Chriss Rufu, Kune chero humwe humwe-bhaibheri chiratidzo chezviitiko zvakataurwa?

Zvakaitika here? Aive mashura masikirwo here? Pane humwe humbowo hwemuBhaibheri?

ziviso

Patinoverenga zviitiko zvakanyorwa sezvinoitika pazuva rekufa kwaJesu, mibvunzo yakawanda ingamutswa mupfungwa dzedu.

• Vakanyatsoitika here?
• Vakanga vari vechisikirwo kana vemashura pakutanga?
• Pane humwe humbowo hweBhaibheri hunoratidza kuitika kwavo?

Chinyorwa chinotevera chinopa humbowo hunowanikwa kumunyori, kuitira kuti muverengi azvitongere ega.

Zvinyorwa zveVhangeri

Nhoroondo dzeEvheni dzinotevera dziri munaMateu 27: 45-54, Maka 15: 33-39, naRuka 23: 44-48 rekodhi zviitiko zvinotevera:

• Kusviba kwese pamusoro penyika kwemaawa 3, pakati pe6^th awa uye 9^th (Midday kusvika 3pm)
  • Matthew 27: 45
  • Mako 15: 33
  • Ruka 23: 44 - kuvhenekera kwezuva kwakundikana
• Rufu rwaJesu rwakakomberedza 9^th
  • Matthew 27: 46-50
  • Mako 15: 34-37
  • Ruka 23: 46
• Keteni reSanctuary rakabvaruka kuita zviviri - panguva yekufa kwaJesu
  • Matthew 27: 51
  • Mako 15: 38
  • Ruka 23: 45b
• Kudengenyeka kwenyika Kwakasimba - panguva yekufa kwaJesu.
  • Matthew 27: 51 - dombo-masasi akapatsanurwa.
• Kusimudza kwevatsvene
  • Matthew 27: 52-53 - makuva akavhurwa, vatsvene vakarara vakamuka vakamutswa.
• Roman Centurion inozivisa kuti 'munhu uyu aive Mwanakomana waMwari' nekuda kwekudengenyeka uye zvimwe zviitiko.
  • Matthew 27: 54
  • Mako 15: 39
  • Ruka 23: 47

 

Ngatimboongororai muchidimbu zviitiko izvi.

Kusviba kwemaawa e3

Chii chaigona kukonzera izvi? Chipi zvacho chakakonzera chiitiko ichi chaifanira kunge chiri chemashura. Sei achidaro?

• Mapasire ezuva haagone kutora nzvimbo paPaseka nekuda kwenzvimbo yemwedzi. PaPaseka mwedzi wakazara uri parutivi rwevhu kubva kure nezuva uye nokudaro haugone kupfupiswa.
• Uyezve, eclipses yezuva anongopera maminetsi (kazhinji 2-3 maminetsi, mune zvakanyanya kesi nezve 7 maminetsi) kwete maawa e3.
• Madutu haawanzo kuita kuti zuva rikundike (sezvakanyorwa naRuka), nekubudirira kuunza nguva yehusiku uye kana vakaita ipapo rima rinowanzogara kwemaminitsi kwete emaawa e3. Aengeob inogona kuita kuti zuva rishanduke kuve husiku, asi mechanics echinhu (25mph mhepo nejecha) zvinoita kuti zviome kuraramisa kwenguva yakareba.[I] Kunyangwe zviitiko zvisingawanzo zviitike zvine nhau nhasi. Zvinotonyanya kukosha hapana kana imwe yeakaunzi inotaura nezve chero dutu rechisimba kana dutu remvura kana imwe mhando yedutu. Vanyori uye zvapupu vangadai vaiziva marudzi ese emamiriro ekunze asi vakatadza kuzvitaura. Naizvozvo pane mukana mudiki wekuti ive imwe yakanyanya dutu, asi kuwirirana kwekuita nguva kunobvisa iri mukana wechiitiko.
• Iko hakuna humbowo hwegore rinoputika rekuputika. Iko hakuna humbowo hwemuviri kana chiratidzo chemeso akanyorwa eichi chiitiko chakadai. Uye izvo zvinotsanangurwa munhoroondo dzeEvhangeri hazvifananidzi nezvakakura zvinoputika.
• Kubatana kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho chinokonzeresa rima zvakakwana kukonzera kuti 'zuva rirege kutadza', uye panguva imwechete kugona kugona panguva chaiyo yakarovererwa Jesu uye ndokuzongoerekana anyangarika pakapera Jesu. Kunyangwe chimwe chiitiko chinoshamisa, chisingazivikanwe kana chisingawanzo chakaoma mumuviri uye chechisikigo kuitika kuti chiunze rima, nguva uye nguva hazvigone kuitika. Yaifanira kuve yemweya, iyo yatinoreva kuti yakaitwa naMwari kana nengirozi dziri pasi pehutungamiriri hwake.

Kudengenyeka Kwenyika Kwakasimba

Yakanga isiri kungodedera chete, yakanga yakasimba zvakakwana kuti itsemure yakavhurika matombo emabwe. Uyezve zvakare nguva yekuitika kwayo kuitika kana

Kutaurisa kweSanzvimbo rendi mumaviri

Hazvizivikanwe kuti pakakura sei Curtain yaive. Pave paine kufungidzira kwakasiyana kunopihwa kuchitsamira patsika yevanarabhi, kubva kutsoka (12 inches), 4-6 inches kana 1 inch. Nekudaro, kunyange 1 inch[Ii] keteni rakagadzirwa nemvere dzembudzi dzakarukwa raizosimba uye raizoda simba rakakura (kupfuura izvo zvinokwanisa kuitwa nevarume) kuti riite kubvaruka nepakati kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi sekutsanangura kunoita magwaro.

Kumutswa kweVatsvene

Nekuda kwemavhesi aya, izvi zvakaoma kuve nechokwadi chekuti rumuko rwakaitika, kana kuti nekuda kwemakuva akavhurwa nekudengenyeka, mimwe mitumbi nemapundu zvakamutswa kana kukandirwa kunze kweguva.

Kwakanga kune kumuka chaikoiko kwakaitika panguva yekufa kwaJesu?

Iwo magwaro haana kujeka pane uyu musoro. Ndima iri munaMateu 27: 52-53 yakaoma kunzwisisa. Kunzwisisa kwakawanda ndekwekuti kwaivapo

1. kumuka chaikoiko
2. kana, kuti kusimudzika kwepanyama kubva mukudengenyeka kwakaitika kwakapa chiratidzo chekumutswa kwemitumbi kana mapfupa ari kudzingwa mumakuva, zvimwe vamwe 'vakagara'.

Kupokana kwakapihwa kupokana

1. Sei pasina imwe nhoroondo yenyaya kana nhoroondo yemanyorero yevatsvene ava vakamutswa? Mushure meizvi zvese izvi zvingadai zvakashamisa huwandu hwevanhu vemuJerusarema nevadzidzi vaJesu.
2. Kunzwisisa kwakakurumbira sarudzo (b) haina musoro kana uchifunga kuti mune v53 miviri iyi kana mapfupa anoenda muguta dzvene mushure mekumuka kwaJesu.

Nehurombo 'kumuka' uku kana kuri kumwe, hakuna kutaurwa nezvake mune mamwe Evhangeri, saka hapana rumwe ruzivo rwiripo kutibatsira kunzwisisa chaizvo zvakaitika.

Zvisinei nekufunga pamusoro pechinyorwa uye nezvimwe zviitiko zvakanyorwa muEvhangeri, imwe tsananguro ingangoitika ingaita seinotevera:

Shanduro chaiyo yemavara echiGiriki inoverengwa “Uye makuva akavhurika, uye mizhinji yevaya vakarara (vatsvene) yakamuka ⁵³ Zvino vakati vabuda pamakuva shure kwekumuka kwake vakapinda muguta dzvene, vakaonekwa kuvazhinji.

Zvichida kunzwisisa kwakanyanya kunogoneka “Uye makuva akavhurika [nokudengenyeka]" vachireva kudengenyeka kwenyika kuchangobva kuitika (vachipedzisa kurondedzera mundima yapfuura).

Akaunti yacho yaizoenderera:

"Uye vazhinji vevatsvene [achireva vaapositori] uyo anga akarara [munyama uchiramba wakamuka kunze kweguva raJesu] Ipapo vakasimuka, vakabuda maiva [nzvimbo ye] makuva mushure mekumuka kwake [Jesu] vakapinda muguta dzvene uye vakaonekwa kuvazhinji [kupupurira nezverumuko]. ”

Mushure mekumuka kwevakawanda tichakwanisa kuwana mhinduro chaiyo yezvakaitika.

Chiratidzo chaJona

Matthew 12: 39, Matthew 16: 4, naRuka 11: 29 inonyora Jesu achiti "Chizvarwa chakaipa uye choupombwe chinoramba chiri kutsvaga chiratidzo, asi hapana chiratidzo chinogona kupihwa kunze kwechiratidzo chaJona muporofita." Nekuti saJona zvaakanga ari mudumbu rehove huru mazuva matatu neusiku hutatu, Mwanakomana woMunhu achange ari mumwoyo wepasi mazuva matatu neusiku hutatu ". Onawo Matthew 16: 21, Matthew 17: 23 naRuka 24: 46.

Vazhinji vanoshamisika pamusoro pekuti izvi zvakazadzikiswa sei. Tafura inotevera inoratidza tsananguro ingangoitika zvichibva pane zvakaitika zvakanyorwa mumagwaro akaratidzwa pamusoro.

Kunzwisisa Kwetsika	Mamwe Kunzwisisa	zuva	Events
	Chishanu - Kusviba \ Husiku (Masikati - 3pm)	Paseka (Nisan 14)	Jesu akarovererwa kutenderedza Midday (6th Maawa) uye anofa pamberi pe3pm (9th awa)
NeChishanu - Zuva (6am - 6pm)	NeChishanu - Zuva (3pm - 6pm)	Paseka (Nisan 14)	Jesu akavigwa
NeChishanu - Husiku (6pm - 6am)	NeChishanu - Husiku (6pm - 6am)	Sabata Guru - 7th Zuva reSvondo	Vadzidzi neVakadzi vanozorora nesabata
Mugovera - Zuva (6am - 6pm)	Mugovera - Zuva (6am - 6pm)	Sabata Guru - 7th Zuva (Sabata reSabata pamwe nezuva rakatevera Paseka raigara riri Sabata)	Vadzidzi neVakadzi vanozorora nesabata
Mugovera - Husiku (6pm - 6am)	Mugovera - Husiku (6pm - 6am)	1st Zuva reSvondo
Svondo - Zuva (6am - 6pm)	Svondo - Zuva (6am - 6pm)	1st Zuva reSvondo	Jesu akamutsa mangwanani eSvondo
Ese mazuva e3 uye 2 Nights	Yese 3 Mazuva uye 3 Nights

 

Zuva rePaseka rinonzwisisika kuve raive raApril 3^rd (33 AD) nerumuko paSvondo Kubvumbi 5th. Kubvumbi 5^th, gore rino raibuda kwezuva pa06: 22, uye kare nhoroondo yekubuda kwezuva kungangove yakave yakafanana nguva.

Izvi zvinoita kuti nhoroondo yeJohani 20: 1 inotaura izvozvo "Nezuva rekutanga revhiki Maria Magadalena wakasvika paguva, nguva ichiripo, iye akaona dombo rakabviswa paguva."  Zvese zvinodiwa kuti muzadzikise Jesu achimutswa pa3^rd zuva riripo mushure me6: 01am uye isati yasvika 06: 22am.

VaFarise vakatya neichi chiporofita chaJesu chichiitika, kunyangwe nekunyepedzera sekunyorwa kwaMateo 27: 62-66 inoratidza painoti “Zuva rakatevera, rakanga ropera kugadzirira, vapristi vakuru nevaFarisi vakaungana pamberi paPirato, vachiti:“ Changamire, takarangarira kuti munyengeri uyu akati achiri mupenyu, 'Mushure memazuva matatu ndichamutswa. . ' Naizvozvo rayirai kuti guva richengetedzwe kusvikira pazuva rechitatu, kuti vadzidzi vake varege kumbouya vomuba voti kuvanhu, 'Akamutswa kubva kuvakafa!' uye kusaziva uku kwekupedzisira kuchave kwakaipa kupfuura kwekutanga. ”Pirato akati kwavari:“ Mune murindi. Endai muichengetedze sezvamunoita imi. ”Naizvozvo vakaenda vakanochengetedza guva nokusimbisa ibwe uye vachirinda.”

Kuti izvi zvakaitika pazuva rechitatu uye vaFarise vakatenda kuti izvi zvakazadziswa zvinoratidzwa nekuita kwavo. Matthew 28: 11-15 inonyora zvakaitika: "Ivo vachiri munzira, tarira! vamwe vavarindi vakapinda muguta vakandoudza vapristi vakuru zvinhu zvese zvakange zvaitika. 12 Uye shure kwekunge ava vaungana nevarume vakuru uye vobvunza, vakapa maseru eshura akakwana kuvarwi 13 vakati: "Iti, 'Vadzidzi vake vakauya usiku vakamuba isu pataive takarara.' 14 Zvino kana izvi zvikasvika munzeve dzemubati, isu tichamunyengerera, tigokusunungura pakushushikana. ”15 Naizvozvo vakatora makobiri esiri, vakaita sezvavakarairwa; uye kutaura uku kwakapararira pakati pavaJudha kusvikira nhasi.  Tarira: chaipomerwa kuti mutumbi wakabiwa, kwete kuti haana kumutswa pazuva rechitatu.

Zviitiko izvi Zvakaporofitwa here?

Isaiah 13: 9-14

Isaya akaporofita nezve zuva raJehovha rekuuya uye izvo zvaizoitika risati rasvika. Izvi zvinobatana nemamwe maporofita, zviitiko zvekufa kwaJesu, uye zuva raIshe / Jehovha mu70AD, zvakare nhoroondo yaPetro munaMabasa. Isaya akanyora:

“Tarira! Zuva raJehovha rinouya, riine hasha nokutsamwa kukuru, kuti riite nyika chinhu chinotyisa, uye kuti vatsakatise vatadzi venyika kubva pazviri.

¹⁰ Nekuti nyeredzi dzedenga namapoka enyeredzi dzadzo hadzingavhenekeri; Zuva richava nerima kana rabuda, Uye mwedzi haungabudisi mwenje wawo.

¹¹ Ndichadana pasi rinogarwa, nokuda kwezvakaipa zvaro, Uye nevakaipa kukanganisa kwavo. Ndichagumisa manyawi avanozvikudza, uye ndichaninipisa kuzvikudza kwavadzvanyiriri. ¹² Ndichaita kuti munhuwo zvake aite zvishoma kupfuura ndarama yakanatswa, + uye vanhu vashoma pane ndarama yokuOfiri. ¹³ Ndokusaka ndichazunungusa matenga, Uye pasi richazungunutswa panzvimbo yacho  Nehasha dzaJehovha wemauto pazuva rekutsamwa kwake kukuru. ¹⁴ Semhara inovhimwa uye segwai risina munhu anozviunganidza, Mumwe nemumwe achadzokera kuvanhu vake; Mumwe nomumwe achatizira kunyika yake.

Amosi 8: 9-10

Muporofita Amosi akanyora mazwi akafanana echiporofita:

^"8 Paakaundi iyi nyika ichazununguka, Uye mumwe neumwe ageremo achachema. Haingakwiri yose seNairi, Uye kuti idzeve, inyura pasi seNairi yeIjipiti?  ⁹ 'Nezuva iro,' ndizvo zvinotaura Changamire Ishe Jehovha, 'Ndichaita kuti zuva rivire masikati makuru, Uye Ndichasvibisa nyika nezuva rakajeka. ¹⁰ Ndichashandura mitambo yenyu kuve kuchema, nenziyo dzenyu dzose kuti dzive chiridzwa. Ini ndichaisa masaga pazviuno zvese uye ndogadzira musoro wese mhanza; Ndichauita sokurira komwanakomana mumwechete, Uye kupera kwazvo sezuva rinovava. '”

Joel 2: 28-32

Shure kwaizvozvo ndichadurura mweya wangu pamusoro penyama yose, uye vanakomana vako navanasikana vako vachaporofita, vatana vako vacharota hope, namajaya ako achaona zviratidzo. ²⁹ Uye nepamusoro pevaranda vangu vechirume nevarandarume vangu ndichadurura mweya wangu mumazuva iwayo. ³⁰ Uye ini ndichapa zvishamiso zviri kumatenga nepanyika, Ropa nemoto nemitsara yeutsi. ³¹ Zuva richashandurwa kuve rima uye mwedzi kuva ropa Pamberi pekutanga kwezuva guru uye rinotyisa raJehovha. ³² Uye munhu wose anodana kuzita raJehovha achaponeswa; Nekuti paGomo reZiyoni napaJerusaremu ndipo pachava navakapukunyuka, sezvakataurwa naJehovha, vakapukunyuka vanoshevedzwa naJehovha.

Zvinoenderana naMabasa 2: 14-24 chikamu cheiyi ndima kubva kuna Joere chakazadziswa apo paPentekosti 33AD:

“Petro akasimuka aine vane gumi nomumwe uye akataura navo [boka revanhu reJerusarema rePendekosti] nenzwi guru:“ Varume veJudhiya nemi mose vagari vomuJerusarema, izvi ngazvizive uye muteerere mashoko angu. ¹⁵ Vanhu ava, chokwadi, havana kudhakwa, sezvaunofunga, nekuti iawa yechitatu yezuva. ¹⁶ Pane kusapindirana, izvi ndizvo zvakataurwa kuburikidza nemuporofita Joeri: ¹⁷ '"Uye mumazuva ekupedzisira, "Mwari anoti," Ndichadurura mumwe mweya wangu pamusoro pemarudzi ese enyama, uye vanakomana vako nevanasikana vako vachaporofita uye majaya ako achaona zviratidzo uye vatana vako vacharota hope, ¹⁸ uye pamusoro pavaranda vangu vechirume uye napamusoro pevarandakadzi vangu ndichadurura mumwe mweya wangu mumazuva iwayo, uye ivo vanoporofita. ¹⁹ uye Ndichapa zvishamiso kudenga kumusoro uye zviratidzo pasi pazasi—Ropa uye moto uye makore emutsi. ²⁰ Zuva richashandurwa kuve rima uye mwedzi kuva ropa zuva guru uye rinobwinya raJehovha risati rasvika. ²¹ Uye munhu wose anodana kuzita raJehovha achaponeswa. ”' ²² “Varume veIsraeri, inzwai mashoko aya: Jesu weNazareta akange ari murume akaratidzwa pachena kuna Mwari kuburikidza nemabasa esimba nezvishamiso nezviratidzo zvakaitwa naMwari kubudikidza naye pakati penyu, sekuziva kwamunoita imi. ²³ "Munhu uyu, akakumikidzwa nechido uye nokuziva zviri mberi kwaMwari, mukasungirira padanda neruoko rwevasina mutemo, mukamuponda."

Iwe uchaona kuti Peter anoreva Jesu kuti ndiye akakonzera zvose zviitiko izvi, kwete kungodururwa kweMweya Mutsvene, asiwo zvishamiso zviri kudenga nezviratidzo zvepanyika. Dai zvisina kudaro, Peter angadai asina kutora mavhesi 30 uye 31 kubva kuna Joel 2. MaJuda anoteerera zvakare anodawo kudana pazita raJehovha uye naShe Jesu Kristu uye vagamuchire mharidzo yaKristu uye yambiro kuitira kuti vaponeswe kubva pazuva raIshe rauya, iro raizoitika mu70 AD.

Kunyangwe aya maporofita akazadziswa ese nezvakaitika parufu rwaJesu kana achiri nefifure mune ramangwana hatigone kuve ne100 muzana, asi pane chiratidzo chakasimba chekuti chakazadzikiswa panguva iyoyo.[Iii]

Nhoroondo dzeManyorero neVanyori veBhaibheri-Vakawanda

Kune mareferenzi akawanda ezviitiko izvi mune zvinyorwa zvezvino zvave kuturikira kuChirungu. Ivo vanozotumirwa muganhuriro yezuva rekutevedzera pamwe nekutsanangura kutsanangurwa Chivimbo chakawanda sei chaanoisa mavari chisarudzo chega. Nekudaro, zvinonakidza zvechokwadi kuti kunyangwe kumashure kwezana mazana emakore mushure maJesu pakanga paine kudavirwa nevaKristu vekutanga muchokwadi chenhoroondo dzeEvhangeri sezvatinadzo nhasi. Ichokwadi zvakare kuti kunyangwe panguva iyoyo vapikisi kana avo vanopesana nemaonero, vese vasiri Vakristu nevechiKristu vanogona kupokana nezve izvo. Kunyangwe kunonyorwa kunoonekwa seapokirifa zuva rekunyorwa rinopihwa. Ivo vanokorwa mashoko sezvazviri hazvina basa kuti vakafuridzirwa. Sezvo sosi ivo vanogona kutaridzwa vakaenzana mukukosha kumasangano ezvinyorwa zveVakristu nevasiri vechiKristu Vanyori.

Thallus - Asiri Munyori wechiKristu (Middle 1^st Zana, 52 AD)

Mashoko ake akataura

• Julius Africanus mu 221AD Nhoroondo yeNyika. Ona Julius Africanus pazasi.

Iyo phlegon yeTreles (Late 1^st Zana Remakore, Pakutanga 2nd Century)

Mashoko ake akataura

• Julius Africanus (221CE Nhoroondo Yenyika)
• Origen weAlexandria
• Pseudo Dionysious the Areopagite

pakati pevamwe.

Ignatius weAndiyoki (Pakutanga 2^nd Zana ramakore, zvinyorwa c. 105AD - c. 115AD)

Muna wake 'Tsamba kuvaT Trlians', Chitsauko IX, anonyora:

"Akarovererwa pamuchinjikwa akafira pasi paPondiyo Pirato. Iye chaizvo, uye kwete nechitarisiko chete, akaroverwa pamuchinjikwa, ndokufa, pamberi pevanhu kudenga, nepanyika, nepasi penyika. Neavo vari kumatenga ndinoreva avo vane hunhu husiri hwechinhu; neavo vari pasi pano, maJuda nevaRoma, uye nevamwe vanhu vaivepo panguva yakarovererwa Ishe; uye neavo vari pasi penyika, ruzhinji rwakamuka pamwe chete naIshe. Nokuti Rugwaro runoti,Miviri mizhinji yevatsvene yaive yarara yakamuka, " makuva avo achivhurwa. Akaburukira kuHadhesi ari oga, asi akasimuka aine vanhu vazhinji. uye kubvarura nekuparadzanisa nzira yekuparadzanisa iyo yakanga yavapo kubva pakutanga kwenyika, uye yakakoromora rusvingo rwayo. Akamuka zvakare mumazuva matatu, Baba vachimumutsa; uye mushure mekupedza mazuva makumi mana nevaapositori, Akatambirwa kuna Baba, ndokugara pasi kuruoko Rwerudyi, achitarisira kusvikira vavengi Vake vaiswa pasi petsoka dzaKe. Pazuva rekugadzirira, zvino, paawa rechitatu, Akatambira mutongo kubva kuna Pirato, Baba vachibvumira kuti zviitike; Nenguva yechitanhatu akarovererwa pamuchinjikwa. neawa repfumbamwe Akabvisa mweya. zuva risati ravira akavigwa. Panguva yeSabata Akaenderera pasi pevhu muguva raakange aradzikwa naJoseph weArimatia. Kwayedza yezuva raIshe Akamuka kubva kuvakafa, maererano nezvakataurwa naKe oga, “Sezvo Jona akange ari mudumbu rehove huru mazuva matatu neusiku hutatu, saizvozvowo Mwanakomana wemunhu achava mazuva matatu neusiku utatu ari mwoyo wepasi. ” Zuva rekugadzirira, saka, rinosanganisira kuda; Sabata rinobatanidza kuvigwa; Zuva raIshe rine rumuko. ” [Iv]

Justin Martyr - Christian Apologist (Middle 2^nd Century, akafa 165AD muRoma)

Yake 'Yekutanga Apology', yakanyorwa nezve 156AD, ine zvinotevera:

• Muchitsauko 13 anoti:

“Mudzidzisi wedu wezvinhu izvi ndiJesu Kristu, uyo akazvarirwawo nekuda kweizvi, uye aive akarovererwa pasi paPondiyo Pirato, Gavhuna weJudæa, panguva dzaTiberius Cæsar; uye kuti isu tinomunamata zvine hungwaru, tadzidza kuti iye Mwanakomana waMwari wechokwadi iye, uye nekuMubata munzvimbo yechipiri, uye neMweya wechiporofita muchikamu chechitatu, ticharatidza ”.

• Chapter 34

"Zvino kune musha munyika yevaJudha, masitadhi makumi matatu neshanu kubva kuJerusarema, [Bhetrehema] pakazvarwa Jesu Kristu, sezvaunogona kuziva zvakare kubva kumarekisheni ekubhadharisa kwakaitwa pasi peCyrenius, gavhuna wako wekutanga muJudæa.

• Chapter 35

“Uye shure kwekurovererwa kwake, vakakanda mijenya pamusoro pejasi rake, uye ivo vakamuroverera, vakagovana pakati pavo. Uye kuti zvinhu izvi zvakaitika, unogona kuziva kubva zviitiko zvaPondiyo Pirato. " [V]

 Mabasa aPirato (4^th Makumi emakore kopi, yakanyorwa mu2^nd Century naJustin Martyr)

Kubva paMabasa aPirato, Fomu yechiGreek Chekutanga (seanowedzera, kwete mukuru pane 4th century AD), asi riri zita rezita iri, 'Mabasa aPontius Pirato', anonzi Justin Justin, I Apology. Chitsauko 35, 48, pakati pe2nd yezana AD. Uku ndiko kuzvidzivirira kwake pamberi paMubati, angadai akagona kuongorora izvi zviitiko zvaPondiyo Pirato. Iyi 4^th kopi yezana saka painogona kunge iri yechokwadi, pamwe ingangoita basa rekuwedzera kana kuwedzera zvekare, yezvazviri zvinhu:

"uye panguva yekurovererwa kwake kwakave nerima pamusoro penyika yose, zuva rakange rave nerima masikati machena, nenyeredzi dzichivonekwa. asi mukati mavo makange musina gwapa; uye mwedzi, kunge unoshanduka kuita ropa, wakakundikana muchiedza chake. Uye nyika yakamedzwa nematunhu akadzika, zvekuti nzvimbo tsvene yetembere, sezvavanodaidza kudaro, haina kuzoonekwa nemaJuda mukuwa kwavo; uye vakaona pazasi pavo mutsindo wepasi, nekutinhira kwemutinhiro wakawira pamusoro payo. Uye mukutya ikoko Vakafa vakaonekwa vakamuka, sekupupurwa kwakaitwa nevaJudha; uye vakati ivo ndiAbhurahama, naIsaka, naJakobho, nemadzitateguru gumi nevaviri, naMoses naJobho, avo vakafa, sezvavanoreva, zviuru zvitatu nemazana mashanu emakore zvisati zvaitika. Uye pakanga paine vazhinji kwazvo vandaona vachiwoneka mumuviri; Vakatanga kuchema pamusoro pevaJudha, nokuda kwezvakaipa zvakange zvaitika kubudikidza navo, uye nekuparadzwa kwevaJudha nemutemo wavo. Uye kutya kwekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakaramba kuri kubva paawa rechitanhatu gadziriro kusvikira panguva yepfumbamwe. "[vi]

Tertullian - Bishop weAntiokia (Pakutanga 3^rd Zana, c. 155AD - c. 240AD)

Tertullian akanyora mune yake Apology nezve AD 197:

Chitsauko XXI (Chitsauko 21 par 2): “Achirovererwa pamuchinjiko, Kristu airatidza zviratidzo zvizhinji, izvo kubudikidza naye rufu rwake rwakaparadzaniswa nevamwe vese. Nekuda kwake kwekusununguka, iye neshoko rakadzingwa kubva kwaari mweya wake, achifungidzira nezvevakauraya basa. Nenguva imwe chete iyoyo. Chiedza chezuva chakabviswa, apo zuva panguva iyoyo chaiyo rakanga riri mune rake meridian kupisa. Avo vaisaziva kuti izvi zvakafanotaurwa pamusoro paiye Kristu, hapana mubvunzo kuti vaifunga kuti iko kwanga kuora. Asi, izvi zvauinazvo munhoroondo dzako, unogona kuverenga ipapo. "[vii]

Izvi zvinoratidza kuti pakanga paine zvinyorwa zveveruzhinji zvaivapo panguva iyo zvakasimbisa zviitiko.

Zvakare akanyora mune 'Kupesana naMarcion' Bhuku IV Chitsauko 42:

“Kana iwe uchizvitora senhapwa yaKristu wako wenhema, zvakadaro Pisarema rose (rinobhadhara) chipfeko chaKristu. Asi, tarisai, izvo zvinhu zvacho zvinozununguswa. Nekuti Ishe wavo airwadziwa. Dai, zvakadaro, aive muvengi wavo uyo akaitirwa uku kukuvara, denga raizopenya nechiedza, zuva raizove rakawedzera kupenya, uye zuva racho raizowedzera nzira yacho - vachitarisa nemufaro Kristu waMarcion akamiswa paari gibbet! Humbowo uhu hungadai hwakave hwakandikodzera, kunyangwe dai yanga isiri iyo nyaya yechiporofita. Isaya anoti: "Ndichapfekedza matenga nekusviba." Iri richava zuva, iro rakanyorawo pamusoro paAmosi achiti: Zvino zvichaitika nezuva iro, ndizvo zvinotaura Ishe, zuva richanyura masikati uye nyika ichava nerima masikati machena. (Masikati) chidzitiro chetemberi chakabvaruka ” [viii]

Nenzira isingazivikanwe anobvuma kutenda kwake muchokwadi kuti zvakaitika zvakaitika achiti zviitiko zvacho zvingangove zvakamukwanira kuti atende muna Kristu, zvakadaro hazvina kungoitika izvi zviitiko, kwaivezve nenyaya yekuti ivo vakaporofitwa.

Irenaeus mudzidzi waPolycarp (200AD?)

Mu 'Kupesana neVenesiasi - Bhuku 4.34.3 - Prohibes against the Marcionites, kuti Vaporofita vakataura mune zvese zvavakafungidzira kuna Kristu wedu' Irenaeus anonyora:

"Uye izvo zvibatiso zvinosangana nehukasha hwaIshe, zvakagara zvataurwa, zvikawanikwa mune imwe mhosva. Nekuti hazvina kumboitika kana parufu rweumwe munhu wekare, iro zuva rakasika pakati pezuva, kunyange chifukidziro chetembere chakabvarurwa, kana pasi rakazununguka, kana matombo akatsemuka, uye vakafa havana kumutswa. , uye hapana mumwe weava varume [vekare] akamutswa pazuva rechitatu, kana kugamuchirwa kudenga, kana nekufungidzira kwake matenga akazaruka, uye marudzi haana kutenda kuzita reumwe munhu; uye hapana chero ani pakati pavo, angafa uye amuka zvakare, akazarura sungano itsva yerusununguko. Naizvozvo ivo vaporofita havana kutaura nezveumwe munhu kunze kwaIshe, izvo zviratidzo izvi zvose zvataurwa pamusoro pake zvakabvumirana. [Irenaeus: Adv. Haer. 4.34.3] ” [ix]

Julius Africanus (Pakutanga 3^rd Century, 160AD - 240AD) MuChristian Mbiri

Julius Africanus anonyora mukati 'Nhoroondo Yenyika' yakakomberedza 221AD.

Muchitsauko 18:

“(XVIII) Pamamiriro Akabatana NeKuponeswa kwedu Kushushikana uye Hupenyu-Hwake Kumutsa Kumuka kuvakafa.

1. Kana zviri zvemabasa ake zvakapatsanuka, uye nekurapa kwake kunoitwa pane muviri nemweya, uye zvakavanzika zvedzidziso Yake, uye nekumuka kuvakafa, izvi zvakave zvichiteurwa zvine mvumo nevadzidzi vake nevaapositori pamberi pedu. Pasi rese rakatsikirira rima rinotyisa kwazvo; Matombo akatsemuka nokudengenyeka kwenyika, uye nzvimbo zhinji muJudhiya namamwe matunhu dzakakandwa pasi. Izvi rima Thallus, mubhuku rechitatu reNhoroondo yake, anodaidza, sekuonekwa kwandiri pasina chikonzero, kuora kwezuva. Nekuti vaHeberu vanopemberera pasika pazuva regumi nemana maererano nemwedzi, uye kuda kweMuponesi wedu kunokundikana pazuva ratangira pasika; asi kuora kwezuva kunoitika chete kana mwedzi wasvika pasi pezuva. Uye hazvigone kuitika pane imwe nguva asi panguva iri pakati pezuva rekutanga remwedzi uye wekupedzisira wekare, ndiko kuti, pamharadzano yavo: zvino kuora kunofanirwa kuitika sei apo mwedzi unenge wakatarisana zvakanyanya zuva? Rega iyo pfungwa ipfuure zvakadaro; ngaritakure ruzhinji pamwe chete naro; uye regai ichi chiratidzo chenyika chionekwe sekuora kwezuva, sevamwe chiratidzo chinongoonekwa kuziso.48) " [x]

Zvino zvinotevera kutaura kuti:

 "(48) Phlegon anonyora kuti, munguva yaTibherio Kesari, pakuzara kwemwedzi, pakanga pane kuzara kwezuva kubva paawa rechitanhatu kusvika kune yepfumbamwe-Naizvozvo mumwe watinotaura. Asi chii chine eclipse chakafanana ne kudengenyeka kwenyika, matombo anodurura, uye kumuka kwevakafa, uye nerunyararo rwakanyanya kudenga muchadenga? Zvirokwazvo hapana chiitiko chakadai seichi chakanyorwa kwenguva yakareba. Asi hwaive rima rakadzoserwa naMwari, nekuti Ishe zvakaitika ipapo kuti vatambure. Uye kuverenga kunoburitsa kuti nguva yevhiki dze70, sezvakacherechedzwa munaDaniel, yapera panguva ino. " [xi]

Origen weAlexandria (Pakutanga 3^rd Zanai, 185AD - 254AD)

Origen aimbova wechiGreek Scholar uye Christian Theologian. Akatenda vahedheni kuti vatsanangure rima serasira kuti vaedze uye vasvibise Evhangeri.

In 'Origen achirwisa Celsus', 2. Chitsauko 33 (xxxiii):

 "kunyangwe isu tichikwanisa kuratidza hunhu uye hunoshamisa hunhu hwezviitiko zvakamuwira, asi kubva kune kumwe kumwe kwandinogona kupa mhinduro kunze kwekubva munhoroondo dzeEvhangeri, dzinoti "kwakave nekudengenyeka kwenyika, uye kuti matombo akatsemuka nepakati , uye makuva akavhurwa, uye vheiri retembere rakabvaruka nepakati kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, uye iro rima rakakunda masikati, zuva richitadza kupa chiedza? ” [3290] ”

"[3292] Uye nezve kupora panguva yaTibherio Cæsar, mukutonga kwake Jesu unoratidzika kuva akarovererwa pamuchinjikwa, uye kudengenyeka kukuru zvakazoitika, Phlegon zvakare, ndinofunga, akanyora mubhuku regumi nematatu kana regumi nemana reMakoronike ake. ” [3293] ” [xii]

vari 'Origen achipesana naCelsus ', 2. Chitsauko 59 (lix):

"Anofungawo izvozvo zvese kudengenyeka nerima zvaive chirevo. [3351] asi maererano neizvi, isu mune iyo mapeji apfuura, tazvidzivirira, maererano nekugona kwedu, tichiwedzera ufakazi hwe Phlegon, uyo anorondedzera kuti zviitiko izvi zvakaitika panguva iyo Muponesi wedu akatambura. [3352] ” [xiii]

Eusebius (Late 3^rd , Pakutanga 4^th Century, 263AD - 339AD) (munyori wenhoroondo weConstantine)

Pakati pe315AD iye akanyora mukati Demonstratio Evangelica (Hufakazi hweVhangeri) Bhuku 8:

“Uye zuva rino, anodaro, raizivikanwa naIshe, uye hwakanga husiri husiku. Rakanga risiri zuva, nekuti, sezvambotaurwa kare, “hakuzovi nechiedza”; iyo yakazadziswa, apo "kubva paawa rechitanhatu kwakava nerima pamusoro penyika yose kusvika paawa repfumbamwe." Uye hwakanga husiri usiku, nekuti "panguva yemanheru kuchava nechiedza" chakawedzerwa, icho chakazadzikiswawo apo zuva rakawanazve mwenje waro chaiwo mushure meawa repfumbamwe. "[xiv]

Arnobius weSicca (Pakutanga 4^th Century, akafa 330AD)

Muna Contra Gentes I. 53 akanyora:

"Asi wakati asunungurwa kubva mumuviri, waakatakura achienda naye [Jesu] apo iye paakafira pamuchinjiko, akazvitendera kuti aonekwe uye kuti azive kuti mukuru sei. zvinhu zvese zvepadenga zvinokanganiswa nezviitiko zvisina kujairika zvakakandwa munyonganiso. Kudengenyeka yakazunungusa nyika, gungwa rakakwiridzwa kubva pasi pakadzika, iro Denga rakange rakafukidzwa nerima, ivo kupisa kwezuva kwakatariswa, uye kupisa kwake kwakapfava; Nekuti chii chimwe chingaitike, paakawanikwa kuti ndiMwari, kubva zvino wakaverengerwa mumwe wedu? [xv]

Kudzidzisa kwaAddaeus Mupostori (4^th Century?)

Uku kunyora kwaivapo pakutanga 5^th Century, uye yakanzwisisika kunyorwa mu4^th Century.

Shanduro yeChirungu inowanikwa pa p1836 yeAnti-Nicene Madzibaba Book 8. Izvi zvakanyorwa zvinoti:

"Mambo Abgari kuna Tenzi wedu Tiberius Cæsar: Kunyange ndoziva kuti hapana chakavanzika kubva Ukuru hwenyu, ndinonyora kuti ndizivise kutyisa uye simba renyu rukuru, iro riri pasi pavaJudha kutonga kwako uye kugara munyika yePalestine vakaungana uye akaroverera Kristu pamuchinjikwa, pasina mhosva akakodzera nerufu, mushure mekunge aita pamberi pavo zviratidzo nezvishamiso, uye akange avaratidza mabasa esimba ane simba, zvekuti akamutsa vakafa kuupenyu kwavari; uye panguva yavakamuroverera paye iye zuva rakasviba uye Pasi pakadengenyeka, uye zvinhu zvese zvakasikwa zvakazununguka uye zvakazununguka, uye, sekunge kwavo, ichi chiitiko chakasikwa uye vagari vechisiko vanopera. ”[xvi]

Cassiodorus (6^th Century)

Cassiodorus, murengi wechiKristu, Fl. 6th century AD, inovimbisa chimiro chakasarudzika chekupora kwezuva: Cassiodorus, Chronicon (Patrologia Latina, v. 69) “… Ishe wedu Jesu Kristu akatambura (kurovererwa)… uye kuora kwezuva kukundikana, kusiiwa] kwezuva rakazoita serisati ramboitika kana kubvira. ”

Inoturikirwa kubva muchiLatin: "… Dominus noster Jesus Christus passus est… et defectio solis facta est, qualis ante vel postmodum nunquam fuit."] [xvii]

Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite (5^th & 6^th zvinyorwa zvemakore zvichizviti ndiDionisiyo weKorinde waMabasa 17)

Pseudo Dionysius anotsanangura iro rima panguva yekurovererwa Jesu, sezvaakazviratidza muEjipitori, uye rakanyorwa naPhlegon.[xviii]

Mu 'LETTER XI. Dionysius kuna Apollophanes, Philosopher 'inoti:

"Semuenzaniso, patakange tichigara muHeliopolis (ini panguva iyoyo ndaive nemakore makumi maviri neshanu, uye zera rako raive rakaenzana nerangu), pane rimwe zuva rechitanhatu, uye neawa rinenge rechitanhatu, zuva, zvakatishamisa zvikuru , rakavharidzirwa, kuburikidza nemwedzi uchipfuura nepamusoro paro, kwete nekuti ndirimwari, asi nekuti chisikwa chaMwari, apo mwenje waro wechokwadi wainge wakagadzika, waitadza kupenya. Ipapo ini ndakakubvunza zvine moyo murefu, iwe chii, iwe murume akachenjera kwazvo, wafunga nezvazvo. Iwe, saka, wakapa mhinduro yakadai seyakaramba yakamisikidzwa mupfungwa dzangu, uye kuti hapana kukanganikwa, kunyangwe icho chemufananidzo werufu, chakambobvumidzwa kupukunyuka. Nokuti, apo iyo yose orb yakanga yasviba mukati mese, nerima dema rerima, uye dhisiki rezuva rakanga ratangazve kucheneswa uye kupenya patsva, ndokutora tafura yaPhilip Aridaeus, uye tichifungisisa orbs yedenga, takadzidza , chii chaizivikanwa neimwe nzira, kuti kuora kwezuva kwaisagona, panguva iyoyo, kuitika. Tevere, takaona kuti mwedzi waiswedera kuzuva uchibva kumabvazuva, ndokubatirira mwaranzi yacho, kudzamara yafukidza iyo yese; nepo, pane dzimwe nguva, yaisvika ichibva kumadokero. Zvakare zvakare, takacherekedza kuti payakange yasvika kumucheto wezuva, uye yakafukidza nzira yose, kuti yakazodzokera yakananga kumabvazuva, kunyangwe yaive nguva yaisadaidza kuvepo kwemwedzi, kana mubatanidzwa wezuva. Ini saka, iwe pfuma yekudzidza kwakawanda, sezvo ndaive ndisingakwanise kunzwisisa chakavanzika chakakura kudaro, ndakataura newe - "Unofungei nezvechinhu ichi, iwe Apollophanes, girazi rekudzidza?" "Zviratidzo zvakajairika izvi zvinoita kunge zviratidzo kwauri?" Iwe ipapo, nemiromo yakafuridzirwa, pane kutaura nezwi remunhu, "Izvi ndizvo, Dionysius ane mbiri," iwe wakati, "shanduko yezvinhu zvehumwari." Pakupedzisira, ndakati ndacherekedza zuva negore, uye ndikaona kuti, nenguva iyoyo, nezviratidzo zvaro zvaibvumirana, izvo zvandakaziviswa naPauro, kamwechete pandakarembera pamiromo yake, ipapo ndakapa ruoko rwangu. kune chokwadi, uye akabvisa tsoka dzangu kubva pamashes ekukanganisa. " [xix]

Mune iyo Letter VII, Chikamu 3 Dionysius kune Polycarp inoti:

"Iti kwaari, zvisinei," Unoti chii pamusoro pekuora kwezuva, kwakaitika panguva yeMuchinjikwa unoponesa [83] ? ” Nekuti isu vaviri panguva iyoyo, kuHeliopolis, kuvapo, uye takamira pamwe chete, takaona mwedzi uchisvika kuzuva, zvikatishamisa (nekuti yakanga isati yakatarwa nguva yekubatana); uye zvakare, kubva paawa repfumbamwe kusvika manheru, zvakasikwa zvakadzoswazve mumutsara wakatarisana nezuva. Uye muyeuchidze iye zvakare nezve chimwezve chinhu. Nekuti iye anoziva kuti isu takaona, kushamisika kwedu, iko kubatana kwacho pachayo kutanga kubva kumabvazuva, uye kuenda kumucheto kwediski rezuva, ndokudzokera kumashure, uye zvakare, zvese iko kubatana uye kugadzirisa zvekare [84] , zvisiri kutora nzvimbo kubva pachinhu chimwe chete, asi kubva pane izvo zvakapesana zvakapesana. Zvakakura zvikuru zvinhu zvemweya zvenguva yakatarwa, uye kuna Kristu chete, chikonzero chavose, Iye anoita zvinhu zvikuru nezvinoshamisa, zvisingaverengeki.[xx]

Johannes Philophonos aka. Philopon, Alexandria Historian (AD490-570) muChristian Neo-Platonist

Ndokumbira Cherechedzo: Ini ndakatadza kuwanisa shanduro yekutanga yeChirungu, kana kuwana nekupa mareferenzi yeiyo vhezheni yepamhepo yeshanduro yeGerman yekuongorora iyi vhezheni. Rondedzero yakapihwa panoperera chirevo ichi ndeye chikamu chekare kwazvo chekare chechiGreek \ chiLatin ikozvino pdf online.

Inotaridzwa neinotevera pfupiso inowanikwa online, ona iyo pdf mapeji 3 & 4, bhuku rekutanga peji 214,215.[xxi]

Philopon, muKristu Neo-Platonist, fl. 6th century AD (De Mundi Creatione, ed. Corderius, 1630, II. 21, p. 88) akanyora seizvi zvinotevera nezve zviitiko zviviri zvakataurwa nemunyori wezvemaRoma wezana ramakore rechipiri Phlegon, mumwe "mukuru pane wekare asati azivikanwa, ” muna Phlegon2nd gore re202nd Olympiad,"That is AD 30 / 31, imwe"mukurumbira pane yerudzi rwemberi,"Iro raive rima guru remweya rakaperekedzwa nekubvunda kwepasi, munaPhlegon"4th gore re202nd Olympiad,"AD 33.

Nhoroondo yaPhilopon inoverenga seinotevera: "Phlegon zvakare mune yake maWelmpiads inotaura nezverima iri [rekurovererwa], kana kuti zvimwe husiku huno: nekuti anoti, 'Kuvira kwezuva mugore rechipiri re202nd Olympiad [zhizha AD 30 kuburikidza nezhizha AD 31] kunze kuve mukuru pane iyo isingazivikanwe mhando isati yasvika; Zvino kwakauya usiku nechitanhatu zuva rechinomwe, zvekuti nyeredzi dzakaonekwa mudenga. Zvino kuti Phlegon anotaurawo nezvekuora kwezuva sechiitiko chakaitika pakagadzwa Kristu pamuchinjiko, uye kwete chimwewo zvacho, chinoonekwa: Kutanga, nekuti iye anoti nyeredzi iyi haina kuzivikanwa munguva dzakapfuura; nekuti pane imwechete nzira yemusikirwo yezuva rega rega rekuvira kwezuva: nekuti nguva dzinoitika dzezuva dzinoitika chete pakupindirana kwezvibvumirano zviviri: asi chinoitika panguva yaKristu Ishe chakapfuura pakuzara kwemwedzi; izvo zvisingagone mune yakasarudzika zvinhu. Uye mune mamwe eclipses ezuva, kunyangwe zuva rose ranyura, inoenderera isina mwenje kwenguva diki diki: uye panguva imwecheteyo inotanga izvozvi kuzvizarura zvakare. Asi panguva yaIshe Kristu mamiriro ekunze akaenderera chose pasina mwenje kubva paawa rechitanhatu kusvika kuchina. Chinhu chimwe chete icho chinoratidzirwazve kubva munhoroondo yaTiberius Kesari: Nekuti Phlegon anoti, kuti akatanga kutonga mugore re2nd ye198th Olympiad [zhizha AD 14 kusvika zhizha AD 15]; asi kuti mumwaka we4th we202nd Olympiad [zhizha AD 32 kusvika zhizha AD 33] eclipse yakanga yatove kuitika: zvekuti kana isu tichifunga kubva pakutanga kwekutonga kwaTiberius, kugore re4th re202nd Olympiad, ari pedyo akakwana 19 makore: kureva 3 ye198th Olympiad uye 16 yemamwe mana, uye aya ndiwo marongero akaitwa naRuka muEvhangeri. Mugore re15th rekutonga kwaTiberius [AD 29], sezvaanozvirondedzera, kuparidzwa kwaJohane mubhabhatidzi kwakatanga, kubva panguva iyoyo hushumiri hweVhangeri hweMuponesi hwakatanga. Izvo zvakaramba zvisingapfuure makore mana, sekuratidza kwaEusebius muBhuku rekutanga reChinyorwa chake Chechokwadi, achiunganidza izvi kubva kuAntiquities yaJosephus. Hukama hwake hwakatanga naAnasi muprista mukuru, uye vamwezve vapristi vakuru vatatu vakamutevera (nguva yemupristi mukuru wegore rimwe nerimwe), zvobva zvapera nekugadzwa kwemupristi mukuru anovatevera, Kayafasi. nguva Kristu yaakaroverwa. Gore iro raive 19th yekutonga kwaTiberius Kesari [AD 33]; mukati maizvozvo kurovererwa kwaKristu, kuti uponeswe nyika, kwakaitika; zvakare mune izvo zvinobatana nekuvhenekerwa kwezuva iro rinoshamisa rekupenya kwezuva, zvakangoita musikirwo, nenzira iyo Dionysius the Areopagite akazvinyora pasi mutsamba mutsamba yake kuna Bishop Polycarp. ”uye ibid., III. 9, peji. 116: "Saka chiitiko pakurovererwa kwaKristu, zvaive zvemashura, kwaive kuora kwezuva kwakapfuura pakuzara kwemwedzi: nezvaPhlegon zvinotaurawo muOlympiads yake, sezvatakanyora mubhuku rapfuura. [xxii]

Evhangeri yaPeter - Apocrypha Kunyora, (8 - 9^th Century kopi ye2^nd Century?)

Chidimbu chikuru cheichi apokirifa, Chinyorwa, Vhangeri chinosangana neiyo 8^th kana 9^th Century yakawanikwa kuAkmim (Panopolis) muEgypt mu1886.

Chikamu chakaburitswa chinotaura nezvakaitika kubva panguva yakarovererwa Jesu.

Nechokunopera kwezana ramakore rechipiri AD mune zvakanyorwa naEusebius muNhoroondo yake. Mup. VI. xii. 2-6, iri bhuku reEvhesi raPetro rinotaurwa serine kusatenderwa kweSerapion yeAndiyoki uye rinogara padyo nepakati kana pakatangira hafu yezana iro. Naizvozvo chingangove chapupu chekutanga kutsika dzazvino dzekare dzechiKristu kutenderera nezvezvakaitika parufu rwaJesu.

”5. Uye zvaive masikati, nerima rikauya pamusoro peJudhiya rose: Zvino ivo [vatungamiriri vevaJudha] vakatambudzika nekunetseka, kuti zuva rakanga ravira, iye [Jesu] achiri mupenyu; nekuti zvakanyorwa pamusoro pavo, kuti zuva harisi kupisa iye wakaurayiwa. . Mumwe wavo akati, "Mupe iye kuti anwe nduru nevhiniga." Vakavhenganisa uye vakamupa kuti amwe, uye vakaita zvinhu zvose, uye vakaita zvivi zvavo pamberi pavo. Uye vazhinji vakafamba nemwenje, vachifunga kuti hwaive usiku, uye vakawira pasi. Ipapo Jehovha akadanidzira achiti, "Simba rangu, iro simba rangu, mandisiya." Zvino wakati areva zvinhu izvi, akwidzwa kumusoro. Uye mune izvo awa yechifukidziro chetembere yeJerusarema chakabvaruka napakati. 6. Zvino ivo vakadzura zvipikiri kubva mumaoko aIshe, ndokumuradzika pasi, uye nyika yose yakazununguka, uye kutya kukuru kukamuka. Ipapo zuva rakapenya, uye rikawanikwa awa repfumbamweZvino vaJudha vakafara, vakapa mutumbi wake kuna Josefa kuti auviga, nekuti wakati waona zvinhu zvakanaka zvaakaita. Iye ndokutora Ishe, akamushambidza, akamuputira nemucheka werineni, akauya naye muguva rake, rakanzi Ibindu raJosefa.[xxiii]

mhedziso

Pakutanga takasimudza mibvunzo inotevera.

• Vakanyatsoitika here?
  • Vapikisi vepakutanga vakaedza kutsanangura zviitiko zvacho sezvisikwa, pane zvemweya, nekudaro vachigamuchira chokwadi chezviitiko zviri kutora nzvimbo.
• Vakanga vari vechisikirwo kana vemashura pakutanga?
  • Iko kukakavara kwemunyori kuti vaifanira kuve vemashura, kubva kuna Mwari. Iko hakuna kuzivikanwa choga chinoitika chiitiko chinogona kukonzera kunyatsoenderana uye nguva yei zviitiko. Kune kuwedzana kwakawanda kwazvo mukuita nguva.
  • Zviitiko izvi zvakaporofitwa naIsaya, Amosi naJoel. Kutanga kwekuzadzika kwaJoere kunosimbiswa nemuApostora Peter munaMabasa.
• Pane humwe humbowo hweBhaibheri hunoratidza kuitika kwavo?
  • Kune vanyori vekutanga kwechiKristu, vese vanozivikanwa uye vachizivikanwa.
  • Kune vanyori veApokirifa vanobvumawo zviitiko izvi.

 

Pane kusimbisa kwakawanda kwezvinoitika zvekufa kwaJesu zvakanyorwa muEvhangeri kubva kune vamwe vanyori vekutanga vechiKristu, vamwe vacho vanotaura nezve non-Christian Christian proof yeaipokana kana kupokana nezviitiko izvozvo. Pamwe nezvakanyorwa zvinofungidzirwa kuti iapokirifa, zvinova zvinowoneka zvakajeka muchiitiko cherufu rwaJesu, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzimwe nguva vanobva vabuda muEvhangeri.

Kuongorora kwezvakaitika uye zvakanyorwa zvekare nezvavo zvinonongedzera kukukosha kwekutenda. Kwakagara kune avo vasingagamuchire kugamuchira kuti zviitiko zvakadaro zvakanyorwa mubhaibheri uye kunyanya muEvhangeri ndezvechokwadi, nekuti havadi kubvuma zvavari kureva kuti ichokwadi. Saizvozvo, nhasi. Nekudaro, zvirokwazvo mukutarisa kwemunyori (uye isu tinovimba mune yako maonero zvakare), mhaka inoratidzwa kupfuura 'kusava nechokwadi' kuvanhu vanonzwisisika uye nepo zviitiko izvi zvakaitika makore anenge 2000 apfuura, tinogona kuisa kutenda mavari. Zvichida mubvunzo unonyanya kukosha ndewatinoda? Zvakare takagadzirira kuratidza kuti isu tine icho kutenda?

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[I] Ona iyi haobob muBelarus, asi iwe unozoona rima harina kupfuurira kupfuura 3-4 maminetsi.  https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043071/The-storm-turned-day-night-Watch-darkness-descend-city-Belarus-apocalyptic-weather-hits.html

[Ii] 1 inch yakaenzana ne2.54 cm.

[Iii] Ona rakasiyana rakanzi “Zuva raIshe kana Zuva raJehovha, Ipi?”

[Iv] http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-longer.html

[V] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-1-apostolic-with-justin-martyr-irenaeus/justin-martyr/first-apology-of-justin.html

[vi] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm

[vii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/apology/chapter_xxi_but_having_asserted.htm

[viii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/the_five_books_against_marcion/chapter_xlii_other_incidents_of_the.htm

[ix] https://biblehub.com/library/irenaeus/against_heresies/chapter_xxxiv_proof_against_the_marcionites.htm

[x] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-6-third-century/julius-africanus/iii-extant-fragments-five-books-chronography-of-julius-africanus.html

[xi] https://biblehub.com/library/africanus/the_writings_of_julius_africanus/fragment_xviii_on_the_circumstances.htm

[xii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_xxxiii_but_continues_celsus.htm

[xiii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_lix_he_imagines_also.htm

[xiv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/eusebius_de_08_book6.htm

[xv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.xii.iii.i.liii.html

[xvi] p1836 AntiNicene Madzibaba Book 8,  http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.html

[xvii] http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0485-0585,_Cassiodorus_Vivariensis_Abbas,_Chronicum_Ad_Theodorum_Regem,_MLT.pdf  Ona peji 8 ye pdf righthand ikholamu padyo capital C yezvinyorwa zveLatin.

[xviii] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/mystic_theology/preface_to_the_letters_of.htm

[xix] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_xi_dionysius_to_apollophanes.htm

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/areopagite_08_letters.htm

[xx] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_vii.htm

[xxi] https://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Bountiful_Harvest_Essays_in_Honor_of_S_Kent_Brown/BountifulHarvest-MacCoull.pdf

[xxii] https://ia902704.us.archive.org/4/items/joannisphiliponi00philuoft/joannisphiliponi00philuoft.pdf

[xxiii] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm