 28, 1954.

[79] Pa Atlanticism ya PSDI (yemwe kale anali PSLI) onani: Daniele Pipitone, Il socialismo demokalase italiano fra Liberazione e Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni e chikhalidwe politiche di un'area di frontiera (Milano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; pa a Pri di La Malfa onani: Paolo Soddu, "Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale / internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter", Atlantismo ed europeismo, Piero Craveri ndi Gaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; pa PLI, yemwe adafotokoza za Gaetano Martini ngati Nduna Yowona Zakunja m'ma 1950, onani: Claudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana. "Anamasulidwa ku Ulaya komanso ku Ulaya", malingaliro andale mu sayansi yandale, woyang'anira prof. Federico Niglia, Luiss Guido Carli, gawo la 2012-2013 ndi R. Battaglia, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana (1954-1964) (Messina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] La Voce Repubblicana, Januware 20, 1954. Onani: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214-215; Paolo Piccioli ndi Max Wörnhard, "Jehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung", Jehovas Zeugen ku Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Vol. 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italy, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (mkonzi.), Jehovas Zeugen ku Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Vol. 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italy, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 ndi Paolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Zoneneza zamtunduwu, limodzi ndi kuzunza ofalitsa, zalembedwa mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 pa masamba 196-218. Mlandu wachikatolika wotsutsana ndi zipembedzo zomwe si zachikatolika kuti ndi "achikominisi" zawululidwa munyuzipepala ya Okutobala 5, 1953, yotumizidwa ndi a underretretary panthawiyo ku purezidenti wa Council of Ministers kwa oyang'anira osiyanasiyana aku Italiya, zomwe zipangitsa kuti afufuzidwe. State Archives of Alessandria, adatero Paolo Piccioli pa p. 187 ya kafukufuku wake pa ma JW aku Italiya pambuyo pa nkhondo, amasunga zolemba zambiri zokhudzana ndi kafukufuku yemwe adachitika potsatira izi, ndipo adati pa Novembala 16, 1953 lipoti la Carabinieri waku Alessandria adati "Kupatula njira zomwe aprofesa a 'mwambo wa Mboni za Yehova' amagwiritsa ntchito, zikuwoneka kuti palibe njira zina zachipembedzo zabodza […] [sizikuyikidwa] pakhoza kukhala kulumikizana kwanzeru pakati pazabodza zomwe zatchulidwazi ndi zomwe zachitika kumanzere ”, zotsutsana mlandu uwu.

[82] "Ine comunisti italiani e la Chiesa Cattolica", La Torre di Guardia, Januware 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. Edition: "Achikomyunizimu aku Italiya ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika", Nsanja ya Olonda, Juni 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "Ku Italy, opitilira 99% achikatolika, kumanzere kumanzere ndipo zipani zachikomyunizimu zidapeza 35.5% ya mavoti pazisankho zam'mbuyomu, ndipo izi zidakhala kuwonjezeka "podziwa kuti" chikominisi chimalowa mwa Akatolika m'maiko awa, koma chimakhudzanso atsogoleri achipembedzo, makamaka ku France ", potengera mlandu wa" wansembe waku Katolika waku France komanso mmonke wachi Dominican, a Maurice Montuclard, adathamangitsidwa muudindo waukulu chifukwa chofalitsa mu 1952 buku lofotokoza malingaliro a Marxist, komanso chifukwa chotsogoza "Youth of the Gulu la Tchalitchi "lomwe lidafotokoza kuti likugwirizana ndi chipani cha Communist ku France" sichimadziwika chifukwa pali magulu a ansembe omwe ali mgulu la a Marxist a CGT kapena omwe adanyamula ndalama zawo kukagwira ntchito mufakitole, kutsogolera Watchtower kufunsa kuti: “Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika, pomwe sichingalole ansembe ake, omwe ali ndi chiphunzitso cha Roma Katolika kuyambira ali mwana, ali ndi mwayi wodziwika bwino opaganda? Chifukwa chiyani padziko lapansi ansembewa amachita chidwi ndi kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndale komanso chuma cha Marx kuposa kulalikira kwa chipembedzo chawo? Sichifukwa chakuti pali cholakwika china m'zakudya zawo zauzimu? Inde, pali kufooka kwamphamvu mu njira ya Roma Katolika pamavuto achikominisi. Sichizindikira kuti Chikhristu chenicheni sichimafanana ndi dziko lakale, koma chiyenera kudzipatula. Chifukwa chodzikonda, olamulira akuluakulu apanga zibwenzi ndi Cesare, ndikupanga mgwirizano ndi a Hitler, Mussolini ndi Franco, ndipo ndiwokonzeka kukambirana ndi Russia Yachikomyunizimu ngati zingatheke phindu palokha; inde, ngakhale ndi Mdyerekezi yemweyo, malinga ndi Papa Pius XI. - Mphungu ya ku Brooklyn, pa February 21, 1943. ” "Ine comunisti convertono sacerdoti cattolici", La Torre di Guardia, Disembala 1, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  "Un'assemblea internazionale ndi Aromani", La Torre di Guardia, Julayi 1, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'quali risultati ha conseguito?", Svegliatevi!, Ogasiti 22, 1976, 11.

[86] Onani: Zoe Knox, "The Watch Tower Society and the End of the Cold War: Interpretations of the End-Times, Superpower Conflict, and the Changing Geo-Political Order", Journal ya American Academy of Religion (Oxford University Press), Vol. 79, ayi. 4 (Disembala 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Nkhondo yatsopano yozizira pakati pa United States of America ndi Russian Federation, yomwe idaletsa Watch Tower Society kumadera ake kuyambira 2017, yatsogolera Bungwe Lolamulira kumsonkhano wapadera, ponena kuti lapeza mfumu yomaliza ya Kumpoto. imeneyo ndi Russia ndi mayiko ena ogwirizana nawo, monga akunenedwa posachedwapa kuti: “Popita nthawi Russia ndi mayiko omwe anagwirizana nawo anayamba kukhala mfumu ya kumpoto. (…) Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani titha kunena kuti Russia ndi mabungwe ake ndiamfumu akumpoto amakono? (1) Amakhudza mwachindunji anthu a Mulungu poletsa ntchito yolalikira komanso kuzunza abale ndi alongo mazana ambiri okhala mdera lomwe akuyang'anira; (2) pochita izi akuwonetsa kuti amadana ndi Yehova ndi anthu ake; (3) amatsutsana ndi mfumu yakumwera, ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse wa Britain ndi America, pomenyera ufulu wawo. (…) M'zaka zaposachedwa, Russia ndi mabungwe ake alowanso mu "Dziko Lokongola" [mwauzimu ndi Israeli, wodziwika pano ndi "osankhidwa" 144,000 omwe adzapita kumwamba, "Israeli wa Mulungu", ed]. Bwanji? Mu 2017, mfumu yakumpoto yakanthawi idaletsa ntchito yathu ndikuyika abale ndi alongo athu ena m'ndende. Komanso yaletsa mabuku athu, kuphatikizapo Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano. Analandanso nthambi yathu ku Russia, komanso Nyumba za Ufumu ndi Nyumba za Misonkhano. Izi zitachitika, Bungwe Lolamulira linafotokoza mu 2018 kuti Russia ndi mabungwe ake ndi mfumu ya kumpoto. ” "Chi è il 're del Nord' oggi?", La Torre di Guardia (Magazini Yophunzira), Meyi 2020, 12-14.

[88] Giorgio Peyrot, La circolare Buffarini-Guidi ei pentekoste (Roma: Associazione Italiana pa la Libertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Khoti Loona za Constitutional, chigamulo Na. 1 wa Juni 14, 1956, Giurisprudenza mtengoituzionale, 1956, 1-10.

[90] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. Pa chigamulochi onani: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, cit., mapeji 361-362; Id., Diritti civili e fattore religioso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Kuti mumve mbiri ya Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania onani magazini Svegliatevi! ya pa April 22, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Monga tafotokozera mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214, yomwe imati: “Abale okhulupirika adadziwa kuti adachitiridwa zachipongwe chifukwa chazomwe amakhulupirira, ndipo ngakhale samasamala mopambanitsa za mbiri yawo padziko lapansi, adaganiza zopempha kuti awunikenso njira yodzinenera maufulu a Mboni za Yehova monga anthu ”(kanyenye kolemba, kumveka kuti" anthu a Yehova ", ndiye kuti, ma JW onse aku Italiya).

[92] Chiweruzo n. 50 ya Epulo 19, 1940, yofalitsidwa mu Tribunale Speciale pamalopo pa Stefano. Decisioni emesse nei 1940, Ministry of Defense (ed.) (Roma: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] Wotchulidwa mu Khothi Lalikulu la Abruzzi-L'Aquila, chigamulo No. 128 pa Marichi 20, 1957, "Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democratica ai Testimoni di Geova", wolemba Sergio Tentarelli, Rivista abruzzese in the studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, vol. 2, palibe 1 (1981), 183-191 komanso Olemba osiyanasiyana, Minoranze, coscienza e dovere della memoria (Naples: Jovene, 2001), zowonjezera IX. Mawu a oweruza amatchulidwa mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Dziwani za August 12, 1948 kuchokera ku Directorate General for Worship Affairs, mu ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet1953-1956 b. 271 / Gawo lonse.

[95] Nkhani yochititsa manyazi yosalolera zipembedzo za a JWs, yomwe idachitika mu 1961, idalembedwa ku Savignano Irpino (Avellino), pomwe wansembe wachikatolika adalowa mosaloledwa m'nyumba ya JW pomwe mwambo wamaliro udatsala pang'ono kuchitidwa chifukwa cha imfa ya amayi ake . Wansembe wa parishiyo, womangidwa ndi wansembe wina ndi carabinieri, adzaletsa mwambo wamaliro womwe unkachitika ndi mwambo wa a JWs, kusamutsa thupi kupita kutchalitchicho ndikukakamiza mwambo wachikatolika, kenako ndikubweretsa akuluakulu kuti alowerere, akudzudzula anthu okhudzidwa. Onani: Khothi la Ariano Irpino, kuweruza kwa Julayi 7, 1964, Giurisprudenza italia, II (1965), kol. 150-161 ndi II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 ndi 285-292.

[97] Onani, makalata otsatirawa ochokera ku nthambi yachi Roma ya JWs adalemba kuti "Kwa okalamba omwe amadziwika kuti ndi atumiki opembedza" a Juni 7, 1977 komanso kwa "... iwo omwe adalembetsa ku INAM ngati azipembedzo" a Octber 10, 1978, omwe amalankhula kupeza mwayi ku Thumba losungidwa kwa azipembedzo pamaziko a Lamulo 12/22/1973 n. 903 yokhudza ma penshoni, ndipo kalatayo idalembedwa pa Seputembara 17, 1978, yopita ku "Mipingo yonse ya Mboni za Yehova ku Italy", yomwe imayang'anira lamulo laukwati wachipembedzo ndi atumiki apakati ovomerezeka ndi Republic of Italy.

[98] Tanthauzo lake ndi a Marcus Bach, "Mboni Zodabwitsa", The Christian Century, palibe 74, February 13, 1957, p. 197. Lingaliro ili silinakhalepo kwanthawi yayitali tsopano. Malinga ndi lipoti lomwe a 2006 Yearbook of Churches, Mboni za Yehova, pamodzi ndi zipembedzo zina zambiri zachikhristu ku America, tsopano zatsika pang'ono. Kuchuluka kwa kuchepa kwa mipingo yayikulu ku United States ndi izi (zonse zoipa): Southern Baptist Union: - 1.05; Mpingo wa United Methodist: - 0.79; Mpingo wa Lutheran Evangelical: - 1.09; Mpingo wa Presbyterian: - 1.60; Mpingo wa Episcopal: - 1.55; American Baptist Church: - 0.57; United Church of Christ: - 2.38; Mboni za Yehova: - 1.07. Mbali inayi, palinso mipingo yomwe ikukula, ndipo pakati pawo: Katolika: + 0.83%; Mpingo wa Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormon): + 1.74%; Assemblies of God: + 1.81%; Tchalitchi cha Orthodox: + 6.40%. Kukula kwake, chifukwa chake, malinga ndi buku lodalirika komanso lodziwika bwino, zikuwonetsa kuti poyambirira pakati pa Achipentekoste ndi omwe si achikhalidwe cha ku America ndi Assemblies of God, lotsatiridwa ndi a Mormon ndi Mpingo wa Katolika. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zaka zagolide za Mboni tsopano zatha.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, nt. 36.

[100] Onani: Johan Leman, "Ine umboni wa Geova nell'immigrazione siciliana ku Belgio. Una lettura antropologica ", Mitu, vol. II, ayi. 6 (Epulo-Juni 1987), 20-29; Id., "A Mboni za Yehova a ku Italo-Brussels Anayenderanso: Kuyambira M'badwo Woyamba Kupembedza Kwachikhalidwe Mpaka Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Gulu Lopembedza Anthu," Kampasi Yachikhalidwe, vol. 45, ayi. 2 (Juni 1998), 219-226; Id., Kuyambira Chikhalidwe Chovuta Kukhala Chikhalidwe Chovuta. Pulogalamu ya Chisilili Cultural Code ndi Socio-Cultural Praxis ya Chisilili Osamukira ku Belgium (Leuven: University of Leuven Press, 1987). Onani: Luigi Berzano ndi Massimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella Sicilia centrale (Caltanissetta-Rome: Sciascia, 1994).

[101] La Torre di Guardia, Epulo 1, 1962, 218.

[102] Zambiri zidanenedwa ndi Achille Aveta [1985], 149, ndipo adapeza pamphambano yazipangizo ziwiri zamkati, zomwe ndi Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 ndi osiyanasiyana Ministeri del Regno, nkhani yamwezi uliwonse mkati mwa gululi yomwe idaperekedwa kwa ofalitsa okha, obatizidwa komanso osabatizidwa. Inapereka pulogalamu yamlungu ndi mlungu ya misonkhano itatu yomwe idagawidwa koyambirira kwa sabata komanso pakati, kenako idaphatikizidwa pakati pa sabata, madzulo amodzi: "Study of the book", kenako "Study a Mpingo Wabaibulo ”(choyamba tsopano, kenaka mphindi 30); “Sukulu ya Utumiki Wateokalase” (mphindi 45 zoyambirira, kenako mphindi 30) ndi “Msonkhano wa Utumiki” (mphindi 45 zoyambirira, kenako mphindi 30). Ministero imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndendende pamisonkhano itatu iyi, makamaka mu "Msonkhano wa Utumiki", pomwe mboni zimaphunzitsidwa mwauzimu ndikulandila malangizo othandiza pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Inalinso ndi zolembedwa zodziwika bwino zofalitsidwa ndi Mboni za Yehova, La Torre di Guardia ndi Svegliatevi !, kukonzekera kapena kuwalangiza mamembala momwe angasiye magaziniwa polalikira. Pulogalamu ya Ministero del Regno anamaliza kusindikiza mu 2015. Idasinthidwa mu 2016 ndi mwezi watsopano, Vita Cristiana ndi Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] Vita eterna nella libertà dei Figli di Dio (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Student Association, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., 28-30.

[106] Kope la 1968 la Chowonadi m'bukuli munali mawu obisika osonyeza kuti dziko lapansi silingakhale ndi moyo chaka chatha cha 1975. "Kuphatikiza apo, monga akunenera mu 1960, Secretary of State wakale wa US, a Dean Acheson, adalengeza kuti nthawi yathu ndi" nthawi yosakhazikika yosayerekezeka, chiwawa. "Ndipo adachenjeza," Ndikudziwa zambiri pazomwe zikuchitika kuti ndikutsimikizireni kuti, zaka khumi ndi zisanu, dziko lino likhala loopsa kukhalamo. " (…) Posachedwa, buku lotchedwa "Njala - 1975!" (Carestia: 1975! ") Ananena zakusowa kwa chakudya kwamasiku ano:" Njala ikuchulukirachulukira m'mayiko ambiri, m'mayiko ena mozungulira madera otentha komanso otentha. Mavuto amasiku ano atha kupita mbali imodzi: kukawonongeka. Mitundu yakufa ndi njala lero, mayiko omwe akusowa njala mawa. Mu 1975, zipolowe zapachiweniweni, zipolowe, olamulira mwankhanza ankhondo, kukwera kwamitengo ya zinthu, kusokonekera kwa mayendedwe ndi zipolowe zidzakhala zofala m'mayiko ambiri osowa chakudya. ” La verità che conduce all vita eterna (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. mu 1981, yemwe kale anali Mlembi wa boma ku United States, a Dean Acheson, ananena kuti nthawi yathu ino ndi “nthawi yosakhazikika yosayerekezeka, ya ziwawa zosayerekezeka. "Ndipo, kutengera zomwe adawona zikuchitika mdziko lapansi panthawiyo, adazindikira posachedwa "Dziko lino likhala loopsa kukhalamo." Malipoti aposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti kusowa kwa chakudya chokwanira nthawi zonse, komwe kumayambitsa matenda osowa zakudya m'thupi, kwakhala "vuto lalikulu lokhudzana ndi njala masiku ano." The Times wa ku London akuti: “Pakhala pali njala nthawi zonse, koma kukula ndi kufalikira [kutanthauza kuti amapezeka kulikonse] njala masiku ano ikuwonetsedwa pamlingo watsopano. (…) Masiku ano kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi kumakhudza anthu opitilila biliyoni; mwina anthu osapitirira mamiliyoni anayi akukhala mosalekeza ndi njala. ” Mawu a Dean Acheson omwe amatanthauza zaka khumi ndi zisanu kuyambira 1960 monga malire okhalanso ndi moyo padziko lapansi adachotsedwa, ndipo zomwe zili m'buku la "Famine: 1975" zidasinthidwa kwathunthu ndi zoopsa zochepa ndipo sizinachitike The Times ochokera ku London!

[107] Kwa funso "Kodi mumatha bwanji kumaliza maphunziro a Baibulo opanda phindu?"The Ministero del Regno (Kope la Chitaliyana), March 1970, tsamba 4, anayankha kuti: “Ili ndi funso lomwe tifunikira kulingalira ngati maphunziro athu apano apangidwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kodi akubwera kale kumisonkhano yampingo, ndipo kodi ayamba kukonzanso miyoyo yawo mogwirizana ndi zomwe aphunzira m'Mawu a Mulungu? Ngati ndi choncho, tikufuna kupitiriza kuwathandiza. Koma ngati sichoncho, mwina tidzagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yathu mopindulitsa polalikira kwa ena. ” Pulogalamu ya Ministero del Regno (Mtundu waku Italiya) wa Novembala 1973, patsamba 2, wafotokozeranso momveka bwino: choonadi kuphunzira. Ndondomeko yathu yophunzirira Baibulo yafotokozedwa patsamba 3 la kapepalako. Limayankha mafunso awa: Kuti? Liti? Who? ndi Chiyani? Ganizirani mfundo zosiyanasiyana ndi iye. Mwina mudzawauze, mwachitsanzo, kuti thirakiti ndiye chitsimikiziro chanu cholembedwa kuti ntchito yathu ndi yaulere. Fotokozani kuti maphunzirowa amatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndikuti timapereka pafupifupi ola limodzi sabata. Zonse pamodzi ndi zofanana ndi tsiku limodzi la moyo wa munthu. Inde, anthu amtima wabwino adzafunika kupatula tsiku lamoyo wawo kuti aphunzire za Mulungu. ”

[108] "Perché attendete il 1975?", La Torre di Guardia, February 1, 1969, 84, 85. Onani: "Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?", Svegliatevi!, Epulo 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Onani: M. James Penton [2015], 125. Pamsonkhano Wachigawo wa 1967, Woyang'anira Chigawo cha Wisconsin Sheboygan M'bale Charles Sinutko anakamba nkhani "Kutumikira Ndi Chiyembekezo cha Moyo Wosatha", nati: "" Tsopano, monga Mboni za Yehova , monga othamanga, ngakhale ena aife tatopa pang'ono, zikuwoneka ngati kuti Yehova wapereka nyama panthawi yake. Chifukwa wagwira pamaso pathu tonse, cholinga chatsopano. Chaka chatsopano. China chake choti tingafikire ndipo zikuwoneka kuti chatipatsa tonsefe mphamvu zochulukirapo ndikuthamangira kumapeto kumeneku. Ndipo ndicho chaka cha 1975. Eya, sitiyenera kulingalira tanthauzo la chaka cha 1975 ngati tiwerenga Nsanja ya Olonda. Ndipo musayembekezere mpaka 1975. Chitseko chidzatsekedwa nthawiyo isanafike. Monga m'bale wina ananenera, 'Khalani ndi moyo kufikira makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu'”Mu Novembala 1968, Woyang'anira Wachigawo Duggan adalengeza ku Pampa Texas Assembly kuti" sipangotsala miyezi yathunthu 83, tiyeni tikhale okhulupirika ndi olimba mtima ndipo ... tidzakhala ndi moyo kupitirira nkhondo ya Aramagedo…, "yomwe idati Armagedo pofika Okutobala 1975 (Fayilo yomvera yomwe ili ndi zigawo ziwiri za malankhulidwe achilankhulo choyambirira ikupezeka patsamba lino https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Che ne tsoka della vostra vita?", Ministero del Regno (Magazini ya ku Italy), June 1974, 2.

[111] Onani: Paolo Giovannelli ndi Michele Mazzotti, Mbiri ya Brooklin ndi gli ingenui galoppini (Riccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] Giancarlo Farina, La Torre di Guardia onse amatulutsa Zolemba Zachisomo (Torino, 1981).  

[113] Onani mwachitsanzo nyuzipepala ya Venetian Ali Gazzettino ya 12 Marichi 1974 m'nkhani "La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975" ("Mapeto adziko lapansi ayandikira: adzafika nthawi yophukira ya 1975") komanso nkhani yamu sabata Novella 2000 ya Seputembara 10, 1974 yotchedwa "I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti" ("Anthu oyipa achenjezedwa: mu 1975 onse adzafa").

[114] Kalata yochokera ku nthambi yaku JW yaku Italiya, yosainidwa ndi SCB: SSA, yolembedwa pa Seputembara 9, 1975, yomwe tidzalengeza zakumapeto.

[115] Onani: La Torre di Guardia, Seputembara 1, 1980, 17.

[116] Pambuyo pa kupita kwa 1975, Watchtower Society idapitilizabe kutsindika chiphunzitso chakuti Mulungu adzapereka chiweruzo chake kwa anthu mbadwo wa anthu omwe adawona zochitika za 1914 asanamwalire onse. Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira 1982 mpaka 1995, chikuto chamkati cha Svegliatevi! Magaziniyi idaphatikizapo, m'mawu ake otumizira, kutchula "m'badwo wa 1914", ponena za "lonjezo la Mlengi (…) la dziko latsopano lamtendere ndi lotetezeka mbadwo womwe udawona zochitika za 1914 usanathe." Mu Juni 1982, pamisonkhano yachigawo ya "Verità del Regno" ("Choonadi cha Ufumu") yomwe idachitika padziko lonse lapansi ndi a JWs, ku USA komanso m'malo ena osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Italy, buku latsopano lophunzirira Baibulo lidaperekedwa, m'malo mwa bukuli La Verità che conduce all vita eterna, yomwe "idasinthidwa", chifukwa chazowopsa za 1975, mu 1981: Potete vivere pa semper su una terra paradisiaca, monga tafotokozera kuyambira ndi Ministero del Regno (Kope la Chitaliyana), February 1983, patsamba 4. M'bukuli muli kutsindika kwambiri zakubadwa kwa 1914. Patsamba 154 akuti: Ndi m'badwo uti womwe Yesu anali kunena? M'badwo wa anthu amoyo mu 1914. Zotsalira za m'badwowo tsopano zakalamba kwambiri. Koma ena mwa iwo adzakhala ndi moyo mapeto a dongosolo loipali akadzafika. Chifukwa chake tili otsimikiza izi: Kutha kwadzidzidzi kwa zoyipa zonse ndi anthu onse oipa mu Armagedo kudzafika. ” Mu 1984, pafupifupi kukumbukira zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu za 1914, adasindikizidwa kuyambira Seputembara 1 mpaka Okutobala 15, 1984 (za mtundu waku Italy, komabe. Ku United States azituluka kale, kuyambira Epulo 1 mpaka Meyi 15 yemweyo year) nkhani zinayi zotsatizana za La Torre di Guardia , yomwe inali yonena za deti laulosi la 1914, ndipo nambala yomaliza yomwe mutu wake, motsindika, inati pachikuto: "1914: La generazione che non passerà" ("1914 -The Generation That Not Pass Away").

[117] 1977 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 30.

[118] 1978 Yearbook ya Mboni za Yehova, 30.

[119] Chifukwa cha YouTuber waku Italiya JWTruman yemwe adandipatsa zojambulazo. Onani: "Crescita dei TdG ku Italia prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg ndi zolembedwa zazitali "Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato", yopangidwa ndi JWTruman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, akulemba zakuchepa kwa dziko lapansi pambuyo pa 1975: “Malinga ndi 1976 ndi 1980 Mabuku a Chaka , panali ofalitsa a Mboni za Yehova ochepa ku Nigeria mu 17,546 mu 1979 poyerekeza ndi mu 1975. Ku Germany kunali 2,722 ocheperako. Ndipo ku Great Britain, anataya anthu 1,102 pa nthawi yomweyi. ” M. James Penton [2015], 427, nt. 6.