Kuyanjanitsa Ulosi Waumesiya wa Danieli 9: 24-27 ndi Mbiri Yakale

Kutsiriza Malangizo

 

Chidule cha Zomwe Apeza Pofika Pano

Pofufuza zam'munda mpaka pano, tapeza kuchokera m'malemba awa:

• Njira iyi idapereka kutha kwa makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiriwo mu 69 AD pomwe Yesu adayamba utumiki wake.
• Njira iyi idathetsa zopereka ndi zopereka, pomwe theka la asanu ndi awiri mu 33 AD ndi Mesiya Yesu adadulidwa, nadzaphedwa, m'malo mwa anthu onse.
• Njira iyi idayika kumapeto kwa zisanu ndi ziwiri zomaliza mu 36 AD ndikusinthidwa kwa Koneliyo Wamitundu.
• Njira iyi idayikira 1^st Chaka cha Koresi Wamkulu mu 455 BC monga kuyambira kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanu ndi ziwirizi ndi makumi atatu ndi zitatu.
• Kuchita izi kunakhazikitsa Chaka cha 32 cha Darius aka Ahaswero, aka Artaxerxes mu 407 BC pomaliza zaka zisanu ndi ziwirizi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri kudza kwa zaka makumi atatu kudza zisanu ndi ziwiri, pomwe Nehemiya adabwerera ku Babeloni ndipo khoma la Yerusalemu lidabwezeretsedwa. (Neh. 49: 13)
• Yankho ili, motero, limapereka chifukwa chokwanira kuti Daniel ndi Yehova agawire uneneri kukhala zisanu ndi ziwiri mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri kudza zisanu ndi ziwiri. (onani vuto / yankho 7)
• Kuthetsa kumeneku kumapereka zaka zofananira za Moredekai, Esitere, Ezara, ndi Nehemiya, osati malingaliro amtundu wakudziko ndi wachipembedzo, omwe samanyalanyaza kapena kufotokoza zaka zosatheka ndi "Moredekai wina, Ezara wina, Nehemiya wina, kapena nkhani ya mu Bayibulo ndi yolakwika. ". (Onani mavuto / mayankho 1,2,3)
• Kuthekera uku kumaperekanso tanthauzo lomveka lofananira la mafumu a Persia m'malembo. (Onani mavuto / mayankho 5,7)
• Kuthekera uku kumatithandizanso kumvetsetsa kulowa kwa Mkulu wa Ansembe wolondola munthawi ya ufumu wa Persia womwe ukugwirizana ndi malemba. (onani vuto / yankho 6)
• Yankho lake limapereka kulongosola koyenera kwa mindayo iwiri. (onani vuto / yankho 8).
• Njira yothetsera vutoli imafunika kumvetsetsa kuti Darius Woyamba adadziwika kuti dzina la Aritasasita kapena amatchedwa Aritasasita kuyambira pa 7^th chaka chaulamuliro mtsogolo mzolemba za Ezara 7 kupita m'tsogolo ndi Nehemiya. (onani vuto / yankho 9)
• Kuthekera uku kumafunikanso kumvetsetsa Ahaswero wa buku la Esitere kukhala akunena za Dariyo Woyamba. (onani mavuto / mayankho 1,9)
• Yankho limatithandizanso kumvetsetsa pafupifupi zonse zomwe analemba Josephus, ngakhale sizikhala chidutswa chilichonse, m'malo mwa zidutswa zochepa chabe. (onani vuto / yankho 10)
• Yankho limaperekanso yankho loyenera pa kutchulidwa kwa Mafumu a Persia pamabuku a Apocrypha. (onani vuto / yankho 11)
• Yankho limaperekanso yankho loyenera pa kutchulidwa kwa Mafumu a Persia mu Septuagint. (onani vuto / yankho 12)

Komabe, yankho lake limatisiyira gawo laling'ono kuti tidziwe, za otsatizana a Mafumu a ku Persia.

Kwa nthawi yotsala, kuyambira chaka chotsatira Darius I atamwalira^th Chaka, chomwe mu yankho ili ndi 402 BC, mpaka 330 BC pamene Alesandro adagonjetsa Mfumu Darius komaliza ndipo adakhala mfumu ya Persia, tikuyenera zaka 156 kukhala zaka 73 (ndi mafumu 6 ngati zingatheke) popanda kutsutsana ndi ambiri Zambiri zakale ngati zingatheke. Chinsinsi chachikulu cha Rubik cha chithunzi!

 

Zidutswa zomaliza za Zenera

Kodi zidatheka bwanji?

Pofufuza ndi kufufuza kwa wolemba ndi kulemba kwa magawo am'mbuyomu pazotsatira izi, zinaonekeratu kuti poyambira amayenera kukhala 455 BC. Komabe zinaonekeranso kuti amayenera kukhala 1^st Chaka cha Koresi m'malo mwa 20^th Chaka cha Artaxerxes I. Zotsatira zake, ankayeserera nthawi ndi nthawi kuti afotokoze zomwe zidzakwaniritse mfundo zomaliza mu gawo la chidule cha Zambiri Pamwambapa. Komabe, palibe zomwe zinawoneka zomwe zinali zofunikira panthawiyo komanso sizingakhale zomveka.

Fanizoli ndi zambiri kuchokera kwa Eusebius[I] ndi Africanus[Ii] ndi Ptolemy[III] ndi olemba mbiri yakale ena onena za mafumu a ku Persia ndi mafumu otchulidwa ndi a Josephus, Wolemba ndakatulo waku Persia Ferdowsi[Iv], ndipo Herototus adapangidwa. Zinayamba kudziwonetsera ndikuwonetsa mitundu yonse yomwe inali ndi mafotokozedwe, osati kuchokera kuzomwe zimapezeka pofufuza zolembedwa za Baibulo, komanso kuchokera pazidziwitso zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidatuluka pofufuza za akatswiri ena.

Zinali zosangalatsa kuti Poet Ferdowsi wa ku Persia yekha anali ndi Mafumu mpaka Darius II ndipo sanasiye Xerxes.

Josephus analinso ndi Mafumu mpaka Darius II yekha koma Xerxes. Herototasi anali ndi Mafumu mpaka Artaxerxes Woyamba (amakhulupirira kuti Herototasi anamwalira muulamuliro wa Aritasasta Woyamba kapena kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa Darius Wachiwiri.)

Ngati Darius Woyamba (wamkulu) adadziwikanso mosiyanasiyana dzina lake kapena kuti adasintha dzina lake Aritasasta, ndikothekanso kuti Mafumu ena a Perisiya adafanana, zomwe zitha kusokoneza pakati pa olemba mbiri onse m'mbiri yakale komanso mu 20^th ndipo 21^st Zaka zana.

Kuyerekeza Kwa Ulamuliro wa Ulamuliro kwa Olemba Mbiri Akale

	Herodotus c. 430 BC	Atesi c. 398 BC	Diodorus 30 BC	Josephus 75 AD	Ptolemy 150 AD	Clement waku Alexandria c. 217 AD	Manetho / Sextus Julius Africanus c. 220 AD	Manetho / Eusebius c. 330 AD	Sulpicus Severus c. 400 AD	Wolemba ndakatulo waku Persia Firdusi (931-1020 AD)
Koresi Wachiwiri (Wamkulu)	29	30		inde	9 (Babulo)	30			31	inde
Cambyses II	7.5	18		6	8	19	6	3	9	inde
Amagi	0.7	0.7			0.7			0.7	0.7
Dariyo Woyamba (Ikulu)	36	-		9+	36	46	36	36	36	inde
Sasita Woyamba	inde	-	20	28 +	21	26	21	21	21
Artabanos							0.7
Aritasasta (I)	inde	42	40	7+	41	41	41	40	41	inde
Sasita II		0.2			0.2		0.2	0.2	0.2
Sogdianos					0.7		0.7	0.7	0.7
Dariyo II		35	19	inde	19	8	19	19	19	inde
Aritasasita II			43		46	42			62
Aritasasta Wachitatu			23		21		2	6	23
Asses (Artaxerxes IV)					2		3	4
Dariyo Wachitatu					4		4	6
ZIWERENGERO ZONSE	73	126	145	50 +	209	212	134	137	244

 

 

Monga mukuwonera pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayankho omwe amaperekedwa ndi akatswiri olemba mbiri zaka zambiri kwazaka zambiri. Atsogoleri azachipembedzo komanso azipembedzo masiku ano nthawi zambiri amatsatira nthawi ya Ptolemy.

Chifukwa chake, kuyesera kuyanjananso nkhani yayikuluyi, lingaliro linatengedwa kuti lichoke kuyambira kugwa kwa ufumu wa Persia kupita kwa Alexander the Great of Macedonia mu 330BC, kwa Darius I yemwe ulamuliro wake unatha mu 403 BC ndi Koresi kuyambira mu 455 BC.

Chifukwa chake tidapeza:

• Darius III ali ndi zaka 4, (kutalika kutengera malinga ndi Ptolemy ndi Manetho malinga ndi Julius Africanus), mfumu yomaliza ya Persia, yomwe idalamulira nthawi ya Alesandro Wamkulu kupitilira mu Ufumu wa Persia.
• Asses (Artaxerxes IV) ali ndi zaka ziwiri. ((kutalika kutengera malinga ndi Ptolemy).

Kenako:

• Artaxerxes III adatengedwa kuti azilamulira zaka ziwiri. (kutalika kwake monga Manetho ndi Julius Africanus, mwina zaka 2 monga Mfumu ya Egypt kapena wolamulira mnzake)
• Darius II wolamulira zaka 19 monga mokhazikika anaperekedwa ndi Africanus, Eusebius, ndi Ptolemy.

Izi zidakwaniritsidwa zaka 21 zomwe Ptolemy adampatsa Artaxerxes III. Izi zinapereka chiwonetsero cholimba kuti mwina Ptolemy anali ndi nthawi yolakwika yolamulira Artaxerxes III. (Chiwerengero cha Ptolemy wazaka 21 kwa Artaxerxes nthawi zonse chidaonekera bwino komanso chofanana ndendende kutalika kwa ulamuliro wa Xerxes. Sizachilendo kwambiri kwa Mafumu amdziko lomwelo komanso nthawi yofananira kuti akhale ndi kutalika kofanana kwa ulamuliro, zovuta zamasamu za izi zomwe zimachitika mwachilengedwe kukhala zosayembekezeka).

Kutanthauzira kwakukulu ndikwakuti Ptolemy anaganiza molakwika kutalika kwa ulamuliro mwina pogwiritsa ntchito mawu a Xerxes. Komabe, zosankha zina zitha kukhala kuti panali mgwirizano wapakati pa ulamuliro wa zaka ziwiri ndi Artaxerxes III pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Darius II kapena kuti Darius (II) adadziwikanso kuti kapena adasintha dzina lake kukhala Artaxerxes (III), mwina momwemonso Baibulo lidawonetsera Darius (I) amadziwikanso kuti Artaxerxes (I).

Kenako:

• Artaxerxes Woyamba adawonjezeredwa ndi ulamuliro wazaka 41 wosachotsa Artaxerxes Wachiwiri (kwa kutalika kwa ulamuliro wa Artaxerxes I malinga ndi Ptolemy. Artaxerxes II Wachiwiri sanasiyidwe ndi akatswiri azambiri zakale komanso maulamuliro osiyanasiyana kutalika kotsalira.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti Artaxerxes I wolamulira, adayamba mchaka cha 6 atamwalira Darius I, mpata wazaka 5 (Aritasasita wa Ezara 7 mtsogolo ndi Nehemiya). Sanasiyiretu mwayi wolamulira kwazaka 21 za Xerxes.

Chidutswa chomaliza:

• Xerxes adamuwonjezera zaka 21, zaka 16 monga wolamulira mnzake ndi abambo ake Darius, ndi zaka 5 monga wolamulira yekhayo.

Monga tafotokozera kumayambiriro kwa nkhani yathuyi, akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti kuli umboni woti Xerxes adagwirizana ndi bambo ake Darius kwa zaka 16. Ngati Xerxes anali wolamulira mnzake ndi Dariyo ndipo pakufa kwa Dariyo, adakhala wolamulira ndiye izi zikupereka tanthauzo lenileni. Mwanjira yanji? Xerxes akanakhala wolamulira zaka 5 zomaliza za ulamuliro wake asanalowe m'malo mwa mwana wake Aritasasta.

Ptolemy amapereka Aritasasta wolamulira zaka 41 ndipo Aritasasta II wolamulira zaka 46. Onani kusiyana kwa zaka 5. Kutengera ndi momwe adawerengedwa Aritasasta nditha kunena kuti adalamulira zaka 41 zokha kapena mwina zaka 46 kuphatikiza zaka zisanu ndikugwirizana ndi abambo ake Xerxes pambuyo pa imfa ya agogo ake a Darius I. Izi zingayambitse chisokonezo pambuyo pake ndi olemba mbiri monga Ptolemy pokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa Aritasasta wosiyanasiyana. Ndi magawo osiyanasiyana omwe amapereka maulamuliro osiyanasiyana kwa Artaxerxes, Ptolemy akadatha kuganiza kuti zomwe zimadziwika kuti Artaxerxes I ndi Artaxerxes II anali mafumu osiyanasiyana m'malo amodzi.

Chidule Chosiyanitsa Maumwini Aumwini:

1. Xerxes I ali ndi mgwirizano ndi Darius I kwa zaka 16.
2. Artaxerxes II wolamulira wazaka 46 malinga ndi Ptolemy adatsitsidwa ngati kubwereza kwa Artaxerxes I.
3. Ulamuliro wa Artaxerxes III udafupikitsidwa kuchokera zaka 21 mpaka 2 kapena uli ndi mgwirizano wogwirizana wazaka 19.
4. Asses kapena Artaxerxes IV adakwanitsa zaka zitatu za Manetho kukhala zaka za Ptolemy zaka ziwiri kapena chaka chimodzi chogwirizana ndi zaka ziwiri.
5. Zosintha zonse ndi zaka 16 + 46 + 19 + 1 = zaka 82.

Kusintha konseku kwachitika ndi zifukwa zomveka ndipo kulola kuti ulosi wa M'baibulo wa Danieli 9: 24-27 ukhale wolondola komabe amalola zonse zodziwika ndi mbiri yodalirika kuti ikhale yolondola. Mwanjira imeneyi titha kuchirikiza chowonadi cha mawu a Mulungu monga akunenera pa Aroma 3: 4, pomwe mtumwi Paulo adanena kutiKoma Mulungu akhale woona, ngakhale munthu aliyense adzapezeka wabodza ”.

13. Nkhani Yotumizirana Mwachinsinsi - Njira Yothetsera

Chofunikanso kwambiri kuti kumvetsetsa kumeneku kunalola kuti cholembedwa cha A3P chikhale cholondola popeza mzere wofunikira wofananira nawo mawuwo udalipobe, ngakhale adatsitsidwa ndi Artaxerxes II.

Zolemba za A3P zimawerengedwa "Mfumu yayikulu Aritasasta [III], mfumu ya mafumu, mfumu ya mayiko, mfumu ya dziko lino lapansi, akuti: Ndine mwana wa mfumu Aritasasita [II Mnemon]. Aritasasita anali mwana wa mfumu Dariyo [II Nothus]. Dariyo anali mwana wamwamuna wa mfumu Aritasasita [Ine]. Aritasasita anali mwana wa mfumu Xerxes. Xerxes anali mwana wa mfumu Dariyo [wamkulu]. Dariyo anali mwana wa munthu wotchedwa Zaln. Hystaspes anali mwana wa munthu wotchedwa Mayikidwe, ndi Akaemenid. " [V]

Zindikirani manambala [omwe anali] ma bracketed [III] popeza izi ndi tanthauzo la womasulira, popeza zolembedwazo komanso zolembedwa zoyambirira sizipereka Mafumu nambala yoti iwadziwitse za mafumu akale. Izi ndizowonjezera zamakono kuti chizindikiritso chikhala chosavuta.

Pazankho ili.Mfumu yayikulu Aritasasita [IV], mfumu ya mafumu, mfumu ya maiko, mfumu ya dziko lino lapansi, ati: Ndine mwana wa mfumu Aritasasita [III]. Aritasasita anali mwana wa mfumu Dariyo [II Nothus]. Dariyo anali mwana wamwamuna wa mfumu Aritasasita [Mnemon Wachiwiri]. Aritasasita anali mwana wa mfumu Xerxes. Xerxes anali mwana wa mfumu Darius [Wamkulu, nayenso Longimanus]. Dariyo anali mwana wa munthu wotchedwa Zaln. Hystaspes anali mwana wa munthu wotchedwa Mayikidwe, ndi Akaemenid. "

Gome lotsatirali likufanizira matanthauzidwe awiriwo omwe onse ndiofanana ndi zomwe zalembedwa.

Zolemba - Mndandanda wa King	Ntchito yapadera	Kutumizidwa ndi yankho
Aritasasita	Wachitatu (Asitima)	IV
Aritasasita	Wachiwiri (Mnemon)	Wachitatu (Asitima)
Dariyo	Wachiwiri (Nothus)	Wachiwiri (Nothus)
Aritasasita	Ine (Longimanus)	Ine (Mnemon)
Sasita	I	I
Dariyo	I	Ine (komanso Aritasasta, Longimanus)

 

 

14.      Sanbalat - Mmodzi, Awiri kapena Atatu?

Sanibalati wa ku Horonite amapezeka m'Baibuloli pa Nehemiya 2: 10^th Chaka cha Aritasasta, tsopano chadziwika mu njira iyi kuti ndiye Dariyo Wokulirapo. Nehemiya 13:28 ikuzindikira kuti mmodzi wa ana a Joiada mwana wa Eliashibu mkulu wa ansembe anali mpongozi wa Sanibalati wa ku Horoni. Izi zidachitika patapita nthawi Nehemiya atabweranso kwa Aritasasita (Dariyo Wotchuka) mu 32^nd chaka. Mwina patatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.

Tikupeza za ana ake aamuna a Delaiah ndi Shelemiya ku Elephantine Papyri limodzi ndi Yehohanan ngati Mkulu wa Ansembe.

Kuwerenga mfundo kuchokera ku Elephantine Temple Papyri tikupeza zotsatirazi.

“Kupita ku Bagohi [Chiperisiya] kazembe wa Yuda, [kwa] ansembe omwe ali ku Elephantine linga. Vidranga, Chief [Bwanamkubwa wa Egypt posowa Arsames] adati, mchaka cha 14 cha Mfumu Darius [I?]: "Gwetsani Kachisi wa YHW Mulungu yemwe ali mu nsanja ya Elephantine". Zipilala ndi zipata za Mwala wosemedwa, zitseko zoyimirira, zingwe zamkuwa za zitseko, denga lamatabwa a mkungudza, zovekera adaotcha ndi moto, mabeseni agolide ndi siliva obedwa. Miphika [mwana wa Koresi] adawononga akachisi achiigupto koma osati YHW temple. Timapempha chilolezo kwa Yohanan Wansembe Wamkulu ku Yerusalemu kuti amangenso kachisi momwe adamangidwa kale kuti azipereka zopereka, zonunkhira, & zopsereza paguwa la YHW Mulungu. Tinauzanso Delaya ndi Selemiya ana a Sanibalati kazembe wa ku Samariya. [dated] 20 ya Marheshvan, chaka cha 17 cha Mfumu Darius [II?]. ” [Mabrosha akuwonetsa chidziwitso pofotokozera]

"Komanso, kuyambira mwezi wa Tamuzi, chaka cha 14 cha Mfumu Dariyo mpaka lero tavala chiguduli ndi kusala kudya; akazi athu apangidwa ngati amasiye; (sitidzidzola tokha) ndipo sitimamwa vinyo. Kuyambira pamenepo (nthawi) kufikira lero, chaka cha 17 cha Mfumu Dariyo ”. [vi]

M'mayankho omwe aperekedwa a King Darius wa Papyri atha kukhala Darius II, sipanatenge nthawi kuti Ufumu wa Perisiya ugwe kwa Alexander the Great.

Yankho labwino kwambiri, ndipo likugwirizana ndi mfundo zodziwika bwino, ndikuti panali ma Sanbalat awiri motere:

• Sanbalat [I] - akutsimikiziridwa mu Nehemiya 2:10. Kuyerekeza kuti azaka zapakati pa 35 ndi 20^th Chaka cha Aritasasta (Darius Woyamba) monga anali Kazembe, ayenera kuti anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 50 mu Nehemiya 13:28, pafupifupi 33^rd Chaka cha Darius I / Aritasasita. Izi zikanathandizanso kuti mwana wamwamuna wa Joiada akhale mkamwini wa Sanbalat [I] panthawiyi.
• Mwana wamwamuna wosatchulidwa wa Sanbalati - tikaloleza kuti mwana wamwamuna wosatchulidwayo abadwe Sanbalat [I] ali ndi zaka 22, zomwe zingalole Sanballat [II] wobadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna yemwe sanatchulidwe dzina ali ndi zaka 21/22.
• Sanballat [II] - akutsimikiziridwa mu zilembo za Elephantine za 14^th chaka ndi 17^th chaka cha Dariyo.[vii] Kutenga Darius ngati Darius II izi zimalola Sanballat [II] kukhala wazaka za m'ma 60 panthawiyi ndikufa okalamba pafupifupi 70, miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kulowa mu Alexander kuzungulira Turo. Zikadaperekanso mwayi kwa ana ake otchedwa Delaiah ndi Shemeliah kukhala wamkulu msinkhu (wazaka za m'ma 82) kuti atenge gawo la ntchito zoyang'anira kuchokera kwa abambo awo monga momwe malembawo akusonyezera.

Palibe zowona zilizonse zomwe wolemba akudziwa zomwe zingatsutsana ndi yankho ili.

Zowonadi zake zidapezeka kuchokera munkhani yomwe ili ndi mutu "Zakale ndi Zolemba Zakale mu Nthawi ya Persia, Yang'anani pa Sanibalati ” [viii],.

15.      Umboni Wam'manja wa Cuneiform - Kodi umatsutsana ndi Solution?

Palibe mapale otsimikizika a cuneiform a Artaxerxes III, Artaxerxes IV, ndi Darius III. Tiyenera kudalira olemba mbiri yakale chifukwa cha utali wawo. Monga momwe mukuwonera patebulopo, pali kutalika kosiyanasiyana popanda umboni wochirikiza chilichonse cha izo ngati cholondola. Ngakhale mapiritsi a cuneiform omwe anapatsidwa kwa Artaxerxes I, II, ndi III amachitika makamaka pongogwiritsa ntchito pomwe mafumu sanawerengere nthawi ya Persia. Kutumiza kwa mapiritsi nthawi zambiri kumachitika pozindikira kuti Ptolemy ndi yolondola. Akatswiri, osadziwa izi, pomwe amati mapale olembedwawo amati umboni wa Ptolemy, komabe izi ndizolakwika.

Njira zowerengera za King monga I, II, III, IV, etc., ndizowonjezera zamakono kuti chizindikiritso chikhala chosavuta.

Panthawi yolemba wolembayo sakudziwa za cholembapo chilichonse chalembedwe chomwe chingatsutse yankho ili. Chonde onani Zakumapeto 1[ix] ndi Zakumapeto 2[x] Kuti mudziwe zambiri.

 

Kutsiliza

Yankho lidawunikanso ndikufufuza zaka zomaliza za 70s. Zidatsimikiziranso chaka choyambira zisanu ndi ziwiri zomaliza. Kuchita izi kuyambira chaka choyambira nyengo yonseyo kudakhazikitsidwa ndipo chaka chakutha kwa 7s 62 ndikuyamba kwa makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu asanu ndi awiriwo. Ofuna kukhazikitsa lamulo / liwu / lamulo lomwe adayambitsa nthawi ya 70s zisanu ndi ziwiri zinawunikiridwa ndipo ziganizo zochokera pamalembo zidatengedwa. Pokhazikitsa zaka zinayi izi, umboni wina unakwaniritsidwa m'ndondomeko iyi.

Mukuyenda kwakutali tapeza mayankho a mavuto onse 13 omwe atchulidwa, omwe adapangidwa ndi kutanthauzira komwe kulipo.

Panthawi yomaliza (Meyi 2020) wolemba anali atanyalanyaza, kapena kupeza kapena kudziwitsidwa ndi aliyense mfundo zomwe zimatsutsana ndi yankho lomwe laperekedwa. Izi sizitanthauza kuti mwina singafunike kuyeretsedwa pakapita nthawi, koma yankho lonse pano likuwonedwa kutsimikizika pakali pano.

Pofika mu yankho ili umphumphu wa cholembedwa cha m'Baibulo wadaliridwa ndipo ngati kuli kotheka agwiritsa ntchito Baibulo kuzimasulira. Tafunanso malongosoledwe omveka a mbiri yakale yodziwika bwino yomwe ikugwirizana ndi nkhani ya m'Baibulo yomwe yatuluka, mmalo motenga mbiri yakudziko monga maziko ndi kuyesa kulungamitsa mbiri yakale ya M'Baibulomo.

Mukuchita izi, zifukwa zopatulira uneneri wa Umesiya kukhala zisanu ndi ziwiri, zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanu ndi ziwirizo. Ulosiwo udawerengedwa m'makonzedwe ake a m'Baibulo m'malo modzipatula. Izi zikuwonetsa zifukwa zomwe zidamupangitsira kuti Danieli apatsidwe uneneri pa nthawi yomwe anali, mu 7^st chaka cha Dariyo Mmedi, ndicho:

• Kutsimikizira kutha kwa mabwinja
• Kuyang'anira Mesiya
• Kuti alimbitse chikhulupiriro cha Danieli chifukwa adzawona chiyambi cha nthawi yolosera yatsopanoyi

Danieli adazolowanso zaka 70 zakutumikira ku Babeloni, ndipo zaka 49 za Yerusalemu ndi kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa Kachisi komanso kumasulidwa kwa chaka cha Yubile. Chifukwa chake, zaka 49 zakumanganso Yerusalemu ndi Kachisi zimamvetsedwa ndi Danieli, monganso nthawi yaneneratu yonse ya nthawi yayikulu 70s mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi kuti Ayudawo akhale ndi mwayi wotsutsana ndi zolakwa zawo.

Kufika kwa nthawi ya Ezara ndi kubwezeretsa ntchito za Alevi ndi kudzipereka atamaliza kumanga Nyumba ya Mulungu tsopano zimamveka bwino, komanso zinthu zina zambiri.

Owerenga angathenso kudziwa ngati yankho lake limayambitsa zovuta pazomaliza zomwe zafotokozedwazo “Ulendo Wodziwitsa Kupatula Nthawi”[xi], yomwe idakambirana ndi zochitika komanso maulosi okhudzana ndi kupita ku ukapolo ku Babulo. Yankho ndikuti amasintha palibe Pamaganizidwe. Kusintha komwe kungafunike ndikusintha zaka zomwe zikusungidwa mu Khalendara ya Julius mwa kuwachepetsa ndi zaka 82, kusuntha 539 BC mpaka 456 BC kapena 455 BC, ndi ena onse mwa kusintha komweko.

Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kwa ulosi wonena za Mesiya kumathandizanso kutsimikizira zomwe “zapezedwa”Ulendo Wodziulula Kupatula Nthawi ”. Zotanthauza kuti, kutanthauzira kwa Daniel pofotokoza maloto a Nebukadinezara kokwana kasanu ndi kawiri monga kukwaniritsidwa kokulirapo sikungatheke, makamaka ndi tsiku loyambira la 607 BC kapena tsiku lomaliza la 1914 AD.

Pomaliza komanso chofunikira kwambiri, cholinga chofufuzira chidachita bwino. Mwakutero, yankho lomwe latsimikizidwali latsimikizira ndikuwonetsa kuti Yesu analidi Mesiya wolonjezedwa wa ulosi wa Danieli wochokera ku Danieli 9: 24-27.

 

 

 

 

Zakumapeto 1 - Umboni wa Cuneiform Ulipo wa Mafumu a ku Persia

 

Gwero la chidziwitso chotsatirachi ndi Mbiri yaku Babeloni 626 BC - AD75 lolemba Richard A. Parker ndi Waldo H Dubberstein 1956 (4^th Kusindikiza 1975). Kope la pa intaneti lopezeka pa:  https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/babylon/downloads/babylonian_chronology_pd_1956.pdf

 

Tsamba 14-19 la Bukhu, tsamba 28-33 la pdf

Ndemanga:

Msonkhano wachibwenzi ndi: Mwezi (manambala achi Roma) / Tsiku / Chaka.

Acc = Chaka Cholowa, mwachitsanzo Chaka 0.

? = osawerengeka kapena akusowa kapena okayikitsa.

VI₂ = 2^nd mwezi 6, mwezi woyanjana (mwezi wosadumphira kalendala yoyambira)

 

Koresi

Choyamba: VII / 16 / Acc Babulo agwa (Nabunaid Chronicle)

Pomaliza: V / 23/9 Borsippa (VAS ndime 42)

Ma Cambyses

                Choyamba: VI / 12 / Acc Babel (Strassmaier, Ma Cambyses, Na. 1)

                Pomaliza: I / 23/8 Shahrinu (Stassmaier, Miphika, Na. 409)

Bardia

                Choyamba: XII / 14 / ?? Mzere wa Behistun Wolemba 11 (wolemba Darius I)

                Pomaliza: VII / 10 / ?? Mzere wa Behistun Wolemba 13 (wolemba Darius I)

 

Dariyo Woyamba

                Choyamba: XI / 20 / Acc Sippar (Strassmaier, Dariyo, Na. 1)

                Pomaliza: VII / 17 kapena 27/36 Borsippa (V AS IV 180)

Sasita

                Choyamba: VIII kapena XII / 22 / Acc Borsippa (V AS ndime 117)

                Pomaliza: V / 14? - 18? / 21 BM32234

Aritasasita Woyamba

                Choyamba: III / - / 1 PT 4 441 [Cameron]

                Pomaliza: XI / 17/41 Tarbaaa (Clay, BE IX 109)

Dariyo II

                Choyamba: XI / 4 / acc Babeloni (Clay, BE X 1)

Chomaliza: VI₂/ 2/16 Uri (Chithunzi, UET IV 93)

Palibe mapale a yrs 17-19 a Darius II

Aritasasita II

                                                Palibe Mapale a kupezeka kwa Artaxerxes II

Choyamba: II / 25/1 Uri (Figulla, UET IV 60)

 

Pomaliza: VIII / 10/46? Babulo (V AS VI 186; manambala anawonongeka pang'onopang'ono koma amawerenga "46" wolemba Arthur Ungad)

Aritasasta Wachitatu

Palibe mapiritsi amakono a cuneiform

Asses / Artaxerxes IV

Palibe mapiritsi amakono a cuneiform

Dariyo Wachitatu

Palibe mapiritsi amakono a cuneiform

Umboni wa Cuneiform kwa 5yrs ku Babeloni

Ptolemaic Canon 4 Chaka cholamulira ku Egypt

 

 

 

Zowonjezera 2 - Mbiri Yowerengera Aigupto ya Nyengo ya Achaemenid [Medo-Persian]

Panali, chidutswa chimodzi cha chithunzi chomwe chinatsala mpaka chomaliza. Chomwe idasiyidwa mpaka kumapeto ndikuti mutu wa ulamuliro wa Aperisi ku Egypt sunakhuzidwe m'malemba.

Pambuyo pakugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali pakufufuza mawuwa anali oti palinso zovuta zochepa zokhudzana ndi ulamuliro wa Perisiya ku Egypt kapena Pharoah wina aliyense wamba. Madeti ambiri omwe amaperekedwa kwa akalonga achi Persia ngati olamulira m'malo mwa mafumu achi Persia, amachokera pa mbiri ya Ptolemaic ya Mafumu a ku Persia osati zolembedwa za papyri kapena cuneiform. Izi ndi zomwezo ndi Mafumu / Pharoah a ku Dynasties aku Egypt a 28^th, 29^th ndipo 30^th.

Satrapies achi Persia

• Aryandes: - Yoyambitsidwa Kuyambira Chaka 5 cha Cambyses II to Year 1 of Darius I.
• Aryandes: - Wosankhidwa kachiwiri ndi Darius I wazaka 5^th

Olamulidwa mpaka Chaka 27 cha Darius I?

• Ma Pheredates: - Adalamulira zaka 11?

Kuyambira Chaka 28? wa Dariyo Woyamba 18? wa Xerxes I (= Darius I, zaka 36 +2)?

• Achaemenes: - Adalamulidwa zaka 27?

Kuchokera ku 19^th - 21^st wa Xerxes? ndi 1^st - 24^th chaka Artaxerxes [II]?

• Arsames: - Adalamulira zaka 40?

Kuchokera ku 25^th Artaxerxes [II] mpaka 3^rd Chaka Artaxerxes IV?

Mwa masiku onsewa, okhawo kukakamizidwa sakayikira. Zolemba / deti Zosakhazikika ndizowopsa kuyambira panthawiyi. Kuti mumve zambiri za Persian Satrapies onse komanso Egypt makamaka

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-satrapies pansi pa 5, 5.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.3.

 

Mzera wazandalama 27

Kuwerengera zakalembedwe zanyimbo zikupezeka pano: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Timeline_of_the_27th_Dynasty_(Achaemenid_Pharaohs_only).

Mfundo zofunika zotsatirazi ziyenera kudziwika:

• Cambyses II ndi Darius I okha amadziwika kuti ali ndi mayina a mpando wachifumu, kukhala Mesutire ndi Stutre motsatana.
• Lamulo la Mfumu iliyonse yaku Persia ku Egypt idakhazikitsidwa pa Mbiri Yakale yaku Persia yomwe itengera nthawi ya Ptolemy yolembedwa mu 2^nd Zaka zana la AD. Chifukwa cha yankho lomwe likupezeka m'ndandandandandawu, izi zingapangitsenso kuti masiku a mafumu a Persia ku Aigupto nawonso alakwitsa. Popeza pali umboni wochepa kapena wosatsimikizika makamaka kudzera pazomwe zikuchitika pamalopo izi sizikhala zovuta pa yankho lomwe lingachitike. Chifukwa chake masiku a dziko lapansi olamulidwa ndi Perisiya ku Aigupto ayenera kukhala osalondola ndipo ayenera kungokonzedwa mogwirizana ndi yankho la nthawi ndi nthawi yakutonga kwa mafumu a Persia ku Persia.
• Mndandandandawu uli ndi Mafumu onse aku Persia kuyambira ku Cambyses II mpaka Darius II komanso mulinso wopanduka Petubastis III pazaka zitatu zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Darius I ndi Psamtik IV panthawi ya Xerxes.
• Pali umboni wa hieroglyphic wa Darius (I) mu 4 yake^th chaka, ndi zolembedwa zingapo zokhala ndi dzina lake, koma sizinatchulidwe.[xii]
• Pali zolemba za hieroglyphic za Xerxes zaka zake 2-13.[xiii]
• Pali zolemba za hieroglyphic za Artaxerxes Wadziko lapansi, yankho ili, Artaxerxes II. [xiv]
• Palibe mawonekedwe a hieroglyphic a Darius II kapena Artaxerxes Wachiwiri, yankho ili, Artaxerxes III.
• Umboni waposachedwa wa papyri wa Darius (I) ndi Chaka chake 35.[xv]
• Kupatula zomwe zilembedwe kale za Elephantine papyri za Darius (II) zomwe zidakambidwa pansi pa Sanballat, palibe umboni wina wotsimikizira kuti wolemba adapeza ndikutsimikizira.

 

The Egyptoniconic Dynasties 28, 29, 30[xvi]

mafumu	Farao	Ulamuliro
28th
	Amyrteos	zaka 6
29th
	Achikere Ine	zaka 6
	Khalani	1 chaka
	Achoris	zaka 13
	Nefi II	miyezi 4
30th	((Eusebius)
	Zovuta (I)	zaka 10
	Maso	zaka 2
	Nectanebus (II)	zaka 8

 

Tebulo ili lakhazikika pamndandanda wa Manetho monga adasungidwa ndi Eusebius.

Popeza kusowa kwa zolembedwa zilizonse zosungidwa komanso kuti panali mipata pakati pa maufumuwa, ndikuti maufumuwa amangolamulira Lower Egypt (Mtsinje wa Nile, kapena mbali zake), izi zimawalola kuti azilamulira nthawi yomweyo ndi ma Satraps aku Persia omwe akulamulira Kumtunda Aigupto kuphatikiza Memphis ndi Karnak, ndi zina. Zikutanthauzanso kuti palibe zolakwika zilizonse zosokoneza za mayankho omasulira kutalika kwaulamuliro, ndi ena a mafumu aku Persian. Ngati umboni watsopano wowonjezera ungaperekedwe kwa wolemba ndiye gawoli limaunikidwanso. Zowona zake, wolemba akunena za gumbwa wokhala ndi zaka zachifumu komanso dzina la Mfumu, kapena mapale a cuneiform kapena zolembedwa zomwe zimapatsa mfumu ya Persian ndi chaka chaulamuliro wa King, ndi mbiri yolumikizana yomwe ingafanane, kapena kukhazikitsidwa potengera momwe zinthu ziliri.

Mwa chitsanzo, zilembo za Elephantine Papyri zili ndi deti la Darius chaka 5, chaka 14 ndi 17, ndi Yehohanan (Mkulu wa Ansembe wachiyuda) atamwalira Nehemiya. Izi ziziwayika iwo mu nthawi ya Darius II, zomwe zili pamwambapa zimalola Darius Wachiwiri kuti alamulire Elephantine, Upper Egypt, (Aswan wamakono, pafupi ndi damu).

 

[I] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius

[Ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus

[III] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy

[Iv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi

[V] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a3pa/ ndi

"Buku lakale la Persian Persian komanso zolemba za Achaemenidan zidatanthauzira komanso kutanthauzira mwapadera pakuwunikanso kwawo kwaposachedwa," a Herbert Cushing Tolman, 1908. p.42-43 ya buku (osati pdf) Ili ndi Kutanthauzira ndi kumasulira. https://archive.org/details/cu31924026893150/page/n10/mode/2up

[vi] Zambiri zalemba, Bezalel Porten, COS 3.51, 2003 AD

[vii] Zambiri ndi zithunzi za Zolemba Pamanja a Elephant zomwe zikupezeka apa https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm#four.

Komabe, wolemba sakuvomereza masiku omwe aperekedwa pamenepo, omwe kutanthauzira kwa olemba masamba pa intaneti, makamaka pakuwona maumboni onse a m'Baibulo ndi maumboni ena operekedwa mndandandandawu. Zowona zake zitha kuchotsedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito kumvetsetsa bwino nthawi ino ndikuwunika ngati zowona zilizonse zikutsutsana ndi yankho lomwe mwatsimikizidwa, lomwe palibe.

[viii]  https://www.academia.edu/9821128/Archaeology_and_Texts_in_the_Persian_Period_Focus_on_Sanballat

[ix] Zakumapeto 1 - Umboni wa Cuneiform Ulipo wa Mafumu a ku Persia

[x] Zowonjezera 2 - Mbiri Yowerengera Aigupto ya Nyengo ya Achaemenid [Medo-Persian]

[xi] https://beroeans.net/2019/06/12/a-journey-of-discovery-through-time-an-introduction-part-1/

[xii] Kuti mudziwe zamndandanda https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/darius.html

[xiii] Kuti mudziwe zamndandanda https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/xerxesi.html

[xiv] Kuti mudziwe zamndandanda https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/artaxerxesi.html

[xv] Hermopolis Papyri https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/107318/preater_1.pdf?sequence=1

[xvi] Kutengera mtundu wa Musetho wa Eusebius: http://antikforever.com/Egypte/Divers/Manethon.htm