Kuyesedwa kwa Danieli 11: 1-45 ndi 12: 1-13

Introduction

"Sindimawopa chowonadi. Ndimalandila. Koma ndikulakalaka kuti zidziwitso zanga zonse zikhale munthawi yake.”- Gordon B. Hinckley

Komanso, kuwongolera mawu a Alfred Whitehead,Ndavutika kwambiri ndi olemba omwe atchulapo izi kapena chiganizo cha [malembedwe] mwina kuchokera pachiwonetsero chake kapena pang'onopang'ono kwa chinthu china chosokoneza chomwe chosokoneza [zake] kutanthauza, kapena kuwononga konsekonse."

Chifukwa chake, "Kwa ine nkhani ndiyo chinsinsi - kuchokera pamenepo pamabwera kumvetsetsa kwa chilichonse." -Kenneth Noland.

Pakuwerenga Baibulo makamaka lemba lililonse logwirizana ndi ulosi, ayenera kumvetsetsa malembawo. Atha kukhala ma vesi angapo kapena machaputala angapo mbali iliyonse ya gawo lomwe mukuphunziralo. Tiyeneranso kudziwa omwe omvera anali ndi zomwe akadamvetsetsa. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti Bayibulo linalembera anthu wamba, kuti tizimvetsetsa. Sizinalembedwe kagulu kakang'ono ka ophunzira komwe kungakhale kokha kosunga chidziwitso ndi kumvetsetsa, kaya nthawi za m'Baibulo kapena za lero kapena zamtsogolo.

Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti mupite kukayesedwa, kuti Baibulo lizimasulira. Tiyenera kulola kuti malembo atitsogolera kumalingaliro achilengedwe, m'malo momafikira ndi malingaliro omwe tidalipo kale.

Zotsatirazi ndi zotsatirapo za kufufuza kotero kwa Bukhu la Bayibulo la Danieli 11, mosapenyerera, osayesa kuona momwe tingamvetsetsere. Zochitika zilizonse zodziwika zomwe sizimadziwika kawirikawiri zidzaperekedwa ndi zolemba kuti zitsimikizire, chifukwa chake zomwe zikunenedwazo.

Kutsatira mfundo izi zomwe zanenedwa pamwambapa timapeza izi:

• Choyamba, omvera anali Ayuda omwe mwina anali ku ukapolo ku Babeloni kapena anali atangobwerera kudziko la Yuda atatsala pang'ono kukhala ku ukapolo.
• Chifukwa chake, zochitika zomwe zalembedwazi zikugwirizana ndi zochitika za mtundu wa Chiyuda, omwe anali anthu osankhidwa ndi Mulungu.
• Ulosiwo unaperekedwa ndi mngelo kwa Danieli, Myuda, Babeloni atagwa kwa Dariyo Mmedi ndi Koresi Mperisiya.
• Mwachiwonekere, Daniel ndi Ayuda ena anali ndi chidwi ndi tsogolo la mtundu wawo, popeza kuti ukapolo ku Babulo motsogozedwa ndi Nebukadinezara ndi ana ake unatha.

Ndi mfundo zakumbuyo izi tiyeni tiyambitse vesi lathu pofufuza vesi.

Daniel 11: 1-2

"¹ XNUMX Koma ine, m'chaka choyamba cha Dariyo wa ku Amedi, ndinayimirira monga wolimbikitsa ndi linga kwa iye. ² Tsopano ndikukuuzani chowonadi.

“Tawonani! Padzakhalanso mafumu atatu ku Perisiya, ndipo wachinayi adzapeza chuma chambiri kuposa ena onse. Ndipo akakhala wolimba m'chuma chake, adzaukitsa maufumu onse a ku Greece.

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi Persia

Monga chikumbutso, malingana ndi vesi 1, mngelo akulankhula ndi Danieli tsopano motsogozedwa ndi Dariyo Mmedi ndi Koresi Mfumu ya Persia, mchaka choyamba atalandidwa kwa Babeloni ndi ufumu wake.

Chifukwa chake, ndani ayenera kuzindikiridwa ndi mafumu 4 a Persia omwe atchulidwa pano?

Ena adazindikiritsa Cyrus Great kukhala Mfumu yoyambirira ndipo adanyalanyaza Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis. Koma tiyenera kukumbukira nkhani yonse.

Chifukwa chiyani tikunena izi? Danyele 11: 1 akuwonetsa nthawi yauneneriwu monga ikuchitika mu 1^st chaka cha Dariyo Mmedi. Koma ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti malinga ndi Danieli 5:31 ndi Daniel 9: 1, Dariyo Mmedi anali mfumu ya ku Babeloni ndi zomwe zidatsala mu ufumu wa Babeloni. Komanso, Danieli 6: 28 amalankhula za Danieli kuchita bwino mu ufumu wa Dariyo [ku Babeloni] komanso muufumu wa Koresi Mperisiya.

Koresi anali akulamulira kale mfumu ya Perisiya kwa zaka pafupifupi 22[I]  Asanalandidwe ndi Babeloni ndipo anakhalabe Mfumu ya Perisiya mpaka atamwalira zaka pafupifupi 9 pambuyo pake. Chifukwa chake, lembo likati,

"Tawonani! padzakhalanso mafumu atatu ”,

ndipo ikunena za mtsogolo, titha kungoganiza kuti Ena Mfumu ya Perisiya, ndi mfumu yoyamba ya Perisiya yauneneri, kuti atenge mpando wachifumu wa ku Perisiya anali Cambyses II, mwana wa Koresi wamkulu.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti mfumu yachiwiri yauneneri akhala Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis pomwe mfumuyi idalowa m'malo mwa Cambyses II. Bardiya, nayenso, adalowa m'malo mwa Darius Wambali yemwe ife timamudziwa kuti ndiye mfumu yathu yachitatu.[Ii]

Kaya Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis anali wonamizira kapena samasamala kwenikweni, ndipo zochepa, zimadziwika za iye. Palinso kusatsimikizika kwenikweni pa dzina lake lenileni motero dzina lachitatu lomwe laperekedwa pano.

Darius the Great, mfumu yachitatu idalowa m'malo mwa Xerxes I (Wamkuru), yemwe, ndiye, adzakhala mfumu yachinayi.

Ulosiwo ukunena zotsatirazi za mfumu yachinayi:

"Wachinayi adzapeza chuma chochuluka kuposa ena onse. Akadzapeza chuma chambiri, adzaukitsa ufumu wonse wa Girisi ”

Kodi mbiriyakale imawonetsa chiyani? Mfumu yachinayi iyenera kukhala Xerxes. Ndiye Mfumu yokhayo yomwe ikugwirizana ndi malongosoledwewo. Abambo ake Darius I (Wamkulu) anali atapeza chuma mwakuyambitsa dongosolo la misonkho yokhazikika. Xerxes adalandira izi ndikuwonjezeranso. Malinga ndi a Herototus, Xerxes adatola gulu lankhondo lalikulu ndi zombo zomwe zidzagwire Greece. "Xerxes anali akusonkhanitsa gulu lake lankhondo, akusaka dera lililonse la bara. 20. Pakupita zaka zinayi zathunthu kuchokera pamene Aigupto adalanda, anali kukonzekeretsa gulu lankhondo ndi zinthu zomwe zinali zothandizira ankhondo, ndipo pakupita chaka chachisanu 20 adayamba kampeni yake ndi gulu lalikulu. Mwa magulu onse ankhondo omwe tikudziwa, izi zikhala zazikulu kwambiri. ” (Onani Herodiotus, Buku 7, ndime 20,60-97).[III]

Kuphatikiza apo, Xerxes malinga ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino ndi amene anali Mfumu yomaliza ya Persia kuti alande Girisi asanafike kulanda Persia ndi Alexander the Great.

Ndi Xerxes adadziwika kuti 4^th mfumu, ndiye izi zikutsimikizira kuti abambo ake, Dariyo Wokulirapo amayenera kukhala atatuwo^rd king and the other names of Cambyses II as 1^st mfumu ndi Bardiya monga 2^nd mfumu zoona.

Mwachidule, mafumu anayiwo kutsatira Dariyo Mmedi ndi Koresi wamkulu anali

• Cambyses II, (mwana wa Koresi)
• Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis, (? Mchimwene waku Cambyses, kapena wopandukira?)
• Dariyo Woyamba (Wamkulu), ndi
• Xerxes (mwana wa Dariyo Woyamba)

Mafumu otsala a Persia sanachite chilichonse chomwe chinakhudza mtundu wa Yuda ndi dziko la Yuda.

 

Daniel 11: 3-4

³ “Ndipo mfumu yamphamvu idzayimirira ndi kuchita ulamuliro waukulu, nichita zofuna zake. ⁴ Ndipo m'mene adzayimilira, ufumu wake udzasweka, nugawanika kumphamvu zinayi zakumwamba, koma osati kwa mbadwo wake, osati monga ulamuliro wake womwe iye adalamulira nawo; chifukwa ufumu wake udzazulidwa, ngakhale kwa ena kuposa awa.

"³Ndipo mfumu yamphamvu idzayimirira ”

Mfumu yotsatira kukhudza dziko la Yuda ndi Ayuda anali Alexander Wotchuka ndi ma Empires ena anayi. Palibe ngakhale wokayikira kwambiri pazomvetsetsa za mavesiwa ponena za Alexander the Great. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti chimodzi mwazomwe Alexander adalanda Persia chidali, chifukwa malinga ndi Arrian wa ku Nikomedi (koyambirira 2)^nd Zaka zana), "Alexander adalemba yankho, natumiza Thersippus ndi amunawo omwe abwera kuchokera kwa Dariyo, ndi malangizo kuti apereke kalata kwa Darius, koma osayankhula chilichonse. Kalata ya Alexander ili: “Makolo anu adadza ku Makedoniya ndi ku Girisi konse, natichitira zowawa, osativulaza ife kale. Ine nditaikidwa kukhala wamkulu wa Ahelene, ndi kufuna kubwezera Aperesiya, ndinapyola ku Asia, popeza ndinayamba ndi inu kudana. .... " [Iv]. Ifenso, tili ndi kulumikizana pakati pa Mfumu yachinayi ya Persia ndi Alexander the Great.

“Ndipo wolamuliratu ndi anthu ambiri, achite mogwirizana ndi chifuniro chake”

Alexander Wodziwika adayima ndikulamulira ufumu waukulu mzaka khumi, womwe udayambira ku Greece kupita kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India ndikuphatikiza maiko a ufumu wa Persia wogonjetsedwa, womwe udaphatikizapo Egypt ndi Yudeya.

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi Greece

"M'mene adzaimirira, ufumu wake udzaphwanyika"

Komabe, atagona kwambiri, Alexander adamwalira ku Babeloni atatsala pang'ono kumaliza kugwira ntchito yake zaka 11 atakhazikitsa ulamuliro wake mu Ufumu wa Persia, ndipo patangotha ​​zaka 13 atakhala Mfumu ya Greece.

"Ufumu wake udzasweka ndi kugawika kumphepo zinayi zakumwamba" ndipo "ufumu wake udzazulidwa, ngakhale wina osati uwu ”

Pambuyo pa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri zakupupulika, ufumu wake udagawika maufumu anayi olamulidwa ndi 4 generals. Umodzi kumadzulo, Cassander, ku Makedonia ndi Greece. Mmodzi kumpoto, Lysimachus, ku Asia Minor ndi Thrace, wina kummawa, Seleucus Nicator ku Mesopotamia ndi Syria ndi wina kumwera, Ptolemy Soter ku Egypt ndi Palestine.

"Koma osati mbadwo wake, osati monga ulamuliro wake womwe adalamulira nawo"

Mbadwa zake, mbadwa zake, zonse zovomerezeka ndi zapathengo onse adamwalira kapena kuphedwa panthawi yankhondo. Chifukwa chake, palibe chilichonse chokhudza ufumu womwe Alexander adapanga chomwe chidapita kubanja lake kapena mbadwa zake.

Ngakhalenso ulamuliro wake sunachite bwino momwe amafunira. Amafuna ufumu wogwirizana, m'malo mwake, tsopano udagawika m'magulu anayi ankhondo.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti zidziwitso za zomwe zidachitikira Alexander ndi ufumu wake ndizolongosoka bwino komanso momveka bwino m'mavesi awa mu Daniel 11, kotero kuti zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ena kunena kuti mbiriyakale idalembedwa zitachitika izi mopangiratu!

Malinga ndi nkhani ya Josephus, Bukhu la Danieli liyenera kuti linalembedwa kale ndi nthawi ya Alexander the Great. Ponena za Alexander, a Josephus adalemba "Ndipo pomwe adamuwonetsera Buku la Danieli pomwe Daniel adalengeza kuti m'modzi mwa Agiriki awononge ufumu wa Aperisi, adaganiza kuti iye ndi amene adapanga. ” [V]

Kugawikaku kunanenedweratu mu Danieli 7: 6 [vi] ndi nyalugwe wokhala ndi mitu inayi, ndi nyanga zinayi zotchuka pa mbuzi ya Danieli 4: 8.[vii]

Mfumu yamphamvu ndi Alexander the Great wa Greece.

Maufumu anai olamulidwa ndi a Mibadwo inayi.

• Cassander adatenga Makedoniya ndi Greece.
• Lysimachus adatenga Asia Minor ndi Thrace,
• Seleucus Nicator adatenga Mesopotamia ndi Syria,
• Ptolemy Soter adatenga Egypt ndi Palestine.

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera.

 

Daniel 11: 5

⁵ “Ndipo mfumu ya kumwera idzakhala yamphamvu, ngakhale m'modzi wa akalonga ake; Adzam'gonjera ndipo adzalamulira ndi mphamvu zazikulu kuposa za wolamulira ameneyo.

Patatha pafupifupi zaka 25 kuchokera pamene maufumu anayiwo akhazikitsidwa, zinthu zinasinthiratu.

“Mfumu ya kumwera idzalimba”

Poyamba Mfumu ya Kumwera, Ptolemy ku Egypt anali wamphamvu kwambiri.[viii]

“Komanso mmodzi wa akalonga ake”

Seleucus anali wamkulu wa Ptolemy [kalonga], yemwe anali wamphamvu. Anadzijambula gawo lina la ufumu wa Girisi wa Seleucia, Syria ndi Mesopotamia. Sipanatenge nthawi ngakhale kuti kale Seleucus atalandiranso maufumu ena awiri a Cassander ndi Lysimachus.

"Adzamlaka iye, nadzalamulira ndi ulamuliro waukulu koposa wa mphamvu yolamulira".

Komabe, Ptolemy anapambana Seleucus ndikuwonetsa wamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo kumapeto Seleucus anamwalira m'manja mwa mmodzi wa ana aamuna a Ptolemy.

Izi zidapereka Mfumu yamphamvu ya Kumwera ngati Ptolemy 1 Soter, komanso Mfumu ya Kumpoto monga Seleucus I Nicator.

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy I

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Seleucus I

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

 

Daniel 11: 6

⁶ “Pambuyo pa zaka [zingapo] adzalumikizana, ndipo mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya kumwera abwere kwa mfumu ya kumpoto kuti akonze dongosolo. Koma sadzapatsa mphamvu mkono wake; ndipo sadzayimilira, ngakhale mkono wake; ndipo adzapatsidwa iye, ndi iwo akubwera naye, ndi amene anampatsa iye, ndi wompatsa mphamvuyo nthawi zimenezo. ”

"⁶Pamapeto pa zaka [zina] adzagwirizana, ndipo mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya kumwera abwere kwa mfumu ya kumpoto kuti akonze dongosolo. ”

Zaka zingapo zitachitika Daniel 11: 5, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (mwana wa Ptolemy I) adapatsa "mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya kumwera ” Berenice, kwa Antiochus II Theos, mdzukulu wa Seleucus monga mkazi ngati "makonzedwe oyenera. ” Izi ndi zomwe Antiochus adachotsa mkazi wake Laodice kuti "agwirizane wina ndi mnzake ”. [ix]

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy II

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Antiochus II

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

"Koma dzanja lake silidzapatsa mphamvu."

Koma mwana wamkazi wa Ptolemy II, Berenice anatero "osateteza dzanja lake ”, udindo wake monga Mfumukazi.

"Ndipo iye sadzayimilira, ngakhale dzanja lake;

Abambo ake anamwalira patangotha ​​nthawi yochepa atachoka ku Berenice popanda chitetezo.

"Ndipo adzaperekedwa, iye, ndi iwo akumubweretsa, ndi iye amene adam'bereka, ndi iye amene am'limbitsa iye [

Antiochus adasiya Berenice kukhala mkazi wake ndikubweza mkazi wake Laodice, ndikusiya Berenice popanda chitetezo.

Chifukwa cha izi, Laodice adapha Antiochus ndipo Berenice adaperekedwa kwa Laodice yemwe adamupha. Laodice adapanga mwana wake Seleucus II Callinicus, Mfumu ya Seleucia.

 

Daniel 11: 7-9

⁷ Mmodzi wochokera kumizu yake adzaimirira, ndipo adzafika gulu lankhondo ndi kuyamba kulimbana ndi linga la mfumu ya kumpoto. ⁸ Ndipo adzapita ku Aigupto ndi milungu yawo, ndi zifanizo zawo zosungunula, ndi zinthu zawo zabwino zasiliva ndi golidi, [ndi] ndi akapolo awo. Ndipo kwa zaka zingapo adzasiyana ndi mfumu ya kumpoto. ⁹ “Adzafika mu ufumu wa mfumu ya kumwera, nabwereranso kunthaka yake.”

Vesi 7

“Ndipo wina kuchokera kumizu ya mizu yake adzaimirira.”

Izi zikutanthauza mchimwene wa Berenice yemwe adaphedwa yemwe anali Ptolemy III Euergetes. Ptolemy III anali mwana wa makolo ake, “Mizu yake”.

“Adzafika gulu lankhondo ndi kubwera kudzakumana ndi linga la mfumu ya kumpoto, ndipo adzachita nawo nkhondo napambana”

Ptolemy III "waimirira ” m'malo a abambo ake ndipo analanda Syria ”linga la mfumu ya kumpoto ” ndipo adagonjetsa Seleucus II, Mfumu ya Kumpoto. "[x]

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy III

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Seleucus II

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

Vesi 8

“Ndipo adza ndi milungu yawo, ndi zifaniziro zawo zosungunula, ndi zinthu zabwino zasiliva ndi zagolide, [ndi] ndi akapolowo, adzabwera ku Aigupto;"

A Ptolemy III adabwerera ku Egypt ndi zofunkha zambiri zomwe Cambyses adazichotsa ku Egypt zaka zambiri zapitazo. [xi]

“Kwa zaka [zingapo] adzaimira mfumu ya kumpoto.”

Pambuyo pa izi, panali mtendere panthawi yomwe Ptolemy III anamanga Kachisi wamkulu ku Edfu.

Vesi 9

⁹ “Adzafika mu ufumu wa mfumu ya kumwera, nabwereranso kunthaka yake.”

Pambuyo pamtendere, Seleucus II Callinicus adayesa kulanda Egypt kuti abweze koma sizinaphule kanthu ndipo adayenera kubwerera ku Seleucia.[xii]

 

Daniel 11: 10-12

¹⁰ “Tsopano ana ake aamuna adzadzisangalatsa ndi kusonkhanitsa khamu lalikulu la ankhondo. Pobwera, abwera, adzasefukira nadzadutsa. Koma abwerera, ndipo adzadzikondweretsa njira yonse kufikira linga lake. ¹¹ “Ndipo mfumu ya kumwera idzadzisokoneza, nidzapita kukamenyana naye, ndiye kuti, ndi mfumu ya kumpoto; Iye adzakhala ndi khamu lalikulu kuti aimirire, ndipo gululo lidzaperekedwa m'manja mwa iye. ¹² Ndipo unyinji udzatengedwa. Mtima wake udzakwezeka, ndipo adzagwetsa anthu masauzande ambiri; koma sadzakhala wamphamvu. ”

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy IV

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Seleucus III kenako Antiochus III

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

"¹⁰Tsopano ana ake aamuna adzayamba kusangalala ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu ambiri. ”

Seleucus II anali ndi ana amuna awiri, Seleucus III ndi mchimwene wake Antiochus III. Seleucus III adakondwereranso ndikukweza magulu ankhondo kuti ayese ndikubwezeretsanso madera ena a Asia Minor omwe bambo ake adawataya. Anamupha poizoni mchaka chachiwiri cha ulamuliro wake. Mchimwene wake Antiochus III adalowa m'malo mwake ndipo adachita bwino ku Asia Minor.

“Pobwera iye, abwera, adzasefukira. Koma abwerera, ndipo adzasangalatsidwa mpaka njira yopita ku linga lake. ”

Kenako Antiochus III anaukira Ptolemy IV Philopator (mfumu ya kumwera) ndipo anayambiranso doko la Antiokeya ndi kupita kumwera kukagwira Turo "Kusefukira ndi kudutsa" gawo la Mfumu ya Kumwera. Atadutsa ku Yuda, Antiochus adafika kumalire a Aigupto ku Raphia komwe adagonjetsedwa ndi Ptolemy IV. Kenako Antiochus anabwerera kwawo, kungosunga doko la Antiokeya kuti asapeze zomwe anali nazo poyamba.

"¹¹Ndipo mfumu ya kumwera idzadziunjikisa, nidzapita kukamenyana naye, ndiko kuti, ndi mfumu ya kumpoto; Iye adzakhala ndi khamu lalikulu kuti aimirire, ndipo gululo lidzaperekedwa m'manja mwa iye.

Izi zimatsimikizira zochitikazo mwatsatanetsatane. Ptolemy IV wakwiyitsidwa ndipo akutuluka ndi ankhondo ambiri ndipo mfumu ya kumpoto ikuphedwa (ena 10,000) kapena agwidwa (4,000) "akuperekedwa m'manja mwa ameneyo ” (mfumu ya kumwera).

"¹² Ndipo unyinji udzatengedwa. Mtima wake udzakwezeka, ndipo adzagwetsa anthu masauzande ambiri; koma sadzakhala wamphamvu. ”

Ptolemy IV monga mfumu ya kumwera anali wopambana, komabe, adalephera kugwiritsa ntchito udindo wake wolimba, mmalo mwake, adachita mtendere ndi Antiochus III mfumu ya kumpoto.

 

Daniel 11: 13-19

¹³ “Ndipo mfumu ya kumpoto ibwerera, nakhazikitse gulu lalikulu koposa woyamba; ndipo kumapeto kwa nthawi, zaka zina, azibwera, atero ndi gulu lalikulu lankhondo ndi katundu wambiri. ”

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy IV, Ptolemy V

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Antiochus III

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

Zaka 15 pambuyo pake mfumu ya Kumpoto, Antiochus III, adabweranso ndi gulu lina lankhondo ndikuwukira achichepere Ptolemy V Epiphanes, mfumu yatsopano ya kumwera.

¹⁴ Ndipo nthawi zino kudzakhala ambiri amene adzaukira mfumu ya kumwera. "

M'masiku amenewo, Philip V waku Makedoniya adagwirizana ndi kuzunza Ptolemy IV, yemwe adamwalira izi zisanachitike.

“Ana a achifwamba a anthu ako, adzatengedwera kukayesera kukwaniritsa masomphenya; ndipo adzapunthwa. ”

Pamene Antiochus III adadutsa ku Yuda kuti adzaukire Ptolemy V, Ayuda ambiri, adagulitsa zinthu za Antiochus ndipo kenako adamuthandiza kuukira gulu lankhondo la ku Egypt ku Yerusalemu. Cholinga cha Ayuda awa "chinatengedwera kuti kuyesera kukwaniritsa masomphenya 'omwe anali oti apeze ufulu, koma adalephera. Antiochus III adawachitira zabwino koma sanawapatse zonse zomwe akufuna.[xiii]

¹⁵ “Ndipo mfumu ya kumpoto ibwera, idzamanga linga, ndi kulanda mzinda wokhala ndi mipanda. Koma mikono ya kumwera, sadzaimirira, ngakhale anthu a osankhidwa ake; Ndipo sipadzakhalanso mphamvu yoimirira. ”

Antiochus III (Wamkuru), mfumu ya kumpoto, azinga ndi kulanda Sidoni kuzungulira 200 BC, pomwe Ptolemy's (V) Scopas wamkulu adathawa atagonjetsedwa ku Mtsinje wa Yordano. Ptolemy amatumiza gulu lake lankhondo labwino kwambiri ndi akazembe ake kuti akayesetse kupulumutsa Scopas, koma nawonso adagonjetsedwa, "Sipangakhale mphamvu zoyimilira".[xiv]

¹⁶ “Aliyense wobwera kudzamenyane naye, adzachita mogwirizana ndi zofuna zake, ndipo palibe amene adzaime patsogolo pake. Ndipo adzaima m'dziko lokongoletsa, ndipo padzakhala kuwonongedwa m'manja mwake. ”

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa cha 200-199 BC Antiochus III anali atalowa "Dziko Lokongoletsa", popanda wopambana pomtsutsa. Magawo ena a ku Yudeya, anali zithunzi za nkhondo zambiri ndi Mfumu ya Kumwera, ndipo adachitidwa chipongwe ndi kuwonongedwa.[xv] Antiochus III adatenga dzina la "Mfumu yayikulu" monga Alexander patsogolo pake ndipo Agiriki adamupatsanso "Great".

Yudeya akulamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto

 ¹⁷ “Ndipo adzakhazikitsa nkhope yake mwamphamvu ndi ufumu wake wonse, ndipo adzagwirizana zofanana. Adzachita bwino. Ponena za mwana wamkazi wa munthu, adzapatsidwa iye kuti am'wononge. Ndipo sanaime, ndipo sadzapitiriza kukhala wake. ”

Antiochus III kenako adafuna mtendere ndi Egypt pomupatsa mwana wake wamkazi Ptolemy V Epiphanes, koma izi zidalephera kubweretsa mgwirizano.[xvi] M'malo mwake, Cleopatra, mwana wake wamkazi adagwirizana ndi Ptolemy m'malo mwa bambo ake Antiochus III. "Sadzapitiriza kukhala wake".

¹⁸ “Ndipo adzatembenuza nkhope yake kuzinthu za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo adzagwira ambiri”.

Madera akumphepete mwa nyanja amadziwika kuti amatanthauza madera a Turkey (Asia Little). Greece ndi Italiya (Roma). Pafupifupi 199/8 BC Antiochus anaukira Cilicia (South East Turkey) kenako Lycia (South West Turkey). Kenako Thrace (Greece) anatsatira zaka zingapo pambuyo pake. Anatenganso zisumbu zambiri za Aegean munthawi imeneyi. Kenako pakati pafupifupi 192-188 anaukira Roma, ndi ogwirizana nawo a Pergamo ndi Rhodos.

“Mtsogoleri adzaletsa chitonzo chake, kuti manyazi ake asakhale. Adzabweza izo kwa iye. ¹⁹ Iye adzatembenuza nkhope yake kumzinda wokhala ndi zake, ndipo adzapunthwa, ndi kugwa, osapezeka. ”

Izi zidakwaniritsidwa ngati mkulu wa boma la Roma a Lucius Scipio Asiaticus "wamkulu" adachotsa manyazi mwa kugonjetsa Antiochus III ku Magnesia cha mu 190 BC. Kenako kazembe wachiroma "adatembenuza" nkhope yake kubwerera kumalinga adziko lake ", pomenya nkhondo ndi Aroma. Komabe, adagonjetsedwa mwachangu ndi Scipio Africanus ndikuphedwa ndi anthu ake.

Daniel 11: 20

²⁰ “Ndipo m'malo mwake padzauka wina amene akutsogolera wotsogolera muufumu wokongola uja, ndipo m'masiku ochepa adzathyoledwa, koma osakwiya kapena kumenya nkhondo.

Pambuyo pa ulamuliro wautali Antiochus III adamwalira ndipo "M'malo mwake", mwana wake Seleucus IV Philopater adayimilira m'malo mwake.

Kuti abweze ngongole yachiroma, Seleucus IV adauza wamkulu wawo Heliodorus kuti atenge ndalama kukachisi wa ku Yerusalemu, "Wotsogola kuti adutse muufumu wokongola '  (onani 2 Maccabees 3: 1-40).

Seleucus IV adangolamulira zaka 12 “Masiku angapo” poyerekeza ndi zaka 37 za abambo ake. Heliodorus adapha poizoni Seleucus yemwe adamwalira Osati mokwiya kapena pankhondo ”.

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Seleucus IV

Yudeya amalamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto

 

Daniel 11: 21-35

²¹ “Pamalo pake padzafika wina amene adzanyozedwa, ndipo sadzam'patsa ulemu [waufumu]; ndipo adzabwera pa ufulu wosasamala, ndi kugwira ufumu [wake] mwachangu. ”

Mfumu yotsatira ya kumpoto idatchedwa Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 1 Maccabees 1:10 (Good News Translation) ikuyambitsa nkhaniyi “Wolamulira woipa Antiochus Epiphanes, mwana wa Mfumu Antiochus Wachitatu wa ku Syria, anali mbadwa ya mmodzi mwa akazembe a Alexander. Antiochus Epiphanes anali m'ndende ku Roma asanakhale mfumu ya Syria ... ” . Adatenga dzina la "Epiphanes" lomwe limatanthawuza "wozizwitsa" koma adadzatchedwa "Epimanes" lomwe limatanthawuza "wamisala". Mpandowo ukadayenera kupita kwa Demetrius Soter, mwana wa Seleucus IV, koma m'malo mwake Antiochus IV adalowa mpandowo. Anali mchimwene wake wa Seleucus IV. "Sadzam'patsa ulemu waufumu", mmalo mwake adakondweretsa Mfumu ya Pergamo ndipo kenako adagwira mpando wachifumu mothandizidwa ndi Mfumu ya Pergamo.[xvii]

 

"²² Kunena za mikono ya kusefukira, iwo adzasefukira chifukwa cha iye, nadzaphwanyika; monganso Mtsogoleri wa chipangano. ”

Ptolemy VI Philometer, mfumu yatsopano ya kumwera, ndiye akuukira Ufumu wa Seleucid komanso mfumu yatsopano ya kumpoto kwa Antiochus IV Epiphanes, koma gulu lankhondo lomwe likusefukira silisintha.

Antiochus pambuyo pake adachotsanso Onias III, mkulu wa ansembe wachiyuda, amene amatchedwa kuti “Mtsogoleri wa chipangano”.

Mfumu ya Kumwera: Ptolemy VI

Mfumu ya Kumpoto: Antiochus IV

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera

"²³ Ndipo chifukwa chogwirizana naye, adzanyenga, nadzakhala wamphamvu ndi mtundu waung'ono. ”

Josephus akufotokoza kuti munthawi imeneyi ku Yuda mudali nkhondo yamphamvu yomwe Onias [III] Wansembe Wamkulu adapambana panthawiyo. Komabe, gulu la ana a Tobias,mtundu waung'ono ”, adadziphatikiza ndi Antiochus. [xviii]

Josephus akupitiliza kufotokoza kuti "Ndipo panali zitapita zaka ziwiri, mfumu inadza ku Yerusalemu, ndipo, kunamizira mtendere, analanda mzindawo mwachinyengo; pa nthawiyo sanasiyire pomwepo iwo amene adamulowetsa iye, chifukwa cha chuma chomwe chinali m'kachisi ”[xix]. Inde, anapusitsa, nalanda Yerusalemu chifukwa cha “Dziko laling'ono” Za Ayuda onyenga.

"²⁴ Pakumasulidwa ku chisamaliro, ngakhale kunenepa m'zigawo, adzalowa, nadzachita zomwe makolo ake ndi makolo a makolo ake sanachite. Iye adzamwaza pakati pathu ndi zofunkha ndi katundu. Adzakonzera ziwembu zake, koma kufikira kanthawi. ”

Josephus ananenanso kuti “; Koma, motsogozedwa ndi chilakolako chake cha kusilira, (chifukwa adawona m'malowo golide wambiri, ndi zokongoletsera zambiri zomwe zidaperekedwa kwa iye zamtengo wapatali kwambiri), kuti awononge chuma chake, adafuna kuthyola mgwirizano womwe adapanga. Ndipo iye adasiya kachisiyo wopanda kanthu, natenga choyikapo nyali chagolidi, ndi guwa la nsembe lagolidi, ndi gome [la mkate], ndi guwa la nsembe yopsereza; ndipo simunapewa ngakhale zophimba, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi bafuta wonyezimira ndi ofiira. Ndipo anacurukitsa cuma cace cobisika, osasiyapo kanthu; Mwa kuchita izi, anaponya madandaulo akulu kwambiri, chifukwa anali kuwaletsa kupereka nsembe zamasiku onse zomwe anali kupereka kwa Mulungu, malinga ndi lamulo. ” [xx]

Popanda kusamala ndi zotsatirapo zake Antiochus IV adalamulira kuti Nyumba Yachiyuda ichotsedwe. Ichi chinali china "makolo ake ndi makolo a makolo ake sanachite ”, ngakhale analanda Yerusalemu ndi mafumu angapo akumwera nthawi zapitazo. Kuphatikiza apo, poletsa zopereka za tsiku ndi tsiku pakachisi iye anapitiliza zoposa zomwe anali atazipanga kale.

²⁵ “Ndipo adzautsa mphamvu ndi mtima wake motsutsana ndi mfumu ya kumwera ndi gulu lankhondo lalikulu; ndi mfumu ya kumwera, nayenso adzaukira kunkhondo, ndi gulu lalikulu lankhondo lalikulu. Ndipo sanaime, chifukwa apangana chiwembu chomuukira. ²⁶ Ndipo amene amadya zakudya zake zabwino, adzasokoneza. ”

Pobwerera kunyumba ndikukakonza zochitika za ufumu wake, 2 Maccabees 5: 1 ikulemba kuti Antiochus adapitiliranso kukalanda kachiwiri ku Egypt, mfumu ya kumwera.[xxi] Asitikali a Antiochus anasefukira ku Egypt.

“Gulu lake lankhondo lidzagumuka.

Ku Pelusium, ku Egypt, magulu ankhondo a Ptolemy adatulukira pamaso pa Antiochus.

ndipo adzagwa ophedwa.

Komabe, Antiochus atamva mbiri yankhondo ku Yerusalemu, adaganiza kuti Yudeya wapanduka (2 Maccabees 5: 5-6, 11). Chifukwa chake, adachoka ku Aigupto nabwerera ku Yudeya, ndikupha Ayuda ambiri m'mene amabwera ndikuwononga kachisi. (2 Maccabees 5: 11-14).

Kunali kuphedwa kumene kumene "Yudasi Maccabeus, ndi ena pafupifupi asanu ndi anayi, adapita kuchipululu" zomwe zinayambitsa kupanduka kwa Maccabees (2 Maccabees 5:27).

²⁷ “Ponena za mafumu awiriwa, mtima wawo udzakonda kuchita zoipa, ndipo azidzalankhula zabodza pagome limodzi. Koma palibe chomwe chidzachite bwino, popeza chitsiriziro cha nthawi yake.

Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikutanthauza mgwirizano wapakati pa Antiochus IV ndi Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VI atagonjetsedwa ku Memphis pachigawo choyamba cha nkhondo pakati pawo. Antiochus amadzionetsa ngati woteteza wachinyamata Ptolemy VI motsutsana ndi Cleopatra II ndi Ptolemy VIII ndipo akuyembekeza kuti apitilizabe kumenyana. Komabe, ma Ptolemies awiriwo amapanga mtendere ndipo chifukwa chake Antiochus akuwukiranso kachiwiri monga kulembedwa pa 2 Maccabees 5: 1. Onani Danieli 11:25 pamwambapa. Mgwirizanowu onse awiri anali awiriawiri, motero sizinaphule kanthu, chifukwa kutha kwa nkhondo pakati pa mfumu ya kumwera ndi mfumu ya kumpoto ndi ya mtsogolo. "Chimaliziro chinafikira nthawi yoikika".[xxii]

²⁸ “Ndipo adzabwerera kudziko lake ndi katundu wambiri, ndipo mtima wake udzakhala wotsutsana ndi pangano loyera. Ndipo adzachita bwino ndipo abwerera kudziko lake.

Izi zikuwoneka ngati chidule cha zochitika zomwe zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mavesi otsatirawa, 30b, ndi 31-35.

²⁹ “Pa nthawi yoikidwiratu iye azibwerera, ndipo adzaukira kumwera; koma sizidzakhala zomaliza zofanana ndi poyamba. ³⁰ Ndipo zombo za ku Kitimu zimutsatira, ndipo iye adzakhala wopanda chiyembekezo.

Izi zikuwoneka kuti zikukambirana zambiri za kuukira kwachiwiri kwa Antiochus IV, mfumu ya kumpoto motsutsana ndi Ptolemy VI, mfumu ya kumwera. Pomwe adapambana motsutsana ndi Ptolemy, pofika ku Alexandria pamenepa, Aroma, “Zombo za ku Kitimu”, adabwera ndikumukakamiza kuti atule pansi udindo ku Alexandria ku Egypt.

"Kuchokera kwa kazembe wachiroma, Popillius Laenas adatenga kalata yaku Antiochus yomwe imamuletsa kuchita nkhondo ndi Egypt. Antiochus atafunsa nthawi yoti aganizire, nthumwi ija inakoka mozungulira mumchenga kuzungulira Antiochus ndipo inamuuza kuti ayankhe asanatuluke pagululi. Antiochus atagwirizana ndi zofuna za Roma kuti akane kukakhala ku Roma, adzavule nkhondo. ” [xxiii]

"^30bAbwerera, nadzudzula chipangano chopatulikacho, nachita bwino; Ndipo adzabwerera ndi kulingalira za iwo amene asiya pangano lopatulika. ³¹ Ndipo padzakhala zida zoimirira, zochokera kwa iye. ndipo adzaipitsa malo opatulika, linga laulemerero, nachotsa zonsezo

.

"Ndipo adzaika zonyansa zomwe zimasakaza."

Josephus akuwerenganso zotsatirazi mu War wake wa Ayuda, Buku I, Chaputala 1, para 2, "Tsopano Antiochus sanakhutire ndi kutenga kwadzidzidzi mzindawo, kapena kufunkhira, kapena kupha kwakukulu kumene iye anachititsa kumeneko; Koma popeza adakomoka ndi zilakolako zake zankhanza, ndikukumbukira zomwe adazunzidwa nazo mkati mwa kuzingidwa, adawakakamiza Ayuda kuti asungunuke malamulo a dziko lawo, ndi kuti ana awo asadulidwe, ndi kuphera nyama ya nkhumba paguwa; Josephus, Nkhondo za Ayuda, Buku I, Chaputala 1, para 1 akutiuzanso kuti "[Antiochus IV] anaononga kachisi, naimanso chizolowezi chopereka tsiku ndi tsiku zaka zitatu ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi."

³² “Ndipo amene akuchita zosemphana ndi [pangano], adzawachititsa kukhala ampatuko pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osavuta. Koma anthu amene akudziwa Mulungu wawo, adzapambana ndipo adzagwira ntchito bwino. ”

Ndime izi zimatchula magulu awiri, mmodzi akuchita zoipa motsutsana ndi pangano (Mose), ndikutsatira Antiochus. Gulu loipali lidaphatikizapo Jason Wansembe Wamkulu (pambuyo pa Onias), yemwe adadziwitsa Ayudawo njira ya moyo wachi Greek. Onani 2 Maccabees 4: 10-15.[xxiv]  1 Maccabees 1: 11-15 ikufotokozera mwachidule motere: " M'masiku amenewo, opanduka ena anachokera ku Israyeli, nasokeretsa anthu ambiri, nati, Tipite ife, ndipo tichite pangano ndi Amitundu otizungulira, popeza tidasiyana nawo masoka ambiri atigwera. ¹² Malingaliro awa adawakomera, ¹³ ndipo ena mwa anthu adalakalaka kupita kwa mfumu, yomwe idawaloleza kutsatira miyambo ya Akunja. ¹⁴ Chifukwa chake anamanga bwalo lochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Yerusalemu, monga mwa mwambo wa Amitundu, ¹⁵ ndikuchotsa zipsera za mdulidwe, ndi kusiya pangano loyera. Adalumikizana ndi amitundu ndikudzigulitsa okha kuchita zoyipa. "

 Otsutsidwa ndi "kuchimwira chipanganochi" anali ansembe ena, Matatias ndi ana ake amuna asanu, m'modzi wa iwo anali a Mac Macabe. Adadzuka pakupanduka ndipo pambuyo pazochitika zambiri zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, adatha kupambana.

 ³³ Ndipo za iwo amene ali ndi luntha pakati pa anthu, adzapatsa luntha kwa ambiri. Ndipo adzapunthwa ndi lupanga ndi lawi, ndi ukapolo, ndi kufunkhidwa, masiku ena.

Yudasi ndi gulu lake lankhondo adaphedwa ndi lupanga (1 Maccabees 9: 17-18).

Yonatani mwana wina, anaphedwanso ndi amuna chikwi. Wokhometsa msonkho wamkulu wa Antiochus adayatsa Yerusalemu (1 Maccabees 1: 29-31, 2 Maccabees 7).

³⁴ Koma akakhumudwitsidwa adzathandizidwa ndi thandizo laling'ono; ndipo ambiri adzadziphatika kwa iwo mwa kusalala.

Yudasi ndi abale ake nthawi zambiri anagonjetsa magulu ankhondo akuluakulu omwe anawatumiza kuti akathane nawo mothandizidwa ndi ochepa.

 ³⁵ Ndipo ena mwa iwo omwe azindikira adzakhumudwitsidwa, kuti achite ntchito yoyenga chifukwa cha iwo, kuyeretsa, ndi kuyeretsa, kufikira nthawi yakutha; chifukwa idakhazikitsidwa nthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa.

Banja la Mattathias lidatumikira monga ansembe ndi aphunzitsi kwa mibadwo ingapo kufikira kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Ahasimoni ndi Aristobulus yemwe adaphedwa ndi Herode.[xxv]

Imani pang'ono pazomwe amfumu akumpoto ndi mafumu akumwera omwe amakhudza anthu achiyuda.

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi Myuda wa Ahasimoni Wachiyuda, wodziyimira pawokha pansi pa mfumu ya kumpoto

"Chifukwa ndi ya nthawi yake."

Nthawi yotsatira nkhondo izi pakati pa mfumu yakumpoto ndi mfumu yakumwera inali yamtendere pang'ono ndi Ayuda ali ndi ulamuliro wodziyimira pawokha popeza palibe olowa m'malo mwa mafumuwa omwe anali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kulamulira Yudeya. Izi zinali kuyambira pafupifupi 140 BC mpaka 110 BC, panthawi yomwe Ufumu wa Seleucid udasokonekera (mfumu yakumpoto). Nthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yachiyuda imadziwika kuti Mafumu a Hasmonean. Idagwa cha m'ma 40 BCE - 37 BCE kwa Herode Wamkulu wa ku Idumeya yemwe adapanga Yudeya kukhala kasitomala wachiroma. Roma idakhala mfumu yatsopano yakumpoto potengera zotsalira za Ufumu wa Seleucid mu 63 BC.

Mpaka pano, tawona kutchuka kwapatsidwa kwa Xerxes, Alexander the Great, ma Seleucid, Aptolemies, Antiochus IV Epiphanes ndi Maccabees. Chigawo chomaliza cha chipilalachi, mpaka kufika kwa Mesiya komanso kuwonongedwa kotsiriza kwa dongosolo lachiyuda, chikufunika kuvumbulutsidwa.

 

Daniel 11: 36-39

Mkangano pakati pa mfumu yakumwera ndi mfumu ya kumpoto ukuyambiranso pamodzi ndi "mfumu".

³⁶ “Ndipo mfumuyo idzachita monga kufuna kwake, ndipo idzadzikuza, nidzikuza kuposa milungu yonse; ndipo adzalankhula zodabwitsa za Mulungu wa milungu. Adzaona kuti zinthu zikuwayendera bwino mpaka pamapeto pa chidzudzulo. chifukwa icho chosankhidwa chiyenera kuchitidwa. ³⁷ Ndipo sadzaganizira Mulungu wa makolo ake; Ndipo iye sadzakhumba akazi kapena milungu ina iliyonse, koma adzadzikuza pa aliyense. ³⁸ Koma kwa Mulungu wa makamu, m'malo mwake adzapatsa ulemu; Ndipo adzapembedza mulungu amene makolo ake sanamudziwe kuti adzalemekezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito golide komanso siliva ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zofunika. ³⁹ Ndipo adzagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi malo okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, pamodzi ndi mulungu wachilendo. Aliyense amene amuzindikira amuchulukitsa ndi ulemerero, ndipo adzawapanga kuti alamulire pakati pa ambiri; Adzagawa pansi kuti akhale pamtengo.

Ndizosangalatsa kuti gawoli limayamba ndi “Mfumu” osafotokoza ngati ali mfumu ya kumpoto kapena mfumu ya kumwera. M'malo mwake, potengera vesi 40, iye si mfumu ya kumpoto kapena mfumu ya kumwera, monga alumikizana ndi mfumu ya kumwera motsutsana ndi mfumu ya kumpoto. Izi zikusonyeza kuti iye ndi mfumu ya Yudeya. Mfumu yokhayo yodziwika bwino komanso yofunika kwambiri pokhudzana ndi kubwera kwa Mesiyayo ndikukhudza Yudeya ndiye Herode Wamkulu, ndipo adalamulira Yudeya cha mu 40 BC.

Mfumu (Herode Wamkulu)

"Ndipo mfumuyo idzachita zofuna zake ”

Kuti mfumuyi inali yamphamvu bwanji ikuwonekeranso ndi mawu awa. Ndi mafumu ochepa omwe ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuchita zomwe akufuna. M'malo motsatizana ndi mafumu mu uneneri uwu, mafumu ena okha kukhala ndi mphamvu anali Alesandro Wamkulu (Danieli 11: 3) amene “Adzalamulira ndi ulamuliro waukulu ndi kuchita monga afuna” , ndi Antiochus the Great (III) kuchokera pa Danieli 11:16, wonena za iye "Aliyense wobwera kuti amenyane naye adzachita zofuna zake, ndipo palibe amene adzaime patsogolo pake. ” Ngakhale Antiochus IV Epiphanes, yemwe adabweretsa zovuta ku Yudeya, adalibe mphamvu iyi, monga zikuwonetsedwa ndi kukana kosalekeza kwa a Maccabees. Izi zikuwonjezera kukula kwa chizindikiritso cha Herode "mfumu".

“Nadzadzikuza yekha, nadzikuza yekha kuposa milungu yonse; ndipo adzalankhula zodabwitsa za Mulungu wa milungu ”

A Josephus analemba kuti Herode adakhala kazembe wa Galileya ali ndi zaka 15 ndi Antipata.[xxvi] Nkhaniyi imalongosolanso momwe anagwiritsira ntchito mwayi wake kuti adzilimbikitse.[xxvii] Anapeza mbiri yabwino chifukwa chokhala wankhanza komanso wolimba mtima.[xxviii]

Kodi adalankhula bwanji zodabwitsa motsutsana ndi Mulungu wa milungu?

Yesaya 9: 6-7 ananeneratu "Chifukwa mwana wabadwa kwa ife, wabadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna, ndipo ulamuliro wake udzakhala paphewa pake. Ndipo adzamutcha Phungu Wodabwitsa, Mulungu Wamphamvu, Bambo wamuyaya, Kalonga wa Mtendere. Kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wake wamfumu, ndi mtendere sizidzatha,". Inde, Herode adalankhula motsutsana ndi Mulungu wa milungu [Yesu Khristu, Mulungu wa amphamvu, kuposa milungu ya amitundu.] Monga momwe adalamulira asitikali ake kuti aphe khandalo Yesu. (Onani Mateyo 2: 1-18).

Monga lingaliro lam'mbali, kupha ana osalakwa kumawonedwanso kuti ndi imodzi mwa milandu yoyipa kwambiri yomwe munthu angachite. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa zikuvutitsa chikumbumtima chathu chopatsidwa ndi Mulungu, ndipo kuchita izi ndikulakwira chikumbumtima choperekedwa ndi Mulungu ndi Yesu wopanga athu.

"Milungu iliyonse" mwina amatanthauza abwanamkubwa ndi olamulira ena, (amphamvu) omwe adadzikweza pamwamba. Mwa zina adasankhanso mlamu wake wa Aristobulus kukhala mkulu wa ansembe, ndipo posakhalitsa, adamupha. [xxix]

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi Mfumu, yemwe akutumikira mfumu yatsopano kumpoto kwa Roma

“Adzachita bwino kufikira chidzudzulo chake chitha; chifukwa chinthucho chidayankhulidwa chiyenera kuchitika. ”

Kodi Herode anachita bwanji? “Akhala opambana kufikira mkwiyo [wa mtundu wachiyuda] utatha.” Anachita bwino chifukwa mbadwa zake zalamulira mbali zina za mtundu wachiyuda mpaka atatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa mu 70 CE Herode Antipas, amene anapha Yohane Mbatizi, Herode Agiripa Woyamba, yemwe anapha Yakobo ndikuika m'ndende Peter, pomwe Herode Agrippa Wachiwiri adatumiza Mtumwi Paulo ali mndende ku Roma, posachedwa pomwe Ayuda adapandukira Aroma, ndikudziwononga okha.

³⁷ “Ndipo sadzayang'anira Mulungu wa makolo ake; Ndipo sadzafuna akazi ndi milungu ina iliyonse, koma adzadzikuza pa aliyense. ”

Nthawi zambiri Baibulo limagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa “Mulungu wa makolo anu” kuloza kwa Mulungu wa Abrahamu, Isake, ndi Yakobo (mwachitsanzo onani Ekisodo 3:15). Herode Wamkulu sanali Myuda, koma anali wa ku Idumeya, koma chifukwa cha maukwati osakanikirana pakati pa Aedomu ndi Ayuda, Aedomu nthawi zambiri amawonedwa ngati Ayuda, makamaka atatembenuka. Iye anali mwana wa Antipater wa ku Edomu. Josephus anamutcha iye Myuda theka.[xxx]

Komanso Aedomu obadwa kwa Esau, m'bale wake wa Yakobo, ndipo chifukwa chake Mulungu wa Abrahamu ndi Isake, akanakhala Mulungu wake. Komanso, malinga ndi Josephus, Herode ankadziwika kuti anali Myuda polankhula ndi Ayuda.[xxxi] M'malo mwake, ena mwa otsatira ake achiyuda amamuwona monga Mesiya. Pomwe Herode amayenera kulingalira za Mulungu wa makolo ake, Mulungu wa Abrahamu, koma m'malo mwake adayambitsa kupembedza kwa Kaisara.

Chikhumbo chachikulu cha mkazi aliyense wachiyuda chobala Mesiya, monga tionere pansipa, sanamvere izi, pomwe adapha anyamata onse ku Betelehemu pofuna kupha Yesu. Sanasamalenso za "mulungu wina" aliyense pompha aliyense yemwe amamuwona ngati wowopsa.

³⁸ Koma kwa mulungu wa linga, adzalemekeza; Ndipo adzapembedza mulungu amene makolo ake sanamudziwe kuti adzalemekeza kudzera mwa golide komanso ndi siliva ndi mwala wamtengo wapatali ndi zinthu zofunika. ”

Herode adagonjera kokha ku ulamuliro wa Roma World, wankhondo, ngati chitsulo "Mulungu wa linga". Adapereka ulemu woyamba kwa Julius Caesar, kenako kwa Antony, kenako kwa Antony ndi Cleopatra VII, kenako kwa Augustus (Octavian), pogwiritsa ntchito nthumwi ndi mphatso zamtengo wapatali. Anamanganso mzinda wa Kaisareya ngati doko lokongola lomwe linadziwika kuti limalemekeza Kaisara, ndipo kenako anamanganso Samariya ndi kuupatsa dzina lakuti Sebaste (Sebastos lofanana ndi Augusto). [xxxii]

Abambo ake sanadziwenso mulunguyu, ufumu wamphamvu padziko lonse wa Roma popeza anali atangokhala kumene ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse.

 ³⁹ “Ndipo adzagwira ntchito yolimbana ndi malo okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, pamodzi ndi mulungu wachilendo. Aliyense amene amuzindikira amuchulukitsa ndi ulemerero, ndipo adzawapanga kuti alamulire pakati pa ambiri; Ndipo adzagawa pansi kuti akhale pamtengo. ”

Josephus analemba kuti Kaisara atapatsa Herode chigawo china kuti alamulire, Herode adakhazikitsa zifanizo za Kaisara kuti zizilambiridwa m'malo okhala ndi mipanda yolimba ndikumanga mizinda ingapo yotchedwa Kaisareya. [xxxiii] Pa izi iye anapatsaamene wamuzindikira…. kuchuluka ndi ulemerero ”.

Khoma lolimba kwambiri ku Yudeya inali phiri la Kachisi. Herode adachita izi motsutsana ndi ichi, pakuimanganso, ndipo nthawi yomweyo amasintha kukhala linga la zolinga zake. M'malo mwake, adamanga tchalitchi cholimba kumpoto kwa Kachisi, ndikuyang'anitsitsa, pomwe adatcha kuti Tower of Antonia (pambuyo pa Mark Antony). [xxxiv]

Josephus akutiwuzanso za zomwe zinachitika Herode atapha mkazi wake Mariamne, kuti "Alexandra adakhalabe nthawi ino ku Yerusalemu; Ndipo m'mene adadziwitsa Herode kuti ali momwemo, adayesa kutenga malo a malinga omwe anali pafupi ndi mzindawo, omwe anali awiri, m'modzi mwamzinda womwewo, wina womwe unali mkachisi. Ndipo onse omwe akanawabweretsa m'manja mwawo anali m'manja mwa mtundu wonsewo, chifukwa popanda lamulo lawo sanathe kupereka nsembe zawo! ” [xxxv]

Daniel 11: 40-43

⁴⁰ “Ndipo nthawi ya chimaliziro, mfumu ya kumwera idzachita naye nkhondo, ndipo mfumu yakumpoto idzawomba ndi magaleta, ndi apakavalo, ndi zombo zambiri; ndipo adzalowa kumayiko, nadzaza, nadzadutsa.

mfumu ya kumwera: Cleopatra VII waku Egypt ndi Mark Antony

mfumu ya kumpoto: Augustus (Octavian) waku Roma

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto (Roma)

"Ndipo m'nthawi yamapeto", zimayika izi pafupi ndi nthawi yamapeto anthu achiyuda, anthu a Dani. Pazomwezi, tikuwona zofanana mu Nkhondo ya Actian, komwe Antony adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Cleopatra VII waku Egypt (mchaka chachisanu ndi chiwiri cha ulamuliro wa Herode ku Yudeya). Kukankha koyamba pa nkhondoyi kunachitidwa ndi mfumu ya kumwera, yemwe anathandizidwa panthawiyi "Chita naye" ndi Herode Wopambana yemwe adapereka zopereka.[xxxvi] Mwana wakhanda nthawi zambiri amasankha nkhondo, koma izi zinali zosiyana chifukwa chakuti ankhondo a Augustus Kaisara anasefukira ndi kupambana ndi gulu lake lankhondo, lomwe linapambana nkhondo yayikulu ya Actium pagombe la Greece. Antony adakankhidwira kumenya nkhondo ndi asitikali ake m'malo mokhala pamtunda ndi Cleopatra VII malinga ndi Plutarch.[xxxvii]

⁴¹ “Ndipo adzalowa m'dziko la Zokongoletsa, ndipo padzakhala [mayiko] ambiri amene adzakhumudwitsidwa. Koma awa ndi amene adzapulumuka m'manja mwake, Aedomu ndi Mowabu ndi gawo lalikulu la ana a Amoni. ”

Kenako Augusto adatsata Antony kupita ku Egypt koma kudera la Syria ndi Yudeya, komwe “Herode Anamulandila ndi zosangalatsa zachifumu komanso zolemera ” kupanga mtendere ndi Augustus posintha modabwitsa. [xxxviii]

Pomwe Augustus adapita molunjika ku Aigupto, Augusto adatumiza ena mwa anyamata ake pansi pa Aelius Gallus omwe adalumikizidwa ndi ena mwa anyamata a Herode kuti alimbane ndi Edomu, Moabu, ndi Amoni (dera lozungulira Amman, Yordani), koma izi zidalephera. [xxxix]

⁴² “Ndipo adzatambasulira dzanja lake kumayiko; Ndipo dziko la Aigupto silidzapulumuka. ”

Pambuyo pake pamene nkhondoyi inkapitilira pafupi ndi Alexandria, gulu la asitikali a Antony adamsiya ndikuyamba gulu la Augusto. Mahatchi akewo ananyamuka kupita ku mbali ya Augusto. Zowonadi, zombo zambiri, magareta ambiri ndi apakavalo, zidaloleza mfumu ya kumpoto, Augusto kuti agonjetse a Mark Antony, omwe kenako adadzipha.[xl] Augustus tsopano anali ndi Egypt. Posakhalitsa, adabweza malo kwa Herode yemwe Cleopatra adalandira kuchokera kwa Herode.

⁴³ “Adzalamulira chuma chobisika cha golide ndi siliva, ndi zinthu zonse zabwino za Aigupto. Aamaleki ndi Aitiyopiya azikhala pafupi naye. ”

Cleopatra VII adabisala chuma chake m'miyala pafupi ndi Kachisi wa Isis, amene Augustus adayamba kuyang'anira. [xli]

Achilubya ndi Aitiopiya tsopano anali atachitiridwa chifundo ndi Augustus ndipo zaka 11 pambuyo pake adatumiza Konelius Balbus kuti akagwire Libya ndi iwo akumwera ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Egypt.[xlii]

Augustus adaperekanso madera ambiri mozungulira Yudeya m'manja mwa Herode.

Nkhani ya Danieli kenako ibwerera kwa "mfumu", Herode.

 

Daniel 11: 44-45

⁴⁴ “Koma padzakhala malipoti amene adzamusokoneza, kuchokera kotuluka dzuwa ndi kumpoto, ndipo adzapita ndi mkwiyo waukulu kufafaniza ndikuwononga ambiri.

Mfumu (Herode Wamkulu)

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto (Roma)

Nkhani ya pa Mateyu 2: 1 imatiuza kuti "Yesu atabadwa ku Betelehemu wa Yudeya m'masiku a Herode mfumu, openda nyenyezi ochokera kum'mawa atabwera ku Yerusalemu". Inde, malipoti omwe adasokoneza kwambiri Herode Great adatuluka kuchokera kotuluka dzuwa kuchokera kummawa (komwe okhulupirira nyenyezi adayambira).

Mateyo 2:16 akupitiliza "Pamenepo Herodi, pakuwona kuti am'thamangitsa okhulupirira nyenyezi, adakwiya kwambiri, natumiza anyamata ake onse ku Betelehemu, ndi zigawo zake zonse, kuyambira wazaka ziwirinso zochepera." Inde, Herode Wamkulu adapita mokwiya kwambiri kuti awononge ndi kupha ambiri kuchiwonongeko. Mateyo 2: 17-18 akupitiliza “Pomwepo zidakwaniritsidwa zomwe zidanenedwa kudzera mwa mneneri Yeremiya kuti, 'Mawu adamveka ku Rama, akulira ndi kubuma kwambiri; anali Rakele kulirira ana ake ndipo sanafune kutonthozedwa, chifukwa kulibenso ”. Kukwaniritsidwa uku komanso kwa ulosi wa Danieli kungapereke chifukwa kuphatikizidwa kwa nkhaniyi mu buku la Mateyo.

Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, mwina zaka ziwiri kapena zingapo izi zisanachitike, malipoti omwe adasokoneza Herode nawonso adachokera kumpoto. Awa ndi malingaliro a wina wa ana ake aamuna (Antipater) kuti ana ake awiri aamuna a Mariamne am'chitira chiwembu. Anayesedwa ku Roma koma osamasulidwa. Komabe, izi sizinali m'mbuyomu Herode asanalingalire kuti awaphe.[xliii]

Pali zochitika zina zingapo zomwe zimatsimikizira zomwe Herode amakonda kupsa mtima. Josephus akulemba mu Antiquities of the Jewish, Book XVII, Chaputala 6, Para 3-4, kuti adawotcha kuti aphe Matiasi wina ndi anzanga omwe adasokoneza ndikuphwanya Mphungu Yachiroma yomwe Herode adayiyikira Kachisi.

⁴⁵ Adzabzala hema wake wapamwamba pakati pa nyanja yayikulu ndi phiri loyera Lodzikongoletsera; Adzafika mpaka kumapeto, ndipo palibe womuthandiza.

Herode anamanga nyumba zachifumu ziwiri “Mahema” ku Yerusalemu. Imodzi pa Khoma Kumpoto-Kumadzulo kwa Mzinda Wakumwamba wa Yerusalemu paphiri lakumadzulo. Ino inali nyumba yayikulu. Kunalinso kumadzulo kwa Temple “pakati pa nyanja yayikulu”[Ku Mediterranean] komanso "Phiri loyera Lodzikongoletsera" [Kachisi]. Herode analinso ndi nyumba ina yachifumu kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa nyumbayi, m'mphepete mwa khoma lakumadzulo, m'dera lomwe masiku ano limatchedwa Quarter ya Armenia. “Hemas".

Herode adamwalira imfa yosasangalatsa ya nsautso yoyipa yomwe idalibe machiritso. Anayesanso kudzipha. Zachidziwikire, zinalipo “Wopanda womthandizira”.[xliv]

Daniel 12: 1-7

Daniel 12: 1 akupitiliza uneneri uwu kupereka chifukwa komanso cholinga chakulembedwera, kuloza kwa Mesiya ndi kutha kwa dongosolo lazinthu lachiyuda.

Kalonga Wamkulu: Yesu ndi “Zonse zatha”

Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto (Roma)

 "¹Pa nthawi imeneyi, Mikayeli adzaimirira, kalonga wamkulu + amene akuimira ana a anthu anu. ”

Munthawi zomwe tazitsatira kudutsa Daniel 11, zikutanthauza kuti monga momwe Mateyo chaputala 1 ndi 2 akusonyezera, Yesu Khristu "kalonga wamkulu ”, "Michael, ndani angafanane ndi Mulungu?" anayimirira panthawiyi. Yesu anabadwa mchaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zapitazi za ulamuliro wa Mfumu Herode Wamkulu. Adayimirira kuti apulumutseana a anthu a [Danieli] patatha zaka 30 atabatizidwa ku Yordano ndi Yohane Mbatizi [mu 29 AD] (Mateyo 3: 13-17).

“Ndipo padzakhala nthawi ya chisautso, chomwe sichinachitikepo kuchokera pomwe panali mtundu wa anthu kufikira nthawi imeneyo”

Yesu anacenjeza ophunzila ake za nthawi yakudza nkhawa. Mateyo 24: 15, Marko 13: 14, ndi Luka 21: 20 amalemba machenjezo ake.

Mateyu 24:15 amati mawu a Yesu, "Chifukwa chake, pakuwona chonyansa chopululutsa, monga chidayankhulidwa ndi mneneri Danieli, chilili m'malo oyera, (owerenga agwiritse ntchito kuzindikira), ndiye kuti iwo aku Yudeya adzayamba kuthawira kumapiri."

Zolemba Marko 13:14 "Komabe, mukaona chonyansa chopangitsa chipasuko, chitayima pomwe sichili kufunika, (owerenga agwiritse ntchito kuzindikira), ndiye kuti iwo aku Yudeya athawire kumapiri."

Luka 21:20 amatiuza kutiKomanso, mukaona Yerusalemu atazunguliridwa ndi magulu ankhondo, zindikirani kuti kuwonongedwa kwake kuyandikira. Pamenepo amene ali mu Yudeya athawire kumapiri, ndipo amene ali mkati mwake [ku Yerusalemu] achoke ndi kuti iwo okhala m'midzi asalowe. ”

Ena amagwirizanitsa ndi Danieli 11: 31-32 ndi uneneri wa Yesu uyu, mosasamala mawu ophatikizidwa a Daniel 11, ndi kuti Daniel 12 akupitiliza (machaputala amakono ndi chinthu chakupanga), ndizomveka kulumikiza ulosi wa Yesu ndi Danieli 12: 1b yomwe idawonetsera nthawi yovuta kwambiri kuposa wina aliyense kuzunza mtundu wa Chiyuda kufikira nthawi imeneyo. Yesu adanenanso kuti nthawi yansautso ndi mavuto sizidzachitikanso ku mtundu wachiyuda (Mateyu 24:21).

Palibe chachilendo chomwe tikuwona pakufanana pakati pa Danieli 12: 1b ndi Mateyu 24:21.

Danieli 12:           “Ndipo padzakhala nthawi ya chisautso, chomwe sichinachitikepo kuchokera pomwe panali mtundu wa anthu kufikira nthawi imeneyo”

Mateyu 24:      "Pamenepo pamenepo padzakhala chisautso chachikulu / chisautso chomwe sichinakhalepo chiyambire zadziko lapansi mpaka tsopano"

Nkhondo ya a Josephus ya Ayuda, Mapeto a Buku lachiwiri, Buku lachitatu - Buku VII limafotokoza nthawi yatsoka iyi yomwe idagwera mtundu wachiyuda, moipitsitsa kwambiri kuposa nkhawa zonse zomwe zidawachitikira, ngakhale poganizira za kuwonongedwa kwa Yerusalemu ndi Nebukadinezara ndi lamulo la Antiochus IV.

Ndipo nthawi imeneyi anthu anu adzapulumuka, aliyense wopezeka analemba buku. ”

Ayuda omwe anavomereza Yesu kukhala Mesiya ndikumvera machenjezo ake a chiwonongeko chomwe chatsala pang'ono kupulumuka, anapulumuka. Eusebius analemba “Koma anthu aku tchalitchi ku Yerusalemu adalamulidwa ndi vumbulutso, operekedwa ndi voti kuti avomereze amuna kumeneko nkhondo isanachitike, kuti atuluke mumzindawo ndikukakhala mtawuni ina ya Perea yotchedwa Pella. Ndipo pamene iwo omwe amakhulupirira mwa Khristu adabwera kumeneko kuchokera ku Yerusalemu, ndiye, ngati kuti mzinda wachifumu wa Ayuda ndi dziko lonse la Yudeya adasowekera amuna oyera, chiweruzo cha Mulungu pamapeto pake chidawapeza iwo omwe adachita zoyipa zoterezi Khristu ndi atumwi ake, ndikuwonongeratu mbadwo woipawo. ” [xlv]

Owerenga achikristu aja omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira pakuwerenga mawu a Yesu, adapulumuka.

"² Ndipo ambiri a iwo akugona m'fumbi lapansi adzauka, adzakhala ndi moyo kosatha, ndipo adzachita manyazi ndi kunyozedwa kwamuyaya. "

Yesu anaukitsa anthu atatu, Yesu mwini anaukitsidwa ndipo atumwi anaukitsanso ena awiri, komanso nkhani ya pa Mateyu 3: 2-27 yomwe ingatanthauze kuukitsa anthu pa nthawi ya imfa ya Yesu.

"³ Ndipo ozindikira adzawala ngati kunyezimira kwa thambo, ndi iwo amene atenga ambiri achilungamo, ngati nyenyezi mpaka kalekale, inde mpaka muyaya. "

M'mawu akumvetsetsa kwa ulosi wa pa Danieli 11, ndi Danieli 12: 1-2, iwo amene ali ndi chidziwitso ndi kunyezimira ngati kunyezimira kwa thambo pakati pa mbadwo woipa wa Ayuda, angakhale Ayuda omwe adavomera Yesu kukhala Mesiya nakhala Akhristu.

"⁶ … Kodi zitenga nthawi yayitali bwanji kuti zinthu zodabwitsazi zithe?  ⁷ … Zikhala kwa nthawi yoikika, nthawi zoikika ndi theka."

Mawu achiheberi omwe amasuliridwa "Zabwino" chimakhala ndi tanthauzo loti ndizachilendo, zovuta kuzimvetsetsa, kapena machitidwe a Mulungu ndi anthu ake, kapena machitidwe a Mulungu oweruza ndi kuwombola.[xlvi]

Kodi kuweruza kwa Ayuda kudatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji? Kucoka kubweza kwa Aroma ku Yerusalemu kudzagwa ndikuwonongeka inali nyengo ya zaka zitatu ndi theka.

"Ndipo zikangomalizidwa kuti mphamvu za anthu oyera zitheke, zinthu zonsezi zidzatha. ”

Kuwonongeka kwa Galileya, ndi Yudeya kochitidwa ndi Vespasian kenako mwana wake Tito, zomwe zidafika pachimake pa kuwonongedwa kwa Yerusalemu, pomwe Kachisi wopanda mwala wotsala pamwala, adamaliza mtundu wa Chiyuda ngati fuko. Kuyambira pamenepo sanalinso mtundu wosiyana, ndipo zolembedwa zonse za mibadwo zomwe zidawonongeka ndi kuwonongedwa kwa Kachisi, palibe amene angatsimikizire kuti iwo ndi Achiyuda, kapena fuko lomwe adachokera, komanso palibe amene anganene kuti ndi Mesiya. Inde, kugwedezeka kwa mphamvu ya anthu oyera [mtundu wa Israyeli] kunali komaliza ndipo kunakwaniritsa ulosiwu pomaliza ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwake.

Daniel 12: 9-13

"⁹ Ndipo [mngeloyo] anati: Pita, Danieli, chifukwa mawuwo achinsinsi ndi kusindikizidwa kufikira nthawi yamapeto.

Mawu awa adasindikizidwa mpaka nthawi yamapeto ya mtundu wachiyuda. Ndipokhapo pomwe Yesu adachenjeza Ayuda a m'zaka 33 zoyambirira kuti gawo lomaliza la kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulosi wa Danieli likufika ndipo kuti lidzakwaniritsidwa ku m'badwo wawo. M'badwowu unangokhala zaka zina 37-66 zisanawonongeke pakati pa 70 AD ndi XNUMX AD.

"¹⁰ Ambiri adzadziyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa. Ndipo oipa adzachita zoipa, ndipo palibe woipa adzazindikira, koma ozindikira adzazindikira. ”

Ayuda ambiri amitima yabwino adakhala Akhristu, adadziyeretsa ndi ubatizo wam'madzi ndi kulapa njira zawo zakale, ndikuyesetsa kukhala ngati a Khristu. Anayeretsedwanso ndi chizunzo. Komabe, Ayuda ambiri, makamaka atsogoleri achipembedzo monga Afarisi ndi Asaduki amachita zoyipa, pakupha Mesiya ndikuzunza ophunzira ake. Iwo adalephera kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwa machenjezo a Yesu onena za chiwonongeko ndi kukwaniritsidwa komaliza kwa ulosi wa Danieli womwe udzawadzere. Komabe, iwo ozindikira, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuzindikira, adamvera chenjezo la Yesu ndipo adathawa ku Yudeya ndi ku Yerusalemu atangokhoza kuwona magulu ankhondo achikunja achiroma ndi zifaniziro za milungu yawo, atayimirira m'Kachisi siziyenera kutero, mu 66CE ndipo pamene gulu lankhondo la Roma linabwerera m'mbali pazifukwa zosadziwika, anagwiritsa ntchito mwayiwo kuthawa.

"¹¹ Ndipo kuyambira pomwe chinthu chosachotsedwa chachotsedwa ndipo zayikidwa zonyansa zomwe zikuwononga, padzakhala masiku chikwi chimodzi mazana awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi anayi. ”

Tanthauzo la lembali silimveka bwino. Komabe, mawonekedwe osalekeza amawoneka kuti akunena za zopereka za tsiku ndi tsiku za pakachisi. Izi zidatha mkachisi wa Herode pozungulira asanu^th Ogasiti, 70 AD. [xlvii] pamene unsembe udalephera kukhala ndi amuna okwanira kuti awupereke iwo. Izi zachokera pa Josephus, Wars of the Jewish, Buku 6, Chaputala 2, (94) chomwe chimati "[Tito] adadziwitsidwa tsiku lomwelo lomwe linali 17^th tsiku la Panemus[xlviii] (Tammuz), nsembe yotchedwa "Daily Sacrifice" inali italephera, ndipo inali isanaperekedwe kwa Mulungu chifukwa chofuna kuti anthu azipereke. ” Zonyansa zomwe zikuwononga, zimadziwika kuti ndi ankhondo aku Roma komanso 'milungu' yawo, gulu lawo lankhondo, adayimilira Kachisiyu zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu patsiku linalake pakati pa 13^th ndipo 23^rd Novembala, 66 AD.[xlix]

Masiku 1,290 kuchokera pa 5^th Ogasiti 70 AD, angakubweretsereni 15^th Ogasiti, 74 AD. Sizikudziwika nthawi yomwe kuzungulira kwa Masada kunayamba komanso kutha, koma ndalama zopezeka 73 AD zidapezeka kumeneko. Koma kuzinga kwa Roma sikunatenge miyezi ingapo. Masiku 45 akhoza kukhala kusiyana komwe kulipo (pakati pa 1290 ndi 1335) kwa iye. Tsiku loperekedwa ndi Josephus, Wars of the Jewish, Book VII, Chaputala 9, (401) ndi la 15^th tsiku la Xanthicus (Nisan) lomwe linali 31 Marichi, 74 AD. mu Kalendala Yachiyuda.[l]

Ngakhale makalendala omwe ndagwiritsa ntchito ndi osiyana, (Turo, yemwe kale anali Myuda), zikuwoneka kuti ndizowopsa kuti kusiyana kumeneku kudali masiku 1,335 pakati pa 5^th Ogasiti, 70 AD. ndi 31^st Marichi 74 AD., Kugwa kwa kukana komaliza kwa kupanduka kwa Chiyuda ndi kutha komaliza kwa adani.

"¹² Wodala ndi iye amene akuyembekezera, nafika masiku chikwi chimodzi ndi mazana atatu kudza makumi atatu kudza asanu.

Zachidziwikire, Myuda aliyense amene adapulumuka kumapeto kwa masiku 1,335 akadakondwera kupulumuka imfa yonse ndikuwonongeka, koma makamaka, ndi omwe amasunga zochitika izi kuyembekeza, Akhrisitu omwe akadakhala kuti ali oyenera kukhala okondwa.

"¹³ Koma iwe, pita kumapeto; ndipo udzapumula, koma iwe udzayimirira gawo lako pakutha masiku. ”

Koma Danieli, analimbikitsidwa kukhalabe ndi moyo, kufikira nthawi yamapeto[li], [nthawi ya chiweruziro cha dongosolo Lachiyuda], koma anauzidwa kuti akapumule [kugona muimfa] nthawiyo isanafike.

Koma, chilimbikitso chomaliza chomwe adapatsidwa, chinali chakuti adzaimirira [kuti adzaukitsidwe] kuti alandire cholowa chake, mphotho yake [cholandira chake], osati pa nthawi ya chimaliziro [cha dongosolo la Chiyuda ngati mtundu] koma kutha kwa masiku, zomwe zidzakhale m'tsogolo.

(Tsiku lomaliza: onani Yohane 6: 39-40,44,54, Yohane 11:24, Yohane 12:48)

.

Mu 70 AD,[lii] ndi Aroma motsogozedwa ndi Tito kuwononga Yudeya ndi Yerusalemu "Zonsezi zidzakwaniritsidwa ”.

Yudeya ndi Galileya anawonongedwa ndi mfumu ya kumpoto (Roma) motsogozedwa ndi Vespasian ndi mwana wake Titus

 

M'tsogolomu, anthu oyera a Mulungu angakhale Akhristu oona, ochokera ku mitundu yonse yachiyuda ndi yachilendo.

 

Chidule cha Ulosi wa Daniels

 

Bukhu la Daniel	Mfumu ya Kumwera	Mfumu ya Kumpoto	Yudeya wolamulidwa ndi	Zina
11: 1-2			Persia	Mafumu 4 enanso a Persia kuti akhudze Chiyuda Xerxes ndi wachinayi
11: 3-4			Greece	Alekizanda Wamkulu, 4 Mitundu
11:5	Ptolemy Woyamba [Egypt]	Seleucus Woyamba [Seleucid]	Mfumu ya Kumwera
11:6	Ptolemy Wachiwiri	Antiochus Wachiwiri	Mfumu ya Kumwera
11: 7-9	Ptolemy Wachitatu	Seleucus Wachiwiri	Mfumu ya Kumwera
11: 10-12	Ptolemy Wachinayi	Seleucus Wachitatu, Antiochus Wachitatu	Mfumu ya Kumwera
11: 13-19	Ptolemy Wachinayi, Ptolemy V	Antiochus Wachitatu	Mfumu ya Kumpoto
11:20	Ptolemy V	Seleucus IV	Mfumu ya Kumpoto
11: 21-35	Ptolemy VI	Antiochus Wachinayi	Mfumu ya Kumpoto	Kukula kwa Maccabees
			Mzera Wachiyuda wa Hasmonean	Era a Maccabees (Wodzilamulira pansi pa Mfumu ya kumpoto)
11: 36-39			Herode, (pansi pa Mfumu ya Kumpoto)	Mfumu: Herode Wamkulu
11: 40-43	Cleopatra VII, (Maliko Antony)	Augustus [Roma]	Herode, (pansi pa Mfumu ya Kumpoto)	Ufumu wakumwera wotengedwa ndi Mfumu ya Kumpoto
11: 44-45			Herode, (pansi pa Mfumu ya Kumpoto)	Mfumu: Herode Wamkulu
12: 1-3			Mfumu ya Kumpoto (Roma)	Kalonga Wamkulu: Yesu, Ayuda omwe adakhala akhristu adapulumuka
12:1, 6-7, 12:9-12		Vespasian, ndi mwana wamwamuna Titus	Mfumu ya Kumpoto (Roma)	Kutha kwa mtundu wachiyuda, Mapeto a uneneri.
12:13				Kutha kwa Masiku, Tsiku Lomaliza, Tsiku la Chiweruzo

 

 

Zothandizira:

[I] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle  Nkhani ya Nabonidus inalemba kuti “Koresi analanda mzinda wa Ecbatana, likulu la Astyages, unalembedwa m'chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha ulamuliro wa Nabonidus. … Ntchito ina ya Koresi yalembedwa mchaka chachisanu ndi chinayi, mwina kuyimira kuwukira kwake Lidiya ndikugwidwa kwa Sarde. ” Monga zimamveka kuti Babulo adagwa mu 17^th chaka cha Nabonidus, chomwe chimayika Koresi kukhala Mfumu ya Perisiya zaka 12 asanagonjetsedwe kwa Babulo. Adabwera pampando wachifumu waku Persia pafupifupi zaka 7 asanakumane ndi Astyages, yemwe anali King of Media. Patatha zaka zitatu adagonjetsa monga momwe adalembedwera mu mbiri ya Nabondius. Pafupifupi zaka 22 Babulo asanagwe.

Malinga ndi Chikolopa wa Xenophon, atatha zaka makumi atatu ndi ziwiri atakhazikika, Astyages adasiya kuthandizira olemekezeka ake pomenya nkhondo ndi Koresi, yemwe Xenophon amamudziwa kuti ndi mdzukulu wa Astyages. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Koresi akhazikitse ufumu wa Perisiya. (onani Xenophon, 431 BCE-350? BCE mu Cyrusopaedia: Maphunziro a Koresi - kudzera pa Project Gutenberg.)

[Ii] https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/  Kuti mutsimikizire kuti Darius the Great adakwanitsa Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis akuwona zolemba za Behistun pomwe Darius [I] amalembera ulamuliro wake.

[III] https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/herodotus.pdf

[Iv] ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER, kumasulira kwa Arrian wa ku Nikomedian, Chaputala XIV, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm, kuti mumve zambiri za Arrian onani https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/

[V] The Complete Works of Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI, Chaputala 8, para 5. P.728 pdf

[vi] Kuunika kwa chaputala 7 cha buku la Daniel kulibe kanthu pankhaniyi.

[vii] Kuunika kwa chaputala 8 cha buku la Daniel kulibe kanthu pankhaniyi.

[viii] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seleucus-I-Nicator Malinga ndi Encyclopaedia Britannica, Seleucus adagwiritsa ntchito Ptolemy kwa zaka zingapo monga mkulu wa Ptolemy asadalamulire ku Babeloni ndikupangira njira 4 yomwe idakwaniritsa Ulosi wa Baibulo. Seleucus adapatsidwa Syria ndi Cassander ndi Lysimachus pomwe adagonjetsa Antigonus, koma padakali pano, Ptolemy adalanda kumwera kwa Syria, ndipo Seleucus adapereka izi kwa Ptolemy, potero zikutsimikizira Ptolemy, mfumu yamphamvu. Seleucus pambuyo pake anaphedwanso ndi mwana wa Ptolemy.

[ix] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-II-Philadelphus “Ptolemy anathetsa nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Seleucus pomanga mwana wake wamkazi, Berenice — yemwe anamupatsa malowolo ochuluka — kwa mdani wake Antiochus II. Kukula kwa ndale kumeneku kungadziwike chifukwa chakuti Antiochus, asanakwatirane ndi mwana wamkazi wa Ptolemy, adayenera kuchotsa mkazi wake wakale, Laodice. ”

[x] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes “Ptolemy anaukira Coele Syria, kuti abwezerere kuphedwa kwa mlongo wake, mkazi wamasiye wa mfumu ya Seleucid Antiochus II. Asitikali apamadzi a Ptolemy, mwina atathandizidwa ndi zigawenga m'mizinda, adalimbana ndi gulu lankhondo la Seleucus II mpaka ku Thrace, kuwoloka Hellespont, komanso kulanda zilumba zina m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Asia Minor koma adawunika c. 245. Pakadali pano, Ptolemy, ndi gulu lankhondo, adalowa mpaka ku Mesopotamiya, mpaka kukafika ku Seleucia pa Tigris, pafupi ndi Babulo. Malinga ndi magwero akale adakakamizidwa kuti aletse kupita patsogolo kwake chifukwa cha zovuta zapakhomo. Njala ndi kutsika kwa Nile, komanso mgwirizano wankhanza pakati pa Makedoniya, Seleucid Syria, ndi Rhode, mwina mwina ndi zifukwa zina. Nkhondo yaku Asia Minor ndi Aegean idakulirakulira pomwe Mgwirizano wa Achaean, umodzi mwamgwirizano wachi Greek, udalumikizana ndi Egypt, pomwe Seleucus II adapeza mabungwe awiri mdera la Black Sea. Ptolemy adakankhidwira kunja kwa Mesopotamiya ndi gawo lina la North Syria mu 242-241, ndipo chaka chamawa mtendere udakwaniritsidwa. ”

[xi] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-11-invasion-of-ptolemy-iii-chronicle/, Makamaka, mawu ochokera ku 6^th Mmonke wa zaka za m'ma XNUMX Cosmas Indicopleustes "Mfumu Yaikulu Ptolemy, mwana wa King Ptolemy [II Philadelphus] ndi Mfumukazi Arsinoe, M'bale- ndi Mlongo Gods, ana a King Ptolemy [I Soter] ndi Mfumukazi Berenice the Sauce Gods, mbadwa za makolo a Heracles mwana wa Zeus, kwa amayi a Dionysus mwana wa Zeus, atalandira kuchokera kwa abambo ake ufumu wa Egypt ndi Libya ndi Syria ndi Phenicia ndi Kupro ndi Lycia ndi Caria ndi zilumba za Cyclades, adatsogolera kupita ku Asia ndi ana oyenda ndi okwera pamahatchi ndi zombo komanso njovu za Troglodytic ndi Aitiopiya, zomwe iye ndi abambo ake anali oyamba kusaka kuchokera kumayiko awa, ndikuwabwezera ku Egypt, kuti akwaniritse ntchito yankhondo.

Popeza ndakhala wolamulira dziko lonse lino tsidya lino la Firate ndi Kilikiya ndi Pamfiliya ndi Ionia ndi Hellespont ndi Thrace ndi magulu ankhondo onse ndi njovu zaku India m'maiko awa, ndikugonjera akalonga onse am'madera (osiyanasiyana), anawoloka mtsinje wa Firate ndipo atatha kumugonjera Mesopotamiya ndi Babeloniya ndi Sousiana ndi Persisi ndi Mediya ndi dziko lonselo mpaka ku Bactria ndipo atafufuza zinthu zonse zamakachisi zomwe zidatengedwa ku Egypt ndi Aperisi ndikubweretsa anabwezera chuma chawo chonse kuchokera kumadera (osiyanasiyana) anatumiza asilikali ake ku Igupto kudzera m'ngalande zomwe anakumba. ” Yotengedwa kuchokera [[Bagnall, Derow 1981, Na. 26.]

[xii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/  Onani chaka cha 242/241 BC

[xiii] Wars of the Jews, lolembedwa ndi Josephus Book 12.3.3 p745 of pdf "Koma pambuyo pake, Antiochus atagonjetsa mizindayi ya Celesyria yomwe Scopas idamulanda, ndipo Samariya pamodzi nawo, Ayuda, mwa iwo okha, adapita kwa iye , namlandira kumzinda [Yerusalemu], napereka chakudya chochuluka kwa gulu lake lonse lankhondo, ndi njovu zake, ndipo zinam'thandiza pamene anazungulira mudzi wa asilikali wokhala mu likulu la Yerusalemu ”

[xiv] Jerome -

[xv] Nkhondo za Ayuda, zolemba Josephus, Buku 12.6.1 pg.747 la pdf "Pambuyo pa Antiochus adapanga ubale ndi mgwirizano ndi Ptolemy, ndipo adampatsa mwana wake wamkazi Cleopatra kuti akhale mkazi wake, ndipo adadzipereka kwa iye Clesyria, ndi Samariya, ndi Yudeya , ndi Foinike, mwa njira ya kutaya. Ndi magawo a misonkho pakati pa mafumu awiriwa, akulu onse anakonza misonkho ya maiko awo angapo, natenga ndalama zonse adazipereka, nalipira iwo kwa amfumu awiriwo. Tsopano nthawi iyi Asamariya anali kukula bwino, ndipo anali kuvutitsa kwambiri Ayuda, kudula madera awo ndi kutenga akapolo. ”

[xvi] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iii-the-great/ Onani Chaka 200BC.

[xvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/

[xviii] Nkhondo za Ayuda, Wolemba Josephus, Buku I, Chaputala 1, ndime 1. pg. 9 pdf mtundu

[xix] The Antiquities of the Juda, lolemba Josephus, Buku 12, Chaputala 5, Para 4, pg.754 pdf

[xx] The Antiquities of the Juda, lolemba Josephus, Buku 12, Chaputala 5, Para 4, pg.754 pdf

[xxi] https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+5&version=NRSV "Pafupifupi nthawi imeneyi Antiochus analowanso ku Egypt. ”

[xxii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/syrian-war-6/ makamaka zochitika za 170-168 BC.

[xxiii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/ Onani 168 BC. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antiochus-IV-Epiphanes#ref19253 ndime 3

[xxiv] "Pamene mfumu idavomereza ndi Yason^[d] atabwera, adasinthiratu anthu achi Greek. ¹¹ Adasiyira ubale wachifumu kwa Ayuda, wotetezedwa kudzera mwa Yohane bambo a Eupolemus, yemwe adapita kukakhazikitsa ubale ndi mgwirizano ndi Aroma; ndipo adawononga njira zovomerezeka za moyo ndikuyambitsa miyambo yatsopano yosemphana ndi lamulo. ¹² Adakondwera ndikukhazikitsa malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi pansi pa tchalitchi, ndipo adalimbikitsa anyamata odziwika kwambiri kuti avale chipewa chachi Greek. ¹³ Panali cholakwika chotere cha Hellenization ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira zakunja chifukwa champhamvu zoyipa za Jason, yemwe anali wopanda umulungu ndipo sanali wowona^[e] mkulu wa ansembe, ¹⁴ kuti ansembe sanalinso ndi cholinga pa ntchito yawo paguwa. Ponyalanyaza malo opembedzera ndi kunyalanyaza nsembe, adathamanga kutenga nawo gawo pazovomerezeka pamabwalo olimbana pambuyo pa chizindikirocho. ¹⁵ kunyansidwa ndi ulemu womwe makolo awo amapanga ndi kuyika ulemu wapamwamba pamitundu yachi Greek. ” 

[xxv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Book XV, Chaputala 3, para 3.

[xxvi] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku la XIV, Chaputala 2, (158).

[xxvii] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku la XIV, Chaputala 2, (159-160).

[xxviii] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku la XIV, Chaputala 2, (165).

[xxix] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 5, (5)

[xxx] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 15, (2) "Ndi wa Idumean, mwachitsanzo, Myuda"

[xxxi] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 11, (1)

[xxxii] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 8, (5)

[xxxiii] Josephus, The Wars of the Jewish, Buku I, Chaputala 21 ndime 2,4

[xxxiv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 11, (4-7)

[xxxv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jewish, Buku XV, Chaputala 7, (7-8)

[xxxvi] Plutarch, Moyo wa Antony, Chaputala 61 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007:chapter=61&highlight=herod

[xxxvii] Plutarch, Moyo wa Antony, Chaputala 62.1 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D62%3Asection%3D1

[xxxviii] Josephus, Nkhondo za Ayuda, Buku I, Chaputala 20 (3)

[xxxix] Mbiri Yakale Yapadziko Lonse Vol XIII, p 498 ndi Pliny, Strabo, Dio Cassius wogwidwa mawu mu Prideaux Connections Vol II. pp605 kupitirira.

[xl] Plutarch, Moyo wa Antony, Chaputala 76 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D76

[xli] Plutarch, Moyo wa Antony, Chaputala 78.3  http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D78%3Asection%3D3

[xlii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(proconsul)#cite_note-4

[xliii] Josephus, The Wars of the Jewish, Buku I, Chaputala 23 Ndime 2

[xliv] Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book XVII, chaputala 6, para 5 - Chaputala 8, para 1 https://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-17.htm

[xlv] https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm Eusebius, Mbiri ya Church Book III, Chaputala 5, para 3.

[xlvi] https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6382.htm

[xlvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  pamavuto popereka chibwenzi chapanthawi ino. Ndatenga deti la Turo pano.

[xlviii] Panemus ndi mwezi waku Makedoniya - mwezi wa Juni (kalendala yoyendera mwezi), wofanana ndi Tammuz Wachiyuda, mwezi woyamba wachilimwe, mwezi wachinayi, chifukwa chake Juni mpaka Julayi kutengera kuyamba kwenikweni kwa Nisani - kaya Marichi kapena Epulo.

[xlix] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  pamavuto popereka chibwenzi chenicheni panthawiyi.

[l] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  pamavuto popereka chibwenzi chenicheni panthawiyi. Ndatenga tsiku Lachiyuda pano.

[li] Onani Danieli 11:40 pamawu amodzimodzi

[lii] Kapenanso, 74 AD. Ndi kugwa kwa Masada ndi ndalama zomaliza za dziko lachiyuda.