AmaNgqina kaYehova eItali (1891-1976)

Ngu-Maria G. Buscema

Inqaku lokuQala lika ILa Vedetta di Sion, Oktobha 1, 1903,
Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane lwe IZion's Watch Tower

Phakathi kwemibutho emitsha yonqulo evela eUnited States of America kukho amaNgqina kaYehova, anabalandeli abamalunga nezigidi ezisisi-8.6 emhlabeni nabalandeli abamalunga nama-250,000 18 eItali. Iyasebenza e-Itali ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, intshukumo yathintelwa kwimisebenzi yayo ngurhulumente wobuzwilakhe; kodwa kulandela uloyiso lweeAllies kwaye ngenxa yoMthetho kaJuni 1949, 385, hayi. Ngama-XNUMX, aqinisekisa iSivumelwano soBuhlobo, ukuRhweba nokuKhangela phakathi kukarhulumente wase-US naleyo ka-Alcide De Gasperi, amaNgqina kaYehova, njengamanye amaqumrhu onqulo angamaKatolika, afumana ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni njengemibutho esemthethweni ese-United States.

1. Imvelaphi yamaNgqina kaYehova (Ita. AmaNgqina kaYehova, ukusukela ngoku i-JW), ihlelo lobuKristu elilawula ubukumkani, iwaka leminyaka kunye nokubuyiselwa, okanye "umntu wokuqala", waqiniseka ukuba ubuKrestu kufuneka bubuyiselwe kwimigca yento eyaziwayo malunga necawa yokuqala yabapostile, eyaqala ngo-1879, xa uCharles Taze Russell (1852-1916) Usomashishini osuka ePittsburgh, emva kokuya kwiiSecond Adventist, waqalisa ukupapasha eli phephancwadi I-Zion's Watch Tower kunye neHerald of Christ's Presence ngoJulayi waloo nyaka. Waseka ngo-1884 iZion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] ifakwe ePennsylvania, eyathi ngo-1896 I-Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. okanye iWatchtower Society (ebizwa ngokuba ziiJWs “yiSociety” okanye “Intlangano kaYehova”), umbutho osemthethweni osetyenziswa yinkokheli zeJW ukwandisa umsebenzi kwihlabathi jikelele.[2] Kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi, iqela elincinci lesifundo seBhayibhile, elalingenalo igama elithile (ukunqanda ubuhlelo baya kukhetha “amaKrestu” alula), emva koko lazibiza ngokuba "ngabaFundi beBhayibhile," lakhula, lenza ukuba amabandla amaninzi Uncwadi olwalusasazwa yiWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, ngo-1909 laya nekomkhulu lalo eBrooklyn, eNew York, ngeli xesha liseWarwick, eNew York. Igama elithi “amaNgqina kaYehova” lamkelwa ngo-1931 lilandela likaRussell, uJoseph Franklin Rutherford.[3]

I-JWs zithi iinkolelo zabo bazisekela eBhayibhileni, kubo liLizwi likaYehova eliphefumlelweyo nelingaphazamiseki. Imfundiso yabo yobuthixo ibandakanya imfundiso "yesityhilelo esiqhubela phambili" esivumela ubunkokheli, iQumrhu Elilawulayo, ukuba litshintshe ukutolika kunye neemfundiso zebhayibhile rhoqo.[4] Umzekelo, ii-JWs zaziwa ngokuba yiminyaka eliwaka kunye nokushumayela isiphelo sendlu ngendlu. (yazisa kwiijenali IMboniselo, UVukani!, iincwadi ezipapashwe yiWatchtower Society kunye namanqaku kunye neevidiyo ezifakwe kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni, i-jw.org, njl.), Kwaye kangangeminyaka baye baphumelela ukuba "inkqubo yezinto" yangoku izakuphela phambi kwawo onke amalungu esizukulwana Ngo-1914 wafa. isiphelo, esiphawulwe yimfazwe yeArmagedon, usesondele, akasabizi ukuba kufuneka awe phakathi kwe1914.[5] Ubagxotha ukuba bazihlukanise ngokwabo namahlelo asuka kuluntu oluya kutshatyalaliswa eArmagedon, bachasene noBathathu Emnye, abemi beemeko ezithile (abakuqinisekisi ukungafi komphefumlo), abazigcini iiholide njengamaKristu, bekhathalela imvelaphi yobuhedeni, kwaye chaza intsingiselo yosindiso kwigama likaThixo, "Yehova." Ngaphandle kwezi zinto zingaqhelekanga, ngaphezulu kwe-8.6 yezigidi ze-JW emhlabeni azinakuchazwa njengenkolo yaseMelika.

Njengoko kuchaziwe yiprof. Mnu James Penton,

AmaNgqina kaYehova akhule evela kwimeko yezenkolo ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba yamaProtestanti aseMelika. Nangona zisenokubonakala zahluke ngokuphawulekayo kumaProtestanti aphambili kwaye ziyala iimfundiso ezithile eziphambili zeecawa ezinkulu, ngokwenyani ziindlalifa zaseMelika zobuAdventism, iintshukumo zesiprofeto phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba iBritane neAmerican Evangelicalism, kunye nemillenarianism yomibini elineshumi elinesixhenxe- Inkulungwane yeAnglicanism kunye nesiNgesi samaProtestanti ukungahambelani. Ngokwenyani, kuncinci kakhulu malunga nenkqubo yabo yeemfundiso engaphandle kwesiko lamaProtestanti amaNgesi namaMelika, nangona kukho iingcinga ezithile abanamathele kuzo ubuKatolika kunobuProtestanti. Ukuba zahlukile ngeendlela ezininzi-njengoko ngokungathandabuzekiyo zinjalo-kungenxa nje yendibaniselwano ethile yezakwalizwi kunye neemvume zeemfundiso zabo kunokuba kungenxa yobutsha babo.[6]

Ukusasazeka kwentshukumo kwihlabathi liphela kuya kulandela amandla ahambelana nenxalenye yomsebenzi wobufundisi, kodwa ngokuyinxalenye kwiziganeko eziphambili ze-geopolitiki kwihlabathi, njengeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi kunye noloyiso lweAllies. Yiyo imeko e-Itali, nokuba iqela belikhona ukusukela kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

2. Ubume obukhethekileyo bemvelaphi ye-JWs e-Italiya kukuba ukukhula kwabo kwakukhuthazwa ngabantu abangaphandle kweWatch Tower Society. Umsunguli, uCharles T. Russell, wafika e-Itali ngo-1891 ngexesha lotyelelo lwase-Yuropu kwaye, ngokweenkokheli zombutho, ngewayemile ePinerolo, kwiintlambo ze-Waldensian, evusa umdla ka-Daniele Rivoir, utitshala waseNgilani Ukholo lwamaWaldo. Kodwa ubukho bendawo yokumisa ePinerolo - ebonakala ngathi iyangqina ithisisi yokuba ubunkokheli baseMelika, njengezinye izivumo zaseMelika, babe lixhoba le "ntsomi yamaWaldensia", oko kukuthi, ithiyori eyathi yajika yabubuxoki kwakulula ukuguqula amaWaldensi aya e-Itali kunamaKatolika, egxila kwimishini yabo ePinerolo nakwisixeko saseTorre Pellice -,[7] ubuzwa ngesiseko sokuvavanywa kwamaxwebhu exesha elinxulumene nohambo lomfundisi waseYurophu ngo-1891 (olukhankanya iBrindisi, iNaples, iPompeii, iRoma, iFlorence, iVenice neMilan, kodwa hayi iPinerolo nditsho neTurin),[8] kananjalo nohambo olulandelayo olwalunomdla e-Italiya (1910 and 1912) azibonisi zindinyana nokuba yiPinerolo okanye iTurin, ekubeni isisithethe somlomo ngaphandle kwesiseko seempepha, nangona kunjalo, senziwa sisemthethweni ngumbhali-mbali, kunye nomdala weJWs, uPaolo Piccioli kwinqaku elipapashiweyo Ngo-2000 kwi Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (I I-Bulletin yoMbutho woPhando lweWaldens), iphephancwadi lembali yamaProtestanti, nakweminye imibhalo, epapashwe yiMboniselo kunye nabapapashi abangaphandle kombutho.[9]

Ngokuqinisekileyo uRivoir, esebenzisa uAdolf Erwin Weber, umshumayeli waseSwitzerland ongumRussian nowayesakuba ngumlimi wegadi, owayenomdla kwizifundo zikaRussell zeminyaka eliwaka kodwa engafuni ukulugqogqa ukholo lwamaWaldo, uya kufumana imvume yokuguqula imibhalo, kwaye ngo-1903 umqulu wokuqala kaRussell Izifundo kwiZibhalo, okt Il Divin Piano delle Età (Isicwangciso esingcwele samaXesha), ngelixa i-1904 inqaku lokuqala lase-Itali IZion's Watch Tower yakhululwa, inelungelo La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza di Cristo, okanye ngokulula ILa Vedetta di Sion, isasazwe kwiindawo zokuthengisa iindaba zasekuhlaleni.[10]

Ngo-1908 ibandla lokuqala lasekwa ePinerolo, laza ke lanikwa into yokuba le ngqungqumbana yanamhlanje ibingasasebenzi phakathi kwe-Watchtower Society - ngokuhambelana nemiboniso ethile ka "Pastor" Russell -,[11] amaTaliyane aza kusebenzisa igama elithi "aBafundi beBhayibhile" kuphela ukusuka ngo-1915 ukubheka phambili. Kwimicimbi yokuqala yefayile ye- ILa Vedetta di Sion, amaqabane ase Italiya e-Watch Tower ayesebenzisa, ukuchonga ubuzalwana bawo, amagama angaqondakaliyo anencasa ebonakalayo "yovuko lokuqala" ngokuhambelana nemibhalo yaseRussellian yango-1882-1884 eyabona ubuhlelo njengendawo yokuqala yehlelo, amagama anjengelithi "iCawa" , "Icawa yamaKrestu", "iBandla loMhlambi oMncinane kunye naBakholwayo" okanye, nokuba, "yiCawa yeVangeli".[12] Ngo-1808, uClara Lanteret, eChantelain (ongumhlolokazi), kwileta ende wachaza amaqabane ase-Italiya eWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, awayelilungu lakhe, “njengabafundi be-AURORA kunye neTORRE”. Ubhale wathi: “Wanga uThixo angasinika sonke ukuba singafihli nto kwaye sivule ubungqina bethu benyani yangoku kwaye siyivule ngovuyo ibhena yethu. Ngamana anganika bonke abafundi be-Dawn kunye neNqaba ukuba bavuye ngokungapheliyo eNkosini enqwenela ukuba uvuyo lwethu lufezeke kwaye lungavumeli nabani na ukuba aluthabathe ".[13] Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ngo-1910, kwenye ileta ende, uLanteret wathetha kuphela ngendlela engacacanga ngomyalezo ka “Pastor” Russell “njengokukhanya” okanye “iinyaniso ezixabisekileyo”: “Ndinovuyo lokwazisa ukuba umfundisi osele ekhulile ungumBhaptizi othathe umhlala-phantsi ixesha elide. Mnu. M., kulandela iingxoxo rhoqo nathi sobabini (uFanny Lugli kunye nam) singena ngokupheleleyo ekukhanyeni kwaye samkela ngovuyo iinyaniso ezixabisekileyo uThixo abone kufanelekile ukusityhilela zona ngomkhonzi wakhe othandekayo nothembekileyo uRussell ”.[14] Kwakuloo nyaka, kwileta yokurhoxa eyabhalwa ngoMeyi 1910 ngamalungu amane ecawa yeWaldensian Evangelical, abangooHenriette Bounous, uFrancois Soulier, uHenry Bouchard noLuoise Vincon Rivoir, akukho namnye, ngaphandle kukaBouchard owayesebenzisa igama elithi “Church of Christ”, akazange asebenzise gama ukuchaza ihlelo elitsha lobuKristu, kunye neConsistory yeCawa yamaWaldo, ekuqapheleni ukushiya ibandla lamaWaldensia leqela elalixhasa iimfundiso zeminyaka eliwaka zika “Pastor” Russell, engasebenzisi nalinye ihlelo elichanekileyo kwesi sigwebo, ade ababhide namalungu ezinye iicawa: ”Emva koko uMongameli ufunda iileta azibhale egameni le-Consistory kwabo bantu baye bahlala ixesha elide okanye kutshanje, abathi bashiya ama-Waldensia kangangeminyaka emibini. icawe yokujoyina iDarbysti, okanye ukufumana ihlelo elitsha. (…) Ngelixa uLouise Vincon Rivoire eye wadlulela kumaBhaptizi ngendlela ecacileyo “.[15] Abaxhasi beCawa yamaKatolika baya kubabhida abalandeli beWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, kude kube sekuqalekeni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, kunye nobuProtestanti okanye uValdism[16] okanye, njengabanye oolindixesha bamaWaldo, abaza kunika indawo umbutho, nenkokeli yawo, uCharles Taze Russell, etyhala ngo-1916 abameli base-Italiyane, kwiphetshana, ukuba bazibonakalise njenge “Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici”.[17]

Ngo-1914 eli qela liza kusokola - njengabo bonke abantu baseRussel emhlabeni - ukuphoxeka kokwehluleka ukuxhwilwa ezulwini, nto leyo eya kuthi ikhokelele umbutho, owawufikelele kubalandeli abamalunga namashumi amane ojolise ikakhulu kwiintlambo zeWaldensian, ukuhla kuphela amalungu alishumi elinesihlanu. Ngapha koko, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi- I-1983 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova (Uhlelo lwesiNgesi lwango-1983):

Ngo-1914 aBafundi beBhayibhile, njengoko amaNgqina kaYehova ayebizwa njalo ngoko, babelindele ukuba “baya kuhluthwa ngamafu, bahlangabeze iNkosi esibhakabhakeni” kwaye bakholelwa kwelokuba umsebenzi wabo wokushumayela emhlabeni uphelile. (1 Tes. 4:17) Ingxelo eyayisele ikho ithi: “Ngenye imini, abanye babo baya kwindawo engasese ukuze balinde eso siganeko. Nangona kunjalo, xa kungenzekanga nto, babenyanzelekile ukuba babuyele ekhaya kwakhona bengonwabanga kwaphela. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi kwaba baye balushiya ukholo. ”

Bamalunga ne-15 abantu abahlala bethembekile, beqhubeka nokuya ezintlanganisweni nasekufundeni iimpapasho zoMbutho. Ethetha ngeli xesha, uMzalwan 'uRemigio Cuminetti wathi: “Endaweni yesithsaba esizukileyo esasilindelwe, safumana izihlangu ezomeleleyo ukuze siqhubeke nomsebenzi wokushumayela.”[18]

Iqela liza kungena ezindabeni kuba omnye wabambalwa abangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yezizathu zonqulo ngexesha leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, uRemigio Cuminetti, wayengumlandeli weMboniselo. UCuminetti, owazalwa ngo-1890 ePiscina, kufutshane nasePinerolo, kwiphondo laseTurin, wabonisa “ukuzinikela ngenkolo” xa wayeseyinkwenkwana, kodwa emva kokufunda umsebenzi kaCharles Taze Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età, ufumana ubungakanani bayo bokwenene bokomoya, awayebufune ngelize "kwiinkqubo zonqulo" zecawa yaseRoma.[19] Ukuzibandakanya nobuKatolika kwamkhokelela ekubeni ajoyine aBafundi beBhayibhile basePinerolo, ngaloo ndlela eqala indlela yakhe yokushumayela.

Ekuqhambukeni kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, u-Remigio wasebenza kumda wokudibanisa oomasifundisane baseRiv, eVillar Perosa, kwiphondo laseTurin. Inkampani evelisa iibheringi zebhola, ibhengezwe ngurhulumente wase-Itali njengoncedisayo emfazweni kwaye, ngenxa yoko, uMartellini ubhala athi, "umkhosi wabasebenzi" unyanzelwe: "abasebenzi (…) banxibe isacholo esichaza umkhosi wase-Italiyane otyhola ngokufanelekileyo ukuthotyelwa kwabo kulawulo lwezomkhosi, kodwa kwangaxeshanye banikwa uxolelo olusisigxina kwinkonzo yomkhosi osebenzayo ”.[20] Kubantu abaninzi abancinci oku kuluncedo ukubaleka ngaphambili, kodwa hayi uCuminetti, ngokuthobela izalathiso zebhayibhile, uyazi ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba asebenzisane, nangayiphi na indlela, ekulungiseleleni imfazwe. Lo Mfundi weBhayibhile uselula ugqiba kwelokuba arhoxe kwaye, kwangoko, kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva, ufumana ikhadi lokuya ngaphambili.

Ukwala ukunxiba iyunifomu kuvula ityala likaCuminetti kwiNkundla Yomkhosi yaseAlexandria, ethi - njengoko uAlberto Bertone abhalayo - kwisicatshulwa sesigwebo ichaze ngokucacileyo "izizathu zesazela ezithatyathwe ngulowo uchasayo:" Wala, esithi ukholo lukaKrestu lusisiseko soxolo phakathi kwabantu, ubuzalwana kwindalo iphela, oluthi (…) njengekholwa eliqinisekileyo kolo kholo alunakho kwaye alufuni ukunxiba iyunifomu engumfuziselo wemfazwe nokubulala abazalwana ( njengoko wayebiza iintshaba zelizwe loobawo) ”.[21] Ukulandela isigwebo, ibali lomntu likaCuminetti liyazi "ukhenketho oluqhelekileyo lweentolongo" zaseGaeta, uRegina Coeli noPiacenza, ukuvalelwa kwindawo yokuhlala yaseReggio Emilia kunye neenzame ezininzi zokunciphisa ukuthobela, emva koko, kugqiba ekubeni "angene impilo yomkhosi njengomphathi ophetheyo ”,[22] Ukwenza enyanisweni yintoni, emva koko, eya kuthintelwa kuwo wonke umntu oselula we-JW, okanye inkonzo ebambeleyo kwezomkhosi-kwaye unikwe imbasa yesilivere yobukroti emkhosini, athe uCuminetti wala ukuyenza yonke le nto ngenxa yothando "lobuKristu" -, oluya kuthi kamva Akuvunyelwanga kwade kwango-1995. Emva kwemfazwe, uCuminetti waphinda waqalisa ukushumayela, kodwa ngokufika kolawulo lwamaFascism, iNgqina likaYehova, lathotywa yi-OVRA, kwanyanzeleka ukuba lisebenze ngokufihlakeleyo. Usweleke eTurin ngoJanuwari 18, 1939.

3. Kwii-1920s, umsebenzi e-Italiya wafumana inkuthazo entsha ukusuka ekhaya kubaphambukeli abaninzi ababezibandakanya nenkolo e-United States, kwaye iindawo ezincinci ze-JWs zasasazeka kumaphondo ahlukeneyo anje ngeSondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara kunye neTeramo, nangona kunjalo, ngo-1914, ngokudana okuhambelana no-1925, umsebenzi uyehla kancinci.[23]

Ngexesha lobuFasi, nokuba luhlobo lomyalezo oshunyayelweyo, amakholwa enkolo (njengalawo amanye amahlelo angavumiyo amaKatolika) atshutshiswa. Ulawulo lukaMussolini lwalugqala abalandeli beWatchtower Society njengabona bantu banenzondelelo yempambano.[24] Kodwa yayingeyonto ikhethekileyo yase-Italiya: iminyaka kaRutherford ayiphawulwanga kuphela ngokwamkelwa kwegama elithi "amangqina kaYehova", kodwa ngokungeniswa kwefomathi yombutho wabaphathi kunye nokubekwa emgangathweni kwezenzo kumabandla ahlukeneyo asasebenza namhlanje “Ulawulo lobuthixo” -, kunye nengxwabangxwaba ekhulayo phakathi kweWatch Tower Society kunye nehlabathi eliyingqongileyo, nto leyo eya kukhokelela ekubeni eli hlelo lingatshutshiswa nje kuphela ngoorhulumente bobuFasi nobamaSoshiyali, kodwa nangabo baseMarxist nabaseLiberal Democratic.[25]

Ngokuphathelele ukutshutshiswa kwamaNgqina kaYehova nguzwilakhe wobuzwilakhe kaBenito Mussolini, iWatchtower Society, I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, kwiphepha 162 lohlelo lwesiTaliyane, inikela ingxelo yokuba “abefundisi abathile bamaKatolika baba negalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni intshutshiso yobuFasi nxamnye namangqina kaYehova.” Kodwa umbhali-mbali uGiorgio Rochat, wenkolo yamaProtestanti kwaye edume ngokuchasene ne-fascist, uxela ukuba:

Ngapha koko, umntu akanakuthetha ngokuchaseneyo kunye nokuqhubeka nokuchasana noqhanqalazo ngamacandelo amaKatolika asisiseko, abathi, ngelixa begxeka ubukho beecawe zevangeli, babeneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha ngokunxulumene nezinto ezine eziphambili: imeko yengingqi ( …); inqanaba elahlukileyo lobundlongondlongo kunye nempumelelo yokushumayela ivangeli; ukhetho lwababingeleli bebandla kunye neenkokheli zasekuhlaleni (…); kwaye ekugqibeleni ukubakho korhulumente osisiseko kunye nabasemagunyeni.[26]

Rochat uxela ukuba "malunga nokuhlanganiswa okukhulu kwe-OVRA" phakathi kokuphela kowe-1939 nasekuqaleni kuka-1940, "ukungabikho kokungenelela kwamaKatolika kunye noxinzelelo kulo lonke uphando, kuqinisekisa imeko ephantsi yamaNgqina kaYehova kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo owenziweyo ingcinezelo yabo ”.[27] Ngokucacileyo bekukho uxinzelelo oluvela kwiCawe kunye noobhishophu nxamnye nazo zonke iicawa ezingezizo ezobuKrestu (kwaye kungekuphela nje kubalandeli abambalwa beMboniselo, malunga ne-150 kulo lonke elase-Itali), kodwa kwimeko yamaNgqina, babekwabangelwa kukucaphuka okucacileyo ngabashumayeli. Ngapha koko, ukusukela nge1924, incwadana enemifanekiso I-L'Ecclesiasticismo kwi-istato d'accusa (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane Abefundisi babekw 'ityala, Isimangalo safundwa kwindibano eyayiseColumbus, eOhio ngo-1924) Ngokutsho kwe Yonyaka ka-1983, kwiphepha. I-130, "isigwebo esothusayo" sabefundisi bamaKatolika, iikopi ezingama-100,000 XNUMX zasasazwa e-Itali kwaye amaNgqina enza konke okusemandleni awo ukuqinisekisa ukuba uPopu kunye neVatican abanqabileyo bafumana ikopi enye. URemigio Cuminetti, onoxanduva lomsebenzi weNkampani, kwileta eya kuJoseph F. Rutherford, eyapapashwa ngo ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane) ngo-Novemba 1925, iphepha 174, 175, ubhala malunga nephetshana elichasene nomthetho:

Singatsho ukuba yonke into ihambe kakuhle ngokuhambelana "nomnyama" [okt Katolika, ed] indawo esihlala kuyo; kwiindawo ezimbini kufutshane neRoma nakwisixeko esikunxweme lweAdriatic abazalwana bethu bamiswa kwaye amaphepha afunyenwe kuye athathwa, kuba umthetho ufuna imvume yokuhlawula ukusasaza naluphi na ushicilelo, ngelixa singakhange sifune mvume sisazi ukuba sineGunya eliPhezulu [okt uYehova noYesu, ngeMboniselo, ed]. Bavelise ukumangaliswa, ukumangaliswa, izikhuzo, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke ukucaphuka phakathi kwabefundisi kunye namahlakani, kodwa ngokwazi kwethu, akukho namnye owaba nesibindi sokushicilela igama ngokuchasene nalo, kwaye ukusuka apha sinokubona ngakumbi ukuba isityholo silungile.

Akukho mpapasho luye lwasasazwa kakhulu e-Itali, nangona kunjalo siyaqonda ukuba ayonelanga. ERoma bekuya kuba yimfuneko ukuyibuyisa ngobuninzi bayo ukuze yaziwe kulo nyaka ungcwele [uCuminetti ubhekisa kwiNtlokoma yeCawa yamaKatolika ngo-1925, ed.] Ngubani ongoyise ongcwele kunye nabefundisi abahlonelwayo, kodwa ngenxa yoku asizange sixhaswe yi-European Central Office [ye-Watchtower, ed] apho isindululo sasiqhutyelwe phambili ukusukela kuJanuwari ophelileyo. Mhlawumbi alikafiki ixesha leNkosi.

Injongo yeli phulo, ke ngoko, yayixhokonxa, kwaye yayingaphelelanga ekushunyayelweni kweBhayibhile, kodwa yayijolise ekuhlaseleni amaKatolika, ngokuchanekileyo kwisixeko saseRoma, apho upopu akhoyo, xa yayiyiNtlokoma, kumaKatolika Unyaka woxolelo lwezono, uxolelwaniso, uguquko kunye nomthendeleko wesono, isenzo esingahloniphanga okanye silumke ukusasaza, nesibonakala ngathi senziwe ngenjongo yokutsala intshutshiso ngokwakho, ngenxa yokuba injongo yeli phulo, Cuminetti, "ukwazisa kulo nyaka ungcwele ukuba ngubani utata ongcwele kunye nabefundisi abahloniphekileyo".

E-Itali, ubuncinci ukusukela ngo-1927-1928, bebona ukuba i-JWs yayisisivumo-lukholo sase-US esinokuphazamisa ukuthembeka kobukumkani base-Itali, abasemagunyeni bamapolisa baqokelela ulwazi malunga nehlelo phesheya ngothungelwano loonozakuzaku.[28] Njengenxalenye yolu phando, ikomkhulu lehlabathi leWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania eBrooklyn kunye nesebe laseBerne, elalisongamela, de kwangowe-1946, umsebenzi wee-JW e-Italiya, zazindwendwelwa ngabathunywa bamapolisa obuFasi.[29]

E-Itali, bonke abo bafumene iimpapasho zebandla baya kubhaliswa kwaye ngo-1930 baziswe kumhlaba weli phephancwadi I-Consolation (kamva Vukani!) Kwakungavumelekanga. Ngo-1932 kwavulwa iofisi efihlakeleyo yeWatch Tower eMilan, kufutshane naseSwitzerland, ukuze ilungelelanise imiphakathi emincinci, ethi ngaphandle kwezithintelo ingayeki ukwenza: ukwenza uzwilakhe wase-Italiya enze ubundlongondlongo ziingxelo ze-OVRA apho Kwaxelwa ukuba ii-JWs zithathela ingqalelo "iDuce kunye neFascism evela kuMtyholi". Ukupapashwa kombutho, enyanisweni, kunokuba kushunyayelwe nje iVangeli kaKristu kwasasaza uhlaselo kulawulo lukaMussolini olwabhalwa eUnited States ngokungafaniyo nala maqela alwa ubu-fascist, echaza uMussolini njengonodoli wabefundisi bamaKatolika kunye nolawulo " i-clerical-fascist ”, engqina ukuba uRutherford wayengayazi imeko yezopolitiko yase-Italiya, uhlobo lobuFasi kunye nokuxabana nobuKatolika, ethetha ngokungxama:

Kuthiwa uMusolini akathembi mntu, ukuba akanaye umhlobo wokwenene, akaze aluxolele utshaba. Esoyika ukuba uza kuphulukana nolawulo ebantwini, uqhubeka engayeki. (…) Amabhongo kaMussolini kukuba ngumkhosi omkhulu wemfazwe kwaye alawule lonke ilizwe ngokunyanzelwa. Umbutho wamaRoma Katolika, usebenza ngokuvumelana naye, uyalixhasa ibhongo lakhe. Xa wayesilwa imfazwe yoloyiso nxamnye namaNegro angamahlwempu aseAbyssinia, ngexesha apho kwakubingelelwa ngamawaka obomi babantu, upopu nombutho wamaKatolika wamxhasa, waza “wasikelela” izixhobo zakhe ezibulalayo. Namhlanje uzwilakhe wase-Itali uzama ukunyanzela amadoda nabafazi ukuba bazale ngesisu, ukuze avelise inani elikhulu lamadoda aza kubingelelwa kwiimfazwe ezizayo kwaye nakule nkxaso uxhaswa ngupopu. (…) Yayiyinkokheli yama-fascists, u-Mussolini, owathi ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi wachasa upopu ukuba amkelwe njengamandla okwethutyana, kwaye ikwangulaa mntu wabonelela ngo-1929 ukuba upopu afumane amandla okwexeshana, ukusukela ngoko kwavakala ngakumbi ukuba upopu wayefuna isihlalo kuManyano lweZizwe, kwaye oku kungenxa yokuba wamkela umgaqo-nkqubo onobuqili, wokufumana isihlalo ngasemva kwalo lonke "irhamncwa" kwaye i-conga iphela ihleli ezinyaweni zakhe, ilungile ukuncamisa ubhontsi wonyawo lwakhe.[30]

Kwiphepha. 189 nelama-296 kwale ncwadi inye uRutherford wade wafuna nophando olwalufanele olona lwimi lubalaseleyo: “URhulumente waseUnited States unoMlawuli Jikelele wePosi oyiRoma Katolika kwaye, enyanisweni, ungummeli nommeli. eVatican (…) iarhente yaseVictoria inguzwilakhe ohlola iifilimu zomdlalo bhanyabhanya, kwaye uyayamkela imiboniso ezukisa inkqubo yamaKatolika, indlela yokuziphatha ekhululekileyo phakathi kwabantu besini kunye nolunye ulwaphulo mthetho. ” KuRutherford, uPopu Pius XI wayengoyena mntu uphikisayo owahambisa umtya ngokuqhatha uHitler noMussolini! Inkohliso kaRutherfordian yamandla onke ifikelela kwincopho yayo xa kusithiwa, kwiphepha. 299, ukuba “uBukumkani (…) obubhengezwe ngamaNgqina kaYehova, kuphela kwento eyoyikwa luluhlu lwamaRoma Katolika.” Incwadana IFascismo okanye inkululeko (UbuFasi okanye inkululeko), yowe-1939, kwiphepha 23, 24 nelama-30, kwaxelwa ukuba:

Ngaba kubi ukupapasha inyani ngeqela lezihange eliphanga abantu? ” Hayi! Kwaye ke, mhlawumbi kubi ukupapasha inyani malunga nombutho wenkolo [iKatolika] osebenza ngokuhanahanisa ngendlela efanayo? […] Uzwilakhe wamaFasi kunye nooNazi, ngoncedo nentsebenziswano yolawulo lwamaRoma Katolika oluzinze kwisiXeko saseVatican, bachitha ilizwekazi laseYurophu. Baza kukwazi, okwexesha elifutshane, ukulawula uBukhosi baseBritane naseMelika, kodwa emva koko, ngokwento ebhengezwe nguThixo buqu, uyakungenelela ngoKristu Yesu. Uyakuyitshabalalisa yonke le mibutho.

URutherford uza kuza echaza uloyiso lwamaNazi-Fascists ngama-Anglo-America ngoncedo lweCawa yamaKatolika! Ngamabinzana alolu hlobo, aguqulelwe kwimibhalo ebhalwe e-United States kwaye yaqondwa ngurhulumente njengongenelelo lwangaphandle, ingcinezelo iya kuqala: kwizindululo zokunikwa indawo yokuvalelwa nakwezinye izindululo zezohlwayo, isitampu safunyanwa ngegama elithi " Ndithathe ii-odolo kuye njengeNtloko kaRhulumente ”okanye“ Ndithathe ii-odolo kwi-Duce ”, kunye noonobumba bokuqala bamagama oMlawuli oyiNtloko wamaPolisa uArturo Bocchini njengophawu lokuvunywa kwesindululo. U-Mussolini emva koko walandela ngqo wonke umsebenzi wengcinezelo, kwaye wahlawulisa i-OVRA, ukulungelelanisa uphando kwii-JWs zase-Itali. Ukuzingela okukhulu, okubandakanya i-carabinieri kunye namapolisa, kwenzeka emva kweleta yesetyhula no. 441/027713 ka-Agasti 22, 1939 onesihloko esithi «Sette religiose dei“ Pentekoste ”ed altre» (“Amahlelo enkolo“ yamaPentekoste ”nabanye”) nto leyo eza kubangela ukuba amapolisa awafake phakathi kwamahleloHeee hamba ngaphaya kwenkonzo engqongqo yenkolo kwaye ungene kwezopolitiko kwaye kufuneka ke ngoko uthathelwe ingqalelo ngokuhambelana namaqela ezopolitiko abhukuqayo, ekuthi, ngenxa yokubonakaliswa okuthile kwaye phantsi kwemiba ethile, ayingozi ngakumbi, kuba, esenza izinto zonqulo abantu, nto leyo enzulu ngakumbi kuneemvakalelo zezopolitiko, babatyhalela kwimpambano yenene, phantse bahlala bephikisa nakuphi na ukuqiqa kunye namalungiselelo. ”

Kwiiveki nje ezingephi, abantu abamalunga nama-300 babuzwa imibuzo, kuquka nabantu ababerhumela IMboniselo kuphela. Malunga ne-150 yamadoda nabasetyhini babanjwa bagwetywa, kubandakanya nabangama-26 ababephethe uxanduva, bathunyelwa kwiNkundla ekhethekileyo, ukuvalelwa entolongweni ukusuka kwiminyaka emi-2 ukuya kweli-11 ubuninzi, isithuba seminyaka eli-186 neenyanga ezili-10 (isigwebo esingu-no. 50 ka-Epreli 19, 1940), nangona abasemagunyeni ekuqaleni babebhidanisa ii-JWs nabenkonzo kaMoya, nabo babetshutshiswa ngurhulumente: “Zonke iincwadana ezithe zafunyanwa kubalandeli behlelo 'lamaPentekoste ziinguqulelo zemibhalo zaseMelika, phantse ngalo lonke ixesha umbhali othile JF Rutherford ”.[31]

Enye isetyhula yabaphathiswa, hayi. 441/02977 ka-Matshi 3, 1940, wawaqonda amagama abo ngamaxhoba ukusuka kwisihloko: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religiose i cui principi sono in contro con la nostra istituzione» (“Ihlelo lonqulo 'lamaNgqina kaYehova' okanye 'aBafundi beBhayibhile' namanye amahlelo enkolo anemigaqo ungquzulwano neziko lethu ”). Isetyhula yabaphathiswa yathetha ngolu hlobo: “Ukuchongwa ngokuchanekileyo kwala mahlelo enkolo (…) ahlukileyo kwihlelo esele laziwa 'lamaPentekoste'”, ebethelela oku: “Ukuzonwabisa kobukho behlelo 'lamaNgqina kaYehova' kunye nenyaniso ukuba ukubhalwa kwemicimbi eprintiweyo esele iqwalaselwe kule setyhula ikhankanywe ngentla ka-Agasti 22, 1939 N. 441/027713 kufuneka kubhalwe kuyo, akufuneki kuveze uluvo lokuba ihlelo 'lamaPentekoste' alinabungozi kwezopolitiko (…) Eli hlelo kufuneka lithatyathwe njengelinobungozi, kodwa libe lisezantsi kunelo 'lamaNgqina kaYehova' ”. “Ithiyori zichazwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kubuKrestu - iyaqhubeka inkosi yamaPolisa uArturo Bocchini kule setyhula -, ngokuchazwa ngokungekho ngqiqweni kweBhayibhile kunye neeVangeli. Eyona nto kujoliswe kuyo, kwezi nguqu, ngabalawuli balo naluphi na uhlobo lukarhulumente, ubungxowankulu, ilungelo lokubhengeza imfazwe kunye nabefundisi bayo nayiphi na enye inkolo, ukuqala kumaKatolika ”.[32]

Phakathi kwee-JW zase-Italiya kwakukho ixhoba loRhulumente Wesithathu, uNarciso Riet. Ngo-1943, emva kokuwa kolawulo lobuFasi, amaNgqina agwetywa yiNkundla Ekhethekileyo akhululwa entolongweni. UMaria Pizzato, iNgqina likaYehova elisandula ukukhululwa, waqhagamshelana no-Narciso Riet owayeyinkolo enye, owayebuyiselwe eJamani, owayenomdla wokuguqula nokusasaza amanqaku aphambili IMboniselo , ukuququzelela ukwaziswa okufihlakeleyo kupapasho e-Itali. AmaNazi, exhaswa ngamaNazi, afumana ikhaya likaRiet aza ambamba. Kwityala lika-Novemba 23, 1944 phambi kweNkundla yaBantu yaseBerlin, uRiet wabizwa ukuba aphendule "ngokuphula umthetho wokhuseleko wesizwe". Kukhutshwe "isigwebo sentambo" kuye. Ngokwengxelo ebhalwe ngabagwebi, kwileta yokugqibela eya kubantakwabo eHitler eJamani uRiet ngewayethe: “Alikho elinye ilizwe emhlabeni lo moya wobusathana ubonakala njengakwilizwe lamaNazi (…) ngaba izenzo zenkohlakalo ezimanyumnyezi zingachazwa nobundlobongela obungathethekiyo, obwahlukileyo kwimbali yabantu bakaThixo, obenziwa ngamaNazi ngokuchasa amaNgqina kaYehova nxamnye nezigidi zabanye abantu? ” URiet wagxothelwa eDachau wagwetywa intambo ngesigwebo esafakwa eBerlin ngoNovemba 29, 1944.[33]

4. UJoseph F. Rutherford wafa ngowe-1942 waza walandelwa nguNathan H. Knorr. Ngokwimfundiso eyayisebenza ukususela ngo-1939 phantsi kolawulo lukaRutherford noKnorr, abalandeli bamaNgqina kaYehova babephantsi koxanduva lokwala ukuya emkhosini kuba ukuyamkela kwakuthathwa njengokungahambelani nemilinganiselo yobuKristu. Xa umsebenzi wamaNgqina kaYehova wawuvaliwe eJamani nase-Itali ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, iWatchtower Society yakwazi ukuqhubeka nokubonelela "ngokutya kokomoya" ekwimagazini, amaphecana, njl njl kwikomkhulu layo laseSwitzerland. kumaNgqina avela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ikomkhulu leNkampani yaseSwitzerland lalibaluleke kakhulu ngobuchule njengoko lalikwilizwe laseYurophu kuphela elalingabandakanyekanga ngqo emfazweni, njengoko iSwitzerland ibisoloko ililizwe elingathathi cala kwezopolitiko. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko i-JWs yaseSwitzerland iya isanda kuzanywa kwaye yagwetywa ngokwala ukuya emkhosini, imeko yaqala ukuba yingozi. Ngapha koko, ukuba, ngenxa yezi zigwebo, abasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland bebeyekisile i-JWs, umsebenzi wokuprinta nokusasaza unokuphantse uphele kwaye, ngaphezulu kwako konke, ii-asethi zezinto ezisandula kutshintshelwa eSwitzerland, ngezibanjiwe njengoko 'kwenzekile kwamanye amazwe. IiSwitzerland JWs zatyholwa ngamaphepha-ndaba ngokuba phantsi kombutho osingela phantsi ukunyaniseka kwabemi emkhosini. Le meko yaya isiba mandundu kangangokuba, ngo-1940, amajoni athimba isebe laseBern leWatch Tower aza aluthimba lonke uncwadi. Abaphathi besebe beziswe kwinkundla yezomkhosi kwaye kukho umngcipheko omkhulu wokuba umbutho wonke wee-JWs eSwitzerland ungavalwa.

Amagqwetha oMbutho emva koko acebisa ukuba makwenziwe ingxelo apho kwathiwa ii-JWs azinanto yakwenza nomkhosi kwaye zazingafuni kujongela phantsi ukuba semthethweni kwayo nangayiphi na indlela. Kuhlelo lwaseSwitzerland lwe Intuthuzelo (I-Consolation, ngoku UVukani!ka-Okthobha 1, 1943 emva koko yapapashwa "Isibhengezo", ileta eyayisiya kwabasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland isithi "akukho xesha [amaNgqina] aluthatha njengokufezekisa uxanduva lwasemkhosini njengelityala kwimigaqo neminqweno yoMbutho. ngamaNgqina kaYehova. ” Njengobungqina bokuthembeka kwabo, ileta yathi "amakhulu amalungu ethu kunye nabaxhasi bethu bayiphumezile imbopheleleko yabo emkhosini kwaye basaqhubeka nokwenza oko."[34]

Okuqulethwe yile ngxelo kuphindwe kwagqitywa kwaye kwagxekwa kwincwadi ebhalwe ngokudibeneyo nguJanine Tavernier, owayesakuba ngumongameli wombutho wokulwa ukuphathwa gadalala kwehlelo i-ADFI, obona kolu xwebhu "ukugxeka",[35] kuthathelwa ingqalelo isimo esaziwayo se-Watchtower kwinkonzo yasemkhosini noko kwenzeka kwi-fascist Italy okanye kwimimandla ye-Third Reich ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba kwelinye icala iSwitzerland yayihlala ingundilele, kodwa isimo sengqondo sobunkokeli balo mbutho, esasisele sizamile ukumelana no-Adolf Hitler ngo-1933, asizange sizikhathaze ngokwazi ukuba urhulumente ofuna ukuzalisekiswa kwezibophelelo zomkhosi wayesemfazweni okanye akunjalo; kwangaxeshanye, amaNgqina kaYehova aseJamani abulawa ngenxa yokwala ukuya emkhosini kwaye amaTaliyane aphelela entolongweni okanye elubhacweni. Ngenxa yoko, imeko yesebe laseSwitzerland ibonakala iyingxaki, nokuba, yayingeyonto ingaphaya kokusetyenziswa kwelo qhinga iinkokheli zalo mbutho ebelizithatha kangangexesha elithile, ezithi, "yimfundiso yobukhosi yemfazwe",[36] ekuthi ngayo "kufanelekile ukuba ungayazisi inyaniso kwabo bangenalungelo lokuyazi",[37] unikezwe ukuba ubuxoki ngabo "Ukuthetha into engeyiyo kwabo banelungelo lokwazi inyani, kwaye bekwenza oko ngenjongo yokukhohlisa okanye yokwenzakalisa yena okanye omnye umntu".[38] Ngo-1948, xa kwakusiliwa, umongameli olandelayo woMbutho, uNathan H. Knorr, wayichasa le ngxelo njengoko kuchaziwe ILa Torre di Guardia kaMeyi 15, 1948, iphepha 156, 157:

Kwiminyaka eliqela inani labapapashi eSwitzerland lahlala lingenjalo, kwaye oku kwahlukile kunani labavakalisi ababebaninzi ababesanda ukwenzeka kwamanye amazwe. Abazange bathathe ukuma okuqinileyo nokungathandabuzekiyo esidlangalaleni ukuze bazihlule njengamaKristu ebhayibhile okwenyani. Ibinjalo ke imeko enzulu malunga nomba wokungathathi cala ekufuneka kuqatshelwe kwimicimbi yehlabathi kunye neembambano, kunye naleyo yokuchaswa [?] Kwabo bangenzi nto ngenxa yesazela, kananjalo ngokubhekisele kumbuzo wesikhundla ekufuneka besithathile njengabalungiseleli abanyanisekileyo iindaba ezilungileyo ezimiselwe nguThixo.

Umzekelo, kuhlelo lwango-Oktobha 1, 1943 lwe- Intuthuzelo (Ushicilelo lwaseSwitzerland lwe I-Consolation), eyathi yavela ngexesha loxinzelelo oluphezulu kule mfazwe yokugqibela, xa ubundilele bezopolitiko baseSwitzerland babonakala busongelwa, iofisi yaseSwitzerland yathatha uxanduva lokupapasha iSibhengezo, igatya lalo lalifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Kumakhulu abantu esisebenza nabo [isiJamani: Mitglieder] nabahlobo abasenkolweni [Glauberfreunde] bayiphumezile imisebenzi yabo yezomkhosi kwaye basaqhubeka bayenza nanamhlanje. ” Le ngxelo ichukumisayo ineziphumo eziphazamisayo eSwitzerland nakwiindawo zaseFrance.

Eqhwatyelwe izandla ngokufudumeleyo, ngaphandle koloyiko uMzalwan 'uKnorr wasichasa eso sigqibo kuba sasingesosigqibo simiyo esasithatyathwe nguMbutho yaye sasingavisisani nemigaqo yobuKristu ecaciswe ngokucacileyo eBhayibhileni. Ixesha lalifikile ke xa abazalwana baseSwitzerland kwafuneka banike izizathu phambi koThixo noKristu, kwaye, besabela isimemo sikaMzalwana uKnorr sokuba bazibonakalise, abazalwana abaninzi baphakamisa izandla zabo belatha kubo bonke ababukeleyo ukuba bayayirhoxisa imvume yabo abayinikiweyo. Esi sibhengezo ngo-1943 kwaye abanqweneli ukusixhasa ngakumbi nangayiphi na indlela.

"Isibhengezo" sachithwa kwincwadi evela kuMbutho waseFrance, apho kungekuphela kokunyaniseka kwe Isibhengezo yamkelwe, kodwa apho ukuphazamiseka kolu xwebhu kubonakala khona, yazi kakuhle ukuba kunokubangela umonakalo; Ufuna ukuba ihlale iyimfihlo kwaye uthathela ingqalelo ezinye iingxoxo nomntu obuze imibuzo malunga nolu xwebhu, njengoko kungqinwa zizindululo ezibini awazibhekisa kulo mlandeli:

Siyakucela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ungasibeki esi "Sibhengezo" ezandleni zeentshaba zenyaniso kwaye ngakumbi ungavumeli iikopi zaso ngenxa yemigaqo ebekwe kuMateyu 7: 6; 10:16. Ngaphandle kokufuna ukurhanela kakhulu iinjongo zendoda oyindwendwelayo nangaphandle kobulumko, sikhetha ukuba angabinayo ikopi yesi “Sibhengezo” ngenjongo yokuphepha nantoni na enxamnye nenyaniso. (…) Sicinga ukuba kufanelekile ukuba umdala ahambe nawe xa usiya kule ndoda, uthathela ingqalelo ingxoxo enamacala amathandathu.[39]

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kwesiqulatho esikhankanywe ngasentla "Isibhengezo", i I-1987 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, elizinikele kwimbali yamaNgqina kaYehova aseSwitzerland, kunikelwe ingxelo ngayo kwiphepha 156 [iphepha lama-300 lohlelo lwesiTaliyane, ed] malunga nexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi: “Elandela oko izazela zawo ezingamaKristu zazikuyalela, phantse onke amaNgqina kaYehova ala ukwenza inkonzo yezelizwe. (Isa. 2: 2-4; Roma 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2). ”

Ityala elimalunga nesi “Isibhengezo” saseSwitzerland likhankanyiwe kule ncwadi nguSylvie Graffard noLéo Tristan Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme - 1933-1945, kuhlelo lwayo lwesithandathu. Uhlelo lokuqala lwalo mqulu, olwakhululwa ngo-1994, lwaguqulelwa kwisiTaliyane ngesihloko I Bibleforscher e il Nazismo. (1943-1945) I dimenticati dalla Storia, epapashwe yindlu yokupapasha yaseParis Editions Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, kunye nokuthengwa kwacetyiswa phakathi kwe-JWs zase-Itali, eziza kuyisebenzisa kule minyaka ilandelayo njengomthombo ongaphandle kwentshukumo ukuxelela intshutshiso ekrakra eyenziwa ngamaNazi. Kodwa emva kohlelo lokuqala, akukho zinto zihlaziyiweyo zakhutshwa. Ababhali bale ncwadi, kuyilo lohlelo lwesithandathu, bafumene impendulo evela kwabasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland ababonwa, apho sicaphula ezinye zezicatshulwa, kwiphepha lama-53 nelama-54:

Ngo-1942 kwabakho inkundla yomkhosi eyaziwayo nxamnye neenkokheli zomsebenzi. Isiphumo? Impikiswano yobuKristu yabamangalelwa yaqatshelwa ngokuyinxenye kwaye ityala elithile labekwa kubo kumbandela wokwala ukuya emkhosini. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi omkhulu wamaNgqina kaYehova eSwitzerland, wawungowokuvalwa ngokusemthethweni ngurhulumente. Ukuba bekunjalo, amaNgqina ngewayephulukene neofisi yokugqibela eyayisebenza ngokusemthethweni kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Oku ngekwakusongele nzulu ukunceda amaNgqina aziimbacu ezivela kumazwe alawulwa ngamaNazi kunye neenzame zokufihla egameni lamaxhoba atshutshiswa eJamani.

Kukule meko ke apho amagqwetha amaNgqina, kuquka igqwetha leSocial Democratic Party uJohannes Huber waseSt. Gallen, akhuthaze amagosa aseBheteli ukuba akhuphe ingxelo eza kuphelisa intlebendwane yezopolitiko. Yasungulwa ngokuchasene noMbutho wamaNgqina kaYehova. Umbhalo "weSibhengezo" walungiswa leli gqwetha, kodwa wasayinwa wapapashwa ngamagosa oMbutho. "Isibhengezo" besinokholo oluqinisekileyo kwaye sibhalwe kakuhle. Inokukunceda ukunqanda ukuvalwa.

"Nangona kunjalo, ingxelo" yeSibhengezo "yokuba" amakhulu amalungu ethu nabahlobo "bazalisekisile kwaye baqhubeka nokwenza" imisebenzi yabo yasemkhosini "isishwankathela into eyintsokothileyo. Ibinzana elithi “abahlobo” lalibhekisela kubantu abangabhaptizwanga, kuquka abayeni abangengomaNgqina, ababesenza umkhosi. Ngokubhekisele "kumalungu", eneneni ayengamaqela amabini abazalwana. Kweyokuqala, bekukho amaNgqina angavumiyo ukuya emkhosini aza agwetywa ngokuqatha. "Isibhengezo" asibakhankanyi. Kweyesibini, ayemaninzi amaNgqina awayezibandakanye emkhosini.

Kule meko, enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqatshelwe. Xa abasemagunyeni babephikisana namaNgqina, banyanzelisa ukuba iSwitzerland ayithathi cala kwezopolitiko, nokuba iSwitzerland ayinakuze iqale emfazweni, kwaye ukuzikhusela akuzophuli imigaqo yobuKristu. Le ngxoxo yayingeyongxaki kumaNgqina. Yiyo loo nto umthetho-nkqubo wokungathathi cala kobuKristu kumaNgqina kaYehova wagutyungelwa yinto yokungathathi cala kweSwitzerland. Ubungqina bamalungu ethu amadala awayehlala ngelo xesha ayangqina koku: kwimeko apho iSwitzerland yangena ngenkuthalo emfazweni, abo babhalisiweyo babezimisele ukuphuma ngokukhawuleza emkhosini kwaye bajoyine uluhlu lwabachasi. […]

Ngelishwa, ngo-1942, unxibelelwano nekomkhulu lamaNgqina kaYehova lwaye lwaphela. Abantu abaphethe umsebenzi eSwitzerland ke ngoko khange babenalo ithuba lokudibana nawo ukuze bafumane iingcebiso eziyimfuneko. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi kwamaNgqina aseSwitzerland, abanye bakhetha ukungavumi ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuvalelweni, ngelixa abanye babecinga ukuba inkonzo yomkhosi ongathath'icala, kwilizwe elingalwiyo, yayingelilo ukholo.

“Ukuma okuntsonkothileyo kwamaNgqina eSwitzerland kwakungamkelekanga. Yiyo loo nto, kwangoko emva kokuphela kwemfazwe kwaye emva kokuba unxibelelwano nekomkhulu lehlabathi laphinda lamiselwa, umbuzo waphakanyiswa. Amangqina athetha ngokungafihlisiyo malunga neentloni ezibhengezwe ngu "Isibhengezo". Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba isigwebo esiyingxaki sasingumbandela wokukhalinyelwa esidlangalaleni kunye nokulungiswa ngumongameli we-World Association of amaNgqina kaYehova, u-MNH Knorr, kwaye ngo-1947, xa wayekwinkongolo eyayibanjelwe eZurich […]

“Ukusukela ngoko, bekusoloko kucacile kuwo onke amaNgqina aseSwitzerland ukuba ubundilele bobuKristu buthetha ukungazidibanisi nemikhosi yeli lizwe, nokuba iSwitzerland iyaqhubeka ithi ayithathi cala. […]

Isizathu sesi sibhengezo, ke, sicacile: umbutho kuye kwafuneka ukhusele i-ofisi yokugqibela eYurophu ejikelezwe liLizwe lamaThathu (ngo-1943 nase-Itali emantla iya kuhlaselwa ngamaJamani, aya kuthi amise iRiphabhlikhi yaseNtaliyane, njenge urhulumente woonopopi). Isiteyitimenti besingaqondakali ngabom; benze abasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland bakholelwe ukuba amaNgqina kaYehova angavumiyo ukuya emkhosini ayesenza ngokwamandla abo kungengamgaqo wenkolo, kwaye "amakhulu" e-JW ayesenza inkonzo yasemkhosini, ibango elingeyonyani ngokwengxelo ye I-1987 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, eyathi “inkoliso yamaNgqina kaYehova ayizange ivume ukuya emkhosini."[40] Ke ngoko, umbhali we Isibhengezo ibandakanye ngaphandle kokuchaza amadoda "angakholwayo" atshatele kwi-JW yabasetyhini kunye nabaphandi abangabhaptizwanga- abangathathelwa ngqalelo njengamaNgqina kaYehova ngokwemfundiso- kwaye ngokucacileyo ngamaNgqina kaYehova okwenyani.

Uxanduva lwalo mbhalo luxhomekeke emntwini ongaphandle kwenkolo, kule meko ligqwetha le-Watchtower. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba sifuna ukwenza uthelekiso, siyaqaphela ukuba kwa into enye yayiyinto enye naleyo "Isibhengezo seNyaniso" kaJuni 1933, ibhekiswe kuzwilakhe wamaNazi uHitler, onombhalo wakhe wawunamalungu achasene namaSemite, esithi Umbhali yayinguPaul Balzereit, intloko yeMagdeburg Watchtower, eyangcwatywa kwi I-1974 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova njengomngcatshi kwisizathu sokuhamba,[41] kodwa kuphela emva kokuba ababhali-mbali, M. James Penton kumgca wokuqala ajoyine abanye ababhali, njengowayesakuba ngu-JWs wase-Itali Achille Aveta kunye noSergio Pollina, bayakuqonda ukuba umbhali wesicatshulwa yayinguJoseph Rutherford, esazisa iJWs zaseJamani njengezimisele ukuza ngokwemigaqo yolawulo lukaHitler ebonisa ukungathandi ubuNazi obufanayo eUnited States nakwizangqa zamaYuda eNew York.[42] Kuwo onke amatyala, nokuba ibibhalwe lelinye lamagqwetha abo, abasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland beWatchtower babesayine lo mbhalo. Isizathu ekuphela kwaso kukuzinikela, ngenxa yemfazwe, nekomkhulu lehlabathi eBrooklyn ngo-Okthobha u-1942, kunye nokungavumi koluntu okwalandelayo ngo-1947.[43] Nangona kuyinyani ukuba oku kuyabacinezela abasemagunyeni baseMelika kwinkolo yeminyaka eliwaka, oku akubathinteli ekuqondeni ukuba abasemagunyeni baseSwitzerland, nangona bethembekile, basebenzise iqhinga elingathandekiyo ukunqanda ukugxekwa ngabalawuli baseSwitzerland ngelixa bengabamelwane base-Italiya okanye IJamani yamaNazi kunye nezinye iindawo zehlabathi uninzi lwenkolo yabo yaphelela entolongweni okanye ukuvalelwa emapoliseni okanye badutyulwa okanye banqunyulwa ngama-SS ukuze bangaphumeleli kumyalelo wokungathathi zikhali.

5. Iminyaka elandela ubongameli bukaRutherford ibonakaliswe ngothethathethwano lwenqanaba elisezantsi lokuxhalaba kunye nenkampani. Inkxalabo yokuziphatha, enxibelelene ikakhulu nendima yosapho, iya isiba ngokubalaseleyo, kwaye isimo sokungakhathali kwilizwe elijikelezileyo siyongena kwii-JWs, sithathe indawo yobundlobongela obuvulelekileyo kumaziko, abonwa phantsi kukaRutherford kwanakwi-fascist Italy.[44]

Ukutshata umfanekiso onamandla kuya kuthanda ukukhula kwehlabathi okuza kubonisa isiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ekwahambelana nokwandiswa kwamanani ee-JWs ezidlula kumalungu ayi-180,000 asebenzayo ngo-1947 ukuya kwizigidi eziyi-8.6 (idatha ka-2020) kwiminyaka engama-70. Kodwa ubumbano lwehlabathi lwee-JWs lwathandwa luhlaziyo lwezenkolo olwaziswa ngo-1942 ngumongameli wesithathu uNathan H. Knorr, oko kukuthi ukusekwa kwe "kholeji yezoluntu, i-Watchtower Bible School of Gilead",[45] Ekuqaleni iYunivesithi yaseWatchtower yaseGiliyadi, izalelwe ukuqeqesha abavangeli basemazweni kodwa kunye neenkokheli ezizayo kunye nokwandisa inkolo kwihlabathi liphela[46] emva kolunye ulindelo lwe-apocalyptic olusele ephepheni.

E-Itali, ngokuwa kolawulo lwama-fascist kunye nokuphela kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, umsebenzi wee-JWs uza kuqhubeka kancinci. Inani labapapashi abakhutheleyo laliphantsi kakhulu, babeli-120 kuphela ngokoqikelelo lwaseburhulumenteni, kodwa ngokomyalelo kamongameli weWatch Tower Knorr, owathi ekupheleni kuka-1945 watyelela isebe laseSwitzerland nonobhala uMilton G. Henschel, apho umsebenzi wawukho Ilungelelaniswe e-Itali, indlu encinci iyakuthengwa eMilan, ngeVegezio 20, ukulungelelanisa amabandla angama-35 ase-Italiya.[47] Ukonyusa umsebenzi kwilizwe lamaKatolika apho ngexesha lobuFasi abefundisi bezenkolo babephikisana nee-JWs kunye namahlelo amaProtestanti ngokuzibandakanya ngempazamo ne "communism",[48] iWatch Tower Society iya kuthumela abavangeli basemazweni abaliqela abasuka eUnited States baye eItali. Ngo-1946 kwafika umthunywa wevangeli wokuqala we-JW, u-Italiya-waseMelika u-George Fredianelli, kwaye abaliqela bazakulandela, bafikelela kuma-33 ngo-1949. Ukuhlala kwabo, nangona kunjalo, kuya kuba lula, kwaye kuyafana nakwabavangeli bamaProtestanti, abavangeli Katolika.

Ukuqonda umxholo wobudlelwane obuxubeneyo phakathi koRhulumente wase-Italiya, iCawa yamaKatolika kunye nabathunywa baseMelika abahlukeneyo, kufuneka kubonwe imiba eyahlukeneyo: kwelinye icala imeko yezizwe kunye kwelinye, ubutshantliziyo bamaKatolika emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi. Kwimeko yokuqala, i-Italiya yayityikitye isivumelwano soxolo nabaphumeleleyo ngo-1947 apho kwavela khona amandla, e-United States, apho ubuProtestanti bevangeli babomelele ngokwenkcubeko, kodwa ngaphezulu kwazo zonke ezopolitiko, kanye xa iyantlukwano phakathi kwamaKristu anamhlanje kunye ne "New Evangelicalism" ”Abakholelwa kwizinto ezisisiseko ngokuzalwa kweNational Association of Evangelicals (1942), iFuller Seminary yabavangeli (1947) kunye UbuKristu namhlanje iphephancwadi (1956), okanye ukuthandwa ngumfundisi weBhaptizi uBilly Graham kunye neemfazwe zakhe zomnqamlezo eziya kuthi ziqinise uluvo lokuba ukungqubana kwezopolitiko ngokuchasene neUSSR yayiyinto “engaphefumlelwanga”[49] kungoko umfutho wovangelo lobuvangeli. Njengoko iWatch Tower Society isenza iSikolo seBhayibhile seWatchtower saseGiliyadi, abavangeli baseMelika, emva kwePax America kunye nobuninzi bezixhobo zomkhosi, bayomeleza uthumo phesheya, kubandakanya ne-Itali.[50]

Konke oku kufuneka kube yinxalenye yokomeleza ukuxhomekeka phakathi kwe-Italiya neMelika kunye noMnqophiso wobuhlobo, urhwebo kunye nokuhambahamba phakathi kweRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya kunye ne-United States yaseMelika, esayinwe eRoma ngoFebruwari 2, 1948 kwaye yaqinisekiswa noMthetho no. 385 kaJuni 18, 1949 nguJames Dunn, inxusa laseMelika eRome, noCarlo Sforza, umphathiswa wezangaphandle kurhulumente waseDe Gasperi.

Umthetho no. I-385 ye-18 kaJuni 1949, yapapashwa kwisongezelelo se- IGazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("IGazethi esemthethweni yeRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya ”) hayi I-157 ye-12 kaJulayi ngo-1949, yaqaphela imeko yelungelo lokuba i-United States iyonwabele ngokubhekisele e-Itali ngakumbi kwicandelo lezoqoqosho, njengobugcisa. 1, hayi. 2, ethi abemi beli Qela linamaKontrakthi aPhezulu banelungelo lokusebenzisa amalungelo kunye namalungelo kwimimandla yeQela eliPhakamileyo, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa, kwaye ngokuhambelana neMithetho neMigaqo esebenzayo, phantsi kweemeko ezingekho ngaphantsi ezithandekayo kwabo banikwe ngoku okanye eziza kunikwa kwixesha elizayo kubemi belo Linye iqela elingena kwisivumelwano, indlela yokungena kwimihlaba yomnye nomnye, ukuhlala apho kwaye uhambe ngokukhululekileyo.

Inqaku lalichaza ukuba abemi beli qela linye bobabini banelungelo lokuqhuba kwimimandla yenye ikontraka ePhakamileyo "kwezorhwebo, kwimizi-mveliso, kutshintsho, kwezemali, kwezenzululwazi, kwezemfundo, kwezenkolo, kwezobugcisa nakwezobuchwephesha, ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa kwezomthetho ”. Ubugcisa. 2, hayi. 2, kwelinye icala, ithi "aBantu bezoMthetho okanye iMibutho, eyilelwe okanye yahlelwa ngokungqinelana noMthetho neMimiselo esebenzayo kwimimandla yeQela eliPhezulu leKhontrakthi, iya kuthi ithathelwe ingqalelo njengabantu baseMthethweni baLinye iqela elineContrakti, kwaye ubume babo obusemthethweni buya kwamkelwa yimimandla yelinye iqela elingena kwikhontrakthi, nokuba banazo iiofisi ezisisigxina, amasebe okanye iiarhente ”. Hayi akunjalo. 3 yobugcisa obufanayo. 2 ikwacacisiwe ukuba "aBantu bezoMthetho okanye iMibutho yeQela eliPhezulu leKhontrakthi, ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ngokuhambelana nemithetho nemigaqo esebenzayo, banamalungelo onke kunye namalungelo abonisiweyo kumhlathana. 2 yobugcisa. 1 ”.

Isivumelwano, esigxekwa nguMarxist wasekhohlo ngezibonelelo ezifunyenwe yimali yaseMelika,[51] izakuchaphazela ubudlelwane bezenkolo phakathi kwe-Itali ne-United States ngokwamalungiselelo amaNqaku 1 kunye ne-2, kuba abantu bezomthetho kunye nemibutho eyenziwe kwelinye lala mazwe mabini anokuqondwa ngokupheleleyo kwiQela eliQinisekileyo, kodwa ngaphezulu kobugcisa . 11, isiqe. 1, eya kuthi isebenze kumaqela enkolo aseMelika ukuba abe nenkululeko enkulu yokuqhuba ngaphandle kwecawa yamaKatolika:

Abemi beQela ngalinye eliThengayo eliPhakamileyo baya kuyonwabela imimandla yelinye iqela eliPhakamileyo leNkululeko inkululeko yesazela kunye nenkululeko yokunqula kwaye bangathi, bebodwa kwaye behlangene okanye kumaziko enkolo okanye kwimibutho, kwaye ngaphandle kwengxaki okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa kwalo naluphi na uhlobo ngenxa iinkolelo zabo zonqulo, babhiyozela imisebenzi emakhayeni abo nakuso nasiphi na esinye isakhiwo esifanelekileyo, ukuba iimfundiso zabo okanye izenzo zabo aziphikisani nokuziphatha koluntu okanye ucwangco kuluntu.

Ngapha koko, emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, i-Katolika yaqhuba e-Itali iprojekthi "yokwakha ngokutsha ubuKrestu eluntwini" neyayichaza ukuba abefundisi bayo bayayidlala indima entsha kwezentlalo, kodwa nezopolitiko, eziza kwenziwa ngokhetho. Ngenkxaso yezopolitiko enkulu ukunceda abaDemokhrasi abangamaKristu, iqela lezopolitiko lase-Italiya elinentando yesininzi kunye nenkuthazo emodareyithayo ebekwe embindini wepalamente yeepalamente, eyasekwa ngo-1943 kwaye isebenza iminyaka engama-51, kude kube ngo-1994, iqela elidlale Indima emva kwemfazwe e-Italiya nakwinkqubo yokudityaniswa kwe-Yuropu, ngenxa yokuba abaxhasi be-Christian Democrat babeyinxalenye yabo bonke oorhulumente base-Italiya ukusukela ngo-1944 ukuya ku-1994, ixesha elininzi bechaza uMongameli weBhunga laBaphathiswa, elwela ukugcinwa kwamaxabiso obuKristu kuluntu lwase-Italiya (inkcaso yamaDemokhrasi angamaKristu ekungenisweni komtshato kunye nokuqhomfa kumthetho wase-Italiya).[52]

Ibali leCawa likaKrestu, iqela elibuyisayo elalisuka e-United States, liqinisekisa indima yezopolitiko yabavangeli baseMelika, ngenxa yokuba iinzame zokubagxotha kummandla wase-Italiya zaphazanyiswa kukungenelela kwabameli bakarhulumente waseMelika abathi baxela. kwabasemagunyeni base-Italiya ukuba iCongress iyakukwazi ukusabela "ngeziphumo ezibi kakhulu", kubandakanya nokwala uncedo lwezemali e-Itali, ukuba ngaba abavangeli basemazweni bagxothiwe.[53]

Kwiinkolo zama-Katolika ngokubanzi- nakwii-JWs, nangona zingajongwa njengamaProtestanti e-theology-anti-theology-, imeko yase-Italiya emva kwemfazwe ayizukuba phakathi kwe rosy, nangona, ngokusesikweni, ilizwe wayenomgaqo-siseko oqinisekisa amalungelo amancinci.[54] Ngapha koko, ukusukela ngo-1947, kule nto ikhankanywe ngentla apha "eyokwakha ngokutsha ubuKrestu kuluntu," iCawa yamaKatolika iyabaphikisa aba bavangeli: kwileta eyabhalwa ngununcio wase-Itali ngomhla we-3 kuSeptemba 1947 yaza yathunyelwa kuMphathiswa Wezangaphandle. "Unobhala welizwe lobungcwele baKhe" wayechasa ukufakwa kwesi siVumelwano sikhankanywe ngasentla sobuhlobo, urhwebo kunye nokuhamba phakathi kweRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya kunye ne-United States yaseMelika, eyayiza kutyikitywa kuphela emva koko, yegatya elaliya kuvumela iinkolo ezingezizo ezobuKatolika "zokucwangcisa izinto zokwenene zonqulo kunye nokusasaza ngaphandle kweetempile".[55] I-nuncio efanayo yabapostile, kungekudala emva koko, iya kubonisa ukuba ngobugcisa. I-11 yeSivumelwano, “e-Italiya amaBhaptizi, amaPresbhithari, amaEpiscopalians, amaWisile, amaWesile, amaFlickering [ngokoqobo“ iTremolanti ”, igama eligxekayo elisetyenziselwa ukumisela amaPentekoste e-Itali, ama-Quaker, amaSwedenborgians, amaNzululwazi, iiDarbites, njl. Ngebabenekhono lokuvula "iindawo zonqulo kuyo yonke indawo kwaye ngakumbi eRoma". Kukho okukhankanyiweyo "kobunzima ekufumaneni umbono weNdawo eNgcwele ukuba yamkelwe liGunya laseMelika ngokubhekisele kubugcisa. 11 ”.[56] Igqiza lase-Itali lanyanzelisa ukuzama ukweyisela igqiza laseMelika ukuba lisamkele isicelo seVatican ”.[57] kodwa ngelize.[58] Isebe lase-Italiya leWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, nanjengoko besitshilo ukuba belicelile ukuthunyelwa kwabathunywa bevangeli abasuka eUnited States, owokuqala kubo izakuba nguGeorge Fredianelli, "othunyelwe e-Itali ayokusebenza njengomveleli wesiphaluka", Oko kukuthi, njengobhishophu ojikelezayo, onommandla wobuchule oya kubandakanya "Yonke i-Itali, kubandakanya iSicily kunye neSardinia".[59] The I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 (Engl. UHlelo, I-1982 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova), apho ibali lamaNgqina kaYehova e-Itali kukwaxoxwa ngalo kwiindawo ezininzi, echaza umsebenzi wakhe wobufundisi e-Itali yasemva kwemfazwe, e-Itali eyonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo njengelifa lemfazwe yehlabathi:

... Umveleli wesiphaluka wokuqala, yayinguMzalwan 'uGeorge Fredianelli, owaqalisa utyelelo ngoNovemba 1946. Wayehamba noMzalwan' uVannozzi okokuqala. (...) UMzalwan 'uGeorge Fredianelli, ngoku olilungu leKomiti yeSebe, ukhumbula ezi ziganeko zilandelayo kumsebenzi wakhe wesiphaluka:

“Ndathi xa ndibiza abantakwethu ndafumana izalamane nabahlobo bonke bendilindile kwaye benomdla wokumamela. Kwanakumabuyelo abantu babebiza izalamane zabo. Eneneni, umveleli wesiphaluka akazange anikele intetho yesidlangalala ibenye ngeveki, kodwa wayenikela ngeeyure ezimbalwa xa esenza amabuyelo. Kwezi fowuni kusenokubakho abantu abangama-30 kwaye ngamanye amaxesha abaninzi ngakumbi bahlanganisene ndawonye ukumamela ngenyameko.

“Emva kwemfazwe kwakudla ngokwenza ubomi bube nzima kumsebenzi wesiphaluka. Abazalwana, njengabanye abantu, babengathathi ntweni, kodwa ububele babo bothando babuyinceda. Babelana ngentliziyo iphela ukutya okuncinci abanako, kwaye bahlala befuna ukuba ndilale ebhedini ngelixa belala phantsi bengenazo izigqubuthelo kuba bahlupheke kakhulu ukuba bangabinako okongezelelekileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha kwakufuneka ndilale esitalini seenkomo kwimfumba yeendiza okanye amagqabi wombona omisiweyo.

“Ngesinye isihlandlo, ndafika kwisikhululo saseCaltanissetta eSicily ndinobuso obumnyama obufana netshimini itshayelwa ngumophu obhabha kwi-injini yomphunga ngaphambili. Nangona kwakundithathe iiyure ezili-14 ukuhamba malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-80 ukuya kwezili-100 [ezingama-50 ukuya kuma-60 eemayile.], Umoya wam wavuka ekufikeni kwam, njengoko ndandicinga imibono yebhafu entle elandelwa yimpumlo eyenziweyo kwenye ihotele okanye kwenye. Nangona kunjalo, kwakungafanelekanga. ICaltanissetta yayigcwele ngabantu kubhiyozelwa uSuku lukaMichael, kwaye ihotele nganye edolophini yayigcwele qhu nabefundisi noonongendi. Ekugqibeleni ndibuyele esikhululweni ndinombono wokungqengqa ebhentshini endikhe ndalibona kwigumbi lokulinda, kodwa ndaye ndaphelelwa lithemba xa ndifumana isikhululo sivaliwe emva kokufika koololiwe bokugqibela. Indawo ekukuphela kwayo endiyifumeneyo yokuhlala phantsi nokuphumla ithutyana phambi kwezitishi. ”

Ngoncedo lwabaveleli besiphaluka amabandla aqala ukubamba rhoqo IMboniselo kunye nezifundo zencwadi. Ngaphezu koko, njengoko sasiphucula umgangatho weentlanganiso zenkonzo, abazalwana baya befaneleka ngakumbi kumsebenzi wokushumayela nokufundisa.[60]

UFredianelli uza kwenza isicelo sokwandisa ukuhlala kwabavangeli bakhe e-Itali, kodwa isicelo siyakwaliwa nguMphathiswa Wezangaphandle emva koluvo olubi lweNdlu yoZakuzo yase-Itali eWashington, eya kuthi ibhengeze nge-10 kaSeptemba 1949: ungaboni namnye umdla kwezopolitiko osicebisa ukuba samkele isicelo sokwandiswa ”.[61] Inqaku eliphuma kwiCandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, likaSeptemba 21, 1949, lalichaza ukuba "akukho mdla kwezopolitiko wokuvuma ukwandiswa".[62]

Ngaphandle kwabathile ababengabantwana bamaTaliyane, abathunywa bevangeli beWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, emva kweenyanga nje ezintandathu befikile, kuya kufuneka bawushiye umhlaba wase-Italiya. Kodwa kuphela kukunyanzelwa, nangona kunjalo, ukongezwa kokuhlala kwabo kuya kwenzeka,[63] njengoko kuqinisekisiwe lushicilelo lwentshukumo lwephephancwadi lase-Italiya, nge-1 ka-Matshi 1951:

Kwanangaphambi kokuba abavangeli basemazweni abangamashumi amabini anesibhozo bafike eItali ngo-Matshi 1949, iofisi yayisenza isicelo esiqhelekileyo sokucela amaphepha-mvume onyaka omnye wabo bonke. Kuqala amagosa ayenza yacaca into yokuba urhulumente uwujongile lo mbandela ngokwembono yezoqoqosho kwaye imeko ke ngoko yabonakala iyothusa kubavangeli bethu. Emva kweenyanga ezintandathu, ngequbuliso safumana unxibelelwano oluvela kwiCandelo Langaphakathi lisithi abazalwana bethu mabaphume baphele kwinyanga, ingekapheli iveki. Kakade asivumanga ukwamkela lo myalelo ngaphandle komlo osemthethweni kwaye kwenziwa konke okusemandleni ukuze kufikelelwe esiphelweni somcimbi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba ngubani lo unobangela wobu buqhophololo. Ukuthetha nabantu abasebenza kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa sifunde ukuba iifayile zethu azibonisi thuba emapoliseni okanye kwabanye abasemagunyeni kwaye, ke, kuphela "ziinkulu" ezinokuthi zibe noxanduva. Inokuba ungubani? Umhlobo we-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wasixelela ukuba isenzo esenziwa nxamnye nabathunywa bevangeli sasingaqhelekanga kuba isimo sikarhulumente sasinyamezele kwaye sithande abemi baseMelika. Mhlawumbi i-Embassy ingaluncedo. Ukutyelela ubuqu kwi-Ofisi yoZakuzo kunye neengxoxo ezininzi nonobhala weNozakuzaku zonke zazingabinamsebenzi. Kwakucace gca, njengoko noonozakuzaku baseMelika bavumayo, ukuba umntu onegunya elininzi kurhulumente wase-Itali wayengafuni ukuba abavangeli beWatch Tower bashumayele e-Itali. Ngokuchasene neli gunya lomeleleyo oonozakuzaku baseMelika bavele baxhathisa amagxa abo bathi, "Uyazi, iCawa yamaKatolika yinkolo kaRhulumente apha kwaye benza le nto bayithandayo." Ukusukela ngoSeptemba ukuya kuDisemba sasilibazisa isenzo seCandelo lokulwa nabavangeli. Ekugqibeleni, kwabekwa umda; Abathunywa bevangeli babefanele ukuba baphume kwelo lizwe nge-31 kaDisemba.[64]

Emva kokugxothwa, abathunywa bevangeli bakwazi ukubuyela kweli lizwe ngendlela ekuphela kwayo evunyelwe ngumthetho, njengabakhenkethi, becela ukuthatha ithuba le-visa yabakhenkethi ehlala iinyanga ezintathu, emva koko kwafuneka baye phesheya babuyela e-Italiya iintsuku ezimbalwa Emva kwexesha, ukuziqhelanisa okwathi kwaqatshelwa kwangoko, kukothuka, ngabaphathi bamapolisa: Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, eneneni, kwisetyhula yomhla we-10 ka-Okthobha u-1952, ngalo mbandela «I-Associazione" Testimoni di Geova "» (Umbutho “wamaNgqina kaYehova”), ebhekiswe kubo bonke abaphathi base-Itali, walumkisa amaqumrhu amapolisa ukuba aqinise “ukulinda umsebenzi” wombutho wezenkolo osele ukhankanyiwe, bangavumeli “nakuphi na ukwandiswa kwemvume yokuhlala kwabo bangaphandle” balo mbutho.[65] UPaolo Piccioli uqaphele ukuba "Abathunywa bevangeli ababini [i-JWs], uTimothy Plomaritis no-Edward R. Morse, banyanzelwe ukuba balishiye ilizwe njengoko kubonisiwe kwifayile egameni labo", ecatshulwe ngasentla, ngelixa bevela kumaxwebhu agciniweyo akwi-Central State Archives. “Ukuthintela ukungena e-Italiya kwabanye abathunywa bevangeli ababini, iMadorskis. Amaxwebhu asusela kwiminyaka yowe-1952 ukuya kowe-1953 afunyanwa e-AS [i-State Archives] yase-Aosta apho kubonakala ukuba amapolisa ayezama ukulandela amaqabane uAlbert no-Opal Tracy kunye noFrank noLaverna Madorski, abavangeli [JWs], ukuze balahle ukuba basuswe kummandla welizwe okanye bangabathembi ekuguquleni abantu. ”[66]

Kodwa rhoqo ulungelelwaniso, uhlala kulo mxholo ukhankanyiweyo "wobuKrestu wokwakha ngokutsha uluntu", uvela kwabasemagunyeni becawa, ngexesha apho iVatican isabalulekile. Ngo-Okthobha u-15, 1952 u-Ildefonso Schuster, ukhadinali waseMilan, wapapashwa kwi Umjongi waseRoma nqaku "Il pericolo protestante nell'Arcidiocesi di Milano" ("Ingozi yamaProtestanti kwiArchdiocese yaseMilan"), ngokuchasene nemibutho yamaProtestanti kunye nemibutho "ngokulawula kunye nokuhlawulwa kweenkokheli zangaphandle", kuqaphela imvelaphi yayo yaseMelika, apho iya kuza iphinde ivavanye i-Inquisition kuba kukho Abefundisi "babenethuba elikhulu lokuncedwa ngabasemagunyeni kwingcinezelo yoqhekeko", besithi umsebenzi wabo babebizwa ngokuba ngamaProtestanti "ujongela phantsi umanyano lwesizwe" kwaye "usasaza ukungavisisani kwiintsapho", okubonakalayo ekubonakalisweni kovangelo Umsebenzi wala maqela, okokuqala kuwo onke amaqela amanyeneyo eWatch Tower Society.

Ngapha koko, kuhlelo lukaFebruwari 1-2, 1954, iphephandaba laseVatican,Ileta ekuthiwa yi-Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia ”(“Ileta kaMongameli yeeNkomfa zee-Episcopal zase-Italiya ”), wabongoza abefundisi nabathembekileyo ukuba balwe nomsebenzi wamaProtestanti namaNgqina kaYehova. Nangona eli nqaku lingawakhankanyi amagama, kuyacaca ukuba lalibhekisa kubo ikakhulu. Ithi: “Emva koko kufuneka sigxeke ubundlobongela obuqatha bamaProtestanti, obuhlala buvela kwilizwe langaphandle, obutyala iimpazamo eziyingozi nakwilizwe lethu (…) bodwa abo basebenza (…).” "Ngubani ekufuneka abe" inokuba ngabasemagunyeni boKhuseleko loLuntu kuphela. Ngapha koko, iVatican ibongoze abefundisi ukuba bazigxeke i-JWs- kunye nezinye iinkonzo zobuKristu ezingezizo ezobuKatolika, okokuqala kuzo zonke iiPentekoste, ezazitshutshiswa ngokuqatha ngamaFascist kunye neChristian Democratic yase-Italiya de kwaba li-1950-[67] kwabasemagunyeni bamapolisa: amakhulu abanjwa, kodwa abaninzi bakhululwa kwangoko, abanye bahlawuliswa okanye bavalelwa, bade basebenzise nemithetho engachithwanga yomthetho wobuFasi, ngenxa yokuba ezinye iinkonzo - cinga ngeePentekoste - iSetyhula yabaPhathiswa . I-600/158 ka-Epreli 9, 1935 eyaziwa njenge- "Isetyhula Buffarini-Guidi" (isuka kwigama lika-Undersecretary of the Interior owayityikityayo, wayilwa no-Arturo Bocchini kunye nokuvunywa kuka-Mussolini) waphinda wagwetywa ngolwaphulo mthetho I-113, 121 kunye ne-156 yoMthetho oHlanganisiweyo weMithetho yoKhuseleko loLuntu ekhutshwe yi-fascism efuna ilayisensi okanye ukubhaliswa kwiirejista ezikhethekileyo kwabo basasaza imibhalo (art. 113), basebenzise ubungcali bokuthengisa ezitalatweni (art. 121), okanye kwenziwe ingqokelela yemali okanye ingqokelela (ubugcisa. 156).[68]

6. Ukunqongophala komdla kwicala lamagunya ezopolitiko ase-US kuya kuvela kwinto yokuba ii-JWs ziyazishiya ezopolitiko zikholelwa ukuba "abayonxalenye yehlabathi" (Yohane 17: 4). Ii-JWs ziyalelwa ngokucacileyo ukuba zigcine ukungathathi cala kwimicimbi yezopolitiko neyomkhosi weentlanga[69] Amalungu enkolo ayabongozwa ukuba angaphazamisi kwinto eyenziwa ngabanye malunga nokuvota kunyulo lwezopolitiko, ukusebenzela i-ofisi yezopolitiko, ukujoyina imibutho yezopolitiko, ukukhwaza izilogeni zezopolitiko, njl. ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane) lwangoNovemba 15, 1968 iphepha 702-703 nekaSeptemba 1, 1986 iphepha 19-20. Zisebenzisa igunya layo elingenakuphikiswa, ubunkokeli bamaNgqina kaYehova buye bonyusa abantu abaninzi (kodwa hayi kwamanye amazwe eMzantsi Melika) ukuba bangaveli kwiindawo zokuvota kunyulo lwezopolitiko. Siza kuchaza izizathu zolu khetho ngokusebenzisa iileta ezivela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs:

Into eyaphula ubundilele ayibonisi nje isikhululo sokuvota okanye ukungena kwindawo yokuvota. Ukwaphulwa komthetho kwenzeka xa umntu esenza ukhetho kurhulumente ongenguye lowo kaThixo. (Jn 17: 16) Kumazwe apho kukho uxanduva lokuya kuvota, abazalwana baziphatha ngendlela eboniswe ku-W 64. E-Itali akukho zibophelelo okanye akukho zohlwayo kwabo bangaveliyo. Abo bavelayo, nokuba abanyanzelekanga, kufuneka bazibuze ukuba kutheni besenza oko. Nangona kunjalo, nawuphina umntu ozibonisayo kodwa angazikhetheli, engophuli ubundilele, akalulutho kwikomiti egwebayo. Kodwa umntu akangomzekelo. Ukuba ebengumdala, isicaka solungiselelo okanye uvulindlela, ebengenakusoleka kwaye ebeya kususwa kuxanduva lwakhe. (1Tim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nabani na uza kuvota, kulungile ukuba abadala bathethe naye baqonde isizathu. Mhlawumbi ufuna uncedo ukuze aqonde ikhondo lobulumko aza kulithatha. Kodwa ngaphandle kwento yokuba angaphulukana namalungelo athile, ukuya kwindawo yokuvota nganye kuhlala kungumcimbi wobuntu kunye nesazela.[70]

Ukukhokela kwamaNgqina kaYehova:

Isenzo sakhe nabani na ovakalisa ivoti ekhethekileyo kukwaphula umthetho. Ukophula ubundilele kufuneka ngaphezulu kokuzazisa, kuyimfuneko ukubonisa ukhetho. Ukuba nabani na wenza oku, uzahlula ebandleni ngenxa yokwaphula ubundilele. Siyaqonda ukuba abantu abaqolileyo ngokomoya abazibonakalisi kangako, njengase-Itali, akunyanzelekanga. Ngaphandle kokuziphatha okungaqondakaliyo kubonakaliswa. Ukuba umntu uyeza kwaye ungumdala okanye isicaka solungiselelo, unokususwa. Ngokungamiselwa ebandleni, nangona kunjalo, umntu ozimiselayo uya kubonisa ukuba ubuthathaka ngokomoya kwaye uya kuthathwa njalo ngabadala. Kuhle ukuba wonke umntu athathe uxanduva lwakhe. Xa sikunika impendulo sikubhekisa ku-W Oktobha 1, 1970 p. 599 kunye 'Vita Eterna' isahl. 11. Kuluncedo ukuyikhankanya le nto kwiincoko zangasese kunasezintlanganisweni. Ewe kunjalo, nakwiintlanganiso singagxininisa isidingo sokungathathi cala, nangona kunjalo umcimbi ubuthathaka kangangokuba iinkcukacha zinikezelwa ngomlomo, ngasese.[71]

Kuba i-JWs ebhaptiziweyo "ayiyonxalenye yehlabathi", ukuba ilungu lebandla ngokungaguqukiyo liqhuba isenzo esaphula ubundilele bobuKrestu, oko kukuthi, siyavota, singenelele kwimicimbi yezopolitiko okanye senze inkonzo yasemkhosini, siyazahlula ebandleni, sikhokelela kwisiphumo ukubekelwa ecaleni kunye nokufa ekuhlaleni, njengoko kubonisiwe ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane) ngoJulayi 15, 1982, 31, esekwe kuYohane 15: 9. Ukuba i-JW ichazwa ukuba iyaphula ubundilele bobuKrestu kodwa iyala uncedo olunikwayo kunye nokutshutshisa, ikomiti yezomthetho yabadala kufuneka ichaze iinyani ezingqina ukwahlukana kwisebe likazwelonke ngenkqubo yoorhulumente ebandakanya ukugcwaliswa kweefom ezithile, ezisayinwe yi-S-77 kunye ne-S-79, eza kuqinisekisa isigqibo.

Kodwa ukuba kubunkokheli bombutho ukwaphula okwenyani komgaqo-nkqubo wobundilele bobuKrestu kubonakaliswe yivoti yezopolitiko, kwakutheni ukuze ii-JWs zibambe isikhundla sokungayi kuvoto? Kukhangeleka ngathi iQumrhu Elilawulayo likhetha ukhetho olunzima ngolu hlobo, ukuze "lungabangeli ukrokra kwaye lingabakhubekisi abanye",[72] "Ukulibala", kwimeko engqongqo yase-Italiya, obo bugcisa. Umgaqo-siseko wase-Itali ongama-48 uthi: Ukuzivocavoca kwayo ngu Umsebenzi waseburhulumenteni”; "kulityelwe" ukuba ubugcisa. I-4 yoMthetho oHlanganisiweyo onguNomb. I-361 kaMatshi 3, 1957, yapapashwa kwisongezelelo esiqhelekileyo kwi IGazetta Ufficiale  hayi. I-139 kaJuni 3, 1957 ithi: “Ukuvota kuku uxanduva ekungekho namnye ummi onokubalekela ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli ukuya ngqo kwilizwe. ” Ke kutheni le nto iQumrhu Elilawulayo kunye nekomiti yesebe eBheteli yaseRome ingayithatheleli ingqalelo le migangatho mibini? Kuba e-Itali akukho mithetho ichanekileyo ethanda ukohlwaya abo bangayi kuvota, umthetho endaweni yoko ukhona kwamanye amazwe o Mzantsi Melika kwaye uzisa ii-JWs zalapha ekhaya nangaphandle ukuba ziye kuvota, ukuze zingafumani isohlwayo kulawulo Nangona kunjalo ukurhoxisa ukuvota ngokungqinelana ne "Christian neytrality".

Ngokubhekisele kunyulo lwezopolitiko, isimilo sokungakhathali e-Itali sabanjwa ngo-1970. Ukuba, emva kwemfazwe, abemi base-Italiya baziva bewongekile ukuba banako ukuthatha inxaxheba kubomi bezopolitiko beRiphabhlikhi emva kweminyaka yobuzwilakhe bobuzwilakhe, kunye nokufika kwezonyeliso ezininzi ezinxulunyaniswe namaqela, ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70, ukuthembela kwabo unelungelo lokuphoswa. Le nto isekhona nanamhlanje kwaye ibonisa ukungathembani okukhulu kwimibutho kwaye ngenxa yoko kwidemokhrasi. Njengoko bekuxeliwe luphononongo lwe ISTAT malunga noku: “Isabelo sabavoti abangakhange baye kuvoto sikhule ngokuzinzileyo ukusukela kunyulo luka-1976, xa yayimele i-6.6% yabavoti, kwade kwagqityelwa ukubonisana ngo-2001, kwafikelela kwi-18.6% kwabo banelungelo lokuvota. Ukuba idatha esisiseko-leyo sisabelo sabemi abangakhange baye kuvota-yongezwa idatha enxulumene neevoti ekuthiwa azichazwanga (iivoti ezingenanto kunye neebhalothi ezingenanto), isimanga sokukhula "kokungavoti" ithatha imilinganiselo emikhulu ngakumbi, ifikelela phantse kwabavoti abane kuthethwano lwamva nje lwezopolitiko ”.[73] Kuyacaca ukuba ukungavoti kunyulo, ngaphaya "kokungathathi hlangothi kobuKristu" kunokuba nentsingiselo yezopolitiko, cinga nje ngamaqela ezopolitiko, anje ngee-anarchists, ezingavoti ngokucacileyo njengembonakalo yobundlobongela babo obukhulu kwinkqubo yezomthetho kunye nokungena kumaziko. I-Itali ibisoloko inabapolitiki abameme abavoti ukuba bangavoti ukuze bangafiki kwikhoram kwiireferendamu ezithile. Kwimeko ye-JWs, ukuyeka ukusebenza kunexabiso lezopolitiko, kuba, njengabo banxamnye ne-anarchist, kukubonakalisa ubutshaba babo kulo naluphi na uhlobo lwenkqubo yezopolitiko, ethi, ngokokufunda kwabo, ichase ulongamo lukaYehova. I-JWs aziziboni njengabemi bale "nkqubo yezinto yangoku", kodwa, ngokusekwe ku-1 Peter 2: 11 ("Ndiyanibongoza njengabaphambukeli nabemi bokwexeshana ukuba niqhubeke nizikhwebula kwiminqweno yenyama," NWT) nayiphi na inkqubo yezopolitiko: “Kumazwe angaphezu kwama-200 apho akhoyo, amangqina kaYehova angabemi abathobela umthetho, kodwa nokuba bahlala phi, bafana nabantu basemzini: bahlala bengoondilele ngokupheleleyo kwezopolitiko. nemiba yezentlalo. Nangoku bazibona bengabemi behlabathi elitsha, ilizwe elithenjiswe nguThixo. Bayonwabile ukuba imihla yabo njenge abahlali bethutyana kwinkqubo yehlabathi engafezekanga iyaphela. ”[74]

Oku, nangona kunjalo, yinto ekufuneka yenziwe kubo bonke abalandeli, nokuba iinkokheli, zombini ezo zekomkhulu lehlabathi kunye namasebe awahlukeneyo kwihlabathi liphela, zihlala zisebenzisa iipolitiki ukwenza. Ngapha koko, ingqwalaselo ecacileyo kwibala lezopolitiko yi-JWs ephezulu yase-Italiya iqinisekiswa yimithombo eyahlukeneyo: kwileta yowe-1959 kwaqatshelwa ukuba isebe lase-Itali leWatch Tower Society licacisa gca ukuba lixhomekeke kumagqwetha “eriphabliki okanye wentando yesininzi yentando yesininzi. utyekelo ”kuba“ zezona zikhusela ngokwethu ”, ke ngoko kusetyenziswa imigaqo-nkqubo yezopolitiko, engavumelekanga ukuba ithotyelwe, xa kucacile ukuba igqwetha kufuneka lixatyiswe ngezakhono zobungcali, hayi ukuba lilungu lombutho.[75] Leyo ka-1959 ayizukuhlala iyodwa, kodwa kubonakala ngathi yayiqhelekile kwisebe lase-Italiya: kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, ngo-1954 tIsebe lase-Itali le-Watchtower lathumela oovulindlela abakhethekileyo -oko kukuthi, abashumayeli bexesha elizeleyo kwiindawo apho kukho imfuneko enkulu yabashumayeli; Rhoqo ngenyanga banikela ngeeyure ezili-130 nangaphezulu kubufundisi, benendlela yokuphila esempilweni kunye nembuyekezo encinci evela kuMbutho-kwisixeko saseTerni, eLidia Giorgini naseSerafina Sanfelice.[76] Oovulindlela ababini beJW, njengabavangeli abaninzi belo xesha, baya kumangalelwa baze bahlawuliswe ngokushumayela kwindlu ngendlu. Kwileta, emva kwesikhalazo, isebe lamaNgqina kaYehova lase-Italiya liza kucebisa kwigosa eliphezulu elinoxanduva lokukhusela aba vulindlela babini, ngesiseko sekharityhulamu, kodwa ngokucacileyo imida yezopolitiko:

Mzalwana othandekayo,

Ngokwenjenje siyanazisa ukuba ityala loodade ababini abangoovulindlela liya kuqhubeka ngomhla we-6 kuNovemba kwiNkundla yeSithili seTerni.

UMbutho uza kuyikhusela le nkqubo kwaye ke siyakonwabela ukwazi kuwe ukuba ungafumana igqwetha eTerni elinokuzithethelela xa kuthethwa ityala.

Ukuthatha lo mdla, sikhetha ukuba ukhetho lwegqwetha lube lolungaqhelekanga. Sifuna ukusebenzisa igqwetha leRiphabhlikhi, iLiberal okanye i-Social Democrat. Enye into esifuna ukuyazi kwangaphambili iya kuba ziindleko zegqwetha.

Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba ube unolu lwazi, nceda unxibelelane nalo kwiofisi yethu, ukuze uMbutho uqhubeke ngalo mba uze uthathe isigqibo. Siyakukhumbuza ukuba awuzukubandakanya naliphi na igqwetha, kodwa ukufumana ulwazi kuphela, ngokuya sinxibelelana ngokubhekisele kwileta yakho.

Ndiyakuvuyela ukusebenzisana nawe emsebenzini wobuthixo, kwaye silindele ukukhankanywa kwakho, sikuthumelela imibuliso yethu.

Abazalwana bakho ngokholo oluxabisekileyo

Umbutho weWatch Tower B&T[77]

Kwileta iOfisi yase-Itali yeWatch Tower Society's Branch, ebekwe eRoma e-Via Monte Maloia 10, yacelwa i-JW Dante Pierfelice ukuba inike igqwetha u-Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), uceba kamasipala wase-Terni kunye nomgqatswa kunyulo lowiso-mthetho lwe-1953 lweQela leRiphabhlikhi, intlawulo yakhe yayiyi-10,000 lire, inani eliqwalaselwe lisebe njengelifanelekayo, kwaye wafaka iikopi ezimbini zezigwebo ezifanayo ukubonisa igqwetha.[78]

Izizathu zeeparameter ezamkelweyo ngo-1954 nango-1959, iparameter yendalo yezopolitiko, ziyaqondakala, iiparameter ezingaphezulu kokusemthethweni, kodwa ukuba i-JW eqhelekileyo ibizisebenzisa, ngokuqinisekileyo ibingazukugwetywa ngokwasemoyeni, imeko ecacileyo "Umgangatho ophindwe kabini". Ngapha koko, kwimeko yezopolitiko yexesha lasemva kwemfazwe, iRiphabliki Party (PRI), iSocial-Democratic Party (PSDI) kunye neLiberal Party (PLI) yayiyimikhosi yezopolitiko yekhulu leminyaka, ingekho mthethweni kwaye iphakathi, ezimbini zokuqala ngasekhohlo ”, kwaye okokugqibela uyadla ngendeb 'endala,[79] ngekhe kufaneleke ukuba umbutho weminyaka eliwaka owenza ukuba umlo nxamnye nobuKatolika indawo yakhe eqinileyo yokusebenzisa igqwetha elinxibelelene ne-Christian Democrats, kwaye intshutshiso yakutshanje ngexesha lolawulo lwama-fascist ngaphandle kwendlela yokuqhakamshelana negqwetha lelungelo eligqithisileyo. kwi-Social Movement (MSI), iqela lezopolitiko eliza kuthatha ilifa le-fascism. Akumangalisi ke ukuba sikhusele abavangeli basemazweni kunye nabapapashi kunye nabangafuniyo ukuya emkhosini ngenxa yesazela, sizakuba namagqwetha afana noNicola Romualdi, umthetheli waseRiphabliki waseRome oza kukhusela iiJWs ngaphezulu kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu “xa kwakunzima ukufumana igqwetha elizimisele ukuxhasa ( …) Cause ”kwaye ngubani oza kubhala amanqaku aliqela kwiphephandaba le-PRI, ILa Voce Repubblicana, ngenxa yeli qela lonqulo egameni lenkolo. Kwinqaku le-1954, wabhala:

Amagunya asebupoliseni ayaqhubeka nokophula lo mthetho-siseko wenkululeko [yenkolo], ethintela iintlanganiso zoxolo zamakholwa, esasaza abatyholwa, enqanda abasasazi bezopolitiko, ebeka isilumkiso kubo, ukuvalwa kwendawo yokuhlala, ukubuyela kuMasipala ngokusebenzisa incwadi esisinyanzelo . Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kuhlala kuhlala kungumbuzo wezo zibonakalaliso zibizwe kutshanje "ngokungathanga ngqo". Ukhuseleko loLuntu, oko kukuthi, okanye iArma dei Carabinieri, ayenzi ngokufanelekileyo ukuthintela ukubonakaliswa kweemvakalelo zonqulo ezikhuphisanayo nezo zamaKatolika, kodwa zithathe njengesizathu sokunye ukona okungekhoyo, okanye sisiphumo ukuvalwa komqala kunye nokukhathazeka kwemigaqo esebenzayo. Ngamanye amaxesha, umzekelo, abasasazi beBhayibhile okanye amaphecana ezenkolo bacelwa umngeni wokuba abanayo ilayisensi emiselwe abathengisi basesitalatweni; ngamanye amaxesha iintlanganiso ziyachithwa ngenxa yokuba - kuxoxwa ngako - imvume yangaphambili yesiphathamandla samapolisa khange icelwe; ngamanye amaxesha abo basasaza iindaba ezilungileyo bagxekwa ngokuziphatha okucaphukisayo kunye nokucaphukisayo, nangona kunjalo, kubonakala ngathi bona, ngenxa yomnqweno wabo, banoxanduva. Umyalelo odumileyo woluntu uhlala eqongeni, egameni apho uninzi lolamlo oludlulileyo luthetheleleka.[80]

Ngokungafaniyo neleta yowe-1959 eyayifuna nje ukuba kusetyenziswe igqwetha elikufutshane ne-PRI nePSDI, ileta yowe-1954 yabonisa ukuba isebe likhetha ukuba ukhetho lwegqwetha oluza kulusebenzisa luwele kwelinye “elalingelolukomanisi.” Ngaphandle kwento yokuba koomasipala abathile oosodolophu abonyulwe kuluhlu lweqela lamaSoshiyali kunye neQela lamaKomanisi bancedile, kwisitshixo esichasene nobuKatolika (kuba amarhamente amaKatolika avotela iDemokhrasi yobuKrestu), uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lwabavangeli kunye neeJWs ngokuchasene nengcinezelo. yamaKatolika, ukuqesha igqwetha lika-Marxist, nangona belikholwa kwaye bexhasa inkolo encinci, ngebesingqinile isityholo, sobuxoki kwaye sibhekiswe kubavangeli abangengomaKatolika, sokuba "ngamaKomanisi avukelayo",[81] Isityholo esingakhange siboniswe-sithintela kuphela i-JWs-kuncwadi lwentshukumo, ethi kwimbalelwano evela e-Italiyane ipapashwe kuqala kuhlelo lwaseMelika emva koko, emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa, kwi-Italiyane, hayi kuphela ukugxeka Icawa yamaKhatholika yayininzi kodwa ikho ne "communist athei", eqinisekisa indlela imvelaphi yaseMelika eyabamba ngayo, apho kwalawula khona ubuKomanisi.

Inqaku elipapashwe kuhlelo lwase-Itali ILa Torre di Guardia kaJanuwari 15, 1956 ngendima yamaKomanisi ase-Italiya e-Itali yamaKatolika, isetyenziselwa ukuziqhelisa kwisityholo esasungulwa ngabefundisi becawa sokuba amaKomanisi asebenzise amahlelo amaProtestanti kunye nama-Katolika (kubandakanya namaNgqina) ukunceda ukuphelisa uluntu:

Amagosa ezonqulo athi amaKomanisi ayasifihla isimo sawo sokuxhasa ubuxoki bamaProtestanti. ” Kodwa ngaba kunjalo? Amalungiselelo amakhulu enkululeko yonqulo enziwe e-Itali, kodwa oku akuzange kube nzima. Kwaye xa amaphephandaba e-proommunist enika ingxelo kwiikholamu zawo ukuphathwa gadalala kunye nokuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni kweenkolo ezincinci, inkxalabo yabo ayikho kwimfundiso eyiyo, okanye ngovelwano okanye ukuxhasa ezinye iicawa, kodwa kukwenza imali yezopolitiko ngenxa yokuba izenzo ezingekho mthethweni kunye nezingahambelani nomgaqo-siseko. kuthathwe ngokuchasene nala maqela amancinci. Iinyani zibonisa ukuba amaKomanisi awanamdla kangako kwimicimbi yokomoya, nokuba yeyamaKatolika okanye engengawo amaKatolika. Umdla wabo ophambili uxhomekeke kwizinto eziphathekayo zalo mhlaba. AmaKomanisi ahlekisa ngabo bakholelwa kwizithembiso zobukumkani bukaThixo phantsi kukaKrestu, ebabiza ngamagwala nezidleleli.

Imithombo yeendaba yamaKomanisi ihlekisa ngeBhayibhile kwaye iyabatyhola abalungiseleli abangamaKristu abafundisa iLizwi likaThixo. Njengomzekelo, phawula le ngxelo ilandelayo evela kwiphephandaba lamaKomanisi Inyani waseBrescia, e-Itali. Ibiza amangqina kaYehova “Iintlola zaseMelika zizenze ngathi 'ngabathunywa bevangeli,'” yayisithi: “Bangena kwindlu ngendlu kwaye 'ngeZibhalo Ezingcwele' beshumayela ngokuzithoba emfazweni olungiselelwe ngabantu baseMelika,” yaza yatyhola ngelithi aba bavangeli bahlawulwa. abameli beebhanki zaseNew York naseChicago kwaye babezama “ukuqokelela ulwazi lwalo lonke uhlobo malunga namadoda kunye nemisebenzi yemibutho [yamaKomanisi].” Umbhali uqukumbele ngelithi “uxanduva lwabasebenzi, abakwaziyo ukukhusela ilizwe labo kakuhle. . . Kungoko ke ndibetha umnyango ebusweni bezi ntlola zingcolileyo zizenze ngathi ngabefundisi. ”

AmaKomanisi amaninzi ase-Itali akaphikisi ukuba abafazi kunye nabantwana babo baye kwicawa yamaKatolika. Bavakalelwa kukuba ekubeni uhlobo oluthile lwenkolo lunqwenelwa ngabafazi nabantwana kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikwayiloo nkolo indala ababeyifundiswa ngooyise. Ingxoxo yabo yeyokuba akukho monakalo kwiimfundiso zonqulo zeCawa yamaKatolika, kodwa bubutyebi becawa obubacaphukisayo kunye nokuma kwecawa namazwe ongxowankulu. Ukanti inkolo yamaKatolika yeyona inkulu e-Itali-inyani eyaziwayo ngamaKomanisi afuna ukuvota. Njengoko iingxelo zabo zasesidlangalaleni zingqina, amaKomanisi angathanda kakhulu iCawa yamaKatolika njengeqabane kunokuba enye inkolo e-Itali.

AmaKomanisi azimisele ukulawula i-Itali, kwaye oku banokukwenza kuphela ngokuphumelela kwicala labo inani elikhulu lamaKatolika, hayi abo bangengawo amaKatolika. Ngaphezulu kwayo yonke le nto, oku kuthetha ukweyisela abo bangamaKatolika ngegama ukuba ubukomanisi ngokuqinisekileyo abuthandi nanye inkolo. AmaKomanisi anomdla kakhulu kwiivoti zabalimi abangamaKatolika, iklasi ebisoloko ibotshelelwe kwisithethe samaKatolika kangangeenkulungwane, kwaye ngokwamazwi enkokeli yamaKomanisi e-Italiya "abaceli ilizwe lamaKatolika ukuba liyeke ukuba lihlabathi lamaKatolika, "Kodwa" bathande ukuqondana. "[82]

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umbutho wamaNgqina kaYehova, nangona "ungathathi cala" ushunyayelwe, uphenjelelwa yimvelaphi yaseMelika, akukho manqaku ambalwa, aphakathi kweminyaka yama-50 kunye nama-70, apho kukho ulwahlulo oluthile olujoliswe kwi-PCI, etyhola Icawa yokungabi sisikhuselo ngokuchasene "nobomvu".[83] Amanye amanqaku avela kwii-1950s kunye nee-1970s athabatha ukujonga kakubi ukunyuka kobukomanisi, engqina ukuba imvelaphi yaseMntla Melika isisiseko. Kumsitho weNgqungquthela yeHlabathi ye-JWs eyayibanjelwe eRoma ngo-1951, iphephancwadi lombutho lichaza iinyani ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

“Abavakalisi boBukumkani baseItali nabathunywa bevangeli basebenze iintsuku belungisa umhlaba neholo yale ndibano. Isakhiwo esisetyenzisiweyo yayiyiholo yomboniso emile okwe-L. AmaKomanisi ayekhe apho ngaphambili kwaye azishiya izinto zikwimeko embi. Imigangatho yayingcolile kwaye iindonga zazithambisiwe ngamagama ezopolitiko. Le ndoda yaqesha kuye umhlaba nesakhiwo yathi ayinakukwazi ukuhlawula iindleko zokulungisa izinto iintsuku ezintathu zendibano. Waxelela amangqina kaYehova ukuba angenza nantoni na afuna ukuyenza ukuze ibonakale. Ukufika komnini ndawo kusuku olungaphambi kokuqalisa kwendibano, wamangaliswa kukubona ukuba zonke iindonga zesakhiwo esiza kusisebenzisa zazipeyintiwe kwaye nomhlaba ucocekile. yacwangciswa kwaye kwakhiwa isigqeba esihle kwikona ye "L". Izibane zeFluorescent zasekwa. Umva weqonga wenziwe nge-laurel eluhlaza okwenziwe ngomnatha kunye namachaphaza apinki nabomvu. Ibikhangeleka ngathi sisakhiwo esitsha ngoku hayi indawo yengozi kunye novukelo olushiywe ngamaKomanisi. ”[84]

Ngethuba "loNyaka oNgcwele ka-1975", ukongeza ekuchazeni ukungabikho kobuhlobo kuluntu lwase-Italiya ngeminyaka yoo-1970, apho “amagunya ezenkolo ayavuma ukuba ngaphantsi komntu omnye kwabathathu amaTaliyane (…) uhamba icawe rhoqo”, iphephancwadi Svegliatevi! (UVukani!) irekhoda enye "isoyikiso" kubumoya bamaTaliyane, othanda iqela lecawa:

Oku kukungena kotshaba olukhulu lweCawa phakathi kwabantu base-Italiya, ngakumbi kubantu abancinci. Olu tshaba lwenkolo bubukomanisi. Nangona kwizihlandlo ezininzi imfundiso yobukomanisi ilingana nenkolo nezinye iingcinga zezopolitiko, eyona njongo yobukomanisi ayitshintshanga. Le njongo kukususa ifuthe lenkolo kunye namandla naphina apho ubukomanisi busemandleni.

Kule minyaka ingamashumi amathathu idlulileyo e-Itali, imfundiso esemthethweni yamaKatolika ibikukunganyuli abagqatswa bamaKomanisi. AmaKatolika alunyukisiwe kaninzi ukuba angavoti ubuKomanisi, kwiintlungu zokugxothwa. NgoJulayi woNyaka oNgcwele, oobhishophu bamaKatolika baseLombardy bathi abefundisi ababekhuthaza amaTaliyane ukuba avotele ubuKomanisi kwakufuneka barhoxe kungenjalo babeka esichengeni sokugxothwa.

L'Osservatore Romano, umbutho waseVatican, wapapasha isibhengezo esenziwe ngoobhishophu basemantla e-Italiya apho bavakalisa "ukungavumi kwabo ukuba buhlungu" kwabo ngenxa yonyulo lwangoJuni 1975 apho amaKomanisi afumana iivoti ezizigidi ezibini ezinesiqingatha, ngaphezulu kwenani leevoti ifunyenwe ngumbutho olawulayo exhaswa yiVatican. Kwaye ngasekupheleni kukaNyaka oNgcwele, ngo-Novemba, uPopu Paul wanika izilumkiso ezitsha kumaKatolika axhasa iqela lamaKomanisi. Kodwa kangangexesha elithile kuye kwabonakala ukuba ezi zilumkiso ziye zehla ngakumbi.[85]

Ngokubhekisele kwiziphumo ezigqwesileyo ze-PCI kwimigaqo-nkqubo yowe-1976, ukubonisana okwathi kwabona idemokrasi yamaKrestu kwaphinda kwakho uloyiso, phantse ukuzinza ngama-38.71%, ubukhulu bayo, okwesihlandlo sokuqala, babujongela phantsi liqela lamaKomanisi e-Italiya, Ukufumana ukunyuka okungxamisekileyo kwenkxaso (34.37%), kuyekiswa iipesenti ezimbalwa kwiChristian Democrats, ukuvuthwa kwesona siphumo sihle kwimbali yayo, kuba i-Watchtower ezi ziphumo zaziluphawu lokuba "inkqubo yezinto" iyaphela kwaye iBhabheli Enkulu iyakucinywa kungekudala emva koko (sikufutshane emva kowe-1975, xa umbutho waprofeta ngeArmagedon esondeleyo, njengoko siza kubona kamva) ngamaKomanisi, njengoko kubonisiwe ILa Torre di Guardia ka-Aprili 15, 1977, iphe. 242, kwicandelo "Significato delle notizie": 

Kukhetho lwezopolitiko olwalubanjelwe e-Italiya kwihlobo ephelileyo, iqela elininzi, Idemokhrasi yobuKrestu, exhaswa yiCawa yamaKatolika, yaphumelela koloyiso kwiQela lamaKomanisi. Kodwa amaKomanisi aqhubeka nokufumana umhlaba. Oku kubonwe nakunyulo lwasekhaya olwalubanjwe kwangaxeshanye. Umzekelo, kulawulo lukamasipala waseRoma, iQela lamaKomanisi liphumelele iivoti ezingama-35.5, xa kuthelekiswa neepesenti ezingama-33.1 zedemokhrasi yobuKrestu. Ke, okokuqala iRoma yaba phantsi kolawulo lomanyano olwalukhokelwa ngamaKomanisi. I "Sunday News" eNew York yathi "eli yayilinyathelo elibuyela umva kwiVatican nakwipapa, osebenzisa igunya lobhishophu waseRoma waseRoma". Ngamavoti aseRoma, iQela lamaKomanisi ngoku ligxile kulawulo lwaso sonke isixeko esikhulu sase-Italiya, "i-News". (…) Ezi meko zirekhodwe e-Italiya nakwamanye amazwe zijolise kwiindlela zorhulumente ezingaphaya kunye nokushiya inkolo “yobuOthodoki” ziimpawu ezimbi kumabandla obuKristu. Nangona kunjalo oku kwaxelwa kwangaphambili kwisiprofeto seBhayibhile kwisahluko se-17 nese-18. Apho iLizwi likaThixo lityhila ukuba iinkolo 'ezihenyuza' neli hlabathi liza kutshatyalaliswa ngequbuliso kwikamva elingekude, nto leyo eya kubothusa abaxhasi beenkolo. .

Inkokeli yamaKomanisi uBerlinguer, ke ngoko, waqatshelwa ngumntu wonke njenge politiki elungeleleneyo. Ngezo ziphumo zonyulo kwavulwa isigaba "sokungavisisani ngokwembali" phakathi kweDC yaseAldo Moro kunye nePCI yeEnrico Berlinguer, isigaba esasungulwa ngo1973 esibonisa indlela yokuhlangana kwakhona phakathi kwamaChristian Democrats kunye namaKomanisi ase-Italiya abonwa ngeminyaka yoo-1970. izakukhokelela, ngo-1976, ukuya kurhulumente wokuqala ongumKristu onombala omnye owayelawulwa yivoti yangaphandle yamasekela amaKomanisi, abizwa ngokuba yi "National Solidarity", ekhokelwa ngu Giulio Andreotti. Ngo-1978 lo rhulumente warhoxa ukuvumela ukungena kwe-PCI kwisininzi, kodwa ulungelelwaniso olugqithisileyo kurhulumente wase-Italiya labeka emngciphekweni wokonakalisa yonke into; umcimbi uza kuphela ngo-1979, emva kokubanjwa kwenkokeli yama-Democrat yobuKrestu ngabanqolobi baseMarxist be-Red Brigades kwenzeka ngo-Matshi 16, 1978.

Umbutho we-apocalyptic eschatology nawo wawulungiselelwe ukuba ubekwe kwimeko yeziganeko zamanye amazwe, ezinje ngokunyuka kukaHitler kunye noMlo obandayo: ekutolikeni uDaniel 11, othetha ngongquzulwano phakathi kokumkani waseMantla noMazantsi, olweJWs ukuzaliseka okuphindwe kabini, iQumrhu Elilawulayo liza kuchonga ukumkani wase Mzantsi “ngamagunya amaNgesi namaMelika” kunye nokumkani wasemantla neJamani yamaNazi ngo-1933, nasemva kokuphela kweMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi kunye neUSSR namahlakani ayo. . Ukuwa kodonga lwaseBerlin kuya kukhokelela umbutho uyeke ukuchonga uKumkani waseNtla kunye namaSoviet.[86] I-anti-Sovietism ngoku iguqukele ekugxekweni yi-Russian Federation ka-Vladimir Putin, evalile amaziko asemthethweni eWatcht Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Imozulu iya kutshintsha kwii-JWs- nakwiinkonzo ezingezizo ezobuKatolika- ngenxa yemicimbi eyahlukeneyo, njengokupheliswa kwesetyhula ye- "Buffarini Guidi", eyenzeka ngo-1954 (kulandela isigwebo seNkundla ye-Cassation ye-30 Ngo-Novemba u-1953, le setyhula yahlala "ingumyalelo wangaphakathi ngaphakathi, wemiyalelo kumaqumrhu axhomekeke kuyo, ngaphandle kolwazi kubemi abathi, njengoko le Kholeji igqibe njalo, babengenako ukohlwaywa ngolwaphulo-mthetho kwimeko yokungathobeli"),[88] Ngokukodwa, kwizigwebo ezibini zowe-1956 nango-1957, eziya kuthi ziwuthande umsebenzi weWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, ukuvumela ukwamkelwa kwawo e-Itali njengehlelo elisekwe kwiSivumelwano sase-Italiya naseMelika sobuhlobo sango-1948 Ukulingana nezinye iinkolo ezingezizo zamaKatolika ezinemvelaphi yaseMelika.

Isivakalisi sokuqala sichaphazela ukuphela kobugcisa. I-113 yoMthetho oHlanganisiweyo kuKhuseleko loLuntu, efuna "ilayisenisi yegunya lokhuseleko loluntu" ukuba "isasaze okanye isasaze, kwindawo kawonke-wonke okanye indawo evulelekileyo kuluntu, imibhalo okanye imiqondiso", neyakhokelela kwabasemagunyeni ukohlwaya ii-JWs, ezaziwa ngokusebenza kwindlu ngendlu. INkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, emva kokubanjwa kwabavakalisi abaliqela beWatch Tower Society, yakhupha isigwebo sokuqala kwimbali yayo, eyabhengezwa ngoJuni 14, 1956,[89] Isigwebo esiyimbali, esahlukileyo ngohlobo lwaso. Ngapha koko, njengoko uPaolo Piccioli enika ingxelo:

Esi sigwebo, esasithatyathwa njengembali ngabaphengululi, sasingaphelelanga nje ekuqinisekiseni ukuba lo mthetho uchazwe ngasentla usemthethweni kusini na. Kuqala kwakufuneka ivakalise kumbandela osisiseko kwaye oko kukuseka, kube kanye, nokuba amandla ayo olawulo nawo andisiwe na kwimigaqo esele ikho yoMgaqo-siseko, okanye nokuba ingalinganiselwa kule ikhutshwe kamva. Abefundisi beecawa kwakude kudala bahlanganisa amagosa amaKatolika ukuba axhase ukungakwazi kweNkundla kwimithetho esele ikho. Ngokucacileyo amagunya aseVatican ayengafuni ukurhoxiswa komthetho wobuzwilakhe kunye nezixhobo zawo zokuthintela ukuguqula inkolo. Kodwa iNkundla, ibambelela ngokungqongqo kuMgaqo-siseko, iyikhabile le thsisisi ngokuqinisekisa umthetho-siseko osisiseko, wokuba "umthetho womgaqo-siseko, ngenxa yendalo yawo kwinkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko ongqongqo, kufuneka woyise umthetho oqhelekileyo". Ngokujonga iNqaku le-113 esele likhankanyiwe, iNkundla ibhengeza ukungabikho semthethweni komgaqo-siseko kwezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ezikulo. Ngo-Matshi 1957, uPius XII, ebhekisa kwesi sigqibo, wagxeka "ngokubhengeza ukubhengezwa komgaqo-siseko ngokungekho semthethweni kweminye imimiselo yangaphambili".[90]

Isigwebo sesibini endaweni yoko sichaphazela abalandeli abangama-26 abagwetywe yiNkundla ekhethekileyo. Ngexesha apho abemi abaninzi base-Italiya, bagwetywa yinkundla, bafumana ukuxoxwa kwetyala kwaye bakhululwa, i-Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova ("Umbutho wamaKristu wamaNgqina kaYehova"), njengoko ihlelo lalisaziwa njalo, bagqiba kwelokuba babuze Ukuphononongwa ngokutsha kwetyala ukubanga amalungelo hayi abagwebi abangama-26, kodwa lombutho wenkundla yonke,[91] unikwe ukuba isigwebo seNkundla eYodwa sityhola ii-JWs ngokuba "ngumbutho ofihlakeleyo ojolise ekwenzeni ipropaganda yokucinezela uvakalelo lwesizwe kunye nokwenza izinto ezijolise ekutshintsheni uhlobo lukarhulumente" kunye nokulandela "iinjongo zolwaphulo-mthetho".[92]

Isicelo sokuqwalaselwa ngokutsha kwetyala saxoxwa phambi kweNkundla yezibheno yase-L'Aquila ngoMatshi 20, 1957 kunye nabali-11 kwabayi-26 abagwetywayo, bekhuselwe ligqwetha uNicola Romualdi, igqwetha elisemthethweni lesebe lase-Italiya leWatch Tower Society, ilungu weRiphabliki Party kunye nomlobi wekholamu we ILa Voce Repubblicana.

Ingxelo yokuphononongwa kwesigwebo ithi ngelixa igqwetha uRomualdi licacisela iNkundla ukuba ii-JWs zithathe isikhundla sobuKatolika "njengehenyukazi" ngenxa yokungenelela kwimicimbi yezopolitiko (kuba ngokusebenzelana nemimoya "zonke izizwe zilahlekisiwe", KwisiTyhilelo 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "abagwebi batshintshana ngamehlo kunye noncumo lokuqonda". INkundla igqibe kwelokuba irhoxise isigwebo sayo sangaphambili yaza yaqonda ukuba umsebenzi wesebe lase-Italiya leWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society wawungekho mthethweni okanye uvukela urhulumente.[93] Umlinganiso ugcinwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo "inyani yokuba isetyhula ka-1940 [eyayigxotha i-JWs] ayikarhoxiswa ngoku ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, [ke] kuyakufuneka ukuba liqwalaselwe kuqala ithuba lokwenza ukuba kuthintelwe nawuphi na umsebenzi uMbutho ”, uphawula nokuba“ iyakuvavanywa (…) iziphumo ezinokubakho eMelika ”,[94] unikezwe ukuba, nokuba umbutho ngokusemthethweni wee-JWs wawungenanto yakwenza nezopolitiko, ingqumbo ngokuchasene nomthetho waseMelika nayo ingakhokelela kwiingxaki zezopolitiko.

Kodwa inguquko ye-epochal eyakuthi yamkele ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwale kunye neminye imibutho engeyiyo yamaKatolika evela e-United States iya kuba liBhunga lesiBini leVatican (ngo-Okthobha u-1962-Disemba 1965), nelathi ngoo-tata balo abangama-2,540 1545 baba yeyona ndibano inkulu yengxoxo Imbali yeCawa. UbuKatolika kwaye yenye yezona zinkulu kwimbali yoluntu, kwaye izakuthatha isigqibo ngohlaziyo kwibhayibhile, kwi-liturgical, kumhlaba wobunye nakumbutho wobomi ngaphakathi kweCawa, ukutshintsha ubuKhatholika kwingcambu yayo, kuguqula inkqubo yayo, ukwazisa iilwimi ezithethwa imibhiyozo, ukonakalisa isiLatin, ukuvuselela izithethe, ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana. Ngotshintsho olwaluza emva kweBhunga, izibingelelo zaguqulwa zaza iigosa zaguqulelwa ngokupheleleyo kwiilwimi zale mihla. Ukuba icawe yamaRoma Katolika yokuqala izakukhuthaza, ukuba ibeyintombi yeBhunga laseTrent (1563-XNUMX) kunye noQhushululu, iindlela zokunganyamezelani kuzo zonke iinkolo, zikhuthaza imikhosi yePS ukuba ibacinezele kwaye baphazamise iintlanganiso, Iindibano, zikhuthaza izihlwele ezibahlaselayo ngokubaphosa kuzo izinto ezahlukeneyo, ukuthintela ukulandela iinkolo ezingezizo ezobuKatolika ekufikeleleni kwimisebenzi yoluntu nakwimingcwabo elula.[95] iyure, kunye neBhunga lesiBini leVatican, Abefundisi bazokuzigculela, baqala, nangamaphepha ahlukeneyo anxulumene nobunye benkululeko kunye nenkolo yenkululeko, imeko-bume engentle.

Oku kuyakuqinisekisa ukuba ngo-1976 iWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania “yamkelwa kumalungelo aqinisekiswe siSivumelwano soBuhlobo, ukuRhweba nokuKhangela phakathi kowe-1949 phakathi kweRiphabhlikhi yase-Italiya neUnited States of America”;[96] ihlelo linokufaka isibheno kuMthetho no. I-1159 kaJuni 24, 1929 kwi "Amalungiselelo okusetyenziswa kweenkonzo ezamkelweyo kurhulumente kunye nangomtshato obhiyozelwa phambi kwabaphathiswa benkonzo enye", apho kwezobugcisa. 1 kwakuthethwa "ngeeNkolo ezamkelweyo" kwaye kungasekho "iiCultured Tolerated" njengoko iAlbertine Statute yagunyaziswa ukusukela ngo-1848, apho i "International Bible Students Association" yayingafakwanga ngenxa yokuba yayingenabuntu bomthetho, ingeyiyo "iQumrhu" elisemthethweni ebukumkanini base-Italiya nakwamanye amazwe kwaye bevaliwe ukusukela ngo-1927. Ngoku, ngokwamkelwa kwamalungelo aqinisekiswe ngumnqophiso ochazwe ne-United States, isebe lase-Itali leWatch Tower Society linokuba nabaphathiswa bezonqulo benokubhiyozela Imitshato esemthethweni ngeenjongo zaseburhulumenteni, ukonwabela ukhathalelo lwempilo, amalungelo omhlala-phantsi aqinisekiswe ngumthetho, kunye nokufikelela kumaziko oqeqesho kulungiselelo lobufundisi.[97] Iseti yokucacisa esekwe e-Itali ngesiseko se-dpr ye-31 ka-Okthobha u-1986, akukho 783, epapashwe kwi IGazzetta ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana kaNovemba 26, 1986.

8. Ukusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1940 ukuya kuma-1960, ukwanda kwabavakalisi beJW kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo echazwa yiWatchtower Society njengobungqina bokuthandwa nguThixo. Iinkokeli zaseMelika zamaNgqina kaYehova bazichwayitile xa bachazwa njengabapapashi beendaba njenge "inkolo ekhula ngokukhawuleza emhlabeni" kunokuba "Kwiminyaka eli-15, iphindaphindwe kathathu ubulungu bayo";[98] uloyiko lwebhombu yeatom, imfazwe ebandayo, ungquzulwano ngezixhobo zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini lwenza ukuba ulindelo lwe-apocalyptic lwe-Watchtower lucace gca, kwaye luyakuxhasa ukwanda kubongameli bukaKnorr. Kwaye ukuphulukana namandla eCawe yamaKatolika nakwiicawa ezahlukeneyo "zesiko" zevangeli akufanele kulityalwe. Kunjengokuba uM. James Penton esitsho: “AmaKatolika amaninzi ebesoloko ethanda amaNgqina ukususela Uhlaziyo lweVictoria II. Bahlala bechaza phandle ukuba ukholo lwabo lwashukunyiswa lutshintsho kwizenzo zesiko lamaKatolika kwaye babonisa ukuba bafuna inkolo 'enezibophelelo ezithile' kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye negunya elomeleleyo. ”[99] Uphando lukaJohan Leman malunga nabafuduki baseSicilian eBelgium kunye nezo zenziwe nguLuigi Berzano kunye neMassimo Introvigne kumbindi weSicily zibonakala ngathi ziyakuqinisekisa ukubonakaliswa kukaPenton.[100]

Ezi ngqwalaselo zijikeleze "imeko yase-Italiya", ngenxa yokuba umbutho we-JW, kwilizwe lamaKatolika, waba nempumelelo enkulu, ekuqaleni ukukhula kancinci: iziphumo zamanyathelo obumbano abekwa nguMongameli uKnorr kungekudala avumela ukushicilelwa rhoqo kweencwadi kunye ILa Torre di Guardia kwaye, ukusukela ngo-1955, Svegliatevi! Kwakuloo nyaka, indawo yase-Abruzzo yayiyeyona inabalandeli abaninzi, kodwa yayikhona imimandla yase-Itali, enje ngeMatshi, apho kwakungekho mabandla. Ingxelo yenkonzo ka-1962 yavuma ukuba, nangenxa yobunzima obuhlalutyiweyo apha ngasentla, "ukushumayela kwenziwa kwindawo encinci yase-Italiya".[101]

Ngexesha, nangona kunjalo, kuye kwakho ukwanda okubonakalayo, okunokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1948 …………………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 ………………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 ………………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 ………………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 ………………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 ………………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
Ngo-1969 ……………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
Ngo-1971 ……………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
Ngo-1975 ……………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Siphawula ukwanda kwamanani kakhulu emva kuka-1971. Ngoba? Ukuthetha kwinqanaba eliqhelekileyo, hayi ityala lase-Italiyane, u-M. James Penton uyaphendula, ngokubhekisele kubunkokheli be-Watchtower xa bejamelene neziphumo ezilungileyo zasemva kwemfazwe:

Babonakala ngathi bathabathe ulwaneliseko olwahlukileyo lwaseMelika, hayi kuphela kukwanda okumangalisayo kwenani lababhaptiziweyo kunye nabapapashi abatsha abangamaNgqina, kodwa nakwindlela ekwakhiwa ngayo iindawo zokushicilela ezintsha, ikomkhulu lesebe, kunye nezixa zoncwadi abazipapashileyo. zahanjiswa. Okukhulu kusoloko kubonakala kungcono. Izithethi ezazindwendwela ezivela kwiBheteli yaseBrooklyn zazidla ngokubonisa izilayidi okanye iimuvi zomzi-mveliso waseNew York wokushicilela ngelixa zazithetha ngokutyibilikayo kubaphulaphuli abangamaNgqina kwihlabathi liphela ngesixa sephepha elalisetyenziselwa ukuprinta IMboniselo kwaye UVukani! iimagazini. Ke xa ukunyuka okukhulu kwee-1950s zokuqala kwathathelwa indawo kukukhula okucothayo kweminyaka elishumi okanye elishumi elinesibini elandelayo, oku kwakudimaza iinkokeli zamaNgqina kunye namaNgqina kaYehova kwihlabathi liphela.

Iziphumo zeemvakalelo ezinjalo kwamanye amaNgqina yayiyinkolelo yokuba mhlawumbi umsebenzi wokushumayela wawusele uza kugqitywa: mhlawumbi uninzi lwezinye izimvu zihlanganisiwe. Mhlawumbi iArmagedon yayisondele.[103]

Konke oku kuyakutshintsha, kukhawuleziswe, okuya kuchaphazela, njengoko kubonisiwe ngasentla, ukwanda kwabalandeli, ngo-1966, xa uMbutho wafakela umbane kulo lonke uluntu lwamaNgqina ngokubonisa unyaka ka-1975 njengokuphela kweminyaka engamawaka amathandathu kwimbali yoluntu kunye , ke ngoko, ngokuqinisekileyo, kukuqala kwewaka leminyaka likaKristu. Oku kungenxa yencwadi entsha enesihloko Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio (Inge. Ubomi obungunaphakade kwinkululeko yoonyana bakaThixo), epapashwe kwindibano yehlobo lowe-1966 (ngowe-1967 eItali). Kumaphepha 28-30 umbhali wayo, owathi emva koko kwaziwa ukuba nguFrederick William Franz, usekela mongameli we-Watchtower, emva kokugxeka ubalo maxesha lweBhayibhile olucaciswe ngubhishophu omkhulu waseIreland uJames Ussher (1581-1656), awathi 4004 BC. unyaka wokuzalwa komntu wokuqala:

Ukusukela ngexesha lika-Ussher bekukho isifundo esinzulu sobalo maxesha lwebhayibhile. Kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwenziwa isifundo esizimeleyo esingalandeli ngandlela ithile ukubalwa kobukristu ngokobudala, kunye nokubalwa kwexesha eliprintiweyo oluvela kolu phando luzimeleyo lubonisa umhla wokudalwa komntu njenge-4026 BC. NGOKULE nkqubela ethembekileyo yobalo-maxesha lweBhayibhile, iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu emva kokudalwa komntu iyakuphela ngo-1975, kwaye iminyaka engamawaka asixhenxe yembali yoluntu iya kuqala ngokwindla lika-1975.[104]

Umbhali uya kuqhubeka:

Iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu obukho bomntu emhlabeni sele kumbovu ukuba iphele, ewe, kwesi sizukulwana. UYehova uThixo akanasiphelo, njengoko kubhaliwe kwiNdumiso 90: 1, 2: “Owu Yehova, ubonakalisile ukuba uyindawo yethu yokuhlala yasebukhosini kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngaphambi kokuba iintaba zizalwe, okanye ngaphambi kokuba ulawule umhlaba nomhlaba onemveliso ngokungathi kungentlungu, kususela kwaphakade kude kuse ephakadeni wena unguThixo ”. Ngokwembono kaYehova uThixo, le minyaka ingamawaka amathandathu yobukho bomntu eseza kudlula ifana nje neentsuku ezintandathu ezineeyure ezingamashumi amabini anesine, kuba kwale ndumiso inye (indinyana 3, 4) iqhubeka ithi: Buyisela eluthulini umntu ofayo, usithi, Buya, nyana babantu. Kuba iwaka leminyaka emehlweni akho linjengezolo xa lidlulayo, nanjengomlindo ebusuku. ”M Hayi iminyaka emininzi kwisizukulwana sethu, emva koko, siza kuza koko uYehova uThixo anokukujonga njengosuku lwesixhenxe lobukho bomntu.

Hayi indlela ebekuya kufaneleka ngayo ukuba uYehova uThixo enze eli xesha leminyaka yesixhenxe ukuba liSabatha, iSabatha enkulu yeNtlokoma yokuvakalisa inkululeko emhlabeni kubo bonke abemi bayo! Oku kuya kulungelwa uluntu. Iya kufaneleka kakhulu kwicala likaThixo, kuba, khumbula, uluntu lusenayo phambi kwayo incwadi yokugqibela yeBhayibhile eNgcwele ethetha ngayo njengolawulo lweminyaka eliwaka lukaYesu Krestu emhlabeni, ulawulo lweminyaka eliwaka lukaKristu. Ngokwesiprofeto, uYesu Kristu, xa wayesemhlabeni kwiinkulungwane ezilishumi elinesithoba ezidlulileyo, wathi ngaye: "UNyana womntu uyiNkosi yeSabatha." (Mateyu 12: 8) Ayizukwenzeka ngamabona-ndenzile, kodwa bekuya kuba ngokwenjongo yothando lukaYehova uThixo ukuba ubukumkani bukaYesu Krestu, "iNkosi yeSabatha", bubaleke buhambisane neminyaka eliwaka yesixhenxe yobukho bomntu. ”[105]

Ekupheleni kwesahluko, kwiphepha 34 nelama-35,Umhla obalulekileyo wentsingiselo yedella creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM "("Uluhlu lwemihla ebalulekileyo yokudalwa komntu nge7000 AM ”) yashicilelwa. ethi umntu wokuqala uAdam wadalwa ngo-4026 BCE kwaye iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu yobukho bomntu emhlabeni yayiza kuphela ngo-1975:

Kodwa kuphela ukusukela ngo-1968 apho lo mbutho wabalaselisa kakhulu umhla omtsha wokuphela kweminyaka engamawaka amathandathu embali yoluntu kunye neziphumo ezinokubakho kwisiphelo. Upapasho olutsha oluncinci, La verità che conduce alla vita eterna, othengisa kakhulu kumbutho osakhunjulwa ngofifi lokuba "yibhombu eluhlaza", yaziswa kwindibano zesithili kulo nyaka ezakuthatha indawo yencwadi endala Sia Dio rionosciuto verace njengesixhobo esiyintloko sokwenza inguquko, ethi yona, njengencwadi yowe-1966, ivelise izinto ezilindelweyo kulo nyaka, ka-1975, iqulathe izinto ezalatha ukuba umhlaba awusayi kuphila ngaphaya kwalo nyaka umbi, kodwa oya kulungiswa Ukuprintwa kwakhona kuka-1981.[106] UMbutho ucebise ukuba izifundo zeBhayibhile zokuhlala nabantu abachaphazelekayo ngoncedo lwencwadi entsha kufuneka zilinganiselwe kwithuba elifutshane elingadlulanga kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ekupheleni kwelo xesha, abaguqukayo bexesha elizayo kufuneka ukuba sele beziJWs okanye ubuncinci beza rhoqo kwiHolo yoBukumkani yasekuhlaleni. Ixesha lalincitshisiwe kangangokuba kwahlaliswa ukuba xa abantu bengayamkelanga "iNyaniso" (njengoko ichaziwe yi-JWs kuyo yonke imfundiso yabo kunye nezixhobo zobufundisi) kwisithuba seenyanga ezintandathu, ithuba lokwazi kufuneka linikwe abanye ngaphambi kokuba emva kwexesha.[107] Ngokucacileyo, nditsho nokujonga ukukhula kwedatha e-Itali kuphela ukusukela ngo-1971 ukuya ku-1975, uqikelelo lomhla we-apocalyptic lwakhawulezisa imeko yongxamiseko lwabanyanisekileyo, kwaye oku kwabangela ukuba baninzi abanomdla wokutsiba kwinqwelo ye-apocalyptic ye-Watchtower Society. Ukongezelela, amaNgqina kaYehova amaninzi adikidiki afumana ukothuka ngokomoya. Emva koko, ekwindla lika-1968, iNkampani, ekuphenduleni kwimpendulo yoluntu, yaqala ukupapasha uthotho lwamanqaku malunga Svegliatevi! kwaye ILa Torre di Guardia oko kushiye ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo okuba babelindele ukuphela kwehlabathi ngo-1975. Xa kuthelekiswa nolindelo lwezinto ezithile ezidlulileyo (ezinje ngo-1914 okanye ngo-1925), iMboniselo iyakulumka ngakumbi, nokuba kukho iingcaciso ezenza kucace ukuba Umbutho ukhokele abalandeli ukuba bakholelwe kwesi siprofeto:

Inye into eqinisekileyo, ubalo maxesha lwebhayibhile oluxhaswe sisiprofeto seBhayibhile esizalisekisiweyo sibonisa ukuba iminyaka engamawaka amathandathu yobukho bomntu izakuphela kungekudala, ewe, kwesi sizukulwana! (Mat. 24:34) Ngenxa yoko, eli asiloxesha lokungakhathali okanye ukungakhathali. Eli asiloxesha lokuqhula ngamazwi kaYesu athi, “Ngalo mhla nelo lixa akukho namnye owaziyo, kwanezithunywa zezulu, noNyana, nguBawo kuphela”. (Mat. 24:36) Ngamaxesha apho simele siyiqonde kakuhle into yokuba isiphelo sale nkqubo yezinto sisondele. Ungalahlekiswa, kwanele ukuba uBawo ngokwakhe awazi 'umhla nelixa'!

Nokuba asiboni ngaphaya kowe-1975, ngaba esi sisizathu sokungasebenzi? Abapostile babengekaboni kude kube namhla; babengazi kwanto ngo-1975. Ekuphela kwento ababeyibona yayilixesha elifutshane phambi kwabo lokugqiba umsebenzi ababewunikiwe. (1 Pet. 4: 7) Ke, kuyo yonke imibhalo yabo, kubakho isandi sokukhalaza nokungxamiseka. (IZe. 20:20; 2 Tim. 4: 2) Kwaye kufanelekile. Ukuba bebelibazisile okanye bechithe ixesha kwaye bebecinga ukuba kusele amawaka ambalwa eminyaka ezayo, ngekhe balugqibe ugqatso olubekwe phambi kwabo. Hayi, babaleke kakhulu kwaye ngokukhawuleza, kwaye baphumelela! Yayingumbandela wobomi okanye wokufa kubo. - 1 Kor. 9:24; 2 Tim. 4: 7; Heb. 12: 1.[108]

Kumele kuthiwe uncwadi loMbutho aluzange luchaze ukuba ngo-1975 isiphelo sasiza kufika. Iinkokheli zelo xesha, ngakumbi uFrederick William Franz, ngokungathandabuzekiyo zazakhele kusilelo lwangaphambili lowe-1925. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwee-JWs zazingazi nto okanye zingazi nto malunga nokusilela okudala kwenkolo, babanjwa ngehlombe; uninzi lwabaveleli abahambahambayo nabesithili basebenzise umhla we-1975, ngakumbi kwiindibano, njengendlela yokukhuthaza amalungu ukuba andise ukushumayela kwawo. Kwaye yayingebobulumko ukuwuthandabuza esidlangalaleni lo mhla, kuba oku kungabonisa "ubumoya obuhlwempuzekileyo" ukuba ayikuko ukuswela ukholo "kwikhoboka elithembekileyo neliyingqondi", okanye ubunkokeli.[109]

Ngaba le mfundiso ibuchaphazele njani ubomi bee-JW kwihlabathi liphela? Le mfundiso yabuchaphazela ngamandla ubomi babantu. NgoJuni 1974, UMinistero del Regno ingxelo yokuba inani loovulindlela liqhume kwaye abantu abathengisa amakhaya abo banconywa ngokuchitha ixesha elincinci elisele kwinkonzo kaThixo. Ngokunjalo bacetyisiwe ukuba bayihlehlise imfundo yabantwana babo:

Ewe, isiphelo sale nkqubo sisemnyango! Ayisosizathu sokukhulisa ishishini lethu? Kule nkalo, sinokufunda okuthile kwimbaleki ethe yakugqiba ugqatso yenza umgama wokugqibela. Jonga kuYesu, owakhawulezisa umsebenzi wakhe ngeentsuku zokugqibela esemhlabeni. Ngapha koko, ngaphezu kweepesenti ezingama-27 zezinto ezikwiincwadi zeVangeli zinikelwe kwiveki yokugqibela yobulungiseleli bukaYesu basemhlabeni! - Mateyu 21: 1–27: 50; UMarko 11: 1–15: 37; ULuka 19: 29-23: 46; UYohane 11: 55–19: 30.

Ngokujonga ngononophelo iimeko zethu emthandazweni, sinokufumanisa ukuba siyakwazi ukunikela ixesha lethu elininzi namandla ekushumayeleni kweli xesha lokugqibela ngaphambi kokuphela kwale nkqubo ikhoyo. Abazalwana abaninzi benza kanye loo nto. Oku kubonakala kwinani elanda ngokukhawuleza loovulindlela.

Ewe, ukusukela ngoDisemba 1973 kuye kwakho ukuphakama koovulindlela inyanga nenyanga. Ngoku kukho oovulindlela abathe ngxi nabakhethekileyo abali-1,141 362 eItali, indawo engazange ibonwe. Oku kulingana noovulindlela abangama-1973 abangakumbi kunangoMatshi 43! Ulwando lwama-1 ekhulwini! Ngaba azonwabanga iintliziyo zethu? Kuvakala iindaba zokuba abazalwana bathengisa amakhaya abo nezinto zabo kwaye baceba ukuchitha bonke ubomi babo kule nkqubo indala njengovulindlela. Ngokuqinisekileyo le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokusebenzisa ixesha elifutshane eliseleyo ngaphambi kokuphela kwehlabathi elingendawo. - 2 Yohane 17:XNUMX.[110]

Amawakawaka ama-JWs amancinci athabathe umsebenzi wokuba nguvulindlela othe ngxi ngendleko yaseyunivesithi okanye ngokusisigxina, kwaye ke uninzi lwabantu abatsha baguqukayo. Oosomashishini, oonovenkile, njl. Bayeka ishishini labo eliqhuba kakuhle. Abasebenzi bayeka imisebenzi yabo yexesha elizeleyo kwaye iintsapho ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela zathengisa amakhaya abo bafuduka “Apho imfuneko inkulu khona [yabashumayeli].” Izibini eziselula zihlehlisile umtshato wazo okanye zigqibe ekubeni zingabinabo abantwana ukuba zitshatile. Amaqabane aqolileyo azirhoxisa iiakhawunti zawo zebhanki kwaye, apho inkqubo yepenshini yayiyimfihlo yabucala, imali yepenshini. Uninzi, abancinci nabadala, abesilisa nabasetyhini, bagqibe kwelokuba balubekele ecaleni olunye unyango okanye unyango olufanelekileyo. Injalo imeko e-Itali kaMichele Mazzoni, owayesakuba ngumdala webandla, onikela ubungqina:

Ezi zibetha, zingenankathalo kwaye zingenankathalo, ezityhale zonke iintsapho [zamaNgqina kaYehova] kwipavumente ukuze kuxhamle i-GB [IQumrhu Elilawulayo, ed.] Ukuze ngenxa yabo abalandeli abangenalwazi baphulukene nempahla nemisebenzi yabo ukuya kwindlu ngendlu umnyango wokonyusa ingeniso yoMbutho, sele ininzi kwaye ibonakala ... Uninzi lwee-JWs zincamile ikamva lazo kunye nelabantwana babo ukuze kuzuze iNkampani enye… ii-JWs ezingenangqondo zicinga ukuba kuluncedo ukugcina isitokhwe ukuze sijongane neyokuqala amaxesha okusinda emva kwemini eyoyikekayo yengqumbo kaThixo eyayiza kukhutshwa ngo-1975 e-Harmageddon… ezinye ii-JWs zaqala ukubekeka imali yokuhlala kunye namakhandlela ngehlobo lowe-1974; Ingqondo enjalo yaphuhliswa (…).

UMazzotti washumayela ukuphela kwenkqubo yezinto yowe-1975 kuyo yonke indawo nakuzo zonke izihlandlo ngokwemiyalelo enikiweyo. Ungomnye wabo benza amalungiselelo amaninzi (iimpahla ezinamathanga) kangangokuba ukuphela kuka-1977 wayengekazilahli nosapho lwakhe.[111] "Kutshanje ndidibene nabantu bezizwe ezahlukeneyo: amaFrentshi, amaSwitzerland, amaNgesi, amaJamani, abemi baseNew Zealand kunye nabantu abahlala eMantla e-Afrika nase Mzantsi Melika", utshilo uGiancarlo Farina, owayesakuba ngu-JW oya kuthi emva koko enze indlela yokubaleka abe ngumProtestanti. kunye nomphathi weCasa della Bibbia (Indlu yebhayibhile), indawo yokupapasha evangeli yaseTurin esasaza iiBhayibhile, “bonke baqinisekisile kum ukuba amaNgqina kaYehova ashumayele ngo-1975 njengonyaka wesiphelo. Obunye ubungqina bokungaqondakali kwe-GB bufunyanwa ngumahluko phakathi kwento eyathethwayo kwi-Ministero del Regno yowe-1974 naleyo ichazwe kwi-Watchtower [yomhla kaJanuwari 1, 1977, iphepha 24]: apho, abazalwana banconywa ngokuthengisa amakhaya neempahla kunye nokuchitha iintsuku zabo zokugqibela kwinkonzo yobuvulindlela ”.[112]

Imithombo yangaphandle, efana neendaba zikazwelonke, ikwawuqonda umyalezo owawusaziswa yi-Watchtower. Uhlelo lwe-10 Agasti 1969 lwephephandaba laseRoma I Tempo upapashe ingxelo yeNdibano yeZizwe ngezizwe "Pace in Terra", "Riusciremo a battere Satan nell'agosto 1975" ("Sizokwazi ukubetha uSathana ngoAgasti 1975"), kwaye ingxelo:

Kunyaka ophelileyo, umongameli wabo [we-JW] uNathan Knorr wacacisa ngo-Agasti 1975 ukuba ukuphela kweminyaka engama-6,000 yembali yoluntu kuyakwenzeka. Wabuzwa ke, ukuba yayingekokubhengezwa kokuphela kwehlabathi, kodwa waphendula, ephakamisela iingalo zakhe esibhakabhakeni ngesenzo esiqinisekisayo: “Hayi, ngokuchaseneyo: ngo-Agasti 1975, kuphela ukuphela ixesha leemfazwe, ubundlobongela kunye nesono kunye nexesha elide nelineziqhamo leenkulungwane ezili-10 zoxolo ezakuqala ngexesha apho iimfazwe ziya kuvalwa kwaye isono siphumelele… ”

Kodwa isiphelo sehlabathi lesono siza kwenzeka njani kwaye kwenzeka njani ukuseka ukuqala kweli xesha litsha loxolo ngokuchaneka okungummangaliso? Xa sabuzwa, isigqeba solawulo saphendula: “Kulula: ngabo bonke ubungqina obuqokelelwe eBhayibhileni kwaye sibulela kwizityhilelo zabaprofeti abaninzi sikwazile ukufumanisa ukuba kungoAgasti ka-1975 (kodwa asilwazi usuku) USathana uya kubethwa ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye uya kuqala. ixesha elitsha loxolo.

Kodwa kuyacaca ukuba, kwezakwalizwi i-JW, engabonisi ukuphela komhlaba, kodwa inkqubo yabantu "elawulwa nguSathana", "ukuphela kwexesha leemfazwe, ubundlobongela kunye nesono" kunye "Ukuqala ixesha elide nelineziqhamo lweenkulungwane ezili-10 zoxolo apho iimfazwe ziya kuvalwa kwaye isono soyiswe" kuya kwenzeka kuphela emva kwedabi leArmagedon! Kwakukho amaphephandaba aliqela ayethetha ngawo, ngakumbi ukusuka ngo-1968 ukuya kowe-1975.[113] Xa iQumrhu Elilawulayo lamaNgqina kaYehova lazifumana lilahlekisiwe, ukuze lenze uxanduva lokuqikelela enye "i-apocalypse ehlehlisiweyo," kwimbalelwano yabucala ethunyelwe kumfundi wamaphephancwadi alo, isebe lase-Italiya lade lakhanyela ukuba lakha lathi umhlaba kufuneka iphele ngo-1975, ibeka ityala kwiintatheli, isukela "ubukrelekrele" kwaye phantsi kwegunya likaSathana uMtyholi:

Mnumzana,

Siyaphendula kwileta yakho kwaye siyifunde ngononophelo olukhulu, kwaye sicinga ukuba kububulumko ukubuza ngaphambi kokuthemba iingxelo ezifanayo. Akaze alibale ukuba phantse lonke ushicilelo namhlanje lwenzelwe inzuzo. Ngenxa yoku, ababhali kunye neentatheli bazama ukukholisa iindidi ezithile zabantu. Bayoyika ukukhubekisa abafundi okanye ababhengezi. Okanye basebenzise ubukrelekrele okanye into engaqhelekanga ukonyusa intengiso, kwaneendleko zokugqwetha inyaniso. Phantse lonke iphepha-ndaba kunye nomthombo wentengiso ukulungele ukubumba izimvo zoluntu ngokwentando kaSathana.

Ewe, asikaze senze ngxelo malunga nokuphela kwehlabathi ngo-1975. Ezi ziindaba ezingeyonyani eziye zathathwa ngamaphephandaba aliqela noonomathotholo.

Ngethemba lokuba kuya kuqondwa, sikuthumela imibuliso yethu enyanisekileyo.[114]

Emva koko iQumrhu Elilawulayo, lakufumanisa ukuba uninzi lwamaNgqina kaYehova alilithengi, lenza uxanduva ngokupapasha iphephancwadi apho ligxeka iKomiti yaBabhali eBrooklyn ngokugxininisa umhla ka-1975 njengomhla wokuphela umhlaba, "uyalibala" ukukhankanya ukuba iKomiti yaBabhali nabaHleli yenziwe ngamalungu eQumrhu Elilawulayo elinye.[115]

Xa kwafika u-1975 waqinisekisa ukuba enye i-apocalypse ilibazisekile (kodwa isiprofeto sesizukulwana sowe-1914 sahlala singadluli phambi kwe-Armagheddon, apho umbutho uzakugxininisa umzekelo kwincwadi Potete vivere nge semper su una terra paradisiaca ka-1982, nangowe-1984, nokuba yayingeyomfundiso intsha leyo)[116] abambalwa iiJWs bafumana ukuphoxeka okungathethekiyo. Ngokuthe cwaka abaninzi bayishiya intshukumo. Inkqubo ye- I-1976 Incwadi Yonyaka Kwiphepha 28, ingxelo ithi ngonyaka ka-1975 kwabakho ukwanda nge-9.7% kwinani labavakalisi ngaphezu konyaka ophelileyo. Kodwa kunyaka olandelayo ukonyuka kwaba yi-3.7% kuphela,[117] kwaye ngo-1977 kwabakho ukwehla nge-1%! 441 Kwamanye amazwe ukwehla kwakukukhulu ngakumbi.[118]

Ukujonga ngezantsi kwegrafu, ngokusekwe ekukhuleni kwepesenti ye-JWs e-Itali ukusuka kwi-1961 ukuya kwi-2017, sinokufunda kakuhle kakhulu kumanani okukhula kwakuphezulu ukusukela oko incwadi Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio kwaye kwaphuma ubuxoki. Igrafu ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukonyuka kwe-1974, kufutshane nomhla obalulekileyo kwaye, kunye neencopho ze-34% kunye nokukhula okuphakathi, ukusuka kwi-1966 ukuya kwi-1975, ye-19.6% (kuthelekiswa ne-0.6 kwisithuba se-2008-2018). Kodwa, emva kokungabinamali, ukwehla okulandelayo, ngamaqondo okukhula anamhlanje (anqunyelwe e-Itali kuphela) alingana ne-0%.

Igrafu, idatha yayo ithathwa ikakhulu kwiingxelo zenkonzo ezipapashwe kwiinkupho zangoDisemba zeKingdom Ministries, ibonisa ukuba ukushunyayelwa kwelo xesha, kugxilwe kwisiphelo esibonisiweyo sika-1975, kwaba nefuthe elincomekayo ekuxhaseni ukukhula kwamaNgqina kaYehova, Kunyaka olandelayo, ngo-1976, babonwa ngurhulumente wase-Italiya. Ukwehla kule minyaka ilandelayo akubonakalisi nje ubukho beziphene, kodwa kunye nokuma - ngo-1980s - yentshukumo, engasayi kuba namanqanaba okukhula, xa kuthelekiswa nabemi, njengokuba kwakunjalo ngelo xesha.[119]

ISIHLOMELO SEZIFOTO

 Indibano yokuqala yase-Itali yaBafundi beBhayibhile beZizwe ngeZizwe
Umbutho, owawubanjelwe ePinerolo, ukusukela ngomhla wama-23 ukuya kowama-26 ku-Epreli, ngo-1925

 

 URemigio Cuminetti

 

Ileta evela kwisebe lase-Roma le-JWs ityikitye i-SB, yomhla we-18 kuDisemba ngo-1959 apho i-Watchtower icacisa gca ukuxhomekeka kumagqwetha "weriphabliki okanye intando yesininzi yentando yesininzi" kuba "zezona zilungileyo ukuzikhusela".

Kule leta isuka kwisebe lase-Roma le-JWs ityikitye i-SB, yomhla ka-Disemba 18, 1959, IMboniselo icebisa ngokucacileyo: “sikhetha ukuba igqwetha likhethe into engekhoyo yobukomanisi. Sifuna ukusebenzisa igqwetha leRiphabhlikhi, leNkululeko okanye leDemokhrasi ”.

Kule leta isuka kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs ityikitye i-EQA: SSC, yomhla kaSeptemba 17, 1979, ibhekiswe kubaphathi abaphezulu beRAI [inkampani engumbonisi wenkonzo kanomathotholo kunye nomabonakude e-Itali, ed.] nakuMongameli weKhomishini yePalamente yokujonga kwiinkonzo zeRAI, ummeli weWatch Tower Society e-Itali wabhala: “Kwinkqubo, efana neyase-Itali, esekwe kwimilinganiselo yeResistance, amaNgqina kaYehova lelinye lawona maqela ambalwa athe azama ukubeka izizathu yesazela ngaphambi kwegunya laphambi kwemfazwe eJamani nase-Itali. ke ngoko bavakalisa iinjongo ezintle kwinyani yanamhlanje ”.

Ileta evela kwisebe lase-Itali i-JW, ityikitywe i-SCB: SSA, yomhla we-9 Septemba 1975, apho umatshini wokushicilela wase-Itali utyholwa ngokusasaza iindaba ezothusayo malunga nokuphela kwehlabathi kwi-1975.

“Riusciremo a battere Satan nell'agosto 1975” ("Sizokwazi ukubetha uSathana ngoAgasti 1975"),
I Tempo, Agasti 10, 1969.

Isiqwenga esandisiweyo sephephandaba esicatshulwe ngasentla:

“Kunyaka ophelileyo, umongameli wabo [we-JW] uNathan Knorr wacacisa ngo-Agasti 1975 ukuba isiphelo seminyaka engama-6,000 yembali yoluntu siyakwenzeka. Wabuzwa ke, ukuba yayingekokubhengezwa kokuphela kwehlabathi, kodwa waphendula, ephakamisela iingalo zakhe esibhakabhakeni ngesenzo esiqinisekisayo: 'Hayi, ngokuchaseneyo: ngo-Agasti 1975, kuphela ukuphela ixesha leemfazwe, ubundlobongela kunye nesono kunye nexesha elide nelineziqhamo zeenkulungwane ezili-10 zoxolo ezakuqala ngexesha apho iimfazwe ziya kuvalwa kwaye isono siphumelele… '

Kodwa isiphelo sehlabathi lesono siza kwenzeka njani kwaye kwenzeka njani ukuseka ukuqala kweli xesha litsha loxolo ngokuchaneka okungummangaliso? Xa sabuzwa, isigqeba solawulo saphendula: “Kulula: ngabo bonke ubungqina obuqokelelwe eBhayibhileni kwaye sibulela kwizityhilelo zabaprofeti abaninzi sikwazile ukufumanisa ukuba kungoAgasti ka-1975 (kodwa asilwazi usuku) USathana uya kubethwa ngokuqinisekileyo kwaye uya kuqala. ixesha elitsha loxolo. ”

isibhengezo or Isibhengezo, epapashwe kwiphephancwadi laseSwitzerland Intuthuzelo (I-Consolation, namhlanje Vukani!) ka-Okthobha 1, 1943.

 

Ukuguqulelwa kwe Isibhengezo papashwa ngo Intuthuzelo Nge-Okthobha 1, 1943.

ISIBHENGEZO

Yonke imfazwe ibetha uluntu ngobubi obungenakubalwa kwaye ibangela ukunganyaniseki kwesazela kumawaka, kwanezigidi zabantu. Oku kunokuthiwa ngokufanelekileyo malunga nemfazwe eqhubekayo, engagcini ilizwekazi kwaye ilwa emoyeni, elwandle nasemhlabeni. Akunakuphepheka ukuba ngamaxesha anje siya kuthi singaqondani ngokungafanelekanga kwaye ngabom sikrokre ngokungafanelekanga, kungekuphela kwabantu, kodwa noluntu lwazo zonke iintlobo.

Nathi thina maNgqina kaYehova siyawuthobela lo mthetho. Abanye basibonisa njengombutho onjongo zawo ikukutshabalalisa “uqeqesho emkhosini, nokuxhokonxa ngasese okanye ukumema abantu ukuba bayeke ukukhonza, ukungathobeli imiyalelo yasemkhosini, ukwaphula inkonzo okanye ukushiya.”

Into enjalo inokuxhaswa kuphela ngabo bangawaziyo umoya kunye nomsebenzi woluntu lwethu kwaye, ngobubi, bazame ukugqwetha iinyani.

Siqinisekisa ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba umbutho wethu awuyaleli, ucebise okanye ucebise nangayiphi na indlela ukuba wenze ngokuchasene nemiyalelo yasemkhosini, kwaye le ngcinga ayichazwanga kwiintlanganiso zethu nakwimibhalo epapashwe ngumbutho wethu. Asizukujongana nemicimbi enjalo kwaphela. Umsebenzi wethu kukunikela ubungqina ngoYehova uThixo nokuvakalisa inyaniso kubo bonke abantu. Amakhulu amaqabane ethu kunye nabantu abasixhasayo bayenzile imisebenzi yabo yasemkhosini kwaye basaqhubeka nokwenza oko.

Asikaze nanini na sibe nebango lokuvuma ukuba ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yasemkhosini kuchasene nemigaqo neenjongo zoMbutho wamaNgqina kaYehova njengoko kubekiwe kwimithetho yawo. Siyanxusa kubo bonke abantu esidibana nabo nabahlobo bethu elukholweni olubandakanyeka ekuvakaliseni ubukumkani bukaThixo (uMateyu 24:14) ukuba bahlale - njengoko bekusoloko kusenziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku - ngokuthembeka nangokuqinileyo ekubhengezeni iinyaniso zebhayibhile, siphephe nantoni na enokubakho. kubangela ukungaqondani. okanye itolikwe njengokhuthazo lokungathobeli amalungiselelo omkhosi.

Umanyano lwamaNgqina kaYehova aseSwitzerland

UMongameli: Intengiso. Gammenthaler

Unobhala: D. Wiedenmann

UBern, ngoSeptemba 15, 1943

 

Ileta evela kwisebe laseFrance isayine i-SA / SCF, yomhla we-11 kuNovemba 1982.

Inguqulelo kaLI-etter evela kwisebe laseFrance isayine i-SA / SCF, yomhla we-11 kuNovemba 1982.

SA / SCF

Novemba 11, 1982

Dade othandekayo [igama] [1]

Sifumene ileta yakho evela kwi-1 yangoku esihoye kakhulu kwaye osicela kuyo ifotokopi "yeSibhengezo" esivele kwiphephandaba "Consolation" ka-Okthobha u-1943.

Sikuthumelela le fotokopi, kodwa asinayo ikopi yolungiso olwenziwe ngexesha lengqungquthela yesizwe eyayiseZurich ngo-1947. Nangona kunjalo, abazalwana noodade abaninzi bayiva ngalaa msitho kwaye ngelixesha indlela yethu yokuziphatha yayingaqondanga konke konke; oku, ngaphezulu koko, kwaziwa kakhulu ukuba kungakho imfuneko yokucaciswa ngakumbi.

Siyakucela, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ungasibeki esi “Sibhengezo” ezandleni zeentshaba zenyaniso kwaye ingakumbi ungavumeli iikopi zaso ngenxa yemigaqo ebekwe kuMateyu 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Ngaphandle kokufuna ukukrokra kakhulu malunga neenjongo zale ndoda uyityelelayo kunye nobulumko obulula, sikhetha ukuba angabinayo ikopi yesi "Sibhengezo" ukwenzela ukuthintela nayiphi na into enokuchasene nenyaniso.

Sicinga ukuba kufanelekile ukuba umdala akukhaphe xa usiya kule ndoda ithatha ingqalelo engacacanga nenameva engxoxo. Kungenxa yesi sizathu esivumela ukuba sibathumele ikopi yempendulo yethu.

Siyakuqinisekisa dade othandekayo [igama] lonke uthando lwethu lobuzalwana.

Abazalwana bakho kunye nabo usebenza nabo,

UMBUTHO CHRÉTIENNE

Les Témoins de Jéhovah

DE EFRANSI

INdu.: Ikopi "yeSibhengezo"

cc: kumzimba wabantu abadala.

[1] Ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo, igama lomamkeli lishiyiwe.

[2] UMateyu 7: 6 uthi: "Musa ukuphosa iiperile zakho phambi kweehagu." Ngokucacileyo "iiperile" zezi Isibhengezo kwaye iihagu bezizakuba "ngabachasi"!

Amanqaku okugqibela eManuscript

[1] Ukubhekiswa kwiZiyon ubukhulu becala kuRussell. Umbhali-mbali ophambili kulo mbutho, u-M. James Penton ubhala athi: “Kwisiqingatha sokuqala sebali laBafundi beBhayibhile-ngamaNgqina kaYehova, igqwirha laqala ngeminyaka yoo-1870, babedume ngovelwano lwabo kumaJuda. Ukusukela emva kweminyaka elishumi elinethoba neshumi elinambini lamaProtestanti aseMelika, umongameli wokuqala weWatch Tower Society, uCharles T. Russell, wayengumxhasi oqinisekileyo wezizathu zeZionist. Akazange avume ukuzama ukuguqula amaJuda, wayehlala kwindawo yamaJuda ePalestine, kwaye ngo-1910 wakhokela abaphulaphuli abangamaJuda baseNew York ekuculeni umhobe waseZiyon, uHatikva. ” M. James Penton, “uA ibali of Ukuzama ukuyekelela: AmaNgqina kaYehova, anti-Ubume bamaYuda, kwaye i Ulawulo lwesithathu ”, The Ukufuna komKristu, Umqu. Mna hayi. 3 (Ihlobo 1990), 33-34. Russell, kwileta eyayisiya kwiBarons uMaurice de Hirsch noEdmond de Rothschild, eyayivela IZion's Watch Tower kaDisemba 1891, 170, 171, uzakucela “amaYuda amabini akhokelayo ehlabathini” ukuba athenge umhlaba ePalestine ukuze amisele iindawo zokuhlala zamaZiyon. Bona: Umfundisi uCharles Taze Russell: UmZiyonist wamaKristu okuqala, nguDavid Horowitz (New York: Philosophical Library, 1986), incwadi eyayixatyiswe kakhulu ngummeli wakwaSirayeli ngelo xesha kwiUN UN Benjamin Netanyahu, njengoko kuchazwe nguPhilippe Bohstrom, “Phambi kweHerzl, Kwakukho uMfundisi uRussell: Isahluko esingaLawulwayo seZiyonism ", Haaretz.com, Agasti 22, 2008. Owangena ezihlangwini zikaJoseph. F. Rutherford, emva kokusondela okokuqala kwinjongo yeZiyonist (ukusuka ngo-1917 ukuya ku-1932), wayitshintsha ngokupheleleyo imfundiso, kwaye ukubonisa ukuba ii-JWs "yayingu-Israyeli kaThixo oyinyaniso" wazisa iingcinga ezichasene namaJuda kuncwadi lombutho . Encwadini Isiqinisekiso Uya kubhala: "AmaJuda agxothwa kwaye ikhaya labo lahlala liyinkangala ngenxa yokuba bemalile uYesu. Kude kube namhla, abakaguquki kwesi senzo solwaphulo-mthetho sookhokho babo. Abo babuyile ePalestine bakwenza oko ngenxa yokuzingca okanye ngenxa yezizathu ezivakalayo ”. UJoseph F. Rutherford, Isiqinisekiso, Umqu. 2 (eBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. Namhlanje ii-JWs azilandeli ubuZionism baseRussian okanye ubu-Rutherford obuchasene nobuJuda, besithi abathathi cala kuwo nawuphi na umbuzo wezopolitiko.

[2] I-Watchtower Society izibonakalisa kwangaxeshanye njengeziko lezomthetho, njengendlu yokupapasha kunye nequmrhu lenkolo. Ukucaciswa phakathi kwala manqanaba ahlukeneyo kuyinkimbinkimbi kwaye, kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kudlulwe kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Ngezizathu zesithuba jonga: UGeorge D. Chryssides, U-A ukuya ku-Z wamaNgqina kaYehova (I-Lanham: Isoyikiso seCrow, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, 64; Isazisi, AmaNgqina kaYehova (ENew York: URoutledge, 2016), 141-144; UMnu James Penton, I-Apocalypse ilibazisekile. Ibali lamaNgqina kaYehova (I-Toronto: IYunivesithi yaseToronto Press, ngo-2015), 294-303.

[3] Igama elithi “amaNgqina kaYehova” lamkelwa ngoJulayi 26, 1931 kwindibano eyayiseColumbus, eOhio, xa uJoseph Franklin Rutherford, umongameli wesibini weMboniselo, wanikela intetho UBukumkani: Ithemba lehlabathi, Isisombululo Igama elitsha: "Sinqwenela ukwaziwa nokubizwa ngegama, oko kukuthi, amangqina kaYehova." AmaNgqina kaYehova: Abavakalisi BoBukumkani BukaThixo (EBrooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Ukhetho luphefumlelwe ngu-Isaya 43:10, isicatshulwa esithi, Ngo-2017 INguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha YeZibhalo Ezingcwele, ufundeka ngolu hlobo: “'Ningamangqina am,' utsho uYehova, 'uThixo, yaye kwakungekho namnye emva kwam'.” Kodwa eyona ntshukumisa yokwenyani yahlukile: “Ngo-1931 -ubhala u-Alan Rogerson- wafika isiganeko esibalulekileyo kwimbali yombutho. Kwiminyaka emininzi abalandeli bakaRutherford babebizwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo: 'aBafundi beBhayibhile beZizwe ngeZizwe', 'amaRussellites', okanye 'iMillennial Dawners'. Ngenjongo yokucacisa ngokucacileyo abalandeli bakhe abavela kwamanye amaqela awayehlukene ngo-1918 uRutherford wacebisa ukuba bamkele igama elitsha ngokupheleleyo Amangqina kaYehova.”UAlan Rogerson, Izigidi Eziphilayo Ngoku Azisayi Kuze Zife: Isifundo SamaNgqina KaYehova (ELondon: uConstable, 1969), 56. URutherford ngokwakhe uya kukungqina oku: “Ukusukela oko kwabhubha uCharles T. Russell kuye kwavela iinkampani ezininzi ezazisenziwa ngabo babekhe bahamba naye, nganye kwezi nkampani zibanga ukuba zifundisa inyani, kwaye ngamnye kubo ezibiza ngegama elithile, "Abalandeli bakaPastor Russell", "abo bemi ngenyaniso njengoko icacisiwe nguPastor Russell," "Associated Bible Student," kwaye abanye ngamagama eenkokheli zabo zasekuhlaleni. Konke oku kudla ngokudideka kuze kubathintele abo baneminqweno emihle nabangaxelelwanga bhetele ekufumaneni ulwazi lwenyaniso. ” "A Igama Elitsha ”, The Watch Tower, Oktobha 1, 1931, iphe. 291

[4] khangela M. James Penton [2015], 165-71.

[5] Ibid., 316-317. Imfundiso entsha, eyayisusa "ukuqonda okudala," yavela IMboniselo, NgoNovemba 1, 1995, 18-19. Imfundiso yafumana olunye utshintsho phakathi kuka-2010 kunye no-2015: ngo-2010 i-Watchtower Society yathi "isizukulwana" sowe-1914 - esathathwa ngamaNgqina kaYehova njengesizukulwana sokugqibela ngaphambi kweMfazwe yeArmagedon- siquka abantu abaphila ubomi obufana nobabo " Abathanjiswa ababesaphila ukuqala kwawo umqondiso ngo-1914. ” Ngo-2014 nango-2015, uFrederick W. Franz, owayengumongameli we-Watchtower Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) wachazwa njengomzekelo welinye lamalungu okugqibela “abathanjiswa” abasaphilayo ngo-1914, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba Isizukulwana ”kufuneka siquke bonke“ abathanjisiweyo ”de wasweleka ngo-1992. Funda inqaku elithi“ Indima Yomoya Oyingcwele Ekufezekisweni Kwenjongo KaYehova ”, The IMboniselo, Ngo-Epreli 15, 2010, iphe. 10 kunye nencwadi ka-2014 Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà! (Engl. UHlelo, UBukumkani BukaThixo Buyalawula!), incwadi eyakha ngokutsha, ngendlela yohlaziyo, imbali ye-JWs, ethi izame ukubeka umda kwesi sizukulwana singenayo ngokukhuphela ngaphandle kwisizukulwana nasiphi na isithanjiswa emva kokufa kowokugqibela othanjisiweyo ngaphambi kowe-1914. ukufundisa ngesizukulwane nje ukuba ixesha elinjalo lisilele ukuhlangatyezwa, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo nalo mqolomba uya kutshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha. “Esi sizukulwana sinamaqela amabini athabanayo athabanayo - elokuqala libunjwe ngabathanjiswa ababona ukuqala kokuzaliseka komqondiso ngo-1914 kwaye okwesibini, abathanjiswa abakhe baphila ngexesha elithile. Ubuncinci abanye beqela lesibini baya kuphila ukuze babone ukuqala kwembandezelo ezayo. La maqela mabini enza isizukulwana esinye kuba ayephila okwexeshana njengamaKristu athanjisiweyo. ” UBukumkani BukaThixo Buyalawula! (ERoma: ICongregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Umbhalo osemazantsi, iphe. 12: “Nabani na owathanjiswa emva kokusweleka kokugqibela kwabathanjisiweyo kwiqela lokuqala - oko kukuthi, emva kwabo babona“ ukuqala kwenimba ”ngo-1914-ngekhe abe yinxalenye 'yesi sizukulwana.' -Mat. 24: 8. ” Umzekeliso osencwadini  Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà!, kwiphepha. 12, ibonisa amaqela amabini ezizukulwana, athanjisiweyo ka-1914 kunye nelokuqala labathanjiswa abaphilayo namhlanje. Ngenxa yoko, ngoku kukho amaqela ama-3, njengoko IMboniselo ikholelwa ukuba inzaliseko yokuqala "yesizukulwana" ibhekisa kumaKristu enkulungwane yokuqala. AmaKristu enkulungwane yokuqala ayengadibani yaye kungekho siseko siseZibhalweni esifanele silungelelane namhlanje.

[6] M. James Penton [2015], 13.

[7] Bona: Michael W. Homer, "L'azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)", kuGian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. I valdesi fra ngenxa Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII e del XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma e sui movimenti religiosi in Italia (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 e 30 agosto- 1º settembre 1998) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 kunye ne-Id., "Ukufuna ubuKrestu bokuqala kwiintlambo ze-Waldensian: amaProtestanti, ama-Mormon, ama-Adventist namaNgqina kaYehova e-Italiya", Nova Religio (IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Press), Vol. 9, hayi. 4 (ngoMeyi 2006), 5-33. Icawa yeWaldensian Evangelical (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) yayiyinkolo yangaphambi kobuProtestanti eyasekwa ngumhlaziyi wamandulo uPeter Waldo ngenkulungwane ye-12 e-Itali. Ukusukela ngenkulungwane ye-16 yoHlaziyo, yamkela inkolo eHlaziyiweyo yaza yahlanganiswa kwisithethe esiHlaziyiweyo ngokubanzi. Icawe, emva koHlaziyo lwamaProtestanti, yabambelela kwimfundiso kaCalvin kwaye yaba lisebe lase-Italiya leecawa eziHlaziyiweyo, de yadibana ne-Methodist Evangelical Church ukuyila uManyano lweeCawa zamaWesile nezeWaldensia ngo-1975.

[8] Kumanqanaba okhenketho lukaRussell e-Itali, bona: IZion's Watch Tower, NgoFebruwari 15, 1892, 53-57 kunye nenani lika-Matshi 1, 1892, 71.

[9] Bona: UPaolo Piccioli, "Ngenxa ye-pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova", Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), hayi. 186 (Juni 2000), 76-81; Isazisi, Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa eItali negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; I-1982 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova (EBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 no “Abefundisi Ababini Abazithandayo Iincwadi zikaRussell", IMboniselo, Epreli 15, 2002, 28-29. UPaolo Piccoli, owayesakuba ngumveleli wesiphaluka wee-JWs (okanye ubhishophu, njenge-ofisi efanayo nakwezinye iicawa zamaKristu) nowayesisithethi sesizwe sase-Italiya se- “Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova”, iqumrhu lezomthetho elimele i-Watchtower Society e-Itali, usweleke umhlaza ngoSeptemba 6, 2010, njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku elishicilelwe kwisincoko esifutshane uPaolo Piccioli kunye noMax Wörnhard, “Inkulungwane Yokudinyazwa, Ukukhula kunye Nokuqondwa”, eGerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), AmaNgqina kaYehova aseYurophu: Ngaphambili nangoku, Umqu. I / 2 (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 1-134, wayengumbhali oyintloko wemisebenzi yamaNgqina e-Itali, ehlela neencwadi ezipapashwe yiWatchtower Society ezifana I-1982 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 113–243; Usebenze ngokungachazwanga ekuyileni imiqulu enje nge I-Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, yi-Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Ndingu ubungqina beGeova e-Italia: idosi (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) kwaye ingumbhali wezifundo ezininzi zembali ngamaNgqina kaYehova ase-Italiya kubandakanya: "I testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umqu. 41, hayi. 1 (ngoJanuwari-Matshi 2000), 191-229; "Ndiyingqinisiso Geova dopo il 1946: Un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umqu. 43, hayi. 1 (Januwari-Matshi 2002), 167-191, eya kuthi ibe sisiseko sencwadi Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa eItali negli scorsi cento anni (2010), kunye e “Ngenxa pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova” (2000), 77-81, kunye Introduzione ngo prof. UAugusto Comba, 76-77, oza kuba sisiseko senqaku elithi “Abefundisi Ababini Abazithandayo Iincwadi zikaRussell,” elapapashwa kwi IMboniselo ka-Epreli 15, 2002, apho, nangona kunjalo, ithoni yokuxolisa kunye ne-eschatological igxininiswa, kwaye i-bibliografi iyasuswa ukulungiselela ukufundwa. UPiccioli ngumbhali wenqaku, apho “intsomi yamaWaldo” nengcamango yokuba olu luntu, ekuqaleni, lwalulingana namaKrestu enkulungwane yokuqala, ilifa "lokuqala", elinesihloko esithi "AmaWaldens: Ukusuka Kuqhekeko ukuya Ubuprotestanti, ” I-Watch Tower, Nge-15 kaMatshi 2002, 20-23, kunye nebali elifutshane lenkolo, elibhalwe ngumfazi wakhe uElisa Piccioli, elinesihloko esithi "Ukuthobela uYehova Kundizisele Iintsikelelo ezininzi", epapashwe IMboniselo (Uhlelo Lokufundisa), ngoJuni 2013, 3-6.

[10] Bona: UCharles T. Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età (I-Pinerolo: iTipografia Sociale, 1904). UPaolo Piccioli uthi kwi Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (iphepha 77) iRivoir yaguqulela incwadi ngo-1903 yaza yahlawula iphuma epokothweni yayo iindleko zokupapashwa kwayo ngo-1904, kodwa yenye “intsomi yasezidolophini”: umsebenzi wahlawulwa yiCassa Generale dei Treaties yeZion's Watch ITower Society yaseAllegheny, PA, isebenzisa iOfisi yeWatch Tower eseYverdon njengommeli nomphathi, njengoko kuchaziwe ngu IZion's Watch Tower, NgoSeptemba 1, 1904, 258.

[11] E-US amaqela okuqala okufunda okanye amabandla asekwa ngo-1879, kwaye kungaphelanga nonyaka ngaphezulu kwama-30 kubo bebehlanganisene kangangeeyure ezintandathu zokufunda phantsi kolwalathiso lukaRussell, ukujonga iBhayibhile nemibhalo yakhe. M. James Penton [2015], 13-46. Amaqela azimeleyo i-ecclesiaUlwakhiwo lombutho uRussell waluthatha njengokubuyela "kubulula bendalo". Jonga: "I-Ekklesia", IZion's Watch Tower, Okthobha 1881. Ngowe-1882 IZion's Watch Tower Inqaku wathi uluntu ngokubanzi lwamaqela afundayo “aluchasanga ngokungqongqo kwaye ngenxa yoko alikho igama lamahlelo… asinasivumo sokholo sokusibopha kunye okanye sokugcina abanye bengekho kwinkampani yethu. IBhayibhile kuphela komgangatho wethu, neemfundiso zawo kuphela kwesivumo sokholo. ” Wongeze wathi: "Simanyene nawo onke amaKristu esinokuthi siwubone uMoya kaKristu." "Imibuzo neempendulo", IZion's Watch Tower, Epreli 1882. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, ebalekela nakweyiphi na inkolo, wathi ekuphela kwamagama afanelekileyo kwiqela lakhe aya kuba yi "Church of Christ", "Church of God" okanye "Christians". Waqukumbela ngelithi: “Nawaphi na amagama abantu abanokusibiza ngawo, akunamsebenzi kuthi; asazi elinye igama ngaphandle 'kwegama kuphela elinikwe phantsi kwezulu naphakathi kwabantu' - uYesu Krestu. Sizibiza ngokuba singamaKristu nje. ” "Igama lethu", IZion's Watch Tower, Februwari 1884.

[12] Ngo-1903 inkupho yokuqala yenkupho ILa Vedetta di Sion Ibizibiza ngegama lesiqhelo elithi "Icawa", kodwa ikwanayo ne "Christian Church" kunye ne "Faithful Church". Bona: ILa Vedetta di Sion, Umqu. Mna hayi. 1, Okthobha 1903, 2, 3. Ngo-1904 ecaleni "kweCawe" kukho intetho malunga "neCawe Yomhlambi Omncinane NamaKholwayo" kunye ne "Evangelical Church". Bona: ILa Vedetta di Sion, Umqu. 2, No. 1, Janyuwari 1904, 3. Ayizukuba yinto ekhethekileyo e-Italiya: imizila yolu hlaselo lobuzwe inokufumaneka kuhlelo lwesiFrentshi IZion's Watch Tower, i IPhare de la Tour de iZion: ngo-1905, kwileta eyathunyelwa yi-Waldensian Daniele Rivoire ichaza iingxoxo-mpikiswano zokholo malunga neemfundiso zikaRussell neKhomishini yecawa yamaWaldo, kuchazwa ekupheleni koku: “Ngale mvakwemini yangeCawa ndiya ku S. Germano Chisone entlanganisweni ( …) Apho kukho abantu abahlanu okanye abathandathu abanomdla kakhulu 'kwinyaniso yangoku'. Bona: Le Phare de la Tour de iZion, Umqu. 3, hayi. 1-3, Jenuary-Matshi 1905, 117.

[13] Le Phare de la Tour de iZion, Umqu. 6, hayi. NgoMeyi 5, ngoMeyi 1908, 139.

[14] Le Phare de la Tour de iZion, Umqu. 8, hayi. 4, Epreli 1910, 79.

[15] U-Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Uvimba weTheyibhile yama-Waldensian) - UTorre Pellice, eTurin.

[16] IBollettino Mensile della Chiesa (IMontly Bulletin yeCawa), Nge-1915 kaSeptemba.

[17] Il Vero Principe della Isantya (EBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] UAmoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza e antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (UDonzelli: Hlela, iRom 2006), 30.

[20] idem.

[21] Isicatshulwa sesivakalisi, isivakalisi akukho. 309 ka-Agasti 18, 1916, ithathwa ekubhaleni kuka-Alberto Bertone, URemigio Cuminetti, kuBabhali abahlukeneyo, Le periferie della memoria. Profili di testimoni di isantya (IVerona-Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] U-Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. Ngexesha lokuzibandakanya kwakhe ngaphambili, uCuminetti wazibonakalisa ngenkalipho kunye nesisa, encedisa "igosa elingxwelerhekileyo" "elazifumana liphambi komsele ngaphandle kokuba namandla okubuyela umva". UCuminetti, okwaziyo ukuhlangula eli gosa, wenzakala emlenzeni kulo msebenzi. Ekupheleni kwemfazwe, "ngesenzo sakhe senkalipho […] wanikwa imbasa yesilivere yobukroti emkhosini" kodwa wagqiba kwelokuba angavumi kuba "ebengenzanga loo nto ukuze afumane imali, kodwa ngothando lommelwane" . Bona: Vittorio Giosué Paschetto, "L'odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale", Intlanganiso, NgoJulayi-Agasti 1952, 8.

[23] Ngo-1920 uRutherford wayipapasha le ncwadi IMilioni okanye iViventi engeyiyo iMorranno Mai (Izigidi Eziphilayo Ngoku Azisayi Kuze Zife), eshumayela ukuba ngo-1925 “kuya kuphawula ukubuya [kovuko] luka-Abraham, uIsake, uYakobi kunye nabaprofeti abathembekileyo bakudala, ngakumbi abo bakhankanywe nguMpostile [Paul] kumaHebhere isahluko. 11, kwimeko yomntu ofezekileyo ”(eBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, ngo-1920, 88), intshayelelo ye-Armagheddon's Battle kunye nokubuyiselwa kweparadesi yase-Eden eMhlabeni. “Unyaka we-1925 ngumhla ngokuqinisekileyo ophawulwe ngokucacileyo kwiZibhalo, ucace nangakumbi kunalowo wowe-1914” (IWatch Tower(Julayi 15, 1924, 211). Ngokuphathelene noku, bona: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, I-Analisi di una setta: Mna ubungqina beGeova (Altamura: Filadelfia Hlela, 1985), 116-122 kunye ne-Id., Mna ubungqina nguGeova: un'ideologia che logora (I-Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] Kwingcinezelo yexesha lamaFasi, funda: UPaolo Piccioli, "I testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", IStudi Storici. I-Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umqu. 41, hayi. 1 (ngoJanuwari-Matshi 2000), 191-229; UGiorgio Rochat, Ulawulo lwe fascista e chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della ingcinezelo (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; UMatteo Pierro, Fra Martirio e Resistenza, La accompuzione nazista e fascista dei Testimoni di Geova (IComo: Hlela i-Actac, 1997); Achille Aveta kunye noSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (eCittà del Vaticano: Libreria Hlela iVaticana, 2000), I-13-38 kunye ne-Emanuele Pace, I-Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova e-ItaliaI-7 voll. (IGardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Hlela, 2013-2016).

[25] Bona: Massimo Introvigne, NdiyiTestimoni di Geova. Chi sono, yiza cambiano (ISiena: ICantagalli, 2015), 53-75. Ngamanye amaxesha ukungavisisani kuya kuphelela kungquzulwano oluvulekileyo ezitratweni oluxhokonxwa zizihlwele, ezindlwini zenkundla nditsho nakwintshutshiso enogonyamelo phantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi, lwamaKomanisi nolwenkululeko. Bona: M. James Penton, AmaNgqina kaYehova aseKhanada: Iintshatsheli zenkululeko yokuthetha nokunqula (EToronto: Macmillan, 1976); Isazisi, AmaNgqina kaYehova kunye neLizwe lesiThathu. AmaPolitiki amaCandelo phantsi koTshutshiso (EToronto: IYunivesithi yaseToronto Press, 2004). UHlelo NdiyiTestimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una hutsuzione (I-Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); UZoe Knox, “Ngaba AmaNgqina KaYehova Njengabantu Abangengabo Abantu BaseMerika? Izihlanganisi ezingokweZibhalo, iiLungelo lenkululeko yoluntu kunye nokuthanda izwe ”, kwi Ijenali yoPhando lwaseMelika, Umqu. 47, hayi. 4 (Novemba 2013), iphe. 1081-1108 kunye ne-Id, AmaNgqina KaYehova Nabehlabathi ihlabathi: Ukususela ngo-1870 ukuya ngoku (I-Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerbe, I-Zwischen Widerstand kunye neMartyrium: die Zeugen Jehovas im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) kunye no-EB Baran, Ukungavisisani neMida: Indlela AmaNgqina KaSoviet Awayebugatya Ngayo UbuKomanisi Nendlela Awayephila Ngayo Eshumayela Ngabo (I-Oxford: IYunivesithi yaseOxford Press, ngo-2014).

[26] UGiorgio Rochat, I-regime fascista e Chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo e della ingcinezelo (UTorino: UClaudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Ibid., 290. I-OVRA sisifinyezo esithetha "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" okanye, ngesiNgesi, "anti-fascism repression vigilance". Iqulunqwe yintloko yorhulumente ngokwakhe, engazange isetyenziswe kwizenzo ezisemthethweni, ibonakalise ubunzima beenkonzo zamapolisa ezifihlakeleyo ngexesha lolawulo lwama-fascist e-Itali ukusukela ngo-1927 ukuya ku-1943 kunye ne-Italiyali yeNtlalontle yeNtlalontle ukusuka ngo-1943 ukuya ku-1945, xa embindini-kumantla e-Itali. wayephantsi kolawulo lwamaNazi, elingana ne-Italiya kwi-National Socialist Gestapo. Bona: UCarmine Senise, Quand'ero capo della polizia. Ngo-1940-1943 (Roma: Ruffolo Hlelaore, 1946); UGuido Leto, I-OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (IBologna; uCappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, L'orecchio del urhulumente. Le intercettazioni telefoniche al tempo del fascismo; ukuboniswa kukaGiuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); UMimmo Franzinelli, I tentacoli dell'OVRA. Ummeli, umdibaniselwano e vittime della polizia politica fascista (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); UMauro Canali, Le spie del urhulumente (IBologna: Il Mulino, 2004); UDomenico Vecchioni, Le spie del fascismo. Uomini, apparati e operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) kunye noAntonio Sannino, Il Fantasma dell'Ovra (IMilano: I-Greco kunye neGrisi, ngo-2011).

[28] Uxwebhu lokuqala olulandelweyo lubhalwe umhla we-30 kuMeyi 1928. Le ikopi ye-telespresso [i-telespresso lunxibelelwano oluhlala luthunyelwa li-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle okanye oonozakuzaku abahlukeneyo base-Italiya aphesheya] ngomhla we-28 kaMay, 1928, othunyelwe ngu Umgaqo weBern kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, okhokelwa nguBenito Mussolini, ngoku ose-Central State Archive [ZStA - Rome], Ministry of the Interior [MI], General Public Security Division [GPSD], General Reserved Affairs Division [GRAD], ikati. G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] Kutyelelo lwamapolisa obu-fascist eBrooklyn jonga i-ZStA-eRoma, MI, GPSD, GRAD, ikati. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, isicatshulwa esibhalwe ngesandla kwisivumelwano esapapashwa yi-Watchtower Un Appello zonke Potenze del Mondo, eqhotyoshelwe kwi-telespresso yomhla wesi-5 kuDisemba 1929 yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle; Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, nge-23 kaNovemba ngo-1931.

[30] UJoseph F. Rutherford, Iintshaba (EBrooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. Izicatshulwa ziphinda zenziwe kwisihlomelo sengxelo eyaqulunqwa nguMhloli-Jikelele woKhuseleko kuLuntu uPetrillo, womhla we-10/11/1939, XVIII I-Fascist Era, N. 01297 yeprot., N. Ovra 038193, e-ZStA-Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, isihloko: "Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'".

[31] «Sette inkolo yonqulo "IPentekoste" ed altre », isetyhula yomphathiswa akukho. 441/027713 ka-Agasti 22, 1939, 2.

[32] khangela: I-Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila, Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] Ndivavanywa nguGeova e-Italia: Dossier (I-Roma: I-Congregazione Cristiana dei proofoni di Geova), 20.

[34] "Isibhengezo" siza kuphinda senziwe kwaye siguqulelwe kwisiNgesi kwisihlomelo.

[35] UBernard Fillaire noJanine Tavernier, Les amahlelo (EParis: Le Cavalier Bleu, Ingqokelela ye-Idées, 2003), 90-91

[36] IWatchtower Society ngokufanelekileyo isifundisa ukuba sixoke ngokungqalileyo nangokuthe ngqo: “Kukho, nangona kunjalo, inye into eyahlukileyo ekufuneka umKristu ayikhumbule. Njengejoni likaKristu uthatha inxaxheba kumlo wobuthixo kwaye kufuneka alumke kakhulu xa ejongene neentshaba zikaThixo. Ngapha koko, iZibhalo zibonisa oko ukukhusela iimfuno zenjongo kaThixo, kulungile ukuyifihla inyani kwiintshaba zikaThixo. .. Oku kuya kubandakanywa kwigama "iqhinga lemfazwe", njengoko kuchaziwe kwi ILa Torre di Guardia ka-Agasti 1, 1956, kwaye iyavisisana necebiso likaYesu lokuba “nobulumko njengeenyoka” xa uphakathi kweengcuka. Ukuba iimeko zifuna ukuba umKristu anike ubungqina enkundleni efunga ukuthetha inyani, ukuba uyathetha, kufuneka athethe inyani. Ukuba uzibona sele engenye indlela yokuthetha nokungcatsha abantakwabo, okanye athule kwaye axelwe enkundleni, umKristu okhulileyo uya kuyibeka intlalo-ntle yabantakwabo phambi kweyakhe ”. ILa Torre di Guardia kaDisemba 15, 1960, iphe. 763, ugxininiso longezwa. La magama asisishwankathelo esicacileyo sokuma kwamaNgqina kwicebo "lemfazwe yobuthixo". KumaNgqina, bonke abagxeki nabachasi beWatch Tower Society (abakholelwa ukuba kuphela kombutho wamaKristu ehlabathini) bathathwa ngokuba "baziingcuka", abahlala besilwa noMbutho omnye, abalandeli babo, ngokuchaseneyo, kuthiwa " iigusha ”. Kulungile ke ukuba 'iigusha' ezingenabungozi zisebenzise iqhinga lokulwa neengcuka ngenjongo yomsebenzi kaThixo ”. ILa Torre di Guardia ka-Agasti 1, 1956, iphe. 462.

[37] Ausiliario per caire la Bibbia (Roma: ICongregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] I-Perspicacia nello studio delle Isikripthi, Umqu. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Bona: IMboniselo, Juni 1, 1997, 10 ss.

[39] LI-etter evela kwisebe lase-France ityikitye i-SA / SCF, yomhla we-11 kuNovemba 1982, yaphinda yaveliswa kwisihlomelo.

[40] I-1987 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 157.

[41] Kwi I-1974 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova (Ngo-1975 ngesiTaliyane), i-Watchtower Society ngoyena mmangaleli ophambili ka-Balzereit, owatyhola ngokuba "wenza buthathaka" umbhalo waseJamani ngokuwuguqulela ukusuka esiNgesini. Kwisiqendu sesithathu kwiphepha le-111 impapasho yeWatchtowerian ithi: “Kwakungekokokuqala uMzalwan 'uBalzereit egalela amanzi ngolwimi olucacileyo nolungathandabuzekiyo lweempapasho zoMbutho ukuthintela ubunzima kwiiarhente zikarhulumente.” Kwaye kwiphepha le-112, iqhubeka ithi, “Nangona isibhengezo besibuthathaka kwaye uninzi lwabazalwana belungavumi ngentliziyo iphela ukwamkelwa kwalo, kodwa urhulumente waba nomsindo kwaye waqalisa ukubatshutshisa abo babesasasaza. ” “Ekuzikhuseleni” iBalzereit sinezinto ezimbini ezibonakaliswe nguSergio Pollina: “IBalzereit inokuba ibinoxanduva lokuguqulela iSibhengezo saseJamani, kwaye inokuba ikwanoxanduva lokuyila ileta eya kuHitler. Nangona kunjalo, kuyacaca ngokucacileyo ukuba akazange awasebenzise ngokutshintsha amagama awakhethayo. Okokuqala, iWatchtower Society yapapashwa kwi I-1934 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova Inguqulelo yesiNgesi yesiBhengezo- ephantse yafana nohlobo lwaseJamani- esenza isimemezelo sayo esisemthethweni kuHitler, kumagosa aseburhulumenteni aseJamani, nakumagosa aseJamani, ukusuka kwelona likhulu ukuya kwelona lincinci; kwaye konke oku ngekhe kwenziwe ngaphandle kwemvume epheleleyo kaRutherford. Okwesibini, inguqulelo yesiNgesi yesiBhengezo icwangciswe ngokucacileyo kwisitayile esiqinisekileyo sejaji. Okwesithathu, amabinzana abhekiswe kumaJuda aqulethwe kwiSibhengezo ahambelana ngakumbi nento enokwenzeka ukuba uEva abhalele umMelika onje ngoRutherford ukuba into ebinokubhalwa ngumJamani ... Ekugqibeleni [uRutherford] wayenguzwilakhe onguzwilakhe ongenakunyamezela yokungathobeli ukuba uBalzereit abenetyala ngokuthomalalisa Isibhengezo … Nokuba ngubani lo wabhala iSibhengezo, inyani kukuba sapapashwa njengoxwebhu olusemthethweni lweWatchtower Society. ” USergio Pollina, URisposta "uSvegliatevi!" dell'8 luglio 1998, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] Ngo-Epreli 1933, emva kokuvalwa kombutho wabo kuninzi lwaseJamani, i-JWs yaseJamani- emva kotyelelo lukaRutherford kunye nomlingani wakhe uNathan H. Knorr- ngomhla wama-25 kuJuni 1933 bahlanganisa amawaka asixhenxe abathembekileyo eBerlin, apho kwamkelwa 'iSibhengezo' , Ithunyelwe kunye neeleta eziya kumalungu abalulekileyo kurhulumente (kubandakanya u-Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler), kwaye ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezibini zeekopi zisasazwa kwiiveki ezilandelayo. Iileta kunye neSibhengezo-esokugqibela asiloxwebhu oluyimfihlo, kamva laphinda lashicilelwa I-1934 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova kumaphepha 134-139, kodwa ayikho kwindawo yogcino zincwadi ekwi-Intanethi ekwi-Intanethi, kodwa ijikeleza kwi-intanethi kwi-pdf kwiindawo eziphikisayo-ibonisa inzame kaRutherford yokuzibandakanya kulawulo lwamaNazi ukuze ufumane unyamezelo kunye nokususwa isibhengezo. Ngelixa ileta eya kuHitler ikhumbula ukwala kwaBafundi beBhayibhile ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinzame ezichasene neJamani ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iSibhengezo seNyaniso sidlala ikhadi elinciphisa inkululeko yabantu abaphantsi, iqinisekile ukuba "Urhulumente waseJamani okhoyo ngoku Imfazwe yokucinezelwa kwamashishini amakhulu (…); Esi sisimo sethu kanye ”. Ngapha koko, yongezwa ukuba amaNgqina kaYehova kunye noRhulumente waseJamani bachasene noManyano Lwezizwe kunye nefuthe lenkolo kwezopolitiko. “Abantu baseJamani baphethwe kakubi kakhulu ukusukela ngo-1914 kwaye bangamaxhoba okuphathwa gwenxa ngabanye. Ubuzwe buye babhengeza konke ukungalungisi okunje kwaye babhengeza ukuba 'ubudlelwane bethu noThixo buphezulu kwaye bungcwele.' ”Ephendula kwimpikiswano esetyenziswe ngurhulumente ngokuchasene ne-JWs, etyholwa ngokuxhaswa ngamaJuda, iSibhengezo sithi iindaba bubuxoki, kuba “Utyholwa ngobuxoki ziintshaba zethu ukuba sifumene inkxaso yezemali yomsebenzi wethu kumaYuda. Akukho nto ikude nenyaniso. Kude kube yile yure akukaze kubekho nentwana encinci yemali ethe yanikelwa kumsebenzi wethu ngamaJuda. Singabalandeli abathembekileyo bakaKrestu Yesu kwaye sikholelwa kuye njengoMsindisi wehlabathi, kanti amaJuda amkhanyela ngokupheleleyo uYesu Krestu kwaye aphika ukuba unguMsindisi wehlabathi elithunyelwe nguThixo ngenxa yokulunga komntu. Obu bubungqina bokwaneleyo bokubonisa ukuba asifumani nkxaso kumaYuda kwaye ke izityholo abekwa zona zibubuxoki kwaye zinokuvela kuphela kuSathana, utshaba lwethu olukhulu. Obona bukhosi bukhulu nobona bunengcinezelo emhlabeni bubukhosi bamaNgesi namaMerika. Oko kuthetha ukuba uBukhosi base-Bhritane, i-United States of America eyinxalenye yabo. Kube ngamaJuda orhwebo obukhosi baseBritane naseMelika abakhe kwaye baqhuba iBusiness Big njengendlela yokuxhaphaza nokucinezela abantu beentlanga ezininzi. Le nyani isebenza ikakhulu kwizixeko zaseLondon naseNew York, iinqaba zeShishini eliKhulu. Le nyaniso icace gca eMelika kangangokuba kukho umzekeliso malunga nesixeko saseNew York othi: “AmaJuda ayayiphatha, amaKatolika ase-Ireland ayayilawula, kwaye amaMelika ayawahlawula amatyala.” Yandula ke yathi: “Njengokuba umbutho wethu uyixhasa ngokupheleleyo le migaqo ilungileyo kwaye uzibandakanya ekuphumezeni umsebenzi wokukhanyisela abantu malunga neLizwi likaYehova uThixo, uSathana ngobuqhetseba bakhe [sic] uzama ukumisela urhulumente ukuba alwe nomsebenzi wethu kwaye atshabalalise kungenxa yokuba sibalaselisa ukubaluleka kokwazi nokukhonza uThixo. ” Njengoko bekulindelekile, Isibhengezo ayinampembelelo ingako, phantse ngokungathi ibikukuxhokonxa, kwaye intshutshiso ngokuchasene ne-JWs yaseJamani, ukuba ikho, iyanda. Bona: I-1974 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 110-111; "AmaNgqina KaYehova — Enesibindi Ngethuba LamaNazi ”, UVukani!, NgoJulayi 8, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, “uA ibali of Ukuzama ukuyekelela: AmaNgqina kaYehova, anti-Ubume bamaYuda, kwaye i Ulawulo lwesithathu ”, The Ukufuna komKristu, Umqu. Mna hayi. 3 (Ihlobo 1990), 36-38; Isazisi, NdiyiTestimoni di Geova e il Terzo Reich. Inediti di una pursuzione (I-Bologna: I-ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; Achille Aveta kunye noSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Hlela iVaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] bona: I-1987 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 163, 164.

[44] bona: UJames A. Beckford, Ixilongo lesiprofeto. Isifundo seNtlalontle samaNgqina kaYehova (I-Oxford, UK: IYunivesithi yaseOxford Press, ngo-1975), 52-61.

[45] Jonga ungeniso lwe-encyclopedic AmaNgqina kaYehova, M. James Penton (ed.), I-Encyclopedia Americana, Umqu. I-XX (iGrolier Incorporate, 2000), 13.

[46] The IEncyclopædia Britannica uphawula ukuba iSikolo saseGiliyadi senzelwe ukuqeqesha “abavangeli basemazweni kunye neenkokheli”. Jonga ungeniso Isikolo seBhayibhile seWatch Tower saseGiliyadi, J. Gordon Melton (ed.), IEncyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; Amalungu amabini ngoku eQumrhu Elilawulayo le-JWs ngabo babesakuba ngabathunywa bevangeli baseGiliyadi (uDavid Splane noGerrit Lösch, njengoko kuchaziwe IMboniselo kaDisemba 15, 2000, 27 noJuni 15, 2004, 25), kunye namalungu amane aswelekileyo ngoku, okt uMartin Poetzinger, uLloyd Barry, uCarey W. Barber, uTheodore Jaracz (njengoko kuchaziwe IMboniselo kaNovemba 15, 1977, 680 nangaphakathi ILa Torre di Guardia, LwesiTaliyane, lwangoJuni 1, 1997, 30, lwangoJuni 1, 1990, 26 noJuni 15, 2004, 25) noRaymond V. Franz, owayesakuba ngumthunywa wevangeli ePuerto Rico ngo-1946 nommeli weWatchtower Society kwiCaribbean de Ngo-1957, xa ii-JWs zavalwa kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican nguzwilakhe uRafael Trujillo, kamva wagxothwa entwasahlobo yowe-1980 kwikomkhulu lehlabathi eBrooklyn ngezityholo zokuba kufutshane nabasebenzi abagxothwa “ngenxa yokuwexuka”, kwaye wazisusa kubudlelane ngo-1981 ngenxa yokuba isidlo sasemini kunye nomqeshi wakhe, owayesakuba ngu-JW Peter Gregerson, owarhoxa kwi-Watchtower Society. Jonga: “Abathweswe izidanga besiGiliyadi abangama-61 kunyango lokomoya”, IMboniselo kaNovemba 1, 1976, 671 noRaymond V. Franz, Crisi di coscienza. UFedeltà a Dio o alla propria Religione? (I-Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Idatha ekhankanywe ku: Paolo Piccioli, "Mna ubungqina beGeova dopo il 1946: un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", IStudi Storici: rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (ICarocci Editore), Umqu. 43, hayi. 1 (ngoJanuwari-Matshi 2001), 167 kunye ILa Torre di Guardia Matshi 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, kwincwadi yakhe I-Analisi di una setta: i testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) kwiphepha le-148 inani elifanayo lamabandla, angama-35, kodwa ngabalandeli abangama-95 kuphela, I-1982 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, kwiphepha 178, ikhumbula ukuba, ngowe-1946 “kwakukho umndilili wabavakalisi boBukumkani abangama-95 benabashumayeli abali-120 abasuka kumabandla amancinane angama-35.”

[48] Ngo-1939, iphephancwadi lamaKatolika iGenesis FidesKwinqaku ebhalwe "ngumfundisi onenkathalo yemiphefumlo", waqinisekisa ukuba "intshukumo yamaNgqina kaYehova bubukomanisi obungakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo kunye nohlaselo olucacileyo kukhuseleko lukarhulumente". Umfundisi ongaziwayo wazichaza "njengeminyaka emithathu ezibophelela ngamandla ngokuchasene nale ntshukumo", emi ngokuzimela kurhulumente wobuzwilakhe. Jonga: "NdinguTestimoni di Geova e-Italia", Fides, hayi. 2 (ngoFebruwari 1939), 77-94. Kwintshutshiso yamaProtestanti jonga: Giorgio Rochat [1990], iphepha 29-40; UGiorgio Spini, Italia di Mussolini e protestanti (UTurin: UClaudiana, 2007).

[49] Ngobunzima bezopolitiko nenkcubeko ye "New Evangelicalism" emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi jonga: Robert Ellwood, Indawo yemarike yokomoya engama-XNUMX: Inkolo yaseMelika kwiminyaka elishumi yokuNgqubana (I-Rutgers University Press, 1997).

[50] Bona: URoy Palmer Domenico, "'Ngenxa kaKrestu apha e-Italiya: Umceli mngeni wamaProtestanti aseMelika e-Itali kunye nokungaqondakali kweNkcubeko yemfazwe ebandayo", Imbali yozakuzo (I-Oxford University Press), Umqu. 29, hayi. 4 (Septemba 2005), 625-654 kunye no-Owen Chadwick, Icawa yamaKristu kwiMfazwe ebandayo (ENgilani: IHarmondsworth, ngo-1993).

[51] Bona: "IPorta aperta ai trust americani la firma del trattato Sforza-Dunn ", Unità, NgoFebruwari 2, 1948, 4 no "Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti", NdinguAvanti! (UHlelo lwaseRoma), Februwari 2, 1948, 1. Amaphephandaba Unità kwaye NdinguAvanti! Babelilungu ngokulandelelana leqela lamaKomanisi e-Italiya kunye neqela lase-Italiya. Eyokugqibela, ngelo xesha, yayikwizikhundla ze-pro-Soviet kunye neMarxist.

[52] Ngomsebenzi weCawa yamaKatolika emva kweMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi, bona: UMaurilio Guasco, Chiesa e cattolicesimo e-Italia (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); UAndrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica e-Italia nel secondo dopoguerra", uGabriele De Rosa, uTullio Gregory, noAndré Vauchez (ed.), UStoria dell'Italia religiosa: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; UPietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), Le chiese di Pio XII (Roma-Bari: Kamva, 1986), 3-19; UElio Guerriero, I cattolici e il dopoguerra (UMilano 2005); UFrancesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. Cattolici, partito e stato nella storia d'Italia (IBologna 1998); UVittorio De Marco, U-barricate u -ibiliibili. I-chiesa e-Italia tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); UFrancesco Malgieri, Chiesa, cattolici e yedemokhrasi: da Sturzo yiDe Gasperi, (Brescia 1990); UGiovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico e società civile", Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione. IStudi sul rapporto chiesa-società nell'età contemporanea (UCasale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; UAndrea Riccardi, Roma «città sacra»? UDalla Conciliazione all'operazione Sturzo (UMilano 1979); UAntonio Prandi, I-Chiesa e politica: la gerarchia e l'impegno politico dei cattolici e-Italia (IBologna 1968).

[53] Ngokutsho koonozakuzaku base-Italiya eWashington, "amasekela namalungu e-senator" angama-310 angenelele "ngokubhala okanye ngokobuqu, kwiSebe likaRhulumente" ngenxa yeCawa kaKristu. Bona: ASMAE [Uvimba-mpepha Wezembali kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, Imicimbi yezopolitiko], Holy SeeNgowe-1950-1957, b. 1688, yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, nge-22 kaDisemba, 1949; IASMAE, Holy SeeNgo-1950, b. 25, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, Februwari 16, 1950; IASMAE, Holy SeeNgowe-1950-1957, b. 1688, ileta kunye nenqaku eliyimfihlo elivela kwindlu yozakuzo yase-Italiya eWashington, Matshi 2, 1950; IASMAE, Holy SeeNgowe-1950-1957, b. 1688, yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, 31/3/1950; IASMAE, Holy SeeNgowe-1950-1957, b. 1687, kubhalwe "imfihlo nobuntu" boZakuzo wase-Italiya eWashington kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, ngoMeyi 15, 1953, bonke bacatshulwe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] Kwimeko enzima yamahlelo ama-Katolika kwimfazwe yasemva kwemfazwe e-Italiya, bona: USergio Lariccia, Stato e chiesa e-Italia (1948-1980) (IBrescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", ku Teoria e prassi delle libertà di zonqulo (IBologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; UGiorgio Peyrot, Gli evangelici nei loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; UArturo Carlo Jemolo, “Le libertà garantite dagli artt. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ", Il diritto ecclesiastico, (1952), 405-420; UGiorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti e-Italia", I-Ponte (NgoJuni 1950), 670-689; Id., "La accompuzione contro gli evangelici e-Italia", I-Ponte (NgoJanuwari 1953), 1-14; UGiacomo Rosapepe, Inquisizione addomesticata, (Bari: Kamva, 1960); ULuigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle zonqulo oluncinci e-Italia (IMilan-Rome: Edizioni Avanti!, 1956); U-Ernesto Ayassot, Ndikhankanya e-Italia (IMilan: Indawo 1962), 85 133.

[55] IASMAE, Holy SeeNgo-1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, isibizo sobupostile e-Itali, nge-3 kaSeptemba 1947, esiya kuHloniphekileyo uMhlonishwa. UCarlo Sforza, Umphathiswa Wezangaphandle. Eyokugqibela izakuphendula ithi "Ndixelele ununcio ukuba angaxhomekeka kumnqweno wethu wokuphepha izinto ezinokukhathaza iimvakalelo kunye noxinzelelo olunokubonakala". I-ASMAE, iDGAP [ICandelo loMlawuli Jikelele weMicimbi yezopolitiko], kwi-Ofisi ye-VII, Holy See, NgoSeptemba 13, 1947. Kwenye inqaku elibhekiswe kwiCandelo loMlawuli wezeMicimbi yezoPolitiko yoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle ngoSeptemba 19, 1947, sabufunda obu bugcisa. U-11 wayengenasizathu sokwenza isivumelwano ne-Itali (…) kwizithethe zenkululeko kwilizwe lase-Italiya kwimicimbi yezenkolo. Kwinqaku ("Isishwankathelo seMizuzu") kaNovemba 23, 1947 igqiza laseMelika laqaphela iingxaki ezaphakanyiswa yiVatican, zonke zikhankanywe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] IASMAE, Holy SeeNgo-1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, ubizo lobupostile e-Itali, inqaku lika-Okthobha 1, 1947. Kwinqaku elalandelayo, ununcio wacela ukongeza esi silungiso silandelayo: “Abemi beQela eliPhakamileyo elingena kwiKhontrakthi baya kuba nakho kwimimandla yelinye iqela elingena kwikontraki ukusebenzisa ilungelo yenkululeko yesazela kunye nenkolo ngokungqinelana nemithetho yomgaqo-siseko yala maqela mabini aphezulu enza isivumelwano ”. I-ASMAE, iDGAP, iOfisi VII, Holy See, NgoSeptemba 13, 1947, okhankanywe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] IASMAE, Holy SeeNgo-1947, b. 8, fasc. I-8, "Isishwankathelo semizuzu" ngabathunywa baseMelika, nge-2 ka-Okthobha ka-1947; Isikhumbuzo esivela kubathunywa base-Italiya kwiseshoni ka-Okthobha 3, 1947. Kwinqaku elivela kwiCandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle lango-Okthobha 4, 1947 kwathiwa "amagatya akwezobugcisa. 11 mayela nenkululeko yesazela kunye nenkolo […] ayiqhelekanga kwisivumelwano sobuhlobo, urhwebo kunye nokuhambahamba. Kukho izinto ezandulelayo kuphela kwizivumelwano ezazichazwa phakathi kwamazwe amabini angenampucuko ilinganayo ”, ekhankanywe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[58] UNksk. UDomenico Tardini, weSecretariat of State of the Holy See, kwileta yomhla we-4/10/1947, waqaphela ukuba inqaku le-11 lesivumelwano "laliwonakalisa ngokumandla amalungelo eCawa yamaKatolika, neyayimiselwe ngokusemthethweni kwiSivumelwano saseLateran". "Ngaba iyakuyihlazisa i-Itali, kunye nengqumbo kwi-Holy See, ukufaka inqaku elicwangcisiweyo kwisivumelwano sezorhwebo?" IASMAE, Holy SeeNgo-1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, ileta evela kuMsgr. Tardini kwi-nuncio yabapostile, nge-4 ka-Okthobha ka-1947. Kodwa ezi zilungiso azizukuvunywa ngabathunywa base-US, ababethetha ne-Italiya ukuba urhulumente wase-Washington, ethatha ngokuchasene "nembono kawonke-wonke yaseMelika", uninzi lwamaProtestanti nolwevangeli. ezinokuthi "zibeke iSivumelwano ngokwaso ukuba sidlale kwaye sonakalise ubudlelwane beVatican-American". ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasc. 8, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, i-DGAP, i-Ofisi ye-VII, ngokuchanekileyo kuMphathiswa uZoppi, nge-17 ka-Okthobha ka-1947.

[59] Ubomi bukaGeorge Fredianelli, obunesihloko esithi “Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, yapapashwa kwi ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane), ngo-Epreli 1, 1974, 198-203 (uHlelo oluCwangcisiweyo: "Umnyango omkhulu okhokelela emsebenzini uyavulwa", IMboniselo(Novemba 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] Iileta ezazithunyelwe kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, yomhla ka-Epreli 11, 1949 nangoSeptemba 22, 1949, ngoku zikwi-ACC [Archives of the Christian Congregation of Jehovah of Rome, in Italy], zikhankanyiwe ePaolo Piccioli [2001], 168 Iimpendulo ezingalunganga zoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle zikwi-ASMAE, Imicimbi Yezopolitiko yase-US, ngo-1949, b. 38, inomdla. 5, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphandle, lomhla kaJulayi 8, 1949, Okthobha 6, 1949 nangoSeptemba 19, 1950.

[62] ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 271 / Inxalenye ngokubanzi.

[63] Bona: Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protanti eItali ”, I-Ponte (NgoJuni 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei ubungqina kwiGeova e-Italia", ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoMatshi 1, 1951, 78-79, imbalelwano engatyikitywanga (njengesiqhelo kwii-JWs ukusukela ngo-1942 ukubheka phambili) ukusuka kuhlelo lwaseMelika lwe I-1951 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova. Qaphela: I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 190-192.

[65] ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethi, Ngowe-1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis kunye neMorse. Bona: ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 266, ileta evela ku-Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, yomhla we-9 ku-Epreli 1953; ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 270 / Brescia, isithili saseBrescia, ngoSeptemba 28, 1952; ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1957-1960, b. 219 / Abavangeli bamaProtestanti baseMelika kunye nabaFundisi, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, ICandelo leMicimbi yezoNqulo, ngokuchanekileyo kwi-Hon. UBisori, ongenamhla, ocatshulwe kuPaolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 173, awakhankanya kwisicatshulwa seZStA- Roma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis kunye neMorse kunye neZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 270 / Bologna. 

[67] Thatha, umzekelo, okwenzekayo kwidolophu ekummandla waseTreviso, eCavaso del Tomba, ngo-1950. Emva kwesicelo samaPentekoste sokuba afumane amanzi kwelinye lamakhaya abo abavangeli basemazweni, umasipala waseChristian Democratic waphendula ngeleta yomhla ka-Epreli. 6, 1950, umthetho olandelwayo no. 904: “Ngenxa yesicelo sakho somhla wamashumi amathathu ananye kwinyanga yoKwindla ephelileyo, ngokunxulumene nento [isicelo semvume yokuqeshisa amanzi ukuze isetyenziswe emakhaya], sinazisa ukuba ibhunga likamasipala lizimisele, licinga ukutolika umyolelo wesininzi abemi, ukungabinako ukukunika ukuqeshisa kwamanzi ukuba usetyenziselwe indlu kwindlu ebekwe eVicolo Buso no 31, kuba le ndlu ihlala nguMnumzana Marin Enrico owaziwayo yayinguGiacomo, osebenzisa inkolo yePentekoste. ilizwe, ukongeza ekuthintelweni nguRhulumente wase-Itali, liyayicaphukisa imvakalelo yamaKatolika uninzi lwabemi balo Masipala. ” Bona: uLuigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle zonqulo oluncinci e-Italia (IMilano: Edizione l'Avanti!, 1956).

[68] Amagunya asebupoliseni eChristian Democratic e-Itali, alandela le mithetho, aya kuthi aziboleke umsebenzi wengcinezelo ngokuchasene ne-JWs enyanisweni enikezela ngonqulo kwindlu ngendlu ngenjongo yokufumana isixa esincinci. UPaolo Piccioli, kuphando lwakhe ngomsebenzi weWatch Tower Society e-Itali ukusukela ngo-1946 ukuya ku-1976, uxela ukuba umphathi we-Ascoli Piceno, umzekelo, ucele imiyalelo ngalo mbandela kuMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi kwaye waxelelwa ukuba "anike amapolisa abeka ngqo amalungiselelo ukuze umsebenzi wobuxoki wamalungu ombutho uchaphazelekayo [amaNgqina kaYehova] uthintelwe nangayiphi na indlela ”(bona: ZStA - Rome, MI, IKhabinethi, Ngowe-1953-1956, b. 270 / Ascoli Piceno, inqaku lika-Epreli 10, 1953, Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, ICandelo loLawulo loKhuseleko loLuntu). Ngapha koko, umkhomishinala kurhulumente wommandla weTrentino-Alto Adige kwingxelo yomhla kaJanuwari 12, 1954 (ngoku useZStA-Rome, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 271 / Trento, ocatshulwe ku idem.) Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangatshutshiswa [i-JWs] ngenxa yezimvo zabo zonqulo, njengoko abefundisi baseTrentino befuna, abahlala bejika kwisikhululo samapolisa ngaphambili ". Umphathi weBari, kwelinye icala, wafumana le miyalelo ilandelayo “ukuze umsebenzi wepropaganda […] uthintelwe nangayiphi na indlela kwinto yokuguqula abantu kwaye malunga nokuhanjiswa kwemibhalo eprintiweyo kunye neepowusta” (ZStA-Roma, MI, IKhabinethiNgowe-1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, inqaku eliphuma kwi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa Wezangaphakathi, ngoMeyi 7, 1953). Ngokuphathelene noku, jonga: UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] bona: Ragioniamo facendo uso delle Isikripthi (ERoma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Ileta evela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs lisayine i-SCB: SSB, yomhla ka-Agasti 14, 1980.

[71] Ileta evela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs ityikitye i-SCC: SSC, yomhla kaJulayi 15, 1978.

[72] Kucatshulwe kwimbalelwano yabucala phakathi kweQumrhu Elilawulayo noAchille Aveta, ecatshulwe kwincwadi ka-Achille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] ULinda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. I-ISTAT (iZiko leNkcazo leSizwe) liqumrhu loluntu lase-Itali elisebenza ngokubalwa kwabantu ngokubanzi, iinkonzo kunye nomzi mveliso, kunye nezolimo, isampulu yophando lwasekhaya kunye nophando ngokubanzi loqoqosho kwinqanaba likazwelonke.

[74] "Continuiamo a vivere come 'residenti temporanei'", ILe Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo Lokufunda), ngoDisemba 2012, 20.

[75] Ileta evela kwisebe lase-Roma le-JWs ityikitye i-SB, yomhla ka-Disemba 18, 1959, yenziwa kwakhona ngefoto e-Achille Aveta nase-Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, kwaye yapapashwa kwisihlomelo. Inguqu kwezopolitiko kubunkokheli be-JW, ngaphandle kolwazi lwabanyanisekileyo, kugxilwe e-Itali kuphela, iba gwenxa kuba, ukuze ufumane indawo zikanomathotholo kunye nomabonakude "kwiinkqubo zokufikelela" ukuze bakwazi ukubamba iinkomfa zebhayibhile, umabonwakude kunye noonomathotholo, iinkokeli zonqulo zeminyaka eliwaka zizibonakalisa, nangona bengathathi cala kwezopolitiko kwaye kungavunyelwa nabaphi na abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwezopolitiko nakwezobuzwe, ezinjengezo zibanjwa minyaka le e-Itali ngo-Epreli 25 ukukhumbula ukuphela kweSibini. Imfazwe yeHlabathi kunye neNkululeko kwi-Nazi-fascism, njengomnye wabaxhasi abaqinisekileyo bamaxabiso eriphabhlikhi yokuchasana ne-fascist; eneneni, kwileta yomhla kaSeptemba 17, 1979 eyayibhalelwe abaphathi abaphezulu beRAI [inkampani engumboneleli wenkonzo kanomathotholo kunye nomabonakude e-Itali, ed.] nakuMongameli weKhomishini yePalamente yokongamela kwiinkonzo zeRAI, ummeli weWatch Tower Society e-Itali wabhala: “Kwinkqubo, efana neyase-Itali, esekwe kwimilinganiselo yeResistance, amaNgqina kaYehova lelinye lawona maqela ambalwa athe azama ukubeka izizathu yesazela ngaphambi kwegunya laphambi kwemfazwe eJamani nase-Itali. ke ngoko bavakalisa iinjongo ezintle kwinyani yanamhlanje ”. Ileta evela kwisebe lase-Roma le-JWs ityikitye i-EQA: SSC, yomhla kaSeptemba 17, 1979, ekhankanywe e-Achille Aveta [1985], 134, yaza yaveliswa kwakhona e-Achille Aveta nase-Sergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 yaze yapapashwa kwisihlomelo . U-Aveta uqaphele ukuba isebe lase-Roma licebise abo bafumana le leta "ukuba bayisebenzise ngokuyimfihlo imixholo yale leta", kuba ukuba iphelela ezandleni zabalandeli iyabacaphukisa.

[76] Ileta evela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs ityikitye i-CB, yomhla kaJuni 23, 1954.

[77] LI-etter evela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs ityikitye i-CE, yomhla we-12 ka-Okthobha u-1954, yaza yapapashwa kwisihlomelo.

[78] Ileta evela kwisebe laseRoma le-JWs ityikityiwe i-CB, yomhla we-28 ka-Okthobha u-1954.

[79] KwiAtlanticism yePSDI (eyayisakuba yiPSLI) bona: UDaniele Pipitone, Il socialismo demokhrasi italiano fra Liberazione e Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni e inkcubeko politiche di un'area di frontiera (IMilano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; kule yePri di La Malfa bona: Paolo Soddu, "Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale / internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter", IAtlantismo ed europeismo, UPiero Craveri kunye noGaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; kwi-PLI, owavakalisa inani likaGaetano Martini njengoMphathiswa Wezangaphandle kwi-1950s, bona: UClaudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana. "Un liberale messinese e l'idea europea", ithisisi yedigri kwisayensi yezopolitiko, umphathi weprofesa. UFederico Niglia, Luiss UGuido Carli, iseshoni ka-2012-2013 kunye no-R. Battaglia, UGaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana (1954-1964) (UMessina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] ILa Voce Repubblicana, NgoJanuwari 20, 1954. Bona: I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214-215; UPaolo Piccioli noMax Wörnhard, "uJehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung", UJevas Zeugen e-Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Umq. 1, I-Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, i-Italien, iLuxemburg, iNiederlande, iPurugal und Spanien, UGerhard Besier, uKatarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), UJevas Zeugen e-Europa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Umq. 1, I-Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, i-Italien, iLuxemburg, iNiederlande, iPurugal und Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 kunye noPaolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Izityholo zolu hlobo, zikhatshwa natshutshiso lwabapapashi, zidwelisiwe I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 kwiphepha lama-196-218. Isityholo samaKatolika esichasene neenkolelo ezingezizo ezamaKatolika zokuba “bangamakomanisi” sityhilwe kwisetyhula yomhla ka-Okthobha 5, 1953, eyathunyelwa ngunobhala wangaphambi koko kubongameli beBhunga laBaphathiswa kwi-prefects ezahlukeneyo zase-Italiya, neziza kukhokelela kuphando. I-State Archives yase-Alessandria, yaqaphela uPaolo Piccioli kwiphe. I-187 yophando lwakhe malunga ne-JWs zase-Italiyane emva kwemfazwe, igcina amaxwebhu apheleleyo malunga nophando olwenziweyo ekuphumezeni lemiqathango, kwaye yaqaphela ukuba ngoNovemba 16, 1953 ingxelo yeCarabinieri yaseAlessandria yathi "Zonke Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngoonjingalwazi benkonzo yamaNgqina kaYehova, kubonakala ngathi azikho ezinye iindlela zonqulo […] [ayifakwanga] kusenokubakho unxibelelwano olusengqiqweni phakathi kwale propaganda ingentla kunye nesenzo sasekhohlo ”, iyaphikisana esi sityholo.

[82] "Ndiyadibanisa italiani e la Chiesa Cattolica", ILa Torre di GuardiaNgoJanuwari 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. UHlelo: "AmaKomanisi ase-Italiya kunye neCawa yamaKatolika", IMboniselo(Juni 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "E-Italiya, ngaphezulu kwama-99 eepesenti amaKatolika, amaqela asekhohlo kude kwaye amaqela obuKomanisi aphumelele iipesenti ezingama-35.5 zevoti kunyulo lwesizwe oludlulileyo, kwaye oku kube kukonyuka ”kuqatshelwa ukuba" ubukomanisi bungena kubemi bamaKatolika bala mazwe, kodwa buchaphazela Abefundisi, ngakumbi eFrance ", becaphula ityala" lomfundisi wase-Katolika wase-France kunye nemonki yase-Dominican, u-Maurice Montuclard, wagxothwa kwi-Hierarchy ngenxa yokupapasha ngo-1952 incwadi evakalisa izimvo zika-Marxist, kunye nokukhokela "ulutsha lo Umbutho "wecawa" owavakalisa uvelwano kwiQela lamaKomanisi eFrance "ayisiyonto inye inikwe ukuba kukho iziqendu zabefundisi abangamalungu ombutho kaMarxist we-CGT okanye abakhupha imali yabo ukuze basebenze kumzi-mveliso, bekhokelela kwi-Watchtower ukubuza: “Luhlobo olunjani lokuzikhusela kubukomanisi iCawa yamaRoma Katolika, xa ingenako ukuvumela abefundisi bayo, bezele yimfundiso yamaRoma Katolika kwasebuntwaneni, ukuba bavelele kwimfundiso ebomvu Iipaganda? Kutheni emhlabeni aba babingeleli bebonakalisa umdla kutshintsho lwentlalo, kwezopolitiko nakwezoqoqosho lweMarxism ngaphezulu kokushunyayelwa kwenkolo yabo? Akunjalo ngenxa yokuba kukho impazamo ekudleni kwabo kokomoya? Ewe, kukho ubuthathaka obungenakuphikiswa kwindlela yamaRoma Katolika kwingxaki yobukomanisi. Ayiyiqondi into yokuba ubuKrestu bokwenyani abunanto inxulumene neli hlabathi lidala, kodwa kufuneka buhlale buhlukile kubo. Ngenxa yomdla wokuzingca, uHerarchy wenza ubuhlobo noCesare, esenza amalungiselelo noHitler, Mussolini noFranco, kwaye ukulungele ukubonisana neRussia yamaKomanisi ukuba inakho inzuzo ngokwakho; ewe, kwanoMtyholi ngokwakhe, ngokutsho kukaPopu Pius XI. - Ukhozi lwaseBrooklyn, ngoFebruwari 21, 1943. ” "Mna comunisti convertono sacerdoti cattolici", ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoDisemba 1, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  "Un'assemblea internazionale iRomany", ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoJulayi 1, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'quali risultati ha conseguito?", Svegliatevi!, Agasti 22, 1976, 11.

[86] Bona: UZoe Knox, "iWatch Tower Society kunye nokuphela kweMfazwe ebandayo: Ukutolikwa kwexesha lokuphela, ungquzulwano lwamandla amakhulu, kunye noGuquko lweGeo-Political Order", Umbhalo we-American Academy of Religion (I-Oxford University Press), Umqu. 79, hayi. 4 (Disemba 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Imfazwe entsha ebandayo phakathi kweMelika kunye neRussian Federation, eyavala iWatch Tower Society kwimimandla yayo ukusukela ngo-2017, ikhokele iQumrhu Elilawulayo kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo, lisithi lichonge inkosi yokugqibela yaseMantla. YiRashiya leyo namahlakani ayo, njengoko kusanda kutshiwo: “Ekuhambeni kwexesha iRashiya namazwe amanyene nayo bathatha indima yokuba ngukumkani wasemntla. (…) Kutheni le nto sinokuthi iRashiya namahlakani ayo ngukumkani wasemantla wangoku? (1) Bachukumisa ngokungqalileyo abantu bakaThixo ngokuwuvala umsebenzi wokushumayela nokutshutshisa amakhulu amawaka abazalwana noodade abahlala kwimimandla ephantsi kolawulo lwabo; (2) ngezi zenzo zibonisa ukuba ziyamthiya uYehova nabantu bakhe; (3) bangqubana nokumkani wasezantsi, igunya lehlabathi lamaNgesi namaMerika, kumlo wokulwa igunya. (…) Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iRashiya kunye namahlakani ayo nayo ingene "kwiLizwe eliDlamkileyo" [ngokwebhayibhile nguSirayeli, ochongwe apha kunye "nabanyuliweyo" abayi-144,000 abaza kuya ezulwini, “uSirayeli kaThixo”, ed]. Njani? Ngo-2017, inkosi yangoku yasemantla yawuvala umsebenzi wethu yaza yafaka abanye abazalwana noodadewethu entolongweni. Ikwavalile neencwadi zethu, kuquka INguqulelo Yehlabathi Elitsha. Wathimba nesebe lethu eRashiya, iiHolo zoBukumkani neeHolo zeNdibano. Emva kwezi zinto, iQumrhu Elilawulayo lachaza ngo-2018 ukuba iRashiya namahlakani ayo ngukumkani wasemntla. ” "Chi è il 're del Nord' oggi?", ILa Torre di Guardia (Uhlelo Lokufundisa), ngoMeyi 2020, 12-14.

[88] UGiorgio Peyrot, La circolare iBuffarini-Guidi ei ipentekoste (ERoma: Associazione Italiana ngeLibertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko, isigwebo no. 1 kaJuni 14, 1956, Iindleko zeGiurisprudenza, 1956, 1-10.

[90] UPaolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. Kwisivakalisi bona: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, iphepha., iphe. 361-362; Isazisi, Diritti civili e fattore religioso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Ukufumana ingxelo esemthethweni yeWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania jonga imagazini Svegliatevi! ka-Aprili 22, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Njengoko iphinde yenziwa kwi I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214, enika ingxelo: “Abazalwana abathembekileyo bebesazi ukuba baphethwe ngokungekho sikweni ngenxa yokuma kwabo, kwaye nangona bengakhathali ngokungeyomfuneko malunga nodumo lwabo emehlweni ehlabathi, bagqiba kwelokuba bacele ukuphinda kuqwalaselwe inkqubo yokubanga amalungelo amaNgqina kaYehova njengabantu ”(akekeliswe kwisicatshulwa, aqondwe" njengabantu bakaYehova ", oko kukuthi, onke ama-JW e-Italiya).

[92] Umgwebo n. 50 ka-Epreli 19, 1940, epapashwe ngo I-Tribunale Speciale nganye kwi-difesa dello Stato. Isigqibo esise-1940Icandelo loMphathiswa Wezokhuselo (ed.) (IRoma: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] Kucatshulwe kwinkundla yezibheno yase-Abruzzi-L'Aquila, isigwebo esingu-no. Nge-128 ka-Matshi 20, 1957, "Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democratica ai Testimoni di Geova", kunye no-Sergio Tentarelli, Rivista abruzzese di studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, Umqu. 2, akukho 1 (1981), 183-191 nakubabhali abahlukeneyo, Minoranze, coscienza e dovere della memoria (Naples: Jovene, 2001), isihlomelo IX. Ingxelo yoomantyi icatshulwe ku I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Qaphela umhla ka-Agasti 12, 1948 ovela kwiCandelo leMicimbi yezoNqulo, kwi ZStA - iRoma, MI, IKhabinethi, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Inxalenye ngokubanzi.

[95] Ityala elihlazo lokunganyamezeli inkolo kwi-JWs, eyenzeka ngo-1961, yarekhodwa eSavignano Irpino (Avellino), apho umfundisi wamaKatolika wangena ngokungekho mthethweni kwikhaya le-JW apho umsitho womngcwabo wawuzakubanjwa ngenxa yokusweleka kukamama wakhe. . Umfundisi weparishi, ephahlwe ngomnye umfundisi kunye ne-carabinieri, uya kuthintela umsitho womngcwabo owawusenzeka nge-JWs, ehambisa umzimba kwicawa yasekuhlaleni kwaye enyanzelisa umsitho wesiko lamaKatolika, emva koko ezisa abasemagunyeni ukuba bangenelele, bagwebe abantu ababandakanyekayo. Bona: Inkundla yaseAriano Irpino, umgwebo kaJulayi 7, 1964, Giurisprudenza italiana, II (1965), ikhola. 150-161 kunye II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] I-Intolleranza religiosa alle soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 e 285-292.

[97] Yabona, ezi leta zilandelayo zivela kwisebe lase-Roma le-JWs zithunyelwe “Kubantu abadala ababonwa njengabalungiseleli benkonzo” kaJuni 7, 1977 naku “… abo babhaliswe kwi-INAM njengabalungiseleli benkolo” kaOctber 10, 1978, othetha ukufikelela kwiNgxowa-mali ebekelwe abaphathiswa benkolo ngokwesiseko soMthetho 12/22/1973 n. I-903 yamalungelo epenshoni, kunye neleta yomhla kaSeptemba 17, 1978, ibhalelwe "Onke amabandla amaNgqina kaYehova e-Italiya", olawula umthetho womtshato wenkolo kunye nabaphathiswa bezonqulo abagunyaziswe yiRiphabhlikhi yase-Itali.

[98] Inkcazo nguMarcus Bach, "AmaNgqina Athusayo", Inkulungwane yamaKristu, akukho 74, Februwari 13, 1957, iphe. 197. Olu luvo khange lubekhona kangangexesha elithile ngoku. Ngokwengxelo ebonelelwe ngu Incwadi Yonyaka Yeecawa zika-2006, AmaNgqina kaYehova, kunye nezinye iinkolo kubuKrestu baseMelika, ngoku bakwisigaba sokuwohloka. Iipesenti zokuhla kweecawe eziphambili eMelika zezi zilandelayo (zonke zimbi): I-Southern Baptist Union: - 1.05; Icawa yaseUnited Methodist: - 0.79; Icawa yeVangeli yamaLuthere: - 1.09; Icawa yaseRhabe: - 1.60; Icawa ye-Episcopal: - 1.55; Icawa yaseMelika yaseBhaptizi: - 0.57; ICawa eManyeneyo kaKristu: - 2.38; AmaNgqina kaYehova: - 1.07. Kwelinye icala, kukho neecawe ezikhulayo, kwaye phakathi kwazo: iCawa yamaKatolika: + 0.83%; Icawa kaYesu Krestu yabaNgcwele beMihla yokuGqibela (iiMormon): + 1.74%; Iindibano zikaThixo: + 1.81%; Icawa yamaOthodoki: + 6.40%. Umyalelo wokukhula, ke, ngokokushicilelwa okugunyazisiweyo kunye nembali, kubonisa ukuba kwindawo yokuqala phakathi kwePentekoste kunye nezo zingezizo ngokwesiko laseMelika ngoku ziiAssemblies of God, zilandelwa ziiMormon kunye necawa yamaKatolika. Kuyacaca ukuba iminyaka yegolide yamaNgqina iphelile.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, nt. 36.

[100] Bona: UJohan Leman, “Mna ubungqina beGeova nell'immigrazione siciliana eBelgio. Una lettura antropologica ”, Iingxabano, Umqu. II, hayi. 6 (Epreli-Juni Ngo-1987), 20-29; Id., "AmaNgqina Ka-Italo-Brussels AmaNgqina KaYehova Aphinde Aqwalaselwa: Ukusukela Kwisizukulwana Sokuqala Sokusekwa Kwezenkolo Kwi-Ethno-Religious Community Formation", Compass Social, Umqu. 45, hayi. 2 (ngoJuni 1998), 219-226; Isazisi, Ukusuka kwiNkcubeko eNzima ukuya kwiNkcubeko eNengxaki. Inkqubo ye- Sisicili Ikhowudi yeNkcubeko kunye neNkcubeko neNkcubeko yePraxis Sisicili Abaphambukeli eBelgium (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987). Bona: ULuigi Berzano kunye noMassimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella iSicilia centrale (ICaltanissetta-Roma: iSciascia, 1994).

[101] ILa Torre di Guardia, Ngo-Epreli 1, 1962, 218.

[102] Idatha exelwe ngu-Achille Aveta [1985], 149, kwaye ifunyenwe kudibaniso lwemithombo emibini yangaphakathi, eyile I-Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 kwaye ezahlukeneyo UMphathiswa del Regno, Iibhulethini zanyanga zonke ezazisasazwa kubavakalisi kuphela, zibhaptiziwe kwaye zingabhaptizwanga. Yayinikezela ngenkqubo yeveki yeentlanganiso ezintathu ezazisasazwe ekuqaleni kweveki naphakathi, ze emva koko zahlanganiswa zaphakathi evekini, ngorhatya olunye: “Ukufundwa kwencwadi”, emva koko “Ukufunda yeBible Biblical ”(kuqala ngoku, emva koko kube yimizuzu engama-30); “ISikolo Sobulungiseleli Sobuthixo” (imizuzu yokuqala engama-45, emva koko emalunga nemizuzu engama-30) kunye “neNtlanganiso yeNkonzo” (imizuzu engama-45 yokuqala, kwaza kwalandela malunga nemizuzu engama-30). IMinistero isetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwezi ntlanganiso zintathu, ngakumbi "kwiNtlanganiso yeNkonzo", apho amangqina aqeqeshwe khona ngokomoya kwaye afumana imiyalelo eluncedo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ikwanayo nemiboniso yeempapasho ezaziwayo ezazisasazwa ngamaNgqina kaYehova, ILa Torre di Guardia neSvegliatevi !, ukulungiselela okanye ukucebisa amalungu ngendlela yokushiya la maphephancwadi eshumayela. Inkqubo ye- UMinistero del Regno yagqitywa ukupapashwa ngo-2015. Yatshintshwa ngo-2016 yatsha ngenyanga, UVita Cristiana e Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] I-Vita eterna nella libertà dei Figli di Dio (EBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - Umbutho waBafundi BeBhayibhile Bezizwe Ngezizwe, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., 28-30.

[106] Umshicileli we-1968 Inyani Le ncwadi ibinemibhalo ecatshuliweyo ebonisa ukuba umhlaba awunakuphila kunyaka ophelileyo ka-1975. “Ngapha koko, njengoko kwabikwa ngo-1960, owayesakuba ngu-Nobhala Wezangaphandle wase-United States, u-Dean Acheson, wabhengeza ukuba ixesha lethu" lixesha lokungazinzi okungenakuthelekiswa nanto. ubundlobongela. "Kwaye walumkisa," Ndiyazi ngokwaneleyo malunga nento eyenzekayo ukukuqinisekisa ukuba, kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu, eli lizwe liza kuba yingozi kakhulu ukuhlala kulo. (…) Kutshanje, incwadi enomxholo othi "Indlala - 1975!" (Carestia: 1975! ") Kuthe ukunqongophala kokutya kwanamhlanje:" Indlala ixhaphakile kwilizwe emva kwelinye, kwilizwekazi elinye emva kwelinye ujikeleze isiqwenga somhlaba esingaphucukanga sendawo yetropiki kunye neetropiki. Ingxaki yanamhlanje inokuhamba kwicala elinye: ukuya kwintlekele. Izizwe ezilambileyo namhlanje, izizwe ezilambileyo ngomso. Ngowe-1975, izidubedube zasekuhlaleni, isiphithiphithi, ulawulo lozwilakhe emkhosini, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ezinto, ukuphazamiseka kwezothutho nezidubedube zizinto ezixhaphakileyo kumazwe amaninzi alambileyo. ” La verità che conduce alla vita eterna (EBrooklyn, NY: IWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society yaseNew York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. Uhlelo oluhlaziyiweyo olwapapashwa ngo-1981 lwazitshintsha ezi zicatshulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: “Ngapha koko, njengoko bekuxeliwe Ngo-1960, owayesakuba nguSosiba welizwe laseUnited States, uDean Acheson, wathi ixesha lethu “lixesha lokungazinzi okungenakuthelekiswa nanto, nobundlobongela obungenakuthelekiswa nanto. “Kwaye, ngokusekwe kwinto awayeyibona isenzeka emhlabeni ngelo xesha, wafikelela kwisigqibo kungekudala "Eli hlabathi liya kuba yingozi kakhulu ukuba ungahlala kulo." Iingxelo zakutshanje zithi ukungabikho kokutya okwaneleyo, okubangela ukungondleki, kuye kwaba “yingxaki enkulu enxulumene nendlala namhlanje.” Ixesha yaseLondon ithi: “Bekusoloko kukho indlala, kodwa ubukhulu nokuxhaphaka [okt isibakala sokuba bakho kuyo yonke indawo] yendlala namhlanje kubonakaliswa ngomkhamo omtsha. (…) Namhlanje ukungondleki kuchaphazela abantu abangaphezulu kwewaka lezigidi; mhlawumbi abangaphantsi kwamakhulu amane ezigidi baphila ngokungapheliyo kwindlala. ” Amagama ka-Dean Acheson awayebhekisa kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu ukuqala ngo-1960 njengomda wokuphila kwehlabathi acinywa, zaza iingxelo ezikwincwadi ethi “Famine: 1975” zathathelwa indawo ngokupheleleyo zayintlekele kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo zazingafakwanga Ixesha ukusuka eLondon!

[107] Kumbuzo othi “Ugqiba njani ukugqiba izifundo zeBhayibhile ezingenamsebenzi?” UMinistero del Regno (UHlelo lwesiTaliyane), ngoMatshi 1970, iphepha 4, uphendule wathi: “Lo ngumbuzo ekufuneka siwuqwalasele ukuba ngaba zikhona izifundo zethu eziye zenziwa malunga neenyanga ezintandathu. Ngaba sele beza kwiintlanganiso zebandla, kwaye ngaba baqala ukuhlaziya ubomi babo ngokuvisisana noko bakufunde kwiLizwi likaThixo? Ukuba kunjalo, sifuna ukuqhubeka nokubanceda. Kodwa ukuba akunjalo, mhlawumbi sinokusebenzisa ixesha lethu ngokuyinzuzo ukushumayela kwabanye. ” Inkqubo ye- UMinistero del Regno (Uhlelo lwesiTaliyane) lwangoNovemba 1973, kwiphepha lesi-2, lucacisa ngakumbi: “… Ngokukhetha umbuzo othile, ubonakalisa umdla kuye kwaye oku kuya kukunceda uthathe isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi isahluko sencwadi inyaniso ukufunda. Inkqubo yethu yokufunda iBhayibhile ichazwe kwiphepha 3 leli phecana. Iphendula imibuzo: phi? Nini? I-WHO? ke ngoku ntoni? Cinga ngamanqaku ahlukeneyo kunye naye. Mhlawumbi uya kufuna ukumxelela, umzekelo, ukuba iphecana sisiqinisekiso sakho esibhaliweyo sokuba inkonzo yethu isimahla. Chaza ukuba ikhosi yokufunda ithatha iinyanga ezintandathu kwaye sinikezela malunga neyure ngeveki. Lilonke lilingana nosuku olunye lobomi bomntu. Ewe, abantu abaneentliziyo ezilungileyo baya kufuna ukuchitha usuku ebomini babo ukuze bafunde ngoThixo. ”

[108] "Perché attendete il 1975?", ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoFebruwari 1, 1969, 84, 85. Bona: "Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?", Svegliatevi!, Epreli 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Bona: M. James Penton [2015], 125. KwiNdibano yeSithili yowe-1967, uMveleli weSithili saseWisconsin Sheboygan uMzalwan 'uCharles Sinutko wanikela intetho ethi "Ukukhonza sinethemba lobomi obungunaphakade", esenza la mazwi alandelayo: "" Ngoku, njengamaNgqina kaYehova , njengeembaleki, nangona abanye bethu bediniwe, kubonakala ngathi uYehova ulungiselele inyama ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kuba ubambe phambi kwethu sonke, injongo entsha. Unyaka omtsha. Into yokufikelela kwaye kubonakala ngathi inike sonke amandla kunye namandla okugqibela kokugqabhuka kwesantya ukuya kumgca wokugqibela. Lowo ngunyaka ka-1975. Ewe, akukho mfuneko yokuba siqashele ukuba unyaka ka-1975 uthetha ntoni xa sifunda iMboniselo. Kwaye musa ukulinda kude kube ngo-1975. Umnyango uza kuvalwa ngaphambi koko. Njengoko omnye umzalwana eyibeka, 'Hlala uphila de kube ngamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu'"Ngo-Novemba u-1968, umveleli wesithili u-Duggan wabhengeza kwiNdibano yase-Pampa Texas ukuba" akukapheli nenyanga ezipheleleyo ezingama-83, ngoko ke masithembeke kwaye sizithembe kwaye… siyakuphila ngaphaya kwemfazwe yeArmagedon…, "eyathi ke yabeka iArmagedon ngo-Okthobha I-1975 (Ifayile yeaudiyo enale nxalenye yeentetho ezimbini kulwimi lwantlandlolo iyafumaneka kwisiza https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Che ne fate della vostra vita?", UMinistero del Regno (UHlelo lwase-Italiya), ngoJuni 1974, 2.

[111] Bona: UPaolo Giovannelli noMichele Mazzotti, Il profetastro di Brooklin e gli ingenui galoppini (IRiccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] UGiancarlo Farina, I-Torre di Guardia yonke into ekwenziwayo kwiSikripthi esingcwele (UTorino, 1981).  

[113] Jonga umzekelo iphepha ndaba laseVenice I Gazzettino yomhla we-12 Matshi 1974 kwinqaku elithi "La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975" ("Isiphelo sehlabathi sikufuphi: siza kufika ekwindla ka-1975") nakwinqaku elikwiveki nganye INoveli 2000 kaSeptemba 10, 1974 onesihloko esithi "I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti" ("Abantu ababi bayalumkiswa: ngo-1975 bonke baya kufa").

[114] Ileta evela kwisebe lase-Itali le-JW, lisayinwe yi-SCB: SSA, yomhla we-9 Septemba 1975, esiza kuthi siyixele kwisihlomelo.

[115] bona: ILa Torre di Guardia, NgoSeptemba 1, 1980, 17.

[116] Emva kokuphela kowe-1975, iWatchtower Society yaqhubeka igxininisa kwimfundiso yokuba uThixo wayeza kuwuphumeza umgwebo wakhe eluntwini phambi kokuba isizukulwana sabantu esasibonile iziganeko zowe-1914 besifile sonke. Umzekelo, ukusukela ngo-1982 ukuya kowe-1995, uqweqwe lwangaphakathi lwe- Svegliatevi! Iphephancwadi eli libandakanyiwe, kwingxelo yalo yemishini, kubhekiswa "kwisizukulwana sika-1914", kubhekiswa "kwisithembiso soMdali (…) sehlabathi elitsha elinoxolo kwaye likhuselekile ngaphambi kokuba isizukulwana esabona iziganeko zowe-1914 sidlule." NgoJuni 1982, ngexesha leeNdibano zeSithili "Verità del Regno" ("Inyaniso YoBukumkani") eyayibanjelwe kwihlabathi jikelele zii-JWs, e-USA nakwezinye iindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ne-Itali, kwenziwa incwadi entsha yokufunda iBhayibhile, endaweni yencwadi La Verità che conduce alla vita eterna, "ehlaziyiweyo", ngenxa yeengxelo ezinobungozi malunga no-1975, ngo-1981: Potete vivere nge semper su una terra paradisiaca, njengoko kucetyisiwe ukuqala nge UMinistero del Regno (UHlelo lwesiTaliyane), Februwari 1983, kwiphepha 4. Kule ncwadi kukho ugxininiso olukhulu kwisizukulwana sonyaka ka-1914. Kwiphepha le-154 ithi: Sesiphi isizukulwana awayebhekisa kuso uYesu? Isizukulwana sabantu abaphilayo ngo-1914. Intsalela yesi sizukulwana ngoku indala kakhulu. Kodwa abanye babo baya kube besinda ekufikeni kwesiphelo sale nkqubo ingendawo. Sinokuqiniseka ngale nto: ukuphela ngokukhawuleza kwabo bonke ubungendawo nabo bonke abantu abangendawo eArmagedon. ” Ngo-1984, phantse ukukhumbula iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo ka-1914, zapapashwa ukusuka nge-1 kaSeptemba ukuya ku-Okthobha u-15, ngo-1984 (nangona kunjalo zazipapashwa ngesiTaliyane. E-United States bazakuphuma kwangoko, ukusukela ngo-Epreli 1 ukuya kuMeyi 15 unyaka) imiba emine elandelelanayo ILa Torre di Guardia , egxininisa kumhla wesiprofetho we-1914, ngenani lokugqibela elinegama, ngokugxininisayo, lathi: "Ngo-1914: La generazione che non passerà" ("1914 -Isizukulwana Esingayi Kudlula").

[117] I-1977 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 30.

[118] I-1978 Yonyaka YamaNgqina KaYehova, 30.

[119] Enkosi kwi-YouTuber yase-Italiya iJWTruman endibonelele ngemizobo. Jonga: "ICrescita dei TdG e-Italia prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg kunye nembali ende "Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato", eveliswe nguJWTruman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, ubhala ngokuhla kwehlabathi emva kowe-1975: “Ngokutsho kowe-1976 nowe-1980 Iincwadi zonyaka , babengama-17,546 abavakalisi abangamaNgqina kaYehova eNigeria ngo-1979 kunango-1975. EJamani babengama-2,722 1,102 abambalwa. Kwaye eGreat Britain, kwabakho ilahleko ye-2015 kwangelo xesha linye. ” M. James Penton [427], 6, nt. XNUMX.