Nyocha nke Daniel 11: 1-45 na 12: 1-13

Okwu Mmalite

"Anaghị m atụ egwu eziokwu. Ana m anabata ya. Mana anam acho ka ihe nile m mere bu ka ha di n’eziokwu.”- Gordon B. Hinckley

Ọzọkwa, iji mee ka ntụgharị nke Alfred Whitehead kwuru,Edeela m ahụhụ dị ukwuu site n’aka ndị edemede kwuru banyere ihe a ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu ahụ [Akwụkwọ Nsọ] ma o sitere na onodu ya ma obu site na iji ya mee ihe okwu na adighi agbanwe agbanwe nke ya pụtara, ma ọ bụ bibie ya kpam kpam."

Yabụ, "Maka m onodu bu isi ihe - site na nke a sitere na nghota nke ihe niile." - Kenneth Noland.

Mgbe ị na-enyocha Akwụkwọ Nsọ karịsịa akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ọ bụla metụtara amụma, ọ dị mmadụ mkpa ịghọta akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ahụ. Nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ amaokwu ole na ole ma ọ bụ isiakwụkwọ ole na ole n'akụkụ akụkụ nke akụkụ a na-atụle. Anyị kwesịkwara ịchọpụta onye bu n’obi ndị na-ege ntị bụ na ihe ha ga-aghọta. Anyi aghaghi icheta na e dere ndi akwukwo nso maka ndi mmadu kwesiri ighota ha. Edeghị ya maka ụfọdụ obere ọgụgụ nke ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi ga-abụ naanị ndị ga - ejide ihe ọmụma na nghọta ya, ma n'oge Akwụkwọ Nsọ ma ọ bụ ugbu a ma ọ bụ n'ọdịnihu.

Ya mere odi nkpa ime nyocha ahu, na-ekwe ka akwukwo nso tugharia onwe ya. Anyị kwesịrị ikwe ka akwụkwọ-nsọ ​​ga-eduru anyị ruo na nkwubi okwu ebumpụta ụwa, karịa ịbịaru nso n'echiche mbụ.

Ihe ga - esochi nsonaazụ nyocha nke Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Daniel nke 11, na onodu a na - enwetabeghi echiche anyị, na - agba mbọ ịhụ etu anyị nwere ike isi ghọta ya. Ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme ọ bụla na-abụkarị nke a na-akọkarị ka a ga-eweta ya site na ntụnyere (nyocha) iji nyochaa ha, wee nweta nghọta a tụrụ aro ya.

Followinggbaso ụkpụrụ ndị a ekwuputara na nke a:

• Nke mbu, ndi biara na nti bu ndi Ju ndi ano ka emere ka ha jee biri na Babilon ma obu na ha aghaghi ilaghachi n’ala nke nkpuru mgbe odiwori biri na ndu ha.
• Dika odi, ihe ndia edere gha eme ihe ndia ikpe diri ndi Ju, ndi bu ndi Chineke hota.
• Ọ bụ mmụọ ozi nyere Daniel, onye Juu amụma ahụ, obere oge ka Babilọn dakwasịrị Darius onye Mede na Saịrọs onye Peasia.
• Dị ka o kwesịrị, Daniel na ndị Juu ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị maka ọdịnihu nke mba ha, ugbu a ohu ha nọ na Babilọn n'okpuru Nebukadneza na ụmụ ya.

N'iburu n'uche ihe ndị a dị na mbụ, ka anyị bido n’amaokwu anyị site n’inyocha amaokwu.

Daniel 11: 1-2

"¹ N'afọ mbụ nke Darayọs onye Mede, ebiliri m dị ka onye na-eme ka ọ dị ike nakwa ebe ya e wusiri ike. ² Ugbu a, ihe m bụ eziokwu ka m ga-agwa gị:

“Lee! A ga-enwe ndị eze atọ ga-akwado Peshia, nke anọ ga-enweta akụ bara ụba karịa ndị ọzọ niile. Ma ngwa ngwa o buru ike n’ime akụnụba ya, ọ ga-akpalite ihe niile megide alaeze Gris.

Judia nke Peasia chịrị

Dị ka ihe ncheta, dị ka amaokwu nke 1 si dị, mmụọ ozi na-agwa Daniel okwu ugbu a n'okpuru ọchịchị Darayọs onye Mede na Saịrọs Eze Peshia, n'afọ mbụ mgbe mmeri ha meriri Babilọn na alaeze ya.

Yabụ, ònye ka a ga-eme ka amata ya na ndị eze anọ nke Peasia e kwuru okwu ha ebe a?

Havefọdụ ekwupụtawo Saịrọs Onye Ukwu dịka Eze nke mbụ ma leghaara Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis anya. Mana anyi aghaghi icheta onodu ya.

Gịnị mere anyị ji kwuo nke a? Daniel 11: 1 nyere oge nke amuma a dika odi na 1^st afọ Darayọs onye Mede. Ma odi nkpa ighota na dika Daniel 5:31 na Daniel 9: 1 siri buru, Diriọs onye Mede bu eze Babilon na ihe ndi ozo n’Alaeze Babilon. Ọzọkwa, Daniel 6:28 na-ekwu banyere Daniel nke na-eme nke ọma n'alaeze Darayọs [nke Babịlọn] na alaeze Saịrọs onye Peshia.

Saịrọs abụrụla eze na-achị Peasia ihe dị ka afọ 22[I]  mbemiso enye omụm Babylon onyụn̄ aka iso odu ye Edidem Persia tutu enye akpa ke n̄kpọ nte isua 9 ama ekebe. Ya mere, mgbe Akwụkwọ Nsọ kwuru,

"Lee! ndị eze atọ ka ga-abụ ”,

na-ekwu maka ọdịnihu, anyị nwere ike kwubi na Osote Eze Peasia, na akpa Persian eze amụma nke a, iji were ocheeze Peasia bụ Cambyses II, nwa nwa Saịrọs Onye-isi.

Nke a ga - apụta na eze nke abụọ nke amụma ga-abụ Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis ka eze a nọchiri Cambyses nke Abụọ. Bardiya, n'aka nke ya, bụ onye ọchịchị Darayọs Onye Nnukwu onye anyị bụ onye nke a mere ka a mata dị ka eze nke atọ anyị.[Ii]

Ma Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis bụ onye aka ike ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị ihe dị obere, n'eziokwu, ọ bụ ihe amachaghị banyere ya. Onwere ihe n’enweghi njide banyere aha ezigbo ya n’ihi aha atọ a enyere n’ebe a.

Darayọs Onye Ukwu, eze nke atọ bụ Xerxes I (Onye Ukwu) nọchiri ya, onye ga-abụ eze nke anọ.

Amụma ahụ kwuru ihe ndị a gbasara eze nke anọ:

"nke-anọ gāchikọta kwa àkù kari ha nile. Ozugbo ọ bara ụba na ụba ya, ọ ga-ebulite ihe niile megide alaeze Gris ”

Gịnị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi? Eze nke anọ aghaghị ịbụ Xerxes. Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ Eze dabara nkọwa ahụ. Nna ya Darius nke Mbụ (Onye Ukwu) kpakọbara akụ site na iwebata usoro ịtụ ụtụ isi mgbe niile. Xerxes ketara ihe a ma gbakwunye na ya. Dị ka Herodotus si kwuo, Xerxes chikọtara nnukwu ìgwè ndị agha na ndị agha ga-eji wakpo Gris. "Xerxes na-akpọkọta ndị agha ya niile, na-achọgharị mpaghara niile nke kọntinent ahụ. N'ime afọ anọ zuru oke site na mmeri nke Ijipt, ọ nọ na-akwado ndị agha na ihe ga-enyere ndị agha agha, ma n’afọ nke ise n’afọ 20 ya na ọtụtụ ndị mmụọ ozi malitere. N'ihi na ụsụụ ndị agha niile anyị maara, nke a bụ ihe kacha ukwuu; ” (Lee Herodotus, Akwụkwọ 7, paragraf nke 20,60-97).[iii]

Ọzọkwa, Xerxes dịka akụkọ ihe mere eme si mara bụ eze ikpeazụ Peshia wakporo Gris tupu Alexander Onye Ukwu ebuso Peasia agha.

Na Xerxes mere ka amata dị ka nke anọ^th eze, nke a na-egosi na nna ya, Darayọs Onye Ukwuu kwesịrị ịbụ 3^rd eze na njirimara ndị ọzọ nke Cambyses II dị ka 1^st eze na Bardiya dika ndi abuo^nd eze bụ eziokwu.

Na nchịkọta, ndị eze anọ ndị ahụ ga-eso Darayọs onye Mede na Saịrọs Onye Ukwu bụ

• Cambyses nke Abụọ, nwa nwoke Saịrọs
• Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis, (Nwanna nke Cambyses, ka ọ bụ onye ntanụ?)
• Darayọs nke (Onye Nnukwu), na
• Xerxes (nwa Darayọs nke Mbụ)

Ndị eze Peasia fọdụrụnụ emeghị ihe ọ bụla metụtara ọnọdụ mba na ala Juda.

 

Daniel 11: 3-4

³ “Otu eze dị ike ga-ebili wee chịa dị ukwuu wee chịa dị ka uche ya si dị. ⁴ Ma mb hee ọ gha guzoro ọtọ, ala-eze ya g brokentiwa, kewa ya n'etiti ifufe anọ nke elu-igwe, ma ọ bughi n'umu-ya, ọ bughi kwa dika ọchichi-ya nke ọ chịworo si di; n’ihi na a ga-efopụ alaeze ya, ọ bụ maka ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị a.

"³Ma eze dị ike ga-ebili ”

Eze nke na-esote nke ga-emetụta ala Juda na ndị Juu bụ Alexander Onye Ukwu na alaeze anọ nkepụtara. Ọbụnadị arụmụka kachasị arụ gbasara nghọtapụta nke amaokwu ndị a dịka ọ na-ekwu maka Alexander Onye Ukwu. Ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ịmara na otu n'ime ihe kpatara Alexander ji wakpo Peasia bụ, n'ihi na dị ka Arrian onye Nicomedian (mmalite nke 2)^nd Narị Afọ),Alexander dere ozi, ziga Thersippus na ndi ikom ahu sitere na Darius nye ya iwu inye Darius akwukwọ, ma ka ya ghara ikwurita ihe ọ bụla. Leta Alexander dere si: “Ndị nna nna unu batara na Masedonia na ndị nke Gris ọzọ wee na-arịa anyị ọrịa, na-enweghị mmerụ ọ bụla nke anyị butere na mbụ. Ebe akpọrọ m ịbụ ọchịagha ndị isi nke ndị Gris, m na-achọkwa imegwara ndị Peshia, m gafere banye Eshia, mwakpo a na-amalite. .... " [iv]. Anyị, anyị nwekwara njikọ n’etiti eze nke anọ nke Peshia na Alexander Onye Ukwu.

'Chịa achị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma mee uche ya'

Alexander the Great biliri ma kpụrụ nnukwu alaeze n’ime afọ iri, nke sitere na Gris ruo n’ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ India ma tinye ala nke Alaeze Peasia ahụ e meriri, nke gụnyere Egypt na Judia.

Judia bụ ndị Gris na-achị

“Mgbe Ọ ga-ebili ọtọ, alaeze ya ga-agbaji”

Ma, oke o meriri, Alexander nwụrụ na Babịlọn oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ kwụsịrị mgbasa ozi ya afọ 11 mgbe ọ wakporo mbuso agha nke Peasia, afọ iri na atọ ka ọ ghọrọ Eze nke Gris.

“A ga-agbaji alaeze ya, kee ya gaa n'akụkụ anọ nke eluigwe” na "a ga-efopụ alaeze ya, were ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị a ”

Ka obere oge nke agha dịchara afọ iri abụọ gasịrị, alaeze ya kewasịrị alaeze 4 nke ndị ọchịagha anọ chịrị. Otu dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, Cassander, na Masedonia na Gris. Otu dị na north, Lysimachus, na Asia Minor na Thrace, otu dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, Seleucus Nicator na Mesopotamia na Syria na otu nke ndịda, Ptolemy Soter na Egypt na Palestine.

"Ma ọ bụghị n'usoro ọmụmụ ya, ọ bụghị dị ka ọchịchị o siri chịrị"

Ọmụmụ ya, ụmụ ya, ma iwu kwadoro ma iwu akwadoghị ka ọ nwụrụ ma ọ bụ gbuo ha n'oge agha. Yabụ, ọ nweghị ihe alaeze nke Alexander rụrụ nke metụtara usoro ezinụlọ ya ma ọ bụ nke ọgbọ ya.

Ọchịchị ya enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgbanwe n'ụzọ ọ chọrọ. Ọ chọrọ alaeze na otu jikọrọ ọnụ, kama nke ahụ, ugbu a ekewa ya ụzọ abụọ.

Ọ bụ isi okwu na-egosi na ihe mere Alexander na alaeze ya ka akọwaziri nke ọma na amaokwu ndị a na Daniel 11, na ọ bụ ihe ịtụnanya na ụfọdụ ji ya kwuo na ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme dere mgbe emechara kama ide ya. n'ọdịnihu!

Dabere na ihe ndekọ ahụ sitere n'aka Josephus, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-ederịrị Akwụkwọ Daniel n'oge Alexander Onye Ukwu. N'izo aka Alexander, Josephus dere "Mgbe egosiri ya Akwụkwọ Daniel ebe Daniel kwuru na otu n'ime ndị Gris bibiri alaeze Peshia, o chere na ọ bụ onye ahụ bu n'obi. ” [v]

E bukwara amụma na nkewa nke a na Daniel 7: 6 [vi] ya na agu nwere ori anọ, na mpi anọ a ma ama n’elu ewu na Daniel 4: 8.[vii]

Eze dị ike bụ Alexander Onye Ukwu nke Gris.

Ala-eze anọ ndi ochichi anọ.

• Cassander kpọọrọ Masedonia na Gris.
• Lysimachus ada Asia Minor na Thrace,
• Seleucus Nicator weghaara Mesopotemia na Syria,
• Ptolemy Soter gara Ijipt na Palestine.

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia.

 

Daniel 11: 5

⁵ “Ma eze ndịda ga-adị ike, ya na otu n'ime ndị o mere ndị isi; ndien enye ayakan enye onyụn̄ akara ye akwa ubọn̄ emi okponde akan odudu ukara enye.

N'ime ihe dị ka afọ 25 ka e guzobesịrị alaeze 4, ihe agbanweela.

“Eze ndịda ga-adị ike”

Na mbu nke eze Ndịda, Ptolemy n’Ijipt dị ike karịa.[viii]

“Ya na otu n'ime ndị o mere ndị isi”

Seleucus bụ ọchịagha Ptolemy [onye isi], onye ghọrọ ike. Ọ kwakọbara akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Greek maka Seleucia, Syria na Mesopotamia. N'oge na-adịghị anya tupu Seleucus anakwere alaeze abụọ nke Cassander na Lysimachus.

“Ọ ga-enwe ike megide ya, ọ ga-achịkwa n'ọchịchị dị ukwuu nke ukwuu karịa ike onye ahụ”.

Kaosinadị, Ptolemy meriri Seleucus ma gosipụta nke kachasị ike, na njedebe Seleucus nwụrụ n'aka otu n'ime ụmụ Ptolemy.

Nke a nyere Eze nke dị ike dịka Ptolemy 1 Soter, yana Eze nke North dị ka Seleucus I Nicator.

Eze nke South: Ptolemy I

Eze nke Ugwu: Seleucus I

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

 

Daniel 11: 6

⁶ “Mgbe afọ ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha ga-ejikọ onwe ha, ada nke eze ndịda ga-abịakwute eze ugwu iji mee ndokwa ziri ezi. Ma ogwe aka-ya agaghi-anagide ike nke ogwe-aka-ya; ọ gaghi-eguzo kwa, ọ bughi ogwe-aka-ya; a ga-ahapụ ya, ya na ndị na-akpọta ya, na onye mụrụ ya na onye na-eme ka ọ dị ike n'oge ndị ahụ. ”

"⁶Mgbe afọ ụfọdụ gasịrị, ha ga-ejikọ onwe ha, ada nke eze ndịda ga-abịakwute eze ugwu iji mee ndokwa ziri ezi. ”

Afọ ụfọdụ ka ihe omume nke Daniel 11: 5 gasịrị, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (nwa Ptolemy nke Mbụ) nyere “ada eze ndịda ” Berenice, nye Antiochus II Theos, nwa nwa Seleucus dika nwunye “nhazi kwesiri ekwesi. ” Nke a bụ ọnọdụ nke Antiọk wepụrụ nwunye ya dị Laodice na “na-ejikọ onwe ha. ”. [ix]

Eze nke South: Ptolemy II

Eze nke Ugwu: Antiọk nke Abụọ

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

"Ma ọ gaghị anagide ike nke ogwe aka ya;"

Ma ada Ptolemy nke Abụọ, Berenice “ghara ijikwa ike nke ogwe aka ya ”, ọkwa ya dika eze nwanyị.

“Ọ gaghị eguzoli ma ọ bụ ogwe aka ya;”

Nna ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ hapụsịrị Berenice n'enweghị nchebe.

A ga-ahapụ ya, ya na ndị na-akpọta ya, na onye mụrụ ya na onye na-eme ka ọ dị ike n'oge ndị ahụ ”

Antiochus hapụrụ Berenice dị ka nwunye ya wee weghachite nwunye ya Laodice, na-ahapụ Berenice na-enweghị nchebe.

N'ihi ihe omume ndị a, Laodice mere ka ọ gbuo Antiọk ma nyefee Larenice onye Laodice gburu ya. Laodice mechara mee nwa ya nwoke Seleucus II Callinicus, Eze nke Seleucia.

 

Daniel 11: 7-9

⁷ Onye si na mgbọrọgwụ ya mgbọrọgwụ ga-ebili n'ọnọdụ ya, ọ ga-abịarute ndị agha ma buso ebe e wusiri ike nke eze ugwu agha wee buso ha agha wee merie ha. ⁸ Ọzọ kwa, ha na chi nile ha, na arusi nile ha awuru awu, na ihe ha nile anāchọsi ike nke ọla-ọcha na nke ọla-edo, ọ g withji kwa ndi adọtara adọta n’Ijipt. Ya onwe ya ga-agbara eze ugwu ruo afọ ụfọdụ. ⁹ “Ọ ga-abatakwa n'alaeze nke ndịda, laghachikwa n'ala ya.”

amaokwu 7

Otu onye nke ome si na mgbọrọgwụ ya ga-ebili n'ọnọdụ ya, ”

Nke a na-ezo aka na nwanne nwoke ahụ onye gburu ọchụ, bụ Ptolemy III Euergetes. Ptolemy III bụ nwa nke nne na nna ya, “Mgbọrọgwụ ya”.

"Ọ ga-abịarute ụsụụ ndị agha wee buso ebe e wusiri ike nke eze ugwu agha wee buso ha agha wee merie"

Ptolemy nke Atọguzoro ọtọ ” n'ọnọdụ nna ya wee wakporo Siria “Ebe e wusiri ike nke eze ugwu ” ma merie Seleucus nke Abụọ, eze ugwu. "[X]

Eze nke South: Ptolemy III

Eze nke Ugwu: Seleucus II

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

amaokwu 8

Ọzọ kwa, ha na chi nile ha, na arusi ha nile awuru awu, ya na ihe ha nile anāchọsi ike nke ọla-ọcha na nke ọla-edo, ọ g withji kwa ndi adọtara adọta n’Ijipt."

Ptolemy III laghachiri Ijipt na ọtụtụ ihe nkwata ndị Cambyses wepụrụ n'Ijipt ọtụtụ afọ gara aga. [xi]

“Ya onwe ya ga-agbara eze ugwu ruo afọ ụfọdụ.”

Mgbe nke a gasịrị, enwere udo n’oge Ptolemy nke Atọ wuru nnukwu temple na Edfu.

amaokwu 9

⁹ “Ọ ga-abatakwa n'alaeze nke ndịda, laghachikwa n'ala ya.”

Ka oge udo gachara, Seleucus nke Abụọ Callinicus nwara ịwakpo Ijipt na mmegwara mana o nweghị isi, ọ ghaghi ịlaghachi Seleucia.[xii]

 

Daniel 11: 10-12

¹⁰ Ma ụmụ ya ga-aiteụrị ọ andụ wee chịkọta ìgwè ndị agha dị ukwuu. Ọ ga-abịarute ma rikpuo ma gabiga. Kama ọ ga-alaghachi, ọ ga - e excomi onwe ya rue ebe ya e wusiri ike. ¹¹ “Ma eze ndịda ga-akpasu onwe ya iwe, ọ ga-aga buso ya agha, ya bụ, eze ugwu; ọ ga-emekwa ka nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ bilie, a ga-enyefe ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'aka onye ahụ. ¹² A ga-eburu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ pụọ. Obi ya ga-adị elu, ọ ga-emekwa ka iri puku kwuru iri daa; ma ọ gaghị eji ọnọdụ ya siri ike eme ihe. ”

Eze nke Ndịda: Ptolemy nke anọ

Eze nke ugwu: Seleucus nke III mgbe ahụ Antiọkus nke Atọ

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

"¹⁰Ma ụmụ ya ga-aiteụrị ọ andụ wee chịkọta ụsụụ ndị agha bara ụba ”

Seleucus nke Abụọ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Seleucus nke III na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere Antiochus nke Atọ. Seleucus nke Atọ nwere obi ụtọ ma bulie ndị agha ịnwale ma nwetaghachi akụkụ nke Asia Minor nke nna ya nwụrụ na nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. E tiri ya ọrịa nanị n'afọ nke abụọ nke ọchịchị ya. Nwanne ya nwoke Antiochus nke Atọ nọchiri ya ma nwee nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na Asia Minor.

“Mgbe ọ ga-abịa, ọ ga-abịa rikpu ma gafere. Kama ọ ga-alaghachi, ọ ga-ewelitekwa onwe ya ruo ebe ya e wusiri ike. ”

Antiọkus nke Atọ wakporo Ptolemy nke anọ Philopator (eze nke ndịda) wee merie ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Antiọk wee gaa na ndịda ịnakwere Taya. “Idei mmiri gafere (gafere)” ókèala Eze nke Ndịda. Mgbe o gafesịrị Juda, Antiọkọs rutere n’ókè Ijipt na Raphia ebe Ptolemy nke Abụọ meriri ya. Antiọk mechara laghachi n'ụlọ, na-egbochi ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Antiọk n'ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na mbụ.

"¹¹Ma eze ndịda ga-akpasu onwe ya iwe, ọ ga-aga buso ya agha, ya bụ, eze ugwu; ọ ga-emekwa ka nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ bilie, a ga-enyefe ìgwè mmadụ ahụ n'aka onye ahụ.

Nke a na –eme ka ihe ndị ahụ dokwuo anya. Ptolemy nke anọ wutere ya, ya na ọtụtụ ndị agha wee pụọ, a na-egbukwa ọtụtụ ndị agha eze ugwu (ihe ruru 10,000) ma ọ bụ ijide (4,000)onye a na-enyefe n'aka onye ahụ ” (eze ndịda).

"¹² A ga-eburu ìgwè mmadụ ahụ pụọ. Obi ya ga-adị elu, ọ ga-emekwa ka iri puku kwuru iri daa; ma ọ gaghị eji ọnọdụ ya siri ike eme ihe. ”

Ptolemy nke Abụọ dịka eze nke ndịda meriri, agbanyeghị, ọ kwụsịrị iji ọnọdụ ya siri ike, kama, o mere udo na Antiọk nke Atọ.

 

Daniel 11: 13-19

¹³ “Ma eze ugwu ga-alaghachi wee chịkọta ìgwè mmadụ karịrị nke mbụ; n'ọgwụgwụ nke oge ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ ga-abịa, jiri nnukwu ndị agha na ọtụtụ ngwongwo na-eme ya. ”

Eze nke Ndịda: Ptolemy nke Abụọ, Ptolemy V

Eze nke ugwu: Antiọkus nke Atọ

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

Ihe dị ka afọ 15 ka e mesịrị eze nke ugwu, Antiọkus nke Atọ, laghachitere ndị agha ọzọ wee buso ụmụ ntorobịa agha Ptolemy V Epiphanes, eze ọhụrụ nke ndịda.

¹⁴ N'oge ahụ, a ga-enwe ọtụtụ ndị ga-ebili eze ndịda. ”

N’oge ndị ahụ, Philip V nke Masedonia kwetara ịwakpo Ptolemy nke anọ, onye nwụrụ tupu ọgụ ahụ.

“Ofmụ nke ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe, bụ́ ndị gị, ga-eburu ụzọ mee ka ọhụụ mezuo; ha ga-asụkwa ngọngọ. ”

Mgbe Antiọkus nke Atọ gabigara site na Juda iji wakpo Ptolemy nke V, ọtụtụ ndị Juu, resịrị ihe ndị Antiọk na-ebugharị ma mesịa nyere ya aka ibuso ndị agha Ijipt na Jerusalem agha. Ebum n’uche nke ndị Juu a “bu n’uche ime ka ọhụụ mezuo” nke a ga-enweta nnwere onwe, mana ha kụrụ afọ n’ala na nke a. Antiochus nke Atọ mesoro ha ihe ọma mana o nyeghị ha ihe niile ha chọrọ.[xiii]

¹⁵ “Ma eze ugwu ga-abịa maa ékpè gburugburu ma weghara obodo e wusiri ike. Ma ogwe aka nke ndịda, ha agaghị eguzoli, ndị ya ọ họọrọ; ike agaghị adị iguzosi ike. ”

Antiochus nke Atọ (Onye Nnukwu), eze ugwu, nọchibidoro ma weghara Saịdọn n'ihe dị ka afọ 200 BC, ebe onye isi Scoto Ptolemy (V) gbagara mgbe mmeri ya na Osimiri Jọdan. Ptolemy zigara ndị agha ya na ndị ọchịagha ya kacha mma ka ha nwaa ibelata Scopas, mana e meriri ha. “Ike agaghị adị iguzosi ike”.[xiv]

¹⁶ “Onye ahụ nke na-abịakwasị ya ga-eme uche ya, ọ dịghịkwa onye guzo n'ihu ya. Ọ ga-eguzosi ike n’ala nke Dechọ Mma, ngwụcha ya dịkwa n’aka ya. ”

Dịka m kwuru n'elu n'ihe dị ka 200-199 BC Antiochus nke Atọ jirila “Ala ofchọ Mma”, n’enweghi onye n’iru na-emegide ya n’ụzọ gara nke ọma. Akụkụ nke Judia, abụwo ebe ngosipụta nke ọtụtụ ọgụ ndị ya na Eze nke South, ma nwee ọfụma na tọgbọrọ n'efu n'ihi ya.[xv] Antiochus nke Atọ nakweere utu aha ahụ bụ “Eze ukwu” dị ka Alexander tupu ya aghọọ ndị Grik kpọkwara ya “Onye Ukwu”.

Eze nke ugwu na-achị Judia

 ¹⁷ “Ọ ga-eche ihu ka ọ ga-eji ike nke alaeze ya niile mee ihe, ya na okwu ikpe ga-atọ ya ụtọ; ọ ga-emekwa nke ọma. Ma ada nke umu aka, ag itnye ya ya ka ọ la n'iyì. Ọ gaghị eguzoli, ọ gaghịkwa abụ nke ya. ”

Antiochus nke Atọ chọrọ udo na Egypt site na inyefe Ptolemy V Epiphanes nwa ya nwanyị, mana nke a ewetaghị njikọ udo.[xvi] N'ezie, Cleopatra, nwa ya nwanyị sooro na Ptolemy karịa ịnọnye nna ya Antiochus nke Atọ. “Ọ gaghị anọgide na-abụ nke ya”.

¹⁸ “Ọ ga-echigharị chee ihu n'ụsọ mmiri wee jide ọtụtụ".

Aghọtara agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-ezo aka n'akụkụ Turkey (Asia Minor). Gris na (tali (Rome). N'ihe dị ka afọ 199/8 BC, Antiọkikọl wakporo Cilicia (South East Turkey) na mgbe ahụ Lycia (South West Turkey). Mgbe ahụ Thrace (Greece) sochiri mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara. Ọ kpọkwaara ọtụtụ agwaetiti Aegean n’oge a. Ka ọ dị ihe dị ka n’agbata afọ 192-188, ọ busoro Rome na ndị agha ya na Pergamon na Rhodos.

“Otu ọchịagha ga-eme ka nkọcha a na-akọcha ya kwụsị, n'ihi na nkọcha ya agaghị adị. Ọ ga-eme ka ọ laghachikwute onye ahụ. ¹⁹ Ọ ga-atụgharị chee ihu n'ebe ndị e wusiri ike dị n'ala ya, ọ ga-asụ ngọngọ daa, ma a gaghị ahụ ya. ”

Emezuru nka dika onye ọchịagha Rome Lucius Scipio Asiaticus “onye isi” wepụrụ nkọcha n’onwe ya site na imeri Antiọkus III na Magnesia n’ihe dị ka n’afọ 190 BC. Mgbe ahụ ọchịagha ndị Rom tụgharịrị “chere ihu n'ebe ewusiri ike nke ala nke ya” site na ịwakpo ndị Rom. Kaosinadị, Scipio Africanus meriri ya ngwa ngwa site na ndị nke ya.

Daniel 11: 20

²⁰ Onye ahụ nke na-eme ka onye na-enyefe ikike gafee alaeze ahụ mara mma, a ga-enwekwa nguzobe ya, na ụbọchị ole na ole, ọ ga-agbaji, ma ọ bụghị n'iwe ma ọ bụ n'agha.

Mgbe ogologo oge ọchịchị Antiọkus nke III nwụrụ wee “Ke itie esie”, nwa ya nwoke Seleucus IV Philopater biliri dịka onye ga-anọchi ya.

Iji kwụọ ụgwọ ịgba akwụkwụ nke Rome, Seleucus nke anọ nyere iwu ka ọchịagha ya Heliodorus nweta ego n'ụlọ nsọ nke Jerusalem. 'Onye njikwa gafere alaeze ahụ mara mma'  (lee 2 Maccabees 3: 1-40).

Seleucus IV chịrị afọ iri na abụọ “Ụbọchị ole na ole” e jiri ya tụnyere ọchịchị nna nna ya nke afọ 37. Heliodorus merụrụ Seleucus nwụrụ Ọ bughi n'iwe ma ọ bụ ibu agha ”.

Eze nke ugwu: Seleucus IV

Eze nke ugwu na-achị Judia

 

Daniel 11: 21-35

²¹ “Onye a ga-eleda anya ga-ebili n'ọnọdụ ya, ha agaghị enye ya otuto nke alaeze ahụ; ọ ga-abatakwa n'oge nnwere onwe pụọ n'aka ya wee ijide alaeze ahụ site n'ịdị nwayọọ. ”

Eze nke ugwu nke ugwu a ka akpọrọ Antichus IV Epiphanes. 1 Maccabees 1:10 (Good News Translation) wee kọọ akụkọ ahụ “Onye ajọ ọchịchị ahụ bụ Antiochus Epiphanes, nwa Eze Antiochus nke Atọ nke Siria, sitere na otu n’ime ndị ọchịagha Alexander. Antiochus Epiphanes bụbu onye njigide na Rome tupu ọ bụrụ eze Syria ... . O were aha “Epiphanes” nke putara “onye di ebube” mana aha ya bu “Epimanes” nke putara “onye ara”. Oche eze kwesịrị gakwuru Demetrius Soter, nwa Seleucus nke anọ, kama na ọ bụ Antiochus nke Anọ jidere ocheeze ahụ. Ọ bụ nwanne Seleucus nke anọ. “Ha agaghị enye ya ebube nke alaeze”, kama ọ tọgbọrọ Ọba Pergamon wee were oche nke Eze Pergamon were ocheeze ya.[xvii]

 

"²² Ma ogwe aka nke iju mmiri ahụ, a ga-enwe iju mmiri n'ihi ya, ha ga-agbaji; Onye-isi ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ ga-emekwa. ”

Ptolemy VI Philometer, eze ọhụrụ nke ndịda, na-awakpo Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid na eze ọhụrụ nke ugwu Antiochus IV Epiphanes, mana ndị agha ide mmiri ahụ na-ajụ ma gbajie.

Antiọk mechara chụpụ Onias nke Atọ, onye isi nchụ-aja ndị Juu, onye ana-akpọ ya dịka “Onye ndú nke ọgbụgba ndụ”.

Eze nke South: Ptolemy VI

Eze nke ugwu: Antiochus nke Anọ

Eze nke ndịda na-achị Judia

"²³ Ọ bụkwa n'ihi na ha jikọrọ ya na ọ ga-aghọ aghụghọ ma gbagoro nwee ike site na obere mba. ”

Josephus na-akọwara oge ahụ na Juda, enwere ọgụ ike nke Onias [III] Nnukwu Onye Nchụàjà meriri n’oge ahụ. Ma otu ìgwè, ụmụ Tobaas, “ntakịrị mba ”, jikọtara Antiọkọs. [xviii]

Josephus gara n'ihu na-akọ na “O rue, n'ọgwugwu arọ abua: eze we rigorue Jerusalem, ma, eme onwe ha udo, o jiri aghụghọ nweta obodo ahụ; n'oge ahụ ọ hapụghị ndị nile nabatara ya na ya, n'ihi akụnụba nke dị n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ ”[xix]. Ee, ọ gara n’ihu n’agha ma merie Jerusalem n’ihi Jehova “Obere mba” nke ndị Juu dị aghụghọ.

"²⁴ N'oge nnwere onwe pụọ na nlekọta, ọbụlagodi oke abụba nke ngalaba ọ ga-abanye ma mee ihe nna nna ya na ndị nna nna ya na-emeghị. Ọ ga-ekesara ngwongwo na ngwongwo na ngwongwo n'etiti ha; ọ ga-ezube ebe nile e wusiri ike, ma ọ bụ ruo nwa oge. ”

Josephus gara n'ihu na-ekwu, “; mana, site na ochicho obi ya, (n’ihi na ọ hụrụ na enwere ọla-edo dị ukwuu, na ọtụtụ ihe ịchọ mma nke edobere maka ya nke ukwuu,) na ịkwakọrọ akụ ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike imebi otu o siri gbaa. O we rapu ulo uku Chineke, wezuga ihe-idọba-oriọna ọla-edo, na ebe-ichu-àjà ọla-edo, na table achicha nke ebe-ichu-àjà; o wezuga-kwa-ra na ákwà-nb veochi nke ezi ákwà ọcha na uhie O wepuru ya àkù nzuzo ya, ọ dighi ihe fọduru ya idebe. sitekwa otú a tụba ndị Juu n'oké arịrị, n'ihi na ọ machibidoro ha ịchụ àjà ndị ahụ kwa ụbọchị, nke ha na-achụrụ Chineke, dị ka iwu si dị. ” [xx]

N'achọghị ịma ihe ga-esi na ya pụta Antiọkus nke Anọ nyere iwu ịbupu ụlọ nsọ ndị Juu nke akụ. Nke a bụ ihe “nna nna ya na ndị nna nna ya emeghị ”, agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ndị eze nke ndịda jidere Jerusalem n'oge gara aga. Ọzọkwa, machibidoro ịchụ àjà kwa ụbọchị n’ụlọ nsọ, ọ gara karịa ihe ọ bụla omume ya dị njọ.

²⁵ “Ọ ga-eji obi ike na ike ya chịrị ụsụụ ndị agha buso eze ndịda agha; ma eze ndịda ga-eji usuu ndị agha dị ike ma dị ike too agha. Ọ gaghị eguzoli, n'ihi na ha ga-akpa nkata imegide ya. ²⁶ Ọ bụkwa ndị na-eri nri ya pụrụ iche ga-eweta mbibi ya. ”

Mgbe ọ laghachiteworo ma dozie ihe banyere alaeze ya, 2 Maccabees 5: 1 dere na Antiochus gara n'ihu ibuso agha nke abụọ nke Ijipt, eze ndịda.[xxi] Ndị agha Antiọk dara na Ijipt.

A ga-eme ka ndị agha ya kwụsị ide mmiri,

Na Pelusium, nke dị n'Ijipt, ndị agha Ptolemy efefere tupu Antiọk.

ọtụtụ ndị ga-anwụkwa anwụ.

Kaosinadị, mgbe Antiọk nụrụ akụkọ banyere ọgụ na Jerusalem, o chere na Judia na-enupụ isi (2 Maccabees 5: 5-6, 11). N'ihi ya, ọ hapụrụ Ijipt wee laghachi Judia, na-egbu ọtụtụ ndị Juu ka ọ na-abịa ma napụ ụlọ-nsọ ​​ya. (2 Maccabees 5: 11-14).

Ọ bụ ogbugbu a “Judas Maccabeus, ya na mmadụ itoolu ndị ọzọ, gara n'ọzara” nke malitere ntụgharị nke ndị Maccabees (2 Maccabees 5:27).

²⁷ Ma ndị eze abụọ a, obi ha ga-enwe obi ime ihe ọjọọ, ọ bụkwa na tebụl abụọ ka ha ga-ekwu okwu ụgha. Ma ọ dịghị ihe ga-aga nke ọma, n'ihi na ọgwụgwụ ka dị maka oge a kara aka.

Nke a yiri ka ọ na-ezo aka na nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Antiochus nke anọ na Ptolemy nke Isii, mgbe e merisịrị Ptolemy nke Isii na Memphis n'akụkụ nke mbụ nke agha dị n'etiti ha. Antichus nọchitere onwe ya dịka onye na-echebe Ptolemy VI na-eto eto megide Cleopatra nke Abụọ na Ptolemy nke Asatọ ma nwee olile anya na ha ga-aga n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ. Agbanyeghị, Ptolemie abụọ ahụ mere udo wee si na ya Antiochus dochie mwakpo nke abụọ dịka edere na 2 Maccabees 5: 1. Lee Daniel 11:25 n’elu. N'ime nkwekọrịta a, ma ndị eze abụọ bụ ndị abụọ, yabụ ọ nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma, n'ihi na njedebe nke ọgụ dị n'etiti eze ndịda na eze ugwu bụ oge na-abịa, “Ọgwụgwụ eruwo maka oge a kara aka”.[xxii]

²⁸ Ọ ga-alaghachikwa ala ya na ọtụtụ ngwongwo, obi ya ga-emegidekwa ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ dị nsọ. Ọ ga-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị irè ma laghachi n'ala ya.

Nke a dị ka nchịkọta nke ihe ndị ahụ akọwooro n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'amaokwu ndị a, 30b, na 31-35.

²⁹ “N'oge a kara aka, ọ ga-alaghachi, ọ ga-ebuso ndịda agha; ma ọ gaghi adi na mbu dika odi na mbu. ³⁰ Thegbọ mmiri Kitim ga-abịakwasị ya, ọ ga-enwekwa nkụda mmụọ.

Nke a yiri ka ọ na-ekwu okwu banyere mwakpo nke abụọ abụọ nke Antiochus nke anọ, eze ugwu wakporo Ptolemy nke Isii, eze ndịda. Mgbe ọ gara nke ọma na Ptolemy, wee rute Aleksandria n'oge a, ndị Rome, “Shipsgbọ ndị Kitim”, bịara ma nye ya nsogbu ka ọ lara ezumike nká na Alexandria dị n'Ijipt.

"Site n'aka onye omekorita Rome, Popillius Laenas wegara Antiọkus akwụkwọ ozi machibidoro ya ịlụso ndị Egypt agha. Mgbe Antiọk siri rịọ oge ịtụle, ndi ozi ahụ kwotara okirikiri n’ime ájá dị n’Antiọk ma gwa ya ka o nye ya azịza ya tupu ọ pụọ na gburugburu ahụ. Antiọk kwuru na ndị Rom chọrọ ka ha jụ ịlụ agha bụ ka ha buso ndị Rom agha. ” [xxiii]

"^30bỌ ga-alaghachi wee weso ọgbụgba ndụ nsọ ahụ ọnụ ma mezuo iwu; ọ gha ilaghachi, chebara ndị hapụrụ ọgbụgba ndụ nsọ ahụ echiche. ³¹ Ogwe aka dị iche iche ga-esikwa n'aka ya pụta; ha ga-emerụ ebe nsọ, ebe e wusiri ike, wee wepu oge ahụ

.

“Ha ga-edobe ihe arụ nke na-akpata ịtọgbọrọ n'efu.”

Josephus kọrọ akụkọ ndị a na Wars nke ndị Juu, Akwụkwọ nke 1, isi nke 2, para XNUMX, “Afọ adịghị eju Antiọkọs ahụ, o weghara obodo ahụ, na mpụnara mmadụ ya, ma ọ bụ nnukwu ogbugbu o gburu ebe ahụ; kama o jiri obi ike ya merie ya, wee cheta ahụhụ ọ tara n’oge nnọchibido ahụ, ọ manye ndị Juu ịhapụ iwu obodo ha, na ịhapụ ụmụ ha ka a na-ebighị úgwù, na iji anụ ezì chụọ àjà n’elu ebe ịchụàjà; ”. Josephus, Agha nke ndị Juu, Akwụkwọ nke 1, isi nke 1, para XNUMX na-agwa anyị nke ahụ "Ọ [Antiọk nke Anọ] bibiri ụlọ nsọ ahụ, wee kwụsị ịdị na-eme mgbe nile ịchụ àjà kwa ụbọchị maka afọ atọ na ọnwa isii.”

³² “Ọ ga-ejikwa okwu ire ụtọ mee ndị na-emebi iwu ya. Ma ndị maara Chineke ha, ha ga-emeri ma mee ihe n'ụzọ dị irè. ”

Amaokwu ndị a kọwara otu abụọ, otu na-emebi iwu ọgbụgba ndụ (Mosis), soro Antiọk na-akwado. Ndị ajọ mmụọ ahụ gụnyere Jason Nnukwu Onye Nchụ aja (mgbe Onias gasịrị), onye mere ka ndị Juu bie ụzọ ndụ Grik. Lee 2 Maccabees 4: 10-15.[xxiv]  1 Maccabees 1: 11-15 chịkọtara nke a n'ụzọ a: " N'ụbọchị ndị ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị ngagharị iwe sitere n'Izrel wee duhie ọtụtụ, na-asị, "Ka anyị gaa soro ndị mba ọzọ gbara anyị gburugburu, n'ihi na kemgbe anyị kewapụrụ na ha ọtụtụ ọdachi abịakwasịwo anyị." ¹² Okwu a masịrị ha, ¹³ ụfọdụ n’ime ndị ahụ wee jiri ịnụ ọkụ n’obi gakwuru eze, onye nyere ha ike idobe iwu nke ndị Jentaịl. ¹⁴ Ha we wue ebe-nzuzu na Jerusalem dika omenala ndi mba ọzọ si di. ¹⁵ o wezuga akara nke ibi-ugwu, we rapu ọb covenantub covenanta-ndu nsọ. Ha sonyeere ndị Jentaịl ma ree onwe ha ime ihe ọjọọ. ”

 Ndi nchu aja ndi ozo bu Mattathias na umu nwoke ya ise, nke otu onye n'ime ha bu Judas Maccabeus. Ha bilitere na nnupu isi ma mgbe ọtụtụ ihe ndị a kọwara n’elu, mechara nwee ike merie.

 ³³ Ma ndị nwere nghọta n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ha ga-eme ka ọtụtụ nwee nghọta. A ga-eji mma agha na ire ọkụ mee ka ha sụọ ngọngọ, na ibukọrọ ihe mmadụ, ruo ụbọchị ụfọdụ.

Ejiri mma agha gbuo Judas na akụkụ ndị agha ya (1 Maccabees 9: 17-18).

E gburu Jọnatan nwa nwoke ọzọ na puku ndị ikom. Onye isi ndị ụtụ isi nke Antịpụs gbara Jerusalem ọkụ (1 Maccabees 1: 29–31, 2 Maccabees 7).

³⁴ Ma mgbe emere ha ka ha su ngọngọ, aga eji enyemaka di nta nyere ha aka; ọtụtụ ga-ejikọtakwa ha site na iji ire ụtọ.

Judas na ụmụnne ya meriri ọtụtụ usuu ndị agha zigara ha site na obere mmadụ.

 ³⁵ Offọdụ n’ime ndị nwere nghọta ga-asụ ngọngọ, ka ha wee rụọ ọrụ nnụcha n’ihi ha, meekwa ka a dị ọcha ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha, ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ. n'ihi na ọ bụ rue oge a kara aka.

Ulo Mattathias jere ozi dị ka ndị nchụàjà na ndị nkuzi ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ ruo na njedebe nke oge Hasmone na Aristobulus onye Herọd gburu.[xxv]

Kwụsị ọrụ nke ndị eze ugwu na ndị eze ndịda nke metụtara ndị Juu.

Ndị eze ugwu nke Hasmonean nke ndị Juu chịrị Judia, site na nkewa nke dị n'okpuru aka eze nke ugwu

“N'ihi na ọ bụ maka oge ahụ kara aka.”

Oge na-eso agha ndị a n'etiti eze ugwu na eze ndịda bụ otu udo dị n'etiti ya na ndị Juu nwere ọchịchị kwụụrụ onwe ya ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-anọchi ndị eze ndị a enweghị ike ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ ịchịkwa Judia. Nke a bido n’ihe dị ka n’afọ 140 Tupu Oge Ndị Kraịst ruo n’afọ 110 Tupu Oge Ndị Kraịst, mgbe nke ahụ Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid kewara (eze ugwu). A na-akpọ oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị Juu dị ka usoro ndị eze Hasmone. Ọ dara n'ihe dịka afọ 40 TOA - 37 TOA site n'aka Herọd Onye Ukwu onye Idum nke mere ka Judia bụrụ obodo ndị Rom na-azụ ahịa. Rome abụrụla eze ugwu site na ịpụnye ihe fọdụrụ nke alaeze Seleucid na 63 BC.

Ruo ugbu a, anyị ahụtawo ịbụ onye a ma ama nye Xerxes, Alexander Onye Ukwu, ndị Seleucids, Ptolemies, Antichus IV Epiphanes na ndị Maccabees. Nkpughe mpempe ikpeazụ, ruo ọbịbịa Mesaịa na mbibi ikpeazụ nke usoro ihe ndị Juu, chọrọ ịkọwa.

 

Daniel 11: 36-39

Esemokwu dị n'etiti eze ndịda na eze ugwu na-esoro “eze”.

³⁶ “Eze ga-emekwa uche ya, wee bulie onwe ya elu, bulie onwe ya elu karịa chi niile; ọ bu kwa Chineke nke chi nile ka ọ g willkwu ihe-ebube. Ọ ga-emezurịrị, ruo mgbe iwe a gwụchara; n'ihi na aghaghi ikpebi ihe emeworo. ³⁷ Ọ gaghi-eche-kwa-ra Chineke nke nna-ya-hà; Ọ ghaghi iche echiche banyere ihe nwanyi chọrọ, ya na chi ọzọ, kama ọ ga-eme onwe ya ka ọ dị elu. ³⁸ Kama ọ bụ chi nke ebe ewusiri ike ka ọ ga-enye otuto; ọ ga-ejikwa ọlaedo na ọla ọcha na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa na ihe ndị dị mma nye chi nna nna ya na-amaghị. ³⁹ Ọ ga-emekwa ihe n'ụzọ dị irè megide chi ndị mba ọzọ, tinyere chi ala ọzọ. Onye ọ bụla nyere ya amara ga-eme ka ebube jupụta, ọ ga-emekwa ka ha chịa n’etiti ọtụtụ; ọ ga-ekenyekwa ya ala.

Ọ bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ na ngalaba a ga-eji mepee ya “Eze” n’agwaghị ma ọ bụ eze ugwu ma ọ bụ eze nke ndịda. N’ezie, dabere n’amaokwu nke 40, ọ bụghị eze ugwu ma ọ bụ eze ndịda, ebe ọ na-esonyere eze nke ndịda megide eze nke ugwu. Nke a ga-egosi na ọ bụ eze na-achị Judia. Naanị eze nke ihe ọ bụla na ihe dị ezigbo mkpa gbasara ọbịbịa nke Mesaya ma na-emetụta Judia bụ Herọd Onye Ukwu, wee weghara Judia n'ihe dị ka afọ 40 TOA.

Eze (Herọd Onye Ukwu)

"Eze ga-eme uche ya. ”

Dika ahịrịokwu a gosiputara ike nke eze a. Ndi eze ole na ole nwere ike nke ukwuu ime ihe ha choro. N’usoro ndị eze n’amụma a, nanị ndị eze ndị ọzọ nwere ike a bụ Alexander Onye Ukwu (Daniel 11: 3) onye '' Ga a chịrị oke ọchịchị dị ukwuu, meekwa uche ya ' , na Antiọkus the Great (III) sitere na Daniel 11:16, nke o kwuru banyere ya,onye na-abịakwasị ya ga-emekwa uche ya, ọ dịghịkwa onye guzo n'ihu ya ”. Ọbụnadị Antiọkus nke anọ Epiphanes, bụ onye butere nsogbu na Judia enweghị ike a, dịka nke nguzogide Maccabees na-aga n'ihu gosiri. Nke a na-agbakwụnye ịdị arọ iji mata onye Herọd Onye Ukwu dị kaeze".

“Ọ ga-ebulikwa onwe ya elu, bulie onwe ya elu karịa chi nile; ọ ga-ekwu okwu megide Chineke nke chi dị iche iche ”

Josephus dere na Antipater mere Herọd onye gọvanọ na Galili mgbe ọ dị afọ 15.[xxvi] Ihe ndekọ ahụ gara n'ihu ịkọwa etu o siri jiri ohere ahụ bulie onwe ya ngwa ngwa.[xxvii] Ọ nwetara ngwa ngwa na ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike ma nwee obi ike.[xxviii]

Olee otu o siri kwuo okwu dị egwu megide Chineke nke chi niile?

Aịzaya 9: 6-7 buru amụma “N'ihi na amụworo anyị nwa, otu nwa nwoke amụrụla anyị, ịchịisi ga-adị n'ubu ya. A ga-akpọkwa ya Onye Ndụmọdụ Dị Ebube, Chineke dị ike, Nna ebighi-ebi, Onye-isi Udo. Ọchịchị na udo ga-akwụsị ọtụtụ,”. Ee, Herọd kwuru okwu megide Chineke nke chi (Jizọs Kraịst, Chineke nke ndị dị ike, karịa chi nile nke mba dị iche iche].] O nyere ndị agha ya iwu ka ha gbuo nwa ọhụrụ ahụ Jizọs. (Lee Matiu 2: 1-18).

Dị ka echiche dị n'akụkụ, a na-ahụta ihe igbu mmadụ na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ dị ka otu n'ime mpụ ndị jọgburu onwe ya mmadụ nwere ike ime. Nke a bụ dịka ọ na - enye nsogbu akọ na uche nke Chukwu nyere, ime ụdị ihe ahụ bụ imebi akọ na uche nke Chineke na Jizọs bụ ndị okike anyị nyere.

“Chi niile” ikekwe na-ezo aka na ndị isi na ndị ọchịchị ndị ọzọ, (ndị dị ike) nke o buliri onwe ya n’elu. N'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, o họpụtara nwunye nwanne ya Aristobulus dị ka nnukwu onye nchụàjà, mgbe obere oge gasịkwara, igbu ya. [xxix]

Eze na-achị Judia, onye na-ejere eze ọhụrụ nke ugwu nke Rome agha

“Ọ ga-emezurịrị, ruo mgbe iwe ọ ga-emezu; n'ihi na ihe a kpebiri ga-eme. ”

Ke usụn̄ ewe ke Herod anam “Na-eme nke ọma ruo mgbe amamikpe [nke ndị Juu] gwụsịrị.” O gosipụtara na ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ụmụ ya chịrị akụkụ nke mba ndị Juu ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ obere ka mbibi ya na 70 OA Herọd Antipas, onye gburu Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim, Herọd Agrịpa nke Mbụ, onye gburu Jems ma tụọ Pita mkpọrọ, ebe Herọd Agrịpa II zigara Pọl onyeozi n'agbụ gaa Rome, oge na-adịghị anya tupu ndị Juu enupụrụ ndị Rom isi, na-ewetara onwe ha mbibi.

³⁷ “Ma Chineke nke ndị nna ya, ọ gaghị echebara ya echiche; ọ ga-echebara echiche ụmụ nwanyị na chi ọzọ echiche, ma ọ ga-ebuli onwe ya elu karịa onye ọ bụla. ”

Bible na-ejikarị ahịrịokwu ahụ “Chineke nke nna nna unu” izo aka na Chineke nke Abraham, Aisak, na Jekob (dika lee Opupu 3:15). Herọd Onye Ukwu abụghị onye Juu, kama ọ bụ onye Idumia, mana n'ihi alụm di na nwunye n'etiti ndị Edọm na ndị Juu, a na-elekarị ndị Idumia anya dị ka ndị Juu, ọkachasị mgbe ha ghọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ ndị Juu. Ọ bụ nwa ndị Idọm Antipater. Josephus kpọrọ ya ọkara onye Juu.[xxx]

Ọzọkwa, ndị Edọm sitere na Isọ nwanne Jekọb, ya mere Chineke nke Abraham na Aịsak, kwesịrị ịbụ Chineke ha. Ọzọkwa, dị ka Josephus si kwuo, Herọd na-ekwukarị na ya bụ onye Juu mgbe ọ na-agwa ndị Juu okwu.[xxxi] N’ezie, ụfọdụ n’ime ụmụazụ ya ndị Juu lere ya anya dị ka Mezaịa ahụ. Dịka Herọd kwesịrị ịtụle Chineke nke nna nna ya, nke Chineke nke Abraham, kama ọ webatara ofufe nke Siza.

Agụụ nwanyị nwanyị ọ bụla bụ onye Juu ga-ebu Mesaịa ahụ, mana dịka anyị ga-ahụ n'okpuru ebe a, ọ noaghị ntị maka ọchịchọ ndị a, mgbe ọ gburu ụmụntakịrị nwoke niile na Betọm iji nwude Jizọs. Ọ tụghịkwa uche "chi" ọ bụla dị ka ọ na-egbu onye ọ bụla o lere anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu.

³⁸ “Kama ọ bụ chi nke ebe e wusiri ike ka ọ ga-enye nsọpụrụ n'ọnọdụ ya; ọ ga-ejikwa ọlaedo na ọlaọcha na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa na n'ihe a na-achọsi ike nye chi nna ya na-amaghị. ”

Herọd nyefere ikike na ike ọchịchị ụwa nke Rome, nke ndị agha, nke igwe "Chi nke ebe nile siri ike". O buru ụzọ nye Julius Siza nsọ, nye Antony, nyezie Antony na Cleopatra VII, nyekwara Augustus (Octavian) onyinye site na ndị nnọchi anya onyinye dị oke ọnụ. O wuru Sesaria dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri mara mma nke a na-akpọ nsọpụrụ Siza, ma mesịa wughachi Sameria ma kpọọ ya Sebaste (Sebastos bụ nke Ọgọstọs). [xxxii]

Ndị nna ya amabeghị chi a, bụ ike ọchịchị ụwa nke Rome dịka ọ ghọrọ mba ụwa ọhụrụ na nso nso a.

 ³⁹ Ọ ga-emekwa chi ala ọzọ, meekwa ihe n'ụzọ dị ike megide chi ndị e wusiri ike. Onye ọ bụla nyere ya amara ga-eme ka ebube jupụta, ọ ga-emekwa ka ha chịa n’etiti ọtụtụ; ọ ga-ekenyekwa ya ala. ”

Josephus dere na mgbe Siza nyere Herọd mpaghara ọzọ ọ ga-achị, Herọd hiwere ihe oyiyi Siza nke a ga-efe n’ebe dị iche iche e wusiri ike ma wuo ọtụtụ obodo a na-akpọ Sesaria. [xxxiii] Ke enye ama ọnọ “onye obula nyere ya ikike…. otuto dikariri ”.

Ebe ewusiri ike kachasi nma n'ala Judia bu ulo nke ulo uku Chineke. Herọd mere ihe megidere ya, site na iwughachi ya, ma na-agbanwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe e wusiri ike maka ebumnuche ya. N’ezie, ọ wuru ụlọ siri ike n’akụkụ ugwu nke Templelọ nsọ ahụ, na-eleghara ya anya, nke ọ kpọrọ aha ụlọ elu Antonia (ama Mark Antony). [xxxiv]

Josephus na-akọkwara anyị banyere otu ihe mere mgbe obere oge Herọd gbusịrị nwunye ya Mariamne, naAlexandra nọrọ na oge a na Jerusalem; ebe a na-akọwakwa ọnọdụ Herọd nọ na ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike inweta ebe ndị e wusiri ike ndị gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu, nke bụ obodo abụọ, nke ọzọ bụ nke ụlọ nsọ; ndị nwere ike ịbanye n'aka ha nwere mba ahụ dum n'okpuru aka ha, n'ihi na n'enyeghị ha iwu ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịchụ àjà ha; ” [xxxv]

Daniel 11: 40-43

⁴⁰ “N'oge ikpeazụ, eze ndịda ga-eso ya na-aga, eze ugwu ga-eji ụgbọ ịnyịnya na ndị ịnyịnya na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri wakpo ya; ọ ga-abanyekwa n’ala dị iche iche wee rikpuo ma gafere.

eze nke ndịda: Cleopatra nke Asatọ nke Egypt na Mark Antony

eze nke ugwu: Augustus (Octavian) nke Rome

Eze ugwu (Rome) chịrị Judia

“Na mgbe ọgwụgwụ” na-etinye ihe omume ndị a na njedebe oge njedebe nke ndị Juu, ndị nke Daniel. Maka nke a, anyị hụrụ myirịta na ya na ọgụ Actian, ebe Cleopatra nke Asatọ nke Egypt jiri mmetụta Antony kpomie ike (na afọ nke asaa nke ọchịchị Herọd na Judia). Nke mbido agha a bụ nke eze ndịda, onye na-akwado n’oge a “Soro ya” Site n'aka Herọd Onye nyere onyinye.[xxxvi] Antmụ ọhụrụ na-ekpebi agha, mana nke a bụ ihe dị iche iche n'ihi na ndị agha nke Augustus Caesar wakporo ma merie ya site n'aka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ya, bụ nke meriri nnukwu agha ndị mmiri na-alụ ọgụ na Actium n'ụsọ oké osimiri Gris. Dị ka Plutarch siri kwuo, Antonia kpaliri Antony ịlụ ọgụ[xxxvii]

⁴¹ “Ọ ga-abanyekwa n'ala nke cochọ Mma, a ga-enwekwa ọtụtụ ala [a ga-eme] sụọ ngọngọ. Ma ndị a bụ ndị ga-agbapụ n'aka ya, Idọm na Moab na akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ Amọn. ”

Ọgọstọs mechara soro Antony gaa Ijipt ma ọ bụ site na ala site na Syria na Judia, ebe “Herọd nabatara ya ntụrụndụ nke eze na nke ọma ” na-eme udo na Ọgọstọs site na-agbanwe n'akụkụ. [xxxviii]

Mgbe Ọgọstọs gara ozugbo n’ofe Ijipt, Ọgọstọs zipụrụ ụfọdụ ndị ikom ya n’okpuru Aelius Gallus nke ụfọdụ ndị ikom Herọd sonyeere Idọm, ​​Moab, na Amọn (mpaghara gbara Amam, Jọdan) agha, ma nke a kụrụ afọ n’ala. [xxxix]

⁴² “Ọ ga-esetị aka ya megide ala dị iche iche; ma ala Ijipt, ọ gaghị abụ onye mgbapụ. ”

Ka oge na-aga ka ọgụ a na-aga na nso Alezandria, ndị agha mmiri Antony gbahapụrụ ya ma sonye n'ụgbọ mmiri Ọgọstọs. Canyịnya ya gbahaara n'akụkụ Augustus. N’ezie, ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya, kwere ka eze nke ugwu, Ọgọstọs merie Mark Antony, onye gburu onwe ya mgbe ahụ.[xl] Ọgọstọs nwere Ijipt ugbu a. N’oge na-adịghị anya, ọ nyeghachiri Herọd ala Cleopatra nara n’aka Herọd.

⁴³ Ọ ga-achịkwa akụ zoro ezo nke ọlaedo na ọla ọcha na ihe niile a na-achọsi ike nke Ijipt. Ndị Libia na ndị Itiopia ga na-esokwa nzọụkwụ ya. ”

Cleopatra nke Asatọ debere akụ ya n'ụlọ arụsị dị nso n'ụlọ nsọ Isis, nke Ọgọstọs weghaara. [xli]

Ndị Libya na ndị Etiopia nọ ugbu a na ebere nke Augustus na afọ 11 ka nke ahụ gasịrị, o zigara Kọniliọs Balbus ijide Libya na ndịda na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Egypt.[xlii]

Ọgọstọs nyekwara Herọd ọtụtụ ógbè niile dị na Judia.

Ihe ndekọ nke Daniel laghachikwara “eze” ahụ, Herọd.

 

Daniel 11: 44-45

⁴⁴ “Ma a ga-anụ akụkọ ga-enye ya nsogbu, site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na site n'ebe ugwu, ọ ga-ejikwa ọnụma dị ukwuu laa ala ma kpochapụ ọtụtụ mmadụ n'iyi.

Eze (Herọd Onye Ukwu)

Eze ugwu (Rome) chịrị Judia

Ihe ndekọ nke Matiu 2: 1 na-agwa anyị nke ahụ “Mgbe a mụsịrị Jizọs na Betlehem nke Judia n'oge Herọd bụ́ eze, lee, ndị na-agụ kpakpando, ndị si n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, bịara Jeruselem”. Ee, akụkọ ndị nyere nsogbu Herọd Onye Ukwu ahụ ka ọpụtara site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ site na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ (ebe ndị na-agụ kpakpando sitere).

Matiu 2:16 gara n’ihu Herọd hụrụ na ndị ahụ na-agụ kpakpando duhiere ya, wee were oke iwe wee zipụ ụmụ ndị nwoke na Betlehem na obodo ya niile, site n'afọ abụọ gbagowe. Ee, Herọd Onye-nwe wee were oke ọnụma wee bibie ma laa ọtụtụ mmadụ n'iyi. Matiu 2: 17-18 gara n'ihu “Mbe ahu ka emezuru okwu ekwuru site n'ọnu Jeremaia onye-amuma, si, Anuru olu na Rema, ikwa ákwá na iti-nkpu; ọ bụ Rechel na-akwara ụmụ ya ákwá, ma ọ chọghị inweta nkasi obi, n'ihi na ha anọghị ”. Mmezu a kwa nke amụma Daniel ga-enye ihe kpatara ịtinye akụkọ a n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Matiu.

N'oge otu oge, ikekwe afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa tupu mgbe ahụ, akụkọ na-ewute Herọd sikwa site na mgbago ugwu. Ọ bụ aro nwa nwoke ọzọ (Antipater) kwuru na ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ sitere na Mariamne na-agba izu megide ya. A nwara ha na Rome ma tọhapụ ha. Agbanyeghị, nke a abụghị tupu Herọd chere echiche igbu ha.[xliii]

E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ mere, ndị na-egosi na Herọd nwere oke oke iwe. Josephus dere na Antiquities nke ndị Juu, Akwukwo nke XVII, Isi nke 6, Para nke 3-4, na ọ gbara otu Matthias na ndị otu ya nwụrụ ọkụ ma mebisie Ugo Rome nke Herọd debere n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ.

⁴⁵ Ọ ga-agha ụlọikwuu mara ụlọ ya n'etiti oké osimiri na ugwu nsọ a mara mma; ọ gha abia kwa rue ọgwugwu-ya, ma ọ dighi onye-iye-aka kwesiri ya.

Herọd rụrụ obí eze abụọ “Ụlọikwuu mara mma” na Jeruselem. Otu na North-Western Wall of the Upper City nke Jerusalem n’elu ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ. Nke a bụ ebe obibi bụ́ isi. Ọ dịkwa kpọmkwem n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ nsọ “n'etiti oké osimiri”[Mediterranean] na 'Ugwu nsọ ahụ mara mma' [Templelọ nsọ ahụ]. Herọd nwekwara ụlọ ọzọ e wusiri ike nke dị n’ebe ndịda nke ntakịrị ebe obibi a, n’akụkụ mgbidi ọdịda anyanwụ, n’ebe a maara taa dị ka Nkeji Armenia, n’ihi ya “Tents".

Herod gara n'ihu ịnwụ ọnwụ na-adịghị mma nke ọrịa na-asọ oyi nke ọ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Ọ nwudịrị igbu onwe ya. N'ezie, enwere “Ọ nweghị onye inyeaka”.[xliv]

Daniel 12: 1-7

Daniel 12: 1 na-aga n'ihu na amụma a na-enye ihe kpatara ya na ihe kpatara ya ji gbakwunye ya, na-arụtụ aka Mesaya na njedebe nke usoro ihe ndị Juu.

Onye-isi Ndu: Jisos na “Ihe nile aghasisiwo”

Eze ugwu (Rome) chịrị Judia

 "¹N'oge ahụ, Maịkel ga-ebili, nnukwu onye isi, onye na-anọchite anya ụmụ ndị gị. ”

Na usoro nke ihe anyị tụlere ha na Daniel 11, ọ pụtara na dị ka Matiu isi 1 na nke 2 na-egosi, Jizọs bụ Mesaya “Onye isi ukwu ”, “Maịkel, ònye dị ka Chineke?” biliri n’oge a. A mụrụ Jizọs n’ime afọ ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ afọ abụọ nke ndụ Eze na ọchịchị ọchịchị nke Eze Herọd. O biliri ịzọ “ụmụ ndị gị [Daniel] ” mgbe ihe dị ka afọ iri atọ gachara, mgbe Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim mere ya baptizim na Jọdan (na 30 AD) (Matiu 29: 3-13).

“Mgbe ahụ, a ga-enwe oge ahụhụ, nke a na-emetụbeghị kemgbe e nwere mba ruo mgbe ahụ”

Jizọs dọrọ ndị na-eso ụzọ ya aka ná ntị banyere oge ahụhụ ga-abịa. Matiu 24:15, Mak 13:14, na Luk 21:20 dekọtara ịdọ aka ná ntị ya.

Matthew 24:15 kwuru okwu Jizọs, “Ya mere, mgbe unu hụrụ ihe arụ nke na-akpata mbibi, dị ka ekwuru site n’ọnụ Daniel onye amụma, ka o guzo n’ebe nsọ, (ka onye na-agụ ya jiri nghọta mee ihe), mgbe ahụ, ka ndị nọ na Judia malite ịgbaga n’ugwu.”

Mak 13:14 dere "Ka osila dị, mgbe ị hụrụ ihe arụ nke na-akpata ịtọgbọrọ n'efu, guzo n'akụkụ ekwesighi, (ka onye na-agụ ya jiri nghọta), mgbe ahụ, ka ndị nọ na Judia malite ịgbaga n'ugwu."

Luk 21:20 na-agwa anyị,Ọzọkwa, mgbe ị hụrụ ka usuu ndị agha mara ụlọikwuu gbara ya gburugburu, mgbe ahụ maranụ na ime ka ọ tọgbọrọ n'efu adịwo nso. Mgbe ahụ ndị nọ na Judia, na-agba ọsọ gbaga n'ugwu, ka ndị nọkwa n'ime ya [ya] hapụ, ka ndị nọkwa n'obodo ahụ ghara ịbanye na ya. ”

Fọdụ na - jikọta Daniel 11: 31-32 na amụma a nke Jizọs, n'agbanyeghị na a na - aga n'ihu na Daniel 11, na Daniel 12 gara n'ihu na ya (isi nke oge a bụ mmanye mmadụ), ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya karịa ịkọwa amụma Jizọs na Daniel. 12: 1b nke gosiputara n’oge nkpagbu jọgburu onwe ya karịa nke ọ bụla ọzọ ga-emekpa mba ndị Juu ahụ n’oge ahụ. Jizọs gosikwara na ụdị oge ahụhụ na mkpagbu a agaghị abịakwasị mba ndị Juu ọzọ (Matiu 24:21).

Anyị ga-ahụtarịrị ihe pụtara na myirịta dị n'etiti Daniel 12: 1b na Matiu 24:21.

Daniel 12: XNUMX           “Mgbe ahụ, a ga-enwe oge ahụhụ, nke a na-emetụbeghị kemgbe e nwere mba ruo mgbe ahụ”

Matthew 24:      “N'ihi na mgbe ahụ ka a ga - enwe oke mkpagbu / mkpagbu nke a na - emebeghị kemgbe ụwa malite na rue ugbu a”

Agha Josephus nke ndị Juu, ngwụcha nke Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ, Akwụkwọ nke III - Akwụkwọ nke VII na-akọwasị oge nsogbu a nke dakwasịrị mba ndị Juu, nke kachasị njọ karịa nsogbu ọ bụla dakwasịrị ha na mbụ, ọbụna na-eburu n'uche mbibi mbibi nke Nebukadneza na iwu nke Antiọkus nke Anọ.

N'oge ahụ, ndị gị ga-alanahụ, onye ọ bụla a hụrụ n'akwụkwọ ahụ. ”

Ndị Juu nabatara Jizọs dị ka Mesaya ma heeda ntị n'ịdọ aka ná ntị ya banyere mbibi na-abịanụ, jiri ndụ ha gbapụ n'ezie. Eusebius dere “Mana ndị ụka nke dị na Jerusalem bụ nke e nyere iwu site na mkpughe, nyere ha ndị nwoke akwadoro n’ebe ahụ tupu agha ahụ, ịhapụ obodo ahụ wee biri n’otu obodo Perea a na-akpọ Pella. Ma mb whene ndi kwere na Kraist si na Jerusalem bia n'ebe ahu, ya mere, dika agasi na ala-eze nke ndi Ju na ala nile nke Judia bu ihe atukwasiri ndi nwoke nso, ikpe nke Chineke gabigara ndi ahu ndi kpasuru iwe di a imegide. Kraịst na ndịozi ya, ma bibie ọgbọ ahụ kpamkpam nke ndị mmadụ na-enweghị isi. ” [xlv]

Ndị Kraịst ahụ na-agụ akwụkwọ bụ́ ndị ji nghọta mee ihe mgbe ha na-agụ okwu Jizọs, anwụghị.

"² Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-arahụ n'ájá nke ala ga-eteta, ndị a ga-adị ndụ ebighị ebi, ndị na-emechu mmadụ ihu, na-elelịkwa mgbe ebighị ebi. ”

Jisos mere ka ndi nwuru anwu bilie 3, Jisos n’onwe ya n’onwu bilie na Ndi ozi bilitere 2 ozo, na akuko nke Matiu 27: 52-53 nke puru igosi nbilite n’onwu n’oge Jisos nwuru.

"³ Ndị nwere nghọta ga na-enwu dị ka ìhè mbara igwe, ndị na-ewetakwa ọtụtụ ndị ezi omume, dị ka kpakpando ruo mgbe ebighị ebi, ọbụna ruo mgbe niile ebighị ebi. ”

N'ihe banyere nghọta nke amụma dị na Daniel 11, na Daniel 12: 1-2, ndị nwere nghọta ma na-enwu dị ka ìhè mbara igwe n'etiti ajọ ọgbọ ndị Juu, ga-abụ ndị Juu ahụ nakweere Jizọs dị ka Mesaya. wee ghọọ Ndị Kraịst.

"⁶ … Ogologo oge ole ka ọ ga-abụ njedebe nke ihe ndị a dị ebube?  ⁷ … Ọ ga-abụ maka oge a kara aka, oge a kara aka na ọkara."

A sụgharịrị okwu Hibru “Ebube” na-ebuputa ihe being puru iche, sie ike nghota, ma obu mmekorita nke Chineke na ndi ya, ma obu omume nke ikpé na mgbaputa nke Chineke.[xlvi]

Ogologo oge hà a theaa ka ikpe nke ndị Juu dịruru? Site na ndaghachi azụ nke ndị Rom nke Jerusalem rue ọdịda na mbibi bụ oge nke afọ atọ na ọkara.

"Ma, ngwa ngwa mbibi nke ike nke ndị nsọ ga-agwụ, ihe ndị a niile ga-agwụ.

Mbibi nke Galili, na Judia site na Vespasian na nwa ya nwoke bụ Taịtọs, dabara na mbibi nke Jerusalem, ebe Templelọ Nsọ ahụ enweghị ebe a tụrụ n’elu nkume, rụchara mba ndị Juu dịka mba. Site na mgbe ahụ gaa n'ihu, ha abụkwaghị mba dị iche, site n'ihe ndekọ osuso-ọmumu nile nke mbibi nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ furu efu, o nweghị onye nwere ike igosipụta na ha bụ ndị Juu, ma ọ bụ ebo ha si, ọ dịghịkwa onye nwere ike ikwu na ha bụ Mesaya ahụ. Ee, mwepu nke ike nke ndị nsọ [mba Israel] bụ nke ikpeazụ wee weta amụma a na mmezu ya na mmezu ikpeazụ ya.

Daniel 12: 9-13

"⁹ O wee sị: Gaa, Daniel, n'ihi na e zochiwo okwu ndị a, mechiekwa ya ruo n'oge ikpeazụ.

Edechiri okwu ndị a ruo n’oge ọgwụgwụ nke mba ndị Juu. Naanị mgbe Jizọs dọrọ ndị Juu aka na ntị na narị afọ mbụ na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke mmezu nke amụma Daniel na-aga na ọ ga-emezu n'usoro ọgbọ ha. Ọgbọ ahụ dịgidere afọ 33-37 ọzọ tutu mbibi ya n’agbata 66 AD na 70 AD.

"¹⁰ Ọtụtụ ga-asachapụ onwe ha ma mee onwe ha ọcha, a nụchaa. Ndị ajọ omume ga-emekwa ajọ omume, ọ dịghịkwa ndị ajọ omume ọ bụla ga-aghọta: ma ndị nwere nghọta ga-aghọta. ”

Ọtụtụ ndị Juu nwere ezi obi ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst, na-eme onwe ha ka ha dị ọcha site na baptizim ime mmiri na nchegharị nke ụzọ mbụ ha, ma na-agbalị ịdị ka Kraịst. Mkpagbu mekwara ka ha nụchaa. Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị Juu, karịsịa ndị ndú okpukpe dị ka ndị Farisii na ndị Sadusii na-eme ajọ omume, site n'igbu Mezaịa ahụ na ịkpagbu ndị na-eso ụzọ ya. Ha aghọtaghịkwa mkpa ịdọ aka ná ntị Jizọs nyere banyere mbibi na mmezu ikpeazụ nke amụma Daniels nke na-abịakwasị ha. Otú ọ dị, ndị nwere nghọta, ndị ji nghọta mee ihe, edara ntị n'ịdọ aka ná ntị Jizọs ma gbapụ na Judia na Jerusalem ozugbo ha hụrụ ozugbo ha hụrụ ndị agha Rom na-ekpere arụsị na akara aka nke chi ha, na-eguzo n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ na-ekwesighi ime ya na 66CE ndien ke ini udịmekọn̄ Rome ẹkefiakde ẹnyọn̄ọ ke ntak emi owo m unknownkọfiọkke, ẹma ẹda ifet oro ẹbe.

"¹¹ Site na mgbe wezuga ihe a na-ahụ anya mgbe niile, ma tinye ihe arụ na-eweta mbibi, puku ụbọchị abụọ na narị iteghete ga-adị. ”

Ebumnuche ebumnuche nke akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ a apụtachaghị. Agbanyeghị, akụkụ ahụ a na-ahụ anya ga-adị ka ọ na-ezo aka maka ịchụ àjà kwa ụbọchị n'ụlọ nsọ. Ndị a kwụsịrị n'ụlọ nsọ Herọd gburugburu 5^th Ọgọstụ, 70 AD. [xlvii] ebe ndi-nchu-àjà enweghi ndikom zuru ezu inye ya. Nke a dabere na Josephus, Wars nke ndị Juu, Akwụkwọ nke 6, Isi nke 2, (94) nke kwuru “A gwara [Taịtọs] n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ ụbọchị nke iri na asaa^th ụbọchị nke Panemus[xlviii] (Tammuz), àjà a na-akpọ "thechụ àjà Kwa ”bọchị" emezughị, a chụghịkwa ya Chineke n'ihi ihe mmadụ chọrọ iji chụọ ya. " Ihe arụ ahụ nke na-akpata ịtọgbọrọ n'efu, nke a ghọtara na ọ bụ ndị agha nke Rome na 'chi' ha, bụ ihe nkiri egbe, guzoro n'ụlọ nsọ afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ na ụbọchị n'etiti 13^th na 23^rd Nọvemba, 66 AD.[xlix]

1,290 ụbọchị site na 5^th August 70 AD, ga-ewetara gị 15^th Febụwarị, 74 AD. Amabeghị mgbe oge nnọchibido nke Masada bidoro ma mechie, mana achọpụtara mkpụrụ ego iri asaa na asaa na AD AD. Mana Roman sieges adịkarịghị ọnwa ole ma ole. Daysbọchị 73 nwere ike ịbụ oghere dị mma (n'etiti 45 na 1290) maka seige. Givenbọchị enyere n’aka Josephus, Wars nke ndị Juu, Akwukwo nke Ise, Isi nke 1335, (9) bụ ụbọchị 401^th ụbọchị nke Xanthicus (Nisan) nke bụ 31 Mach, 74 AD. na kalenda ndị Juu.[l]

Ọ bụ ezie na kalenda ndị m ji dị iche, (Taya, mgbe ahụ ndị Juu), ọ yiri nnukwu ihe kpatara ya na oghere ahụ bụ ụbọchị 1,335 n'etiti ụbọchị ise.^th Ọgọstụ, 70 AD. na 31^st Machị 74 AD, rue ọdịda nke nguzogide ikpeazụ nke nnupụisi ndị Juu na njedebe njedebe nke ọgụ.

"¹² Obi ụtọ na-adịrị onye ahụ nke na-echere ya, onye rutekwara otu puku ụbọchị, narị atọ na iri atọ na ise ahụ! ”

N’ezie, ndi Ju ndi gabigara rue ngwụcha nke ụbọchị otu puku na narị atọ na iri atọ na ise ahụ nwere ike inwe obi ụtọ ịlanarị ọnwụ na mbibi niile, mana ọkachasị, ọ bụ ndị ahụ na-atụ anya ihe omume ndị a, Ndị Kraịst ga-anọ n'ọnọdụ kacha mma ka ha nọrọ nwee obi uto.

"¹³ Ma gị onwe gị, gawa ruo n'ọgwụgwụ; ị ga-ezukwa ike, ma ị ga-ebili ka i nweta òkè gị mgbe ụbọchị ndị a gwụchara. ”

Ma a gbara Daniel ume ka ọ nọgide na-adị ndụ, ruo mgbe ọgwụgwụ[li], [oge ikpe nke usoro ndị Juu], ma a gwara ya na ọ ga-ezu ike [hie ụra na ọnwụ] tupu oge ahụ erute.

Ma, agbamume ikpeazụ enyere ya bụ na ọ ga-ebili [akpọlite ​​ya] ịnata ihe nketa ya, kwụọ ya ụgwọ ọrụ ya, ọ bụghị n’oge ọgwụgwụ [nke usoro ndị Juu dịka mba]. njedebe nke ụbọchị, nke a ka ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.

(Lastbọchị Ikpeazụ: lee Jọn 6: 39-40,44,54, Jọn 11:24, Jọn 12:48)

(Judgmentbọchị ikpe: lee Matiu 10:15; Matiu 11: 22-24; Matiu 12:36; 2 Peter 2: 9; 2 Peter 3: 7; 1 John 4:17; Jud 6)

N’afọ 70 AD,[lii] soro ndị Rom nọ n'okpuru Taịtọs na-ebibi Judia na Jerusalem “ihe ndị a nile ga-agwụsị ”.

Eze ugwu (Rome) bi na Vespasian na nwa ya nwoke Titus bibiri Judia na Galili

 

N’ọdịnihu, ndị nsọ nke Chineke ga-abụ ezi Ndị Kraịst ahụ, ndị si n ’obodo ndị Juu na ndị mba ọzọ.

 

Nchịkọta nke Amụma Daniels

 

Akwụkwọ Daniel	Eze nke Ndịda	Eze ugwu	Judia chịrị	Ndị ọzọ
11: 1-2			Peshia	Ndị eze 4 ọzọ ga-emetụta mba ndị Juu Xerxes bụ onye nke anọ
11: 3-4			Greece	Akwa Alexander, 4 Ndị ọchịagha
11:5	Ptolemy nke Mbụ [Egypt]	Seleucus nke M [Seleucid]	Eze nke South
11:6	Ptolemy nke Abụọ	Antiọk nke Abụọ	Eze nke South
11: 7-9	Ptolemy nke Atọ	Seleucus nke Abụọ	Eze nke South
11: 10-12	Ptolemy nke Anọ	Seleucus nke Atọ, Antiọkus III	Eze nke South
11: 13-19	Ptolemy nke Anọ, Ptolemy nke V	Antiọkus III	Eze ugwu
11:20	Ptolemy nke V	Seleucus nke Anọ	Eze ugwu
11: 21-35	Ptolemy nke Isii	Antiọkus nke Anọ	Eze ugwu	Bilie nke ndị Maccabees
			Ndị Juu Hasmonean ndị Juu	Oge nke Maccabees (Semi-autonomous under King north)
11: 36-39			Herọd, (n'okpuru Eze nke North)	eze: Herọd Onye Nnukwu
11: 40-43	Cleopatra nke Asatọ, (Mark Anthony)	Ọgọstọs [Romọs]	Herọd, (n'okpuru Eze nke North)	Eze nke ugwu na-anabata Alaeze nke South
11: 44-45			Herọd, (n'okpuru Eze nke North)	eze: Herọd Onye Nnukwu
12: 1-3			Eze ugwu (Rome)	Nnukwu Onyeisi: Jizọs, A zọpụtara ndị Juu ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst
12:1, 6-7, 12:9-12		Vespasian, na nwa nwoke Titus	Eze ugwu (Rome)	Ọgwugwu mba ndị Juu, Mmechi nke amụma.
12:13				Njedebe nke Daysbọchị, Thebọchị Ikpeazụ, Ụbọchị ikpe

 

 

References:

[I] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle  Akwụkwọ akụkọ Nabonidus dere “Ihe ndekọ Saịrọs kwakọtara n’Ekbatana, bụ́ isi obodo Astyages, ka e dekọrọ n’afọ nke isii nke ọchịchị Nabonidus. … E dekọtara mkpọsa ọzọ nke Saịrọs mere n'afọ nke itoolu, ikekwe ọ na-anọchi anya mwakpo ọ wakporo Lydia na ijide Sadis. ” Dika aghotara na Babilon dara na 17^th afọ Nabonidus, nke mere ka Saịrọs bụrụ Eze nke Peasia ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 12 tupu mmeri ya na Babilọn. Ọ batara n'ocheeze nke Peasia ihe dịka afọ 7 tupu ya ebuso Astyages agha, onye bụ Eze nke Midia. Afọ atọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ meriri dị ka edere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nabondius. Na ngụkọta ihe dị ka afọ 22 tupu ọdịda Babilọn.

Dabere na Saịrọpa nke Xenophon, ka afọ iri atọ na abụọ kwụsiri ike, Astyages tụfuru nkwado nke ndị a maara aha ya n’oge a na-alụso Saịrọs ọgụ, onye Xenophon ghọtara dịka nwa nwa Astyages. Nke a rụpụtara ntọala nke alaeze Peasia site n'aka Saịrọs. (Lee Xenophon, 431 TOA-350? BCE na.) Cyropaedia: Mmụta Saịrọs - site na Project Gutenberg.)

[Ii] https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/  Maka nkwenye na Darayọs Onye Ukwu nọchiri anya Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis hụ ihe odide Behistun ebe Darayọs [I] dere akwụkwọ mbilite n ’ike ya.

[iii] https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/herodotus.pdf

[iv] ANABASIS nke ALEXANDER, ntụgharị asụsụ Arrian onye Nicomedian, Isi nke XIV, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm, maka ozi na Arrian hụ https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/

[v] Ọrụ zuru ezu nke Josephus, ihe ochie nke ndị Juu, Akwụkwọ nke XI, Isi nke 8, para 5. P.728 pdf

[vi] Nnyocha nke isi nke 7 nke Daniel enweghị isi n'ihe metụtara edemede a.

[vii] Nnyocha nke isi nke 8 nke Daniel enweghị isi n'ihe metụtara edemede a.

[viii] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seleucus-I-Nicator Dabere na akwụkwọ Encyclopædia Britannica, Seleucus jere ozi Ptolemy ruo afọ ụfọdụ dị ka ọchịagha Ptolemy tupu ya eweghara Babilọn ma na-ekwupụta ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ mezuru Amụma Bible mezuru. Cassander na Lysimachus nyere Seleucus Syria mgbe ha meriri Antigonus, mana ka ọ dị ugbu a, Ptolemy weghaara na ndịda Syria, Seleucus kwupụtara nke a na Ptolemy, si otú a gosipụta Ptolemy, eze siri ike karị. Nwa nwoke nke Ptolemy gbuchara Seleucus.

[ix] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-II-Philadelphus “Ptolemy wetara agha ahụ a na-achị Alaeze Ukwu Seleucid na njedebe site n'ịlụ nwa ya nwanyị, bụ́ Berenice — nke e nyere ya ego buru ibu — nye onye iro ya bụ́ Antiochus nke Abụọ. A pụrụ ịchọpụta ịdị ukwuu nke ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị a site n'eziokwu na Antiochus, tupu ọ lụọ adaeze Ptolemaic, chụpụrụ nwunye ya mbụ, Laodice. "

[X] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes “Ptolemy wakporo Coele Syria, iji bọọrọ ogbugbu e gburu nwanne ya nwanyị, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke eze Seleucid bụ́ Antiochus nke Abụọ. Ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri Ptolemy, ikekwe ndị nnupụisi nọ n'obodo ndị ahụ nyere aka, buso ndị agha Seleucus nke Abụọ agha ruo Thrace, gafere Hellespont, ma nwudekwa ụfọdụ agwaetiti ndị dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Asia ma e nyochara ha c. 245. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Ptolemy, ya na ndị agha, bara n’ime ime omimi nke Mesopotemia, rute ma ọ dịkarịa ala Seleucia na Tigris, na nso Babilọn. Dabere na akwụkwọ ndị gboo, a manyere ya ịkwụsị ọganihu ya n'ihi nsogbu ụlọ. Nwụ na Osimiri Naịl dị ala, ya na njikọ aka ọjọọ nke dị n'etiti Masedonia, Seleucid Syria, na Rhodes, bụ ma eleghị anya ihe ndị ọzọ. Agha a dara na Asia Minor na Aegean siri ike ka Njikọ Achaean, otu n'ime njikọ ndị Gris, jikọrọ aka na Egypt, ebe Seleucus nke Abụọ nwetara ndị enyi abụọ na mpaghara Oké Osimiri Ojii. A chụpụrụ Ptolemy na Mesopotemia na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke North Syria na 242-241, n'afọ na-eso ya enwekwara udo n'ikpeazụ. ”

[xi] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-11-invasion-of-ptolemy-iii-chronicle/, Akpan akpan, see okwu si a 6^th Centos monk Cosmas Indicopleustes “Nnukwu Eze Ptolemy, nwa Eze Ptolemy [II Philadelphus] na Queen Arsinoe, Nwanna nwoke na Nwanne nwanyị, ụmụ Eze Ptolemy [I Soter] na Nwanyị Berenice Chineke Onye Nzọpụta, onye sitere n'akụkụ nna nke Heracles nwa Zeus, nke nne Dionysus nwa Zeus, ketara n'aka nna ya alaeze Ijipt na Libya na Syria na Finisia na Saịprọs na Lycia na Caria na agwaetiti Cyclades, duru mkpọsa na Asia na ndị agha na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ndị ụgbọ mmiri na Troglodytic na enyí ndị Etiopia, nke ya na nna ya bụ ndị mbụ bidoro ịchụ nta site na ala ndị a ma, kpọghachite ha n'Ijipt, iji ruo eru maka ọrụ agha.

Ebe m bụụrụ nna ukwu n’ala ahụ dum n’akụkụ Yufretis na nke Silishia na Pamphylia na Ionia na Hellespont na Thrace na ndị agha niile na enyí ndị nọ n’ala ndị a, na ido onwe m n’okpuru ndị isi niile nọ na (ógbè dị iche iche), ọ gafere Osimiri Yufretis, na mgbe o doro onwe ya n'okpuru Mesopotemia na Babilọnia na Sousiana na Persis na Midia na ala ndị ọzọ nile ruo Bactria, mgbe ọ chọsịkwara ihe niile dị n'ụlọ nsọ ahụ, nke ndị Peshia wepụtara n'Ijipt ma webata. kpọghachite ndị agha ya n'okporo mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ dị iche iche wee si n'ala mmiri ndị ahụ e gwupụtara laghachi n'ala Ijipt. ” E hotara na [[Bagnall, Derow 1981, Nke 26.]

[xii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/  Lee afọ 242/241 BC

[xiii] Agha nke ndi Juu, nke Josephus Book 12.3.3 p745 nke pdf , wee nabata ya n'obodo ahụ [bụ́ Jeruselem], ma nye ndị agha ya niile na enyí ya ihe oriri n'ụba, nyekwara ya aka ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ nọchibidoro ndị agha na-eche nche nke dị n'ụlọ elu elu nke Jeruselem ”

[xiv] Jerome -

[xv] Agha nke ndị Juu, nke Josephus dere, Akwukwo nke 12.6.1 pg.747 nke pdf “Mgbe ihe a mechara bụrụ Antiọk nke gị na Ptolemy mere ma kpọnye ya nwa ya Cleopatra ka ọ bụrụ nwunye, wee nyefee ya Celesyria na Sameria na Judia. , na Finishia iji ego kwụọ ụgwọ. Ma ụtụ abụọ dị n'etiti ndị eze abụọ ahụ, ndị isi niile kere ụtụ isi nke mba ha niile, na-achịkọta ego ole ha kwụrụ, kwụọ ndị eze abụọ otu ahụ. N'oge a, ndị Sameria nọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma, o wutekwara ndị Juu nke ukwuu, na-ebipụ akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ala ha, na-anapụ ndị ohu. ”

[xvi] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iii-the-great/ Lee Afọ 200BC.

[xvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/

[xviii] Agha nke ndị Juu, n’aka Josephus, Akwụkwọ nke 1, isi nke 1, paragraf nke 9. pg. Pdị XNUMX pdf

[xix] Ihe ochie ndị Juu, n’aka Josephus, Akwukwo nke 12, Isi nke 5, Para 4, pg.754 pdf version

[xx] Ihe ochie ndị Juu, n’aka Josephus, Akwukwo nke 12, Isi nke 5, Para 4, pg.754 pdf version

[xxi] https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+5&version=NRSV "Ọ bụ n'oge a ka Antiọkọs busoro ndị Ijipt agha nke ugboro abụọ. ”

[xxii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/syrian-war-6/ tumadi ihe omume nke 170-168 BC.

[xxiii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/ Lee n’afọ 168 T.O.A. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antiochus-IV-Epiphanes#ref19253 paragraf nke 3

[xxiv] "Mgbe eze kwenyere na Jason^[d] ọ batara n'ọchịchị, ozugbo ọ nyefere ndị obodo ya n'ụzọ ndụ Greek. ¹¹ O wepuru ndi Ju ohere nke eze, nke si n’aka John nna nke Eupolemus, onye gara n’iru ime ka enyi na nmekorita ya na ndi Rom; o wezuga ibi ndu ziri ezi ma webata omenala ndi ozo megidere iwu. ¹² O nwere obi uto iguzobe ebe a na-eme anwa ahu n'okpuru ogwe-aka, ma mee ka umuaka ndi umu nwoke kachasi nma ha kere okpu Grik. ¹³ Enwere ụdị oke ịkpa ókè a na ịrị elu na nkuchi ụzọ ala ọzọ n'ihi ajọ omume Jason kachasị njọ, onye na-adịghị asọpụrụ Chineke na onye na-abụghị onye eziokwu.^[e] Akwa oku, ¹⁴ na ndi nchu aja ebighi n’uche maka oru ha n’ebe ichu-aja. Chụpụ ebe nsọ ahụ na ileghara àjà ndị ahụ, ha mere ngwa ngwa sonyere n'usoro iwu na-ezighi ezi ahụ n'ọgba mgba mgbe mgbaama maka mkparịta ụka, ¹⁵ na-elelị nsọpụrụ nke ndị nna nna ha ma na-etinye ụdị ugwu ndị Gris ùgwù. ” 

[xxv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Juu, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 3, para 3.

[xxvi] Josephus, Antiquities of the Juu, Akwukwo nke XIV, Isi nke 2, 158.

[xxvii] Josephus, Antiquities of the Juu, Akwukwo nke XIV, Isi nke 2, (159-160).

[xxviii] Josephus, Antiquities of the Juu, Akwukwo nke XIV, Isi nke 2, 165.

[xxix] Josephus, Oge Ochie ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 5, (5)

[xxx] Josephus, Oge Ochie ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 15, (2) “Na onye Idumean, ya bụ ọkara onye Juu”

[xxxi] Josephus, Oge Ochie ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 11, (1)

[xxxii] Josephus, Oge Ochie ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 8, (5)

[xxxiii] Josephus, agha nke ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke mbu, isi nke 21 na 2,4

[xxxiv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 11, (4-7)

[xxxv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Ju, Akwukwo nke XV, Isi nke 7, (7-8)

[xxxvi] Plutarch, Ndụ nke Antony, Isi nke 61 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007:chapter=61&highlight=herod

[xxxvii] Plutarch, Ndụ nke Antony, Isi nke 62.1 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D62%3Asection%3D1

[xxxviii] Josephus, Agha nke ndị Juu, Akwukwo nke Mbụ, Isi nke 20 (3)

[xxxix] Ochie Universal History Vol XIII, p 498 na Pliny, Strabo, Dio Cassius kwuru na Prideaux Connections Vol II. pp605 n'ihu.

[xl] Plutarch, Ndụ nke Antony, Isi nke 76 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D76

[xli] Plutarch, Ndụ nke Antony, Isi nke 78.3  http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D78%3Asection%3D3

[xlii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(proconsul)#cite_note-4

[xliii] Josephus, Agha nke ndi Ju, Akwukwo nke Mbụ, Isi nke 23 Paragraf nke 2

[xliv] Josephus, Akwụkwọ ochie nke ndị Juu, Akwụkwọ XVII, isi 6, para 5 - Isi nke 8, para 1 https://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-17.htm

[xlv] https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm Eusebius, History of the Church Book III, Isi nke 5, para 3.

[xlvi] https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6382.htm

[xlvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  maka nsogbu dị na inye ezigbo nwa na oge a. Ejirila m ụbọchị Taịa ebe a.

[xlviii] Panemus bụ ọnwa ndị Masedonia - ọnwa nke ọnwa Juun (kalenda ọnwa), nke ya na ndị Juu bụ́ Tammuz, n'ọnwa mbụ nke oge ọkọchị, ọnwa nke anọ, n'ihi ya n'ọnwa Juun na Julaị dabere na mbido Naịsan - ma Mach ma Eprel.

[xlix] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  maka nsogbu dị na inye ezigbo nwa na oge a.

[l] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  maka nsogbu dị na inye ezigbo nwa na oge a. Anatawo m ụbọchị ndị Juu ebe a.

[li] Lee Daniel 11:40 maka otu okwu a

[lii] N’aka ozo, 74 AD. Site na ọdịda nke Masada na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mpaghara ndị Juu.