Zvapupu zvaJehovha muItaly (1891-1976)

rakanyorwa naMaria G. Buscema

Chinyorwa Chekutanga che La Vedetta di Zion, October 1, 1903,
Chinyorwa cheItaly che Zion's Watch Tower

Pakati pemasangano matsva echitendero ari kubva kuUnited States of America pane Zvapupu zvaJehovha, zvine vateveri vangangosvika mamirioni 8.6 pasi rose uye vateveri vangasvika mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu muItaly. Inoshanda muItari kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri, kufamba kwakadziviswa mumabasa ayo nehurumende yechiFascist; asi zvichitevera kukunda kweAllies uye semhedzisiro yeMutemo waJune 250,000, 18, kwete. 1949, iyo yakasimbisa Chibvumirano cheUshamwari, Kutengeserana uye Navigation pakati pehurumende yeUS neyaAlcide De Gasperi, Zvapupu zvaJehovha, semamwe masangano asiri eKaturike, akagamuchirwa zviri pamutemo semasangano epamutemo ari muUnited States.

1. Kwakatangira Zvapupu zvaJehovha (Ita. Zvapupu zvaJehovha, kubva parizvino JW), musangano wechiKristu wezvematongerwo enyika, wemireniyoni uye wekudzorera, kana "wekutanga", akagutsikana kuti chiKristu chinofanira kudzoreredzwa pamwe neizvo zvinozivikanwa nezvechechi yekutanga yevaapositori, zvakatanga muna 1879, apo Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916) , muzvinabhizimisi anobva kuPittsburgh, mushure mekupinda maSecond Adventist, akatanga kuburitsa magazini iyi Zion's Watch Tower uye Herald of Christ's Presence muna Chikunguru wegore iro. Akavamba mu1884 Zion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] yakabatanidzwa muPennsylvania, iyo muna 1896 yakava Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. kana Watchtower Society (iyo inowanzonzi neJWs "Sosaiti" kana "Sangano raJehovha"), sangano repamutemo rinoshandiswa nehutungamiriri hweJW kuwedzera basa kutenderera pasirese.[2] Mukati memakore gumi, iro boka diki rekudzidza Bhaibheri, iro pakutanga rakanga risina zita chairo (kunzvenga masangano vanozodaidza "maKristu" akareruka), rakazozvidaidza kuti "Vadzidzi veBhaibheri," rakakura, zvichipa kuwanda kweungano dzaive yakapihwa mabhuku echitendero neWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, ayo muna 1909 akatamisa dzimbahwe rayo kuBrooklyn, New York, apo nhasi iri kuWarwick, New York. Zita "Zvapupu zvaJehovha" rakagamuchirwa muna 1931 nemutsivi waRussell, Joseph Franklin Rutherford.[3]

JWs dzinoti dzinovakira zvavanotenda paBhaibheri, kwavari iro rakafemerwa uye risingazungunuke Shoko raJehovha. Dzidziso yavo inosanganisira dzidziso ye "budiriro inofambira mberi" iyo inobvumidza hutungamiriri, Dare Rinodzora, kushandura dudziro dzemubhaibheri nedzidziso kazhinji.[4] Semuenzaniso, maJW anozivikanwa nemireniyamu uye achiparidza magumo ari kuuya paimba neimba. (inozivisa mumagazini Nharireyomurindi, Mukai!, mabhuku akaburitswa neWatchtower Society uye zvinyorwa nemavhidhiyo akaiswa pawebhusaiti yepamutemo yesangano, jw.org, nezvimwewo), uye kwemakore vakawana kuti "mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino" aizopera nhengo dzese dzechizvarwa dziripo 1914 akafa. kumagumo, akaratidzirwa nehondo yeAmagedhoni, iye achiri padyo, haachataure kuti anofanira kuwa mukati megore ra1914.[5] inovamanikidza kuti vazviparadzanise nenzira yechinamato kubva kuruzhinji rwakatongerwa kuparadzwa muAmagedhoni, ivo vanopokana neUtatu, vanogadzirisa (havagutsikane kusafa kwemweya), havacherechedze mazororo evaKristu, vane hanya nemavambo echihedheni, uye rondedzera kukosha kweruponeso muzita raMwari, "Jehovha." Kunyangwe izvi zvakasarudzika, iwo anopfuura mamirioni 8.6 maJW ari munyika haakwanise s haana kusarudzwa sechitendero cheAmerica.

Sezvakatsanangurwa neprof. Mr. James Penton,

Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakakura kubva munharaunda yechitendero yekupera kwezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe American Protestantism. Kunyangwe zvavo vangaratidzika kunge vakasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kumatanho evaPurotesitendi uye vachiramba dzimwe dzidziso dzepakati dzemachechi makuru, mupfungwa chaiyo ivo vagari venhaka yeAmerica yeAdventism, mafambiro echiporofita mukati mezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe Briteni neAmerican Evangelicalism, uye millenarianism yeese gumi nemanomwe- zana ramakore Anglicanism neChirungu Protestant kusagadzikana. Iko kune, kutaura zvazviri, zvishoma kwazvo pamusoro pedzidziso yavo system iri kunze kwetsika yeAnglo-America yechiPurotesitendi, kunyange hazvo paine dzimwe pfungwa dzavanobata zvakafanana neCatholic pane Chipurotesitendi. Kana akasarudzika munzira dzakawanda - sezvaari pasina mubvunzo - zvinongova nekuda kwemubatanidzwa wezvidzidzo zvouMwari nemvumo dzedzidziso dzavo kwete nekuda kwehunhu hwavo.[6]

Kupararira kwesangano iri pasirese kuchatevera simba rakabatana muchikamu nebasa reumishinari, asi muchidimbu kune zviitiko zvikuru zvezvematongerwo enyika munyika, senge yechipiri Hondo Yenyika uye kukunda kweAllies. Izvi ndizvo zvinoitika muItari, kunyangwe kana boka rave riripo kubvira pakutanga kwezana ramakumi maviri.

2. Iko kusarudzika kweiyo genesis yeiyo maJWs muItaly ndeyekuti kukura kwavo kwakasimudzirwa nehunhu kunze kweWatch Tower Society. Muvambi, Charles T. Russell, akasvika kuItari muna 1891 panguva yekushanya kuEurope uye, sekureva kwevatungamiriri vesangano iri, angadai akamira muPinerolo, mumipata yeWaldensia, achimutsa kufarira kwaDaniele Rivoir, mudzidzisi weChirungu Kutenda kwevaWaldensia. Asi kuvapo kwekumira muPinerolo - zvinoita sekusimbisa dzidziso yekuti hutungamiriri hweAmerica, sekumwe kureurura kweAmerica, vakawirwa ne "ngano yevaWaldensia", ndiko kuti, dzidziso yakazova yenhema maererano zvaive nyore kushandura maWaldsians kuenda kuItari kwete maCatholic, vachinyanya kuisa mamishini avo kutenderera Pinerolo uye guta reTorre Pellice -,[7] inobvunzwa pahwaro hwekuongororwa kwemagwaro enguva inoenderana nerwendo rwamufundisi rwekuEurope muna 1891 (rwunotaura nezveBrindisi, Naples, Pompeii, Roma, Florence, Venice neMilan, asi kwete Pinerolo kana kunyange Turin),[8] uye zvakare nzendo dzakazotevera dzinofarira Italy (1910 na1912) hadziunze ndima dzingave muPinerolo kana muTurin, iri tsika yemuromo isina zvinyorwa, zvisinei, yakaitwa zviri pamutemo nemunyori wenhoroondo, uye mukuru weJWs, Paolo Piccioli mune chinyorwa chakaburitswa muna 2000 mu Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (The Bulletin yeSosaiti yevaWaldensia Zvidzidzo), magazini yechiPurotesitendi inhoroondo, uye mune zvimwe zvinyorwa, zvakaburitswa neveNharireyomurindi nevaparidzi vasiri musangano.[9]

Zvirokwazvo Rivoir, kuburikidza naAdolf Erwin Weber, muparidzi weSwiss Russellite uye aimbova murimi webindu, anofarira dzidziso dzaRussell dzemireniyoni asi asingadi kubvuma kutenda kwevaWaldensia, achawana mvumo yekududzira zvakanyorwa, uye muna 1903 vhoriyamu yekutanga yaRussell Zvidzidzo paMagwaro, Il Divin Piano delle Età (Hurongwa Hweutsvene hweMakore), apo muna 1904 chinyorwa chekutanga cheItaly che Zion's Watch Tower yakaburitswa, iine musoro La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza di Cristo, kana zvimwe zvakapusa La Vedetta di Zion, yakagoverwa munzvimbo dzemunharaunda dzemunharaunda.[10]

Muna 1908 ungano yekutanga yakaumbwa muPinerolo, ikapihwa kuti yanhasi kuomarara nzvimbo kwanga kusiri kushanda pakati pevane hukama neWatchtower Society - zvinoenderana nezvimwe zvinoratidza "Mufundisi" Russell -,[11] maItaly vanoshandisa zita rekuti "Vadzidzi veBhaibheri" chete kubva 1915 zvichienda mberi. Muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zve La Vedetta di Zion, shamwari dzeItaly dzeWatch Tower dzakashandisa, kuzivisa hukama hwavo, mazita asinganzwisisike ane hunhu hwakajeka hwe "primitivist" zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zveRussellian zva1882-1884 izvo zvakaona semasangano sedanho rekupesana, mazita akadai se "Chechi" , "Chechi yechiKristu", "Chechi yeBoka Diki neyeVatendi" kana, kunyange, "Chechi yeEvangelical".[12] Muna 1808, Clara Lanteret, muChantelain (chirikadzi), mutsamba refu akatsanangura shamwari dzekuItaly dzeWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, kwaaive, se "Vaverengi veAURORA neTORRE". Akanyora kuti: “Mwari ngaatipe tese kuti titaure pachena uye tivhure mukupupura kwedu kwechokwadi chiripo uye nekufumura mureza wedu nemufaro. Ngaape vese vaverengi veMambakwedza neShongwe kuti vafare vasingaregi munaShe vanoshuvira mufaro wedu kuve wakakwana uye vasingatenderi chero munhu kuti atibvise ”.[13] Makore maviri gare gare, muna 1910, mune imwe tsamba refu, Lanteret akataura chete nenzira isina kujeka yeshoko ra "Mufundisi" Russell se "chiedza" kana "chokwadi chakakosha": "Ndine mufaro wekuzivisa kuti mufundisi akwegura murefu weBaptist , VaM. M., zvichitevera kutaurirana kazhinji isu vaviri (Fanny Lugli neni) tinopinda zvizere muchiedza uye tinogamuchira nemufaro chokwadi chakakosha icho Mwari chaakaona chakakodzera kutizarurira kuburikidza nemuranda wake anodiwa uye akatendeka Russell ”.[14] Gore rimwe chetero, mutsamba yekurega basa yakanyorwa muna Chivabvu 1910 nenhengo ina dzeWaldensian Evangelical Church, vanoti Henriette Bounous, Francois Soulier, Henry Bouchard naLuoise Vincon Rivoir, hapana, kunze kwaBouchard uyo akashandisa izwi rekuti "Church of Christ", haana kushandisa zita kutsanangura sangano idzva rechiKristu, uye zvakare Consistory yeChechi yeWaldensia, mukucherechedza kurasika kubva kuungano yevaWaldensia yeboka iro raive rakatsigira dzidziso dzemireniyoni dza "Mufundisi" Russell, harina kushandisa sangano chairo mumutongo uyu, vachitovasanganisa nenhengo dzemamwe machechi: ”Mutungamiriri anozoverenga tsamba dzaakanyora muzita reConsistory kune avo kwenguva yakareba kana nguva pfupi yadarika, avo vakasiya vaWaldensia kwemakore maviri. chechi yekubatana neDarbysti, kana kuwana chitendero chitsva. (…) Ipo Louise Vincon Rivoire akapfuura kumaBaptist nenzira yakajeka “.[15] Vatsigiri veChechi yeKaturike vanozovhiringidza vateveri veWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, kusvika kutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, nePurotesitendi kana Valdism[16] kana, semamwe mapepanhau evaWaldensia, ayo achapa nzvimbo kusangano iri, nemutungamiri waro, Charles Taze Russell, achimanikidza muna 1916 vamiriri veItari, mugwaro, kuti vazivikanwe ne "Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici".[17]

Muna 1914 boka iri richatambura - senge nharaunda dzese dzaRussel munyika - kuora mwoyo kwekutadza kubiwa kudenga, izvo zvichatungamira musangano, uyo wakange wasvika vateveri vangangosvika makumi mana wakanyanya mumipata yeWaldensia, kuburuka chete nhengo gumi neshanu. Muchokwadi, sezvakataurwa mu 1983 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha (YeChirungu yeChirungu):

Muna 1914 vamwe Vadzidzi veBhaibheri, sokudanwa kwaiitwa Zvapupu zvaJehovha panguva iyoyo, vaitarisira ku “torwa mumakore kuti vasangane naShe mumhepo” uye vaitenda kuti basa ravo rekuparidza repanyika rakanga rasvika kumagumo. (1 VaT. 4:17) Nhoroondo yaivapo inoti: “Rimwe zuva, vamwe vavo vakaenda kunzvimbo isina vanhu kuti vandomirira chiitiko ichi. Nekudaro, kana pasina chakaitika, ivo vaisungirwa kudzokera kumba zvakare mune yakanyanya kushushikana pfungwa. Somugumisiro, vanoverengeka veava vakatsauka pakutenda. ”

Vanenge vanhu gumi nemashanu vakaramba vakatendeka, vachiramba vachipinda misangano uye kudzidza zvinyorwa zveSosaiti. Vachitaura nezvenguva iyoyo, Hama Remigio Cuminetti vakati: “Panzvimbo pekorona inotarisirwa yekubwinya, takagamuchira shangu mbiri kuti tienderere mberi nebasa rekuparidza.”[18]

Boka richasvetukira kumusoro nekuda kwemumwe wevashoma vakaramba hana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvekunamata panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, Remigio Cuminetti, aive muteveri weNharireyomurindi. Cuminetti, akazvarwa muna 1890 muPiscina, padyo nePinerolo, mudunhu reTurin, akaratidza "kuzvipira kwechitendero kwakasimba" achiri mukomana, asi mushure mekuverenga basa raCharles Taze Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età, inowana chimiro chechokwadi chemweya, icho chaakange atsvaga zvisina maturo mu "tsika dzekutendisa" dzechechi yeRoma.[19] Bato reKaturike rakamuendesa kujoinha Vadzidzi veBhaibheri vePinerolo, nekudaro achitanga nzira yake yekuparidza.

Pakatanga Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, Remigio akashanda pamutsetse wegungano reRiv mechanical mashopu, muVillar Perosa, mudunhu reTurin. Iyo kambani, iyo inogadzira bhora mabheyaringi, inoziviswa nehurumende yeItaly semubatsiri wehondo uye nekudaro, Martellini anonyora, "mauto evashandi" anoiswa: "vashandi vari (…) vanopfekedzwa bhandi nechiratidzo che mauto eItari anonyatsorambidza kuzviisa pasi pevakuru vakuru vemauto, asi panguva imwechete vanopihwa kusunungurwa zvachose muchiuto ".[20] Kune vechidiki vazhinji ichi chinhu chakanakira kutiza pamberi, asi kwete kwaCuminetti uyo, achitevedzera zvinongedzo zvebhaibheri, anoziva kuti haafanire kushanda, chero muchimiro, mukugadzirira hondo. Mudzidzi weBhaibheri mudiki saka anosarudza kusiya chigaro uye, nekukasira, mwedzi mishoma gare gare, anogamuchira kadhi remutemo kuenda kumberi.

Kuramba kupfeka yunifomu kunovhura kutongwa kwaCuminetti kuDare reMasoja reAlexandria, iro - sekunyora kwaAlberto Bertone - muchinyorwa chemutongo uyu rinotaura zvakajeka nezve "zvikonzero zvehana zvakapihwa neanoramba:" Akaramba, achiti izvo kutenda kwaKristu kune hwaro hwaro rugare pakati pevanhu, hukama hwenyika dzese, iyo (…) semutendi ane chokwadi mukutenda ikoko aisakwanisa uye aisada kupfeka yunifomu inova mucherechedzo wehondo uye ndiko kuurawa kwehama ( sekudaidza kwaakaita vavengi venyika yababa) ”.[21] Kutevera mutongo, nyaya yemunhu yaCuminetti inoziva "kushanya kwese kwemajere" aGaeta, Regina Coeli naPiacenza, kuvharirwa muhupoteri hwaReggio Emilia uye kuyedza kwakawanda kumudzikisira kuteerera, zvichitevera izvo, anosarudza "kupinda mauto ehutano semutakuri wekutambura ",[22] kuita zvirizvo izvo, zvichazotevera, zvicharambidzwa kune wese wechidiki JW, kana chinotsiva basa kune vechiuto - uye kupihwa menduru yesirivheri yeushingi hwemauto, izvo Cuminetti akaramba kuita izvi zvese nekuda kwe "rudo rwechiKristu" -, inozotevera kurambidzwa kusvika 1995. Mushure mehondo, Cuminetti akatangazve kuparidza, asi nekuuya kwefascism, Chapupu chaJehovha, chakatariswa neOVRA, chakamanikidzwa kushanda muchivande hurumende. Akafira muTurin muna Ndira 18, 1939.

3. Muma1920s, basa muItari rakagamuchira kurudziro nyowani kubva kudzoka kumusha kwevazhinji vakatama vakapinda muchinamato muUnited States, uye nharaunda diki dzemaJW dzakapararira kumatunhu akasiyana siyana seSondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara naTeramo, zvisinei, sagore ra1914, nekuodzwa mwoyo kwakanangana na1925, basa rinodzikira zvishoma.[23]

Munguva yeFascism, kunyangwe yemhando yemeseji yakaparidzwa, vatendi veboka (senge rezvimwe zvitendero zvisiri zveKatorike) vakatambudzwa. Hurumende yaVaMussolini yaiona vateveri veWatchtower Society se "vanhu vanonyanyisa vanotyisa."[24] Asi kwaive kusiri kuzivikanwa kweItaly: makore aRutherford akaratidzirwa kwete chete nekutumidzwa kwezita rekuti "zvapupu zvaJehovha", asi nekuunzwa kwechimiro chehurongwa hwehutongi uye kuimisa kwemaitiro mune akasiyana maungano achiri kushanda nhasi - anonzi "Theocracy" -, pamwe nekukonana kuri kuwedzera pakati peWatch Tower Society nenyika dzakapoterera, zvinozotungamira kuti kereke itambwe kwete nehutongi hweFascist neNational Socialist chete, asi neveMarxist neveLiberal Democratic.[25]

Nezve kutambudzwa kweZvapupu zvaJehovha nehutongi hwehudzvanyiriri hwaBenito Mussolini, Watchtower Society, iyo Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, papeji 162 yechinyorwa cheItaly, inoshuma kuti “vamwe vanotsigira vafundisi veKaturike vakabatsira mukushusha kwekutambudzwa kwechiFascist kune zvapupu zvaJehovha.” Asi munyori wenhau dzakaitika Giorgio Rochat, wekutenda kwechiPurotesitendi uye ane mukurumbira unorwisa mafashistist, anoti:

Muchokwadi, munhu haangataure nezve zvakajairika uye zvinoramba zvinopesana neanopurotesitendi zvinogumbura nehurongwa hwevaKatorike, avo, kunyangwe vachipomera kuvapo chaiko kwemachechi evhangeri, vaive nehunhu hwakasiyana maererano nezviyero zvina zvikuru: dunhu renharaunda ( …); mwero wakasiyana wehasha uye budiriro yekuparidza evhangeri; sarudzo dzevapristi vematunhu ega uye vatungamiriri vemunharaunda (…); uye pakupedzisira kuwanikwa kweyekutanga nyika nevakuru vefascist.[26]

Rochat anoshuma kuti maererano "nekuunganidzwa kukuru kweOVRA" pakati pekupedzisira 1939 uye kutanga kwa1940, "kusavapo kusingawanzo kwekupindira kweKaturike uye kumanikidzwa mukuferefetwa kwese, zvichisimbisa chiitiko chakaderera cheZvapupu zvaJehovha mumamiriro ezvinhu emunharaunda uye nemabatirwo ehunhu akapihwa kudzvanyirirwa kwavo ”.[27] Pakanga paine kumanikidzwa kuri pachena kubva kuChechi nemabhishopi vachipesana nezvose zvisiri zveKaturike zvechitendero (uye kwete chete kune vashoma vateveri veNharireyomurindi, vangangoita zana nemakumi mashanu muItaly), asi mune izvo Zvapupu, ivo vaivewo nekuda kwekutsamwiswa kwakajeka. nevaparidzi. Naizvozvo, kubvira 150, kabhuku kainzi L'Ecclesiasticismo mune istato d'accusa (turakiti reItaly Vafundisi Vanopomerwa, gwaro rakaverengwa pagungano rakaitwa muna 1924 kuColumbus, Ohio,) Maererano ne Bhuku Regore ya1983, papeji. 130, "kutongwa kwakaipisisa" kwevafundisi veKaturike, makopi zviuru zana akaparadzirwa muItaly uye Zvapupu zvakaita napose pazvinogona napo kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti Pope neveVatican zvisingawanzo vawane kopi imwe chete. Remigio Cuminetti, anoona nezvebasa rekambani, mutsamba kuna Joseph F. Rutherford, yakaburitswa muna La Torre di Guardia (Chinyorwa cheItaly) Mbudzi 1925, mapeji 174, 175, inonyora nezve iyo anticlerical pamphlet:

Tinogona kutaura kuti zvese zvakafamba zvakanaka zvichienderana ne "nhema" [kureva Katurike, ed] nharaunda matinogara. munzvimbo mbiri chete pedyo neRoma uye muguta riri kuAdriatic Coast hama dzedu dzakamiswa uye kuti machira akawanikwa kwaari akabatwa, nekuti mutemo unoda mvumo nemubhadharo wekugovera chero bhuku, asi isu tisina kutsvaga chero mvumo tichiziva kuti isu tine icho cheChiremera Chiremera [kureva Jehovha naJesu, kuburikidza neNharireyomurindi, ed]. Vakaburitsa kushamisika, kushamisika, kushevedzera, uye pamusoro pezvese kugumbuka pakati pevafundisi nevatsigiri, asi sekuziva kwedu, hapana akashinga kuburitsa izwi kupokana nazvo, uye kubva pano tinogona kuona zvimwe kuti mhosva iyi ndeyechokwadi.

Hakuna bhuku rakambotenderera zvakanyanya muItari, zvisinei isu tinoziva kuti harisati rakwana. MuRoma zvainge zvakafanira kuidzosa muhuwandu hwakawanda kuti zvizivikanwe mugore rino dzvene [Cuminetti inoreva Jubheri reChechi yeKaturike muna 1925, ed.] Ndiani baba vatsvene uye vafundisi vanoremekedzwa, asi nekuda kweizvi isu hatina kutsigirwa neEuropean Central Office [yeNharireyomurindi, ed] iyo iyo pfungwa yakanga yafambiswa kubvira muna Ndira apfuura. Pamwe nguva haisati yasvika yaIshe.

Chinangwa chemushandirapamwe uyu, nekudaro, chaive chinodenha, uye chaisaganhurirwa pakuparidzwa kweBhaibheri, asi chaida kurwisa maKaturike, chaizvo muguta reRoma, uko kuri papa, apo paive neJubheri, kumaCatholic gore rekuregererwa kwezvivi, kuyananiswa, kutendeuka uye penamenti sakaramende, chiito chisiri chekuremekedza kana chekuchenjera kugovera, uye chinoratidzika kunge chakaitwa nechinangwa kukwezva kutambudzwa pachako, zvichipiwa kuti chinangwa chemushandirapamwe wacho, Cuminetti, "kuzivisa mugore rino dzvene ndiani baba vatsvene uye vafundisi vanoremekedzwa".

MuItaly, zvirinani kubvira 1927-1928, vachiona icho chevaJWs sekureurura kweUS kunogona kukanganisa kuvimbika kweHumambo hweItari, mapurisa akaunganidza ruzivo pamusoro pechinamato kunze kwenyika kuburikidza netiweki yemamishinari.[28] Sechikamu chekuferefetwa uku, dzimbahwe repasi rose reWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania muBrooklyn nebazi reBerne, rakatarisira, kusvika muna 1946, basa remaJW muItari, rakashanyirwa nevamiririri vemapurisa echiFascist.[29]

MuItaly, vese avo vakagamuchira zvinyorwa zveungano vachanyoreswa uye muna 1930 kuziviswa kunharaunda yeItaly yemagazini Consolation (gare gare Awake!) Yakarambidzwa. Muna 1932 hofisi yepachivande yeWatch Tower yakavhurwa muMilan, padyo neSwitzerland, kuti ironge nharaunda diki, idzo zvisinei nekurambidzwa dzisina kumira kuita: kuita kuti mutongi weItari aite hasha yaive mishumo yeOVRA zvakataurwa kuti maJWs aifunga "izvo zveDuce neFascism zvinobva kuna Dhiabhorosi". Zvinyorwa zvesangano, kutaura zvazviri, pane kungoparidza Evhangeri yaKristu zvakaparadzira kurwiswa kwehutongi hwaMussolini hwakanyorwa muUnited States zvisingaenzane nevemapato anopikisa-fascist, vachitsanangura Mussolini sechiputi chevafundisi veKaturike nehutongi se " clerical-fascist ”, iyo inosimbisa kuti Rutherford aisaziva mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika eItaly, chimiro cheFascism uye kukakavadzana neKaturike, achitaura muchidimbu.

Zvinonzi Mussolini haavimbe nemunhu, kuti haana shamwari yechokwadi, kuti haamboregerera muvengi. Kutya kuti achazotadza kutonga pamusoro pevanhu, anoramba akasimba. (…) Chido chaMussolini kuve mukuru wehondo uye kutonga pasi rese nechisimba. Sangano reRoman Catholic, richishanda muchibvumirano naye, rinotsigira chishuwo chake. Paakarwa hondo yekukunda akarwisa maNegro ehurombo eAbyssinia, panguva iyo zviuru zvehupenyu hwevanhu zvakabairwa, papa nesangano reKaturike vakamutsigira, uye "akaropafadza" zvombo zvake zvinouraya. Nhasi uno mudzvanyiriri weItari anoedza kumanikidza varume nevakadzi kuti vaberekane nemhuka, kuitira kuti vaburitse muhuwandu hwevarume kuti vabayirwe muhondo dzinotevera uye mune izvi zvakare anotsigirwa napapa. (…) Aive mutungamiri wevaFascist, Mussolini, uyo panguva yehondo yepasirese akashora upapa kuzivikanwa sesimba rechinguva, uye ndiye mumwechete akapa muna 1929 kuti papa awanezve simba repasi, kubva ipapo zvakanzwikwa zvakanyanya kuti papa aitsvaga chigaro muChibatanwa chaMarudzi, uye izvi nekuti akagamuchira zano rekuchenjera, kuwana chigaro kumusana kwe "chikara" chose uye conga rese rakamira patsoka dzake, rakagadzirira kutsvoda chigunwe chake chetsoka chigunwe.[30]

Pamapeji 189 na296 ebhuku rimwe chetero Rutherford akatoshingairira mukuferefetwa kwakakodzera ngano dzakanakisisa: “Hurumende yeUnited States ina Director General wePost Office vanove veRoma Katurike uye, muchokwadi, mumiriri uye mumiriri. weVatican (…) Mumiriri weVatican anodzora masimba mumafirimu emubhaisikopo, uye anotendera mashoo anokudza hurongwa hweKaturike, hunhu husina kutsarukana pakati pevanhurume nevanhukadzi nedzimwe mhosva zhinji. ” Kuna Rutherford, Pope Pius XI ndiye aikwikwidza uyo aifambisa tambo nekushandisa Hitler naMusolini! Kunyepedzera kweRutherfordian kwemasimbaose kunosvika panoperera pazvinotaurwa, pap. 299, kuti "Humambo (…) hunoparidzwa neZvapupu zvaJehovha, ndicho chete chinhu chiri kutyisa nhasi neHurumende yeRoman Catholic." Mubhuku iri Fascismo o libertà (Fascism kana rusununguko), ya1939, pamapeji 23, 24 ne30, zvinonzi:

Zvakaipa here kuburitsa chokwadi nezveboka rematsotsi anobira vanhu? ” Aihwa! Uyezve, pamwe zvakashata kuburitsa chokwadi pamusoro pesangano rechitendero [iro reKaturike] rinoshanda zvounyengeri nenzira imwecheteyo? […] Vadzvanyiriri veFascist nemaNazi, nerubatsiro pamwe nekudyidzana kwevakuru vakuru veRoman Catholic vakagara muVictoria City, varikuputsa nyika dzeEurope. Vachakwanisa zvakare, kwenguva pfupi, kutora hutongi hweBritain neAmerica, asi zvadaro, maererano nezvakaziviswa naMwari pachaKe, Achapindira uye kuburikidza naKristu Jesu… Achaparadza zvachose masangano ese aya.

Rutherford anouya kufanotaura kukunda kwevaNazi-Fascist pamusoro peAnglo-America nerubatsiro rweChechi yeKaturike! Nemitsara yerudzi urwu, yakashandurwa kubva muzvinyorwa zvakanyorwa muUnited States uye zvichionekwa nehutongi sekupindira kwevatorwa, kudzvinyirira kuchazotanga: pane zvirevo zvekupihwa kuvharirwa uye pane zvimwe zvirango, chitambi chakawanikwa chine chirevo " Ini ndakatora mirairo naiye iye Musoro weHurumende "kana" Ini ndatora mirairo kubva kuDuce ", pamwe neanotangisa eMukuru weMapurisa Arturo Bocchini sechiratidzo chekubvumidzwa kwechisungo. Mussolini akabva angoteedzera basa rese rekudzvanyirira, uye akachaja OVRA, kuti ironge kuferefetwa kwemaItaly JWs. Kuvhima kukuru, kwaisanganisira carabinieri nemapurisa, kwakaitika mushure medenderedzwa tsamba kwete. 441/027713 yaAugust 22, 1939 yakanzi «Sette religiose dei" Pentekosti "ed altre» ("Masekete echitendero che" maPentekosti "nevamwe") izvo zvinoita kuti mapurisa avasanganise pakati pemasekete ayo "tHeyi enda kupfuura nzvimbo yechitendero chaicho uye upinde mune zvematongerwo enyika uye nekudaro inofanirwa kutariswa pachiyero nemapato anopandukira, ayo zvechokwadi, kune kumwe kuratidzwa uye pasi pezvimwe zvinhu, ane njodzi zvakanyanya, nekuti, achitevedzera mafungiro echitendero vanhu, izvo zvakadzama kwazvo kupfuura mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika, vanovasundira mukunyanyisa kwechokwadi, kazhinji vanopokana nekufunga chero kupi nekupi.

Mumavhiki mashoma, vanhu vanenge 300 vakabvunzwa, kusanganisira vanhu vaingonyoresa kuNharireyomurindi chete. Vanosvika zana nemakumi mashanu evarume nevakadzi vakasungwa nekutongerwa, kusanganisira makumi maviri nenomwe vakabata vane mhosva, vakaendeswa kuSpecial Court, kuenda kujeri kubva pamakore maviri kusvika pamakore gumi nerimwe, kweanosvika makore gumi nemasere nemwedzi gumi (mutongo nha. 150 yaApril 26, 2), kunyangwe pakutanga vakuru vechiFascist vakavhiringidza maJW nevePentekosti, vakatambudzwawo nehutongi: “Mapepanhau ese akatorwa kubva kuvateveri veboka re'Pentekosti ishanduro dzezvinyorwa zveAmerica. dzinenge nguva dzose munyori mumwe JF Rutherford ”.[31]

Imwe circular yemakurukota, kwete. 441/02977 yaKurume 3, 1940, akaziva vakaurayiwa nemazita kubva pazita rekuti: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religiose i cui principi sono in controlion con la nostra istituzione» (“Chitendero che'Zvapupu zvaJehovha 'kana kuti' Vadzidzi veBhaibheri 'nemamwe mapoka ezvitendero ane misimboti zvinopesana nesangano redu ”). Denderedzwa revashumiri rakataura nezve: "kunyatso kuzivikanwa kwemasekete ezvechitendero (…) ayo akasiyana nesekete rinozivikanwa 'revaPentekosti'", achisimbisa kuti: "Kufara kwekuvapo kwesekete re'Zvapupu zvaJehovha 'uye chokwadi kuti hunyorwa hwenyaya yakadhindwa yatotariswa mudenderedzwa yataurwa pamusoro apa Nyamavhuvhu 22, 1939 N. 441/027713 inofanirwa kuverengerwa kwazviri, haifanire kupa pfungwa yekuti kapoka ke'vaPentekosta 'hakune mhosva mune zvematongerwo enyika (…) sekete iri rinofanirwa kutorwa sengozi, kunyangwe hazvo riri shoma pane iro re'Zvapupu zvaJehovha '”. "Dzidziso idzi dzinounzwa seicho chiKristu chechokwadi - anoenderera mberi Mukuru weMapurisa Arturo Bocchini muchitenderedzwa -, nedudziro dzekupokana dzeBhaibheri neEvhangeri. Kunyanya kunangidzirwa, mune izvi zvinyorwa, vatongi vechero chimiro chehurumende, capitalism, kodzero yekuzivisa hondo uye vafundisi veimwe chitendero, kutanga neKaturike ”.[32]

Pakati pevaItaly JWs kwaivewo neakakuvara weTatu Reich, Narciso Riet. Muna 1943, pakadonha chiFascism, Zvapupu zvakatongwa nedare reSpecial Court zvakaburitswa mutirongo. Maria Pizzato, achangobva kuburitswa Chapupu chaJehovah, akabata anonamata pamwe chete Narciso Riet, akadzoserwa kumusha kubva kuGerman, uyo aifarira kushandura nekuparadzira zvinyorwa zvikuru zve Nharireyomurindi magazini, zvichifambisa kuunzwa kwakavanzika kwezvinyorwa muItari. VaNazi, vachitsigirwa nevaFascist, vakawana imba yaRiet vakamusunga. Pakunzwikwa kwaNovember 23, 1944 pamberi peBerlin People's Court reJustice, Riet akashevedzwa kuti apindure "kutyorwa kwemitemo yenyika". "Mutongo werufu" wakapihwa kwaari. Sekureva kwechinyorwa chakaitwa nevatongi, mune imwe yetsamba dzekupedzisira kuhama dzake kuHitler Germany Riet angadai akati: “Hakuna imwe nyika pasi pano mweya uyu wousatani uri pachena senyika yerudzi rweNazi (…) hutsinye hunotyisa hungatsanangurwa uye mhirizhonga inotyisa, yakasarudzika munhoroondo yevanhu vaMwari, yakaitwa nevaNazi vakashusha Zvapupu zvaJehovha pamwe nemamiriyoni evamwe vanhu? ” Riet akaendeswa kuDachau uye akatongerwa rufu nemutongo wakaiswa muBerlin musi waNovember 29, 1944.[33]

4. Joseph F. Rutherford akafa muna 1942 uye akatsiviwa naNathan H. Knorr. Zvinoenderana nedzidziso irimo kubvira 1939 iri pasi pehutungamiriri hwaRutherford naKnorr, vateveri veZvapupu zvaJehovha vaisungirwa kuramba basa remauto nekuti kuigamuchira kwainzi hakuenderani nemitemo yechiKristu. Apo basa reZvapupu zvaJehovha muGermany neItaly rakarambidzwa mukati meHondo Yenyika II, Watchtower Society yakakwanisa kuenderera kugovera "chikafu chemweya" muchimiro chemagazini, mapepa, nezvimwewo kubva kumuzinda wayo weSwitzerland. kuZvapupu zvinobva kune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope. Kambani yemahofisi eSwitzerland yaive nehunyanzvi hwakakosha zvakanyanya sezvo yaive munyika yeEurope chete iyo yanga isingabatanidzwe muhondo, sezvo Switzerland yagara iri nyika yezvematongerwo enyika. Nekudaro, maSwitzerland maJWs zvavakaedzwa nekupiwa mhosva yekuramba basa rechiuto, mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuva nenjodzi. Muchokwadi, dai, semhedzisiro yekutongwa uku, zviremera zveSwitzerland zvakarambidza maJWs, basa rekudhinda nekuparadzira raigona kumira zvachose uye, pamusoro pezvose, zvinhu zvemidziyo zvichangoendeswa kuSwitzerland, zvaizotorwa se 'zvaitika mune dzimwe nyika. VaSwitzerland JWs vakapomedzerwa nepepanhau rekuve vesangano rinokanganisa kuvimbika kwevagari muHondo. Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akawedzera kuoma zvekuti, muna 1940, masoja akatora bazi reBern reWatch Tower ndokutora mabhuku ese. Mamaneja ebazi akaunzwa pamberi pedare remauto uye paive nenjodzi yakakomba yekuti sangano rese reJWs muSwitzerland raizorambidzwa.

Magweta eSosaiti akabva apa zano kuti chirevo chiitwe icho chakataurwa kuti maJW haana kana chinopesana nemauto uye vaisatsvaga kukanganisa hunhu hwavo munzira ipi neipi. Muchinyorwa cheSwitzerland che Nyaradzo (Consolation, ikozvino Mukai!) waGumiguru 1, 1943 yakazobudiswa "Chiziviso", tsamba yakanyorerwa zviremera zveSwitzerland ichitaura "kuti hapana kana nguva [iyo Zvapupu] yainge yaona kuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zvemauto semhosva kumatongerwo uye zvishuwo zveSangano yeZvapupu zvaJehovha. ” Sechiratidzo chekutenda kwavo kwakanaka, tsamba yacho yakataura kuti "mazana emitezo yedu nevatsigiri vakaita basa ravo remauto uye vachiri kuita saizvozvo."[34]

Zviri mukati meichi chirevo zvakadzokororwa pamwe nekushoropodzwa mubhuku rakanyorwa pamwe naJanine Tavernier, aimbova purezidhendi wesangano rekurwisa kushungurudzwa kwemapoka ADFI, anoona mugwaro iri "kutsoropodza",[35] tichifunga nezve hunhu hunozivikanwa hweNharireyomurindi hwekuita zvechiuto uye izvo zvinoitwa nevanozvibata muFascist muItaly kana munzvimbo dzeTatu Reich panguva iyoyo, zvichipiwa kuti kune rumwe rutivi Switzerland yaigara iri nyika isina kwayakarerekera, asi hunhu hwehutungamiriri hwesangano, uhwo hwakanga hwatoedza kuti vabvumirane naAdolf Hitler muna 1933, hauna kumbozeza kuziva kuti nyika yaida kuzadzikiswa kwezvisungo zvemauto yaive muhondo here kana kuti kwete; panguva imwecheteyo, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zveGerman zvakaurayiwa nekuti zvakaramba basa remauto uye maItari akapedzisira ava mutirongo kana kutapwa. Nekudaro, maitiro ebazi reSwitzerland rinoita serinonetsa, kunyangwe dai, chaive chimwe chinhu kunze kwekushandisa zano iro iro vatungamiriri vesangano vanga vachitora kwenguva yakati, iyo "dzidziso yehondo yehondo",[36] zvinoenderana nekuti "zvakafanira kuti usazivisa chokwadi kune avo vasina mvumo yekuchiziva",[37] zvichipiwa izvo kwavari nhema iri "Kutaura chinhu chekunyepa kune avo vane mvumo yekuziva chokwadi, uye vachiita izvi vaine chinangwa chekumunyengera kana kumukuvadza iye kana mumwe munhu".[38] Muna 1948, nehondo pamusoro, purezidhendi anotevera weSosaiti, Nathan H. Knorr, akaramba chirevo ichi sezvakataurwa mu La Torre di Guardia yaMay 15, 1948, mapeji 156, 157:

Kwemakore akati wandei nhamba yevaparidzi muSwitzerland yakanga yaramba yakangofanana, uye izvi zvaipesana nekuwanda kwevaparidzi muzviverengero zvinowedzera zvaive zvaitika kune dzimwe nyika. Ivo havana kutora kumira kwakasimba uye kusajeka paruzhinji rwakazara kuitira kuti vazvitsaure ivo sevaKristu vechokwadi vemuBhaibheri. Iyi ndiyo yaive nyaya yakakomba pamusoro pemubvunzo wekusarerekera kwaifanira kucherechedzwa pazvinhu zvepasirese nemakakatanwa, pamwe neuyo wekupikiswa [?] Kune vanorwira muhondo nekuda kwehana, uye zvakare nezve mubvunzo wezve chinzvimbo chavanofanira kutora sevashumiri vakatendeka ve vhangeri rakagadzwa naMwari.

Semuenzaniso, mune yaOctober 1, 1943 edition ye Nyaradzo (Shanduro yeSwitzerland ye Consolation), iyo yakazoonekwa panguva yekumanikidza kukuru kweiyi hondo yenyika yekupedzisira, apo kusarerekera mune zvematongerwo enyika kweSwitzerland kwakaita sekutyisidzirwa, hofisi yeSwitzerland yakatanga kutora chibvumirano, chirevo chakanyorwa kuti: "Pamazana evatinoshanda navo [ChiGerman: Mitglieder] neshamwari mukutenda [Glauberfreunde] vakaita mabasa avo ehondo uye vachiri kuazadzisa nanhasi. ” Chirevo chekubata kumeso chaive nemhedzisiro inokanganisa zvese muSwitzerland nemumativi eFrance.

Vakaombera zvine ushamwari, Hama Knorr vasingatyi vakaramba chirevo ichocho muchiziviso nekuti chaisamiririra chinzvimbo chakatorwa neSosaiti uye chaisaenderana nenheyo dzechiKristu dzakaratidzwa zvakajeka muBhaibheri. Nguva yakanga yasvika ipapo apo hama dzeSwitzerland dzaifanira kupa chikonzero pamberi paMwari naKristu, uye, vachipindura kukoka kwaHama Knorr kuti vazviratidze, hama zhinji dzakasimudza maoko avo kunongedzera kune vese vaiona kuti vaibvisa mvumo yavo yechinyararire yavakapihwa. chirevo ichi muna 1943 uye havana kuda kuenderera mberi nekuchitsigira neimwe nzira.

"Kuzivisa" kwakaiswawo mutsamba yakabva kuFrench Society, uko kwete kungori kwechokwadi kweiyo Declaration inozivikanwa, asi panokanganisika gwaro iri, uchiziva kuti rinogona kukonzera kukuvara; anoda kuti irambe yakavanzika uye ari kufunga kuenderera mberi nekukurukura nemunhu akabvunza mibvunzo nezvegwaro iri, zvinoratidzwa nezvirumbidzo zviviri zvaakanyorera muteveri uyu:

Tinokukumbira iwe, zvisinei, kuti usaise ichi "Chiziviso" mumaoko evavengi vechokwadi uye kunyanya kusatendera makopi ayo pachayo nekuda kwemisimboti yakanyorwa muna Mateo 7: 6; 10:16. Pasina saka kuda kunyumwira zvinangwa zvemurume waunoshanyira uye nehungwaru hwakareruka, tinosarudza kuti haana kana kopi ye "Chirevo" ichi kuitira kuti arege kushandiswa kupi nekupi kunopokana nechokwadi. (…) Tinofunga zvakakodzera kuti mukuru akuperekedzei kunoshanyira muchinda uyu tichifunga nezvedanho rine gakava uye rine minzwa.[39]

Zvisinei, kunyangwe hazvo zvirimo zvataurwa pamusoro "Chiziviso", iyo 1987 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, yakatsaurirwa kunhoroondo yeZvapupu zvaJehovha muSwitzerland, yakashumwa papeji 156 [peji 300 yechinyorwa cheItaly, ed] nezvenguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri: “Zvichitevera zvakarairwa nehana yavo yechiKristu, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvese zvakaramba kuita basa remauto. (Isa. 2: 2-4; VaR. 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2). ”

Mhosva ine chekuita neSwiss "Chiziviso" ichi inotaurwa mubhuku naSylvie Graffard naLéo Tristan vane musoro wenyaya. Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme - 1933-1945, muchinyorwa chayo chechitanhatu. Yekutanga iyo vhoriyamu, yakaburitswa muna 1994, yakashandurwa muchiItaly nemusoro wenyaya Ini Bibleforscher uye il Nazismo. (1943-1945) I dimenticati dalla Storia, rakaburitswa neparisian imba yekutsikisa Editions Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, uye kutenga kwakakurudzirwa pakati pevaItaly JWs, vanozoishandisa mumakore anotevera sosi iri kunze kwesangano kuti vataure kutambudzwa kwakaipisisa kwakaitwa nevaNazi. Asi mushure mekutanga shanduro, hapana zvimwe zvakagadziridzwa zvakaburitswa. Vanyori vebhuku rino, mukunyorwa kweshanduro yechitanhatu, vakagamuchira mhinduro kubva kuSwitzerland geo-visual masimba, atinotora mamwe masenduru, pamapeji 53 ne54:

Muna 1942 pakanga paine kutongwa kunoshamisa kwemauto kwakanangana nevatungamiriri vebasa. Mhedzisiro yacho? Nharo dzechiKristu dzevapomeri dzakangozivikanwa zvishoma uye kumwe kuve nemhosva kwakakonzerwa navo mumubvunzo wekuramba basa remauto. Somuuyo, ngozi yakakomba yakamira pamusoro pebasa reZvapupu zvaJehovha muSwitzerland, iro rorambidzo rapamutemo nehurumende. Dai izvo zvanga zviri izvo, Zvapupu zvingadai zvakarasikirwa nehofisi yekupedzisira ichiri kushanda zviri pamutemo mukondinendi yeEurope. Izvi zvingadai zvakatyisidzira zvakakomba rubatsiro rwevapoteri vari Zvapupu vanobva munyika dzinotongwa neNazi pamwe nekuedza kwakavanzika pachinzvimbo chevanotambudzwa kuGerman.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa aya magweta eZvapupu, kusanganisira gweta rine mukurumbira reSocial Democratic Party, Johannes Huber weSt. Gallen, akakurudzira vakuru vepaBheteri kuti vape chirevo chaizobvisa kuchera kwevematongerwo enyika. Yakatangwa kupokana neMubatanidzwa weZvapupu zvaJehovha. Chinyorwa che "Kuzivisa" chakagadzirirwa negweta iri, asi chakasainwa uye chakaburitswa nevakuru veCommunity. "Chirevo" chaive mukutendeka kwakanaka uye nemazwi akanyatsorongeka. Zvichida zvakabatsira kudzivirira kurambidzwa.

"Zvisinei, chirevo mu" Chiziviso "icho" mazana enhengo dzedu neshamwari "akange azadzisa nekuenderera mberi vachiita" kwavo kwemauto mabasa "zvakangopfupikisa chokwadi chakaomarara. Izwi rekuti "shamwari" raireva vanhu vasina kubhabhatidzwa, kusanganisira varume vasiri Zvapupu avo vaitoita basa rechiuto. Kana dziri "nhengo", anga ari mapoka maviri ehama. Pakutanga, paiva neZvapupu zvakanga zvaramba kupinda muchiuto uye zvakatongerwa zvakaomarara. "Kuzivisa" hakuvatauri. Mune wechipiri, maive neZvapupu zvakawanda zvakapinda muchiuto.

"Panyaya iyi, chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinofanira kucherechedzwa. Vakuru pavakakakavadzana neZvapupu, vakaramba vachiti Switzerland haina kwayakarerekera, kuti Switzerland yaisazombotanga hondo, uye kuti kuzvidzivirira hakuna kutyora misimboti yechiKristu. Iyi nharo yekupedzisira yakanga isingabvumirwe neZvapupu. Nekudaro mutemo wekusarerekera kwevaKristu pasi rose kudivi reZvapupu zvaJehovha wakavharidzirwa nenyaya ye "kusarerekera" kwepamutemo kweSwitzerland. Uchapupu hwemitezo yedu yakura yaigara panguva iyoyo hunopupurira izvi: muchiitiko chekuti Switzerland vakapinda muhondo, vakanyoreswa vakatsunga kubva pakarepo muchiuto uye kujoina chinzvimbo chevanoramba. […]

Zvinosuruvarisa, pakasvika 1942, kutaurirana nedzimbahwe repasi rose reZvapupu zvaJehovha kwakange kwamiswa. Ivo vanhu vaitarisira basa muSwitzerland saka havana kuwana mukana wekurangana nazvo kuti vagamuchire raidikanwa rairo. Semhedzisiro, pakati peZvapupu muSwitzerland, vamwe vakasarudza kuramba hana nekuda kwehana uye kuramba basa rechiuto, zvichizoguma nekuiswa mutirongo, nepo vamwe vaifunga kuti kushanda muuto risina kwavakarerekera, munyika isiri yehondo, kwaive kusingawirirane neyavo. kutenda.

“Uku kupokana kweZvapupu muSwitzerland hakuna kugamuchirwa. Ndokusaka, pakarepo mushure mekupera kwehondo uye kamwe kutaurirana nemuzinda wepasi rose kwave kumiswazve, mubvunzo wakamutswa. Vapupuri vakataura pachena pachena nezve kunyadziswa kwavakaitwa ne "Chirevo". Zvinonakidzawo kuziva kuti mutongo unonetsa waive wekutukwa nekururamiswa neruzhinji nemutungamiri weWorld Association yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, MNH Knorr, uye kuti muna 1947, pakongiresi yakaitirwa muZurich […]

“Kubvira ipapo, zvakagara zviri pachena kuZvapupu zvese zvemuSwitzerland kuti kusarerekera kwechiKristu kunoreva kurega kubatana neuto renyika, kunyangwe Switzerland ichibvumidza kusarerekera kwayo zviri pamutemo. […]

Chikonzero chechiziviso ichi, saka, chiri pachena: sangano raifanirwa kuchengetedza hofisi yekupedzisira yekushanda muEurope yakakomberedzwa neTatu Reich (muna 1943 kunyangwe kuchamhembe kweItari ichapambwa nemaGerman, ayo achamisa iyo Italian Social Republic, se nyika fascist puppet). Chirevo ichi chaive chisina kujeka nemaune; ita kuti zviremera zveSwitzerland zvitende kuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvairamba kuita basa remauto zvaizviitira zvoga uye kwete pasi pebumbiro rechitendero, uye kuti "mazana" eJW aiita basa remauto, manyepo maererano neshoko re 1987 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, iyo yaiti "Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakawanda zvakaramba kupinda muchiuto."[40] Naizvozvo, munyori we Declaration yaisanganisira pasina kutaurisa "vasingatendi" varume vakaroora mukadzi JW uye vafundisi vasina kubhabhatidzwa - vasingatariswe seZvapupu zvaJehovha maererano nedzidziso - uye sezviri pachena vamwe vechokwadi Zvapupu zvaJehovha.

Basa reruvara urwu ndere munhu asiri musangano rechitendero, mune ino gweta reWatchtower. Nekudaro, kana isu tichida kuenzanisa, tinoona kuti chinhu chimwe chete ichocho chakafanana neicho "Chiziviso cheZvechokwadi" chaJune 1933, chakanyorerwa mudzvanyiriri weNazi, Hitler, aive nerugwaro rwaive nezvikamu zvinopesana nemaSemite, achisimbisa kuti Munyori aive Paul Balzereit, mukuru weMagdeburg Nharireyomurindi, akanyatso kushatiswa mu 1974 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha semutengesi kuchikonzero chekufamba,[41] asi mushure mekunge vanyori vezvakaitika kare, M. James Penton kumberi akabatana nevamwe vanyori, vakadai sewaimbove weItaly JWs Achille Aveta naSergio Pollina, ndipo pavanozonzwisisa kuti munyori wenyaya iyi ndiJoseph Rutherford, achiratidza maGerman JW seanoda kuuya maererano nehutongi hwaHitler zvichiratidza kuvengana kwakafanana kweNazi kuUnited States nedenderedzwa revaJudha muNew York[42] Muzviitiko zvese, kunyangwe dai yakanyorwa nerimwe remagweta avo, zviremera zveSwitzerland zvesangano reWatchtower zvechokwadi ndivo vakasaina rugwaro urwu. Chikonzero chete ndechechikwata, nekuda kwehondo, pamwe nemuzinda wepasi rose muBrooklyn muna Gumiguru 1942, uye neruzhinji rwakazotevera disavowal ya1947.[43] Kunyangwe chiri chokwadi kuti izvi zvinorerutsa vakuru veAmerica vebato remireniyamu, izvi hazvivatadzise kunzwisisa kuti zviremera zveSwiss Watchtower, kunyangwe nekutendeka kwakanaka, zvakanyatsoshandisa zano risingafadzi kudzivirira kutsoropodza kubva kuvatongi veSwitzerland vachiri muFascist yakavakidzana. Nazi Germany nedzimwe nzvimbo zhinji dzenyika vazhinji vavanonamata navo vakaguma vava mumajeri kana kumapurisa vakasungwa kana kutopfurwa kana kudimburwa maoko neveSS kuitira kuti vasakundike mumurairo wekusatora zvombo.

5. Makore anotevera hutungamiriri hwaRutherford anoratidzirwa nekutaurirana zvekare kwehuremu hwekupokana nekambani. Kunetsekana kwetsika, kwakabatana zvakanyanya nebasa remhuri, kuri kuramba kuchikura, uye hunhu hwekusava nehanya nenyika dzakatenderedza hunopinda muJWs, kutsiva ruvengo rwakajeka kumasangano, anoonekwa pasi paRutherford kunyangwe muFascist Italy.[44]

Kuva wakaroora mufananidzo wakareruka kunofarira kukura kwepasirese kunoenderana nehafu yepiri yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, rinoenderanawo nekuwedzera kwenhamba kwemaJWs anodarika kubva ku180,000 nhengo dzinoshanda muna 1947 kusvika 8.6 mamirioni (2020 data), nhamba yakakwira mumakore makumi manomwe. Asi kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose kweJWs kwakafarirwa neshanduko yechitendero yakaunzwa muna 70 nemutungamiriri wenyika wechitatu Nathan H. Knorr, iko kuiswa kwe "koreji yemamishinari yenzanga, Watchtower Bible School yeGilead",[45] pakutanga Watchtower Biblical University yeGiriyedhi, yakazvarwa kudzidzisa mamishinari asiwo vatungamiriri vemangwana nekuwedzera chinamato pasi rese[46] mushure meimwezve apocalyptic tarisiro yakasara pabepa.

MuItaly, nekudonha kwehutongi hwechiFascist uye kupera kwechipiri Hondo Yenyika, basa remaJWs richaenderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma. Huwandu hwevaparidzi vaishingaira hwakanga hwakadzikira kwazvo, 120 chete sekufungidzira kwevakuru, asi pakurairwa nemutungamiriri wenyika yeWatch Tower Knorr, uyo pakupera kwa1945 akashanyira bazi reSwitzerland nemunyori Milton G. Henschel, kwaive nebasa yakarongedzwa muItari, imba diki ichatengwa kuMilan, kuburikidza neVegezio 20, kurongedza ungano makumi matatu nemashanu dzekuItaly.[47] Kuwedzera basa munyika yeKaturike umo munguva yeFascist vafundisi vakapikisa maJWs nemachechi evaPurotesitendi nekuvabatanidza zvisirizvo ne "communism",[48] Watch Tower Society ichatumira mamishinari akati wandei kubva kuUnited States kuItaly. Muna 1946 mumishinari wekutanga weJW akasvika, muItari -American George Fredianelli, uye akati wandei achatevera, vachisvika makumi matatu nematatu muna 33. Kugara kwavo, zvisinei, hazvizove nyore, uye zvakafanana kune izvo zvevamwe mamishinari ePurotesitendi, maevhangeri uye -Catholics.

Kuti unzwisise mamiriro ehukama hwehukama pakati peItaly State, Chechi yeKaturike uye akasiyana mamishinari eAmerica, akasiyana maficha anofanirwa kuonekwa: kune rumwe rutivi mamiriro epasi rese uye kune rimwe, chiCatholic activism mushure meHondo Yenyika II. Muchiitiko chekutanga, Italy yakanga yasaina chibvumirano cherunyararo nevakakunda muna1947 apo simba rakabuda, United States, umo maevhangeri echiPurotesitendi aive akasimba mutsika, asi pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika, panguva chaiyo yakakamurwa pakati pevaKristu vemazuva ano ne "New Evangelicalism ”Vanotsigira dzidziso dzakasimba nekuzvarwa kweNational Association of Evangelicals (1942), Fuller Seminary yeMamishinari (1947) uye ChiKristu Nhasi magazini (1956), kana mukurumbira wemufundisi weBaptist, Billy Graham nehondo dzake dzehondo dzinozosimbisa pfungwa yekuti kurwisana neUSSR kwaive kwe "apocalyptic" mhando,[49] nokudaro kurudziro yekuparidza evhangeri. Sezvo Watch Tower Society inogadzira Watchtower Bible Chikoro cheGiriyedhi, maevhangeri eAmerica, mushure mePax America uye kuwanda kwemidziyo yemauto yakasara, vari kusimbisa mamishinari kunze kwenyika, kusanganisira muItari.[50]

Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kuve chikamu chekusimbisa kudyidzana kweItari -America neChipatano chehushamwari, kutengeserana nekufamba pakati peItari Republic neUnited States of America, yakasainwa muRome muna Kukadzi 2, 1948 ndokubvumidzwa neMutemo no. 385 yaJune 18, 1949 naJames Dunn, mumiriri weAmerica kuRome, naCarlo Sforza, gurukota rezvekunze kwehurumende yeDe Gasperi.

Mutemo kwete. 385 ya18 Chikumi 1949, yakaburitswa mukuwedzera kweiyo Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("Yepamutemo Gazeti yeRepublic yeItaly ”) kwete. 157 ya12 Chikunguru 1949, yakacherekedza mamiriro eropafadzo kuti United States yainakidzwa nekushanya kuItari kunyanya mundima yehupfumi, senge hunyanzvi. 1, kwete. 2, iyo inotaura kuti vagari venzvimbo yega yega yeMakambani Anopa Mvumo vane kodzero yekushandisa kodzero nemvumo munzvimbo dzeHigh Contracting Party, pasina chipingaidzo, uye mukuteerera Mitemo neMirau iri kushanda, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu zvishoma inofadza kune izvozvi zvakapihwa kana izvo zvichazopihwa mune ramangwana kune vagari veImwe Contracting Party, maitiro ekupinda matunhu emumwe, kugara imomo nekufamba zvakasununguka.

Chinyorwa ichi chakataura kuti vagari venyika imwe neimwe yemapato maviri vane kodzero yekuita munzvimbo dzeimwe High Contractor "yezvokutengeserana, maindasitiri, shanduko, zvemari, zvesainzi, zvedzidzo, zvechitendero, zvekurwira uye zvehunyanzvi zviitiko, kunze kuitwa kwebasa repamutemo ”. Art. 2, kwete. 2, kune rimwe divi, inoti "Vanhu Vezvemitemo kana Masangano, akagadzirwa kana akarongeka zvinoenderana neMutemo neMitemo iri kushanda mumatunhu eBato Rese Rinobvumirana, vanozotorwa seVanhu Vemutemo veimwe Inopokana Party, uye chimiro chavo chepamutemo chinozozivikanwa nenzvimbo dzeimwe Contracting Party, vangave kana vasina mahofisi zvachose, mapazi kana vamiririri ”. Kwete. 3 ehumwechete hunyanzvi. 2 zvinotsanangurwa zvakare kuti "Vanhu Vezvemitemo kana Masangano eBato Rese Rinobvumirana, pasina kupindira, mukuteerera mitemo nemirau iri kushanda, vane kodzero dzose neropafadzo dzakaratidzwa mundima. 2 yeunyanzvi. 1 ".

Chibvumirano, chakashoropodzwa naMarxist wekuruboshwe nezvakanakira zvakawanikwa neUS trasti,[51] zvinokanganisawo hukama hwechitendero pakati peItari neUnited States pahwaro hwezvakapihwa muZvinyorwa 1 ne2, nekuti Vamiriri veMutemo neMasangano akagadzirwa mune imwe yenyika mbiri anogona kuzivikanwa zvizere muPamwe Chibvumirano Party, asi pamusoro pezvese hunyanzvi . 11, ndim. 1, iyo ichashandira akasiyana zvitendero zveAmerica kuve nerusununguko rukuru rwekufambisa kunyangwe paine mutsauko weChechi yeKaturike:

Vagari veimwe neimwe yepamusoro Chibvumirano Party vanofarira kumatunhu eimwe Yakakwira Contracting Party rusununguko rwehana uye rusununguko rwekunamata uye vanogona, vari vega uye pamwe chete kana mumasangano ezvitendero kana masangano, uye vasina kana kunetsa kana kushungurudzwa kwerudzi rupi zvarwo nekuda zvavanotenda, zvechitendero, vanopemberera mashandiro mudzimba dzavo uye mune chimwe chivakwa chakakodzera, chero dzidziso kana maitiro avo asingapesani nehunhu hwevanhu kana kurongeka kwevanhu.

Uyezve, mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, Chechi yeKaturike yakaita muItaly chirongwa che "chiKristu kuvaka patsva nzanga" izvo zvaireva kuti vafundisi vayo vaite basa idzva rezvemagariro, asiwo rezvematongerwo enyika, rinozoitwa musarudzo nerutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika kune mukana wevaChristian Democrats, bato rezvematongerwo enyika reItaly reChristian-demokrasi uye rakafemerwa zvine mwero rakamiswa pakati peparamende hemicycle, yakavambwa muna 1943 uye ichishanda kwemakore makumi mashanu nerimwe, kusvika 51, bato raitamba rakakosha chinzvimbo munguva yehondo yapashure pehondo yeItaly uye mukubatanidzwa kweEuropean, zvichipiwa kuti veChristian Democrat varevereri vaive chikamu chehurumende dzese dzeItaly kubva muna 1994 kusvika 1944, nguva zhinji vachiratidza Mutungamiri weDare reMakurukota, vachirwirawo kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro echiKristu munharaunda yeItaly (kupikiswa kwemaChristian Democrats pakuunzwa kwekurambana uye kubvisa nhumbu mumutemo weItaly).[52]

Nyaya yeChechi yaKristu, boka rekudzoreredza rakabva kuUnited States, rinotsigira basa rezvematongerwo enyika remamishinari ekuAmerica, zvichipiwa kuti kuyedza kuvadzinga mudunhu reItari kwakakanganiswa nekupindira kwevamiriri vehurumende yeAmerica avo vakataura kuvakuru veItari kuti Congress yaizokwanisa kuita ne "zvakakomba zvakakomba", kusanganisira kuramba rubatsiro rwemari kuItaly, kana mamishinari akadzingwa.[53]

Kune maCatholic machechi mazhinji - kunyangwe emaJWs, kunyangwe asiri iwo anotorwa semaPurotesitendi eanopokana neUtatu dzidziso -, mamiriro eItari mushure mehondo haazove pakati pevanyanyisa, kunyangwe hazvo, zviri pamutemo, nyika yaive neConstitution yaivimbisa kodzero vashoma.[54] Muchokwadi, kubvira 1947, kune yakataurwa pamusoro pe "kuvaka kwechiKristu kwenzanga," Chechi yeKaturike ichapikisa mamishinari aya: mutsamba yakabva kununcio wevaapositori weItari musi wa3 Gunyana 1947 ndokutumirwa kuna Gurukota rezvekunze, zvinodzokororwa kuti "Munyori weHurumende Yake yeHutsvene" aipokana nekuiswa muchibvumirano chambotaurwa choushamwari, kutengeserana nekufamba pakati peItari Republic neUnited States of America, iyo yaifanira kusainwa chete mumashure, yechirevo chingadai chakatendera. zvisiri zveCatholic zvitendero "kuronga zviito zvekunamata uye zvinoparadzira kunze kwetembere".[55] Mumwechete wevaapositori nuncio, nguva pfupi yapfuura, acharatidza izvozvo neunyanzvi. 11 yechibvumirano, "kuItaly maBaptist, Presbyterian, Episcopalians, Methodist, Wesleyans, Flickering [kureva" Tremolanti ", izwi rinoshoresa rinoshandiswa kuratidza maPentekosti muItari, ed] maQuaker, Swedenborgians, Masayendisiti, Darbites, nezvimwe. vangadai vakave nehunyanzvi hwekuvhura "nzvimbo dzekunamatira kwese kwese uye kunyanya muRoma". Pano pane kutaurwa nezve "kunetsekana mukuita kuti iyo pfungwa yeiyo Holy See igamuchirwe neAmerican Delegation maererano nehunyanzvi. 11 ”.[56] Nhumwa dzeItaly dzakaramba dzichishingirira nhumwa dzeUS kuti dzigamuchire chikumbiro cheVatican ",[57] asi pasina.[58] Bazi reItaly reWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, iro sezvatakataura rakanga rakumbira kutumirwa mamishinari kubva kuUnited States, wekutanga achange ari George Fredianelli, "akatumirwa kuItari kuzoshanda semutariri wedunhu", ndiko kuti, sabhishopi anofamba-famba, ane ndima yehunyanzvi ichasanganisira "Ese Italy, kusanganisira Sicily neSardinia".[59] The Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 (Engl. Shanduro, 1982 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha), uko nyaya yeZvapupu zvaJehovha muItaly inotaurwawo nezvayo munzvimbo dzinoverengeka, ichitsanangura chiitiko chake cheumishinari mushure mehondo muItari, Italy mukuparadzwa zvachose senhaka yehondo yenyika:

... Mutariri wedunhu akagadzwa wekutanga, zvisinei, aive Hama George Fredianelli, vakatanga kushanya kwavo munaNovember 1946. Vakaperekedzwa kekutanga naHama Vannozzi. (...) Hama George Fredianelli, vava nhengo yeDare reBazi, vanoyeuka zviitiko zvinotevera kubva pabasa ravo redunhu:

“Pandakafonera hama ndaiwana hama neshamwari vese vakandimirira uye vachida kunzwa. Kunyangwe pakushanyazve vanhu vakadaidza hama dzavo. Muchokwadi, mutariri wedunhu aisapa hurukuro yavose imwe chete pasvondo, asi imwe chete maawa marefu pakushanyazve. Pakufona uku panogona kunge paine vanhu makumi matatu varipo uye dzimwe nguva vazhinji vakaungana pamwechete kuti vanyatsoteerera.

“Pashure pehondo zvaiwanzoita kuti upenyu hwomubato wedunhu huome. Hama, sevamwe vanhu vazhinji, vaive varombo kwazvo, asi mutsa wavo worudo wakazviitira. Vaigovana nemoyo wese chikafu chidiki chavaive nacho, uye kazhinji vaisimbirira kuti ndirare pamubhedha ivo varere pasi vasina zvivharo nekuti vaive varombo zvekusakwanisa kuwana zvimwe zvekuwedzera. Dzimwe nguva ndaifanira kurara mudanga remombe pamurwi wemashanga kana mashizha echibage akaomeswa.

“Pane imwe nhambo, ndakasvika pachiteshi cheCaltanissetta muSicily nechiso chakasviba sechairi rinotsvaira kubva pamubhedha unobhururuka kunze kweinjini yeutsi pamberi. Kunyangwe zvakanditorera maawa gumi nemana kuti ndifambe anenge 14 kusvika 80 makiromita (100 kusvika 50 mi.], Mweya wangu wakasimuka pakusvika, apo ndakafungidzira zviono zvebhati rakanaka richiteverwa nekuzorora kwakanaka mune imwe hotera kana imwe. Zvisinei, zvaisazove zvakadaro. Caltanissetta yakanga izere nevanhu nekuda kwemhemberero dzeSt. Michael's Day, uye hotera yega yega mutaundi yakanga yakazara nevanhu vapristi nemasisita. Pakupedzisira ndakadzokera kuchiteshi ndine pfungwa yekurara pabhenji randakanga ndaona mumba yekumirira, asi kunyange iyo tariro yakanyangarika pandakawana chiteshi chakavharwa mushure mekuuya kwechitima chekupedzisira manheru. Nzvimbo chete yandakawana yekugara pasi ndokuzorora kwekanguva yaive matanho ari pamberi pechiteshi. ”

Nebatsiro revatariri vematunhu ungano dzakatanga kubata nguva dzose Nharireyomurindi uye zvidzidzo zvebhuku. Uyezve, patakavandudza kunaka kwemisangano yebasa, hama dzakazowedzera kuita basa rekuparidza nekudzidzisa.[60]

Fredianelli achakumbira kuti awedzere kugara kwemamishinari ake kuItaly, asi chikumbiro ichi chinorambwa nebazi rezvekunze mushure mekufunga kwakaipa kweItari Embassy muWashington, iyo ichazvizivisa musi waGunyana 10, 1949: kusaona chero kufarira kwezvematongerwo enyika kwatiri kunotipa zano rekubvuma chikumbiro chekuwedzeredzwa ”.[61] Zvakare tsamba kubva ku Ministry of the Interior, yaGunyana 21, 1949, yakataura kuti pakanga pasina "zvematongerwo enyika mukupa chikumbiro chekuwedzerwa".[62]

Kunze kwevamwe vaive vana veItaly, mamishinari eWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society, mushure memwedzi mitanhatu chete yekusvika kwavo, vachatofanira kusiya ivhu reItari. Asi chete pakukurudzira, zvisinei, ndiko kuwedzera kwekugara kwavo kuchaitika,[63] sezvakasimbiswawo neyekuitaly edition yemagazini yesangano, muchinyorwa cha1 Kurume 1951:

Kunyangwe mamishinari makumi maviri nemasere asati asvika muItari munaKurume 1949, hofisi yakanga yaita chikumbiro chenguva dzose vachikumbira mavhiza egore rimwe chete kwavari vese. Pakutanga vakuru vacho vakaburitsa pachena kuti hurumende yanga ichitarisa nyaya iyi mumaonero ehupfumi uye mamiriro acho ezvinhu aiita seanokurudzira mamishinari edu. Mushure memwedzi mitanhatu, takangoerekana tagamuchira kutaurirana kubva ku Ministry of the Interior tichiraira hama dzedu kuti dzibude munyika kupera kwemwedzi, pasingasviki vhiki. Ehe, isu takaramba kutambira kuraira uku pasina kurwa zviri pamutemo uye kuyedza kwese kwakaitwa kuti tisvike pazasi penyaya iyi kuti tione kuti ndiani akakonzera kurohwa uku. Kutaura nevanhu vaishanda paMinistry takadzidza kuti mafaera edu aisaratidza nzira kubva kumapurisa kana zvimwe zviremera uye kuti, nekudaro, vashoma "vakuru vakuru" vanogona kuve nemhosva. Angave ani? Shamwari yeHurumende yakatizivisa kuti zvakaitirwa mamishinari edu zvaishamisa nekuti chimiro chehurumende chaibvumidza uye chaifarira vagari vemuAmerica. Zvichida Embassy inogona kubatsira. Kushanya kwako wega kuEmbassy uye hurukuro dzakawanda nemunyori waAmbassador zvese zvakashaya basa. Zvaive pachena, sekubvuma kwakaita kunyange vamiriri veAmerica, kuti mumwe munhu akashandisa simba rakawanda muhurumende yeItaly aisada kuti mamishinari eWatch Tower aparidze muItari. Kupokana nesimba iri rakasimba vamiriri veAmerica vakangokwenya mapendekete avo ndokuti, "Eya, unoziva, Chechi yeKaturike ndiyo Chitendero cheHurumende pano uye vanoita zvavada." Kubva munaGunyana kusvika Zvita takanonotsa chiito cheMinistry kurwisa mamishinari. Pakupedzisira, muganho wakatemwa; mamishinari aifanira kunge abuda munyika panosvika 31 Zvita.[64]

Mushure mekudzingwa, mamishinari akakwanisa kudzoka munyika munzira yakatenderwa nemutemo, sevashanyi, vachikumbira kutora vhiza revashanyi rinogara kwemwedzi mitatu, mushure maizvozvo vaifanira kuenda kunze kwenyika kuti vadzokere kuItaly mazuva mashoma Gare gare, tsika iyo yakabva yacherechedzwa, nekutya, nevakuru vemapurisa: Ministry of the Interior, muchokwadi, mudenderedzwa remusi waGumiguru 10, 1952, ine musoro wenyaya. «Associazione" Testimoni di Geova "» (Sangano "Zvapupu zvaJehovha"), yakanyorerwa kumatunhu ese eItaly, yakayambira mapurisa kuti awedzere "kusvinura pamabasa" esangano rechitendero rataurwa, vasingatenderi "kupihwa mvumo yekugara kune vatorwa" yesangano.[65] Paolo Piccioli akacherekedza kuti "mamishinari maviri [JWs], Timothy Plomaritis naEdward R. Morse, vakamanikidzwa kusiya nyika sezvakaratidzwa mufaira muzita ravo", zvataurwa pamusoro, apo kubva kumagwaro ezvinyorwa muCentral State Archives zvakacherechedzwa. “Kuvharirwa kwekupinda muItari kwevamwe vafundisi vaviri, veMadorskis. Zvinyorwa kubva mumakore 1952-1953 zvakawanikwa kuAS [State Archives] yeAosta kubva kwazvinoratidza kuti mapurisa aiyedza kutsvaga vakaroora Albert naOpal Tracy naFrank naLaverna Madorski, mamishinari [JWs], kuti varase kuvabvisa munharaunda yenyika kana kusavimba navo pakutendeutsa. ”[66]

Asi kazhinji kurongeka, nguva dzose mumamiriro ezvinhu ataurwa pamusoro pe "kuvaka patsva kwevaKristu", kwakabva kuvakuru vechechi, panguva iyo Vatican ichiri kukosha. Musi waGumiguru 15, 1952 Ildefonso Schuster, Kadhinari weMilan, akaburitswa mu Roman Observer the article "Il pericolo protestante nell'Arcidiocesi di Milano" ("Njodzi yechiPurotesitendi muArchdiocese yeMilan"), zvine chisimba vachipesana nemasangano ezvechitendero evaPurotesitendi nemasangano "mukutungamira uye mubhadharo wevatungamiriri vekunze", vachicherekedza mavambo ayo eAmerica, kwaachauya kuzoongorora zvekare Bvunzurudzo nekuti ipapo vafundisi "vakave nerubatsiro rukuru rwevabatsiri vehurumende mukudzvinyirira dzidziso dzenhema", vachipokana kuti chiitiko cheavo vanozviti maPurotesitendi "chakakanganisa kubatana kwenyika" uye "chakaparadzira kusawirirana mumhuri", zviri pachena chirevo cheevhangeri basa remapoka aya, chekutanga chevose vanobatana neWatch Tower Society.

Kutaura zvazviri, muchinyorwa chaFebruary 1-2, 1954, bepanhau reVatican, mu "Lettera dei Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia "("Tsamba yeMutungamiri weMatunhu Episcopal Misangano yeItaly ”), yakakurudzira vafundisi nevakatendeka kurwisa basa revaPurotesitendi neZvapupu zvaJehovha. Kunyange hazvo chinyorwa chisinga taure mazita, zviri pachena kuti chainyanya kureva ivo. Inoti: "Tinofanira kubva tashora zvakawandisa mapurotesitendi echiPurotesitendi, anowanzove ekune dzimwe nyika, ari kudyara zvikanganiso zvakaipisisa kunyangwe munyika medu (…) kusara kune avo vari pabasa (…)." "Ndiani anofanira kunge ari" aigona chete kuve Veruzhinji Chengetedzo zviremera. Muchokwadi, Vatican yakakurudzira vapirisita kuti vatuke maJWs - uye nezvimwe zvitendero zvisiri zveKaturike, kutanga vePentekosti, vakatambudzwa zvakaomarara nevaFascist neChristian Democratic Italy kusvika kuma1950 -[67] kuvakuru vemapurisa: mazana vakasungwa, asi vazhinji vakasunungurwa nekukasira, vamwe vakabvisiswa faindi kana kusungwa, kunyangwe vachishandisa mirawo isina kubviswa yemutemo weFascist, zvichipiwa izvo sekune zvimwe zvitendero - funga nezvevePentekosti - iyo Gurukota reMakurukota kwete . 600/158 yaApril 9, 1935 inozivikanwa se "Circular Buffarini-Guidi" (kubva muzita ra Undersecretary weInterior uyo akasaina, rakanyorwa naArturo Bocchini uye nemvumo yaMussolini) uye akamhan'arirwawo nekutyorwa kwezvinyorwa. 113, 121 uye 156 yeMutemo wakabatanidzwa pamusoro pePublic Security mitemo yakaburitswa nefascism iyo yaida rezinesi kana kunyoreswa mumarejista chaiwo kune avo vanogovera zvinyorwa (art. 113), vaiita basa revatengesi mumugwagwa (art. 121), kana ivo yakaita kuunganidzwa kwemari kana kuunganidzwa (art. 156).[68]

6. Kushaikwa kwekufarira kwevakuru vezvematongerwo enyika veUS kwaizobva mukuti JWs vanorega zvematongerwo enyika vachitenda kuti "havasi venyika" (John 17: 4). Iyo JWs inorairwa zvakajeka kuchengetedza kusarerekera kune zvematongerwo enyika nemauto nyaya dzenyika;[69] nhengo dzezvitendero dzinokurudzirwa kuti dzisapindire pane zviri kuitwa nevamwe maererano nekuvhota musarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika, kukwikwidza chinzvimbo chezvematongerwo enyika, kujoina masangano ezvematongerwo enyika, kudanidzira masirogani ezvematongerwo enyika, nezvimwe. La Torre di Guardia (Chinyorwa cheItaly) chaNovember 15, 1968 mapeji 702-703 uye yaSeptember 1, 1986 mapeji 19-20. Ichishandisa simba rayo risingapikiswi, hutungamiriri hweZvapupu zvaJehovha hwakakonzera vateveri muhuwandu hwenyika (asi kwete mune mamwe matunhu muSouth America) kuti vasaonekwe pakuvhota musarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika. isu tichatsanangura zvikonzero zvesarudzo iyi tichishandisa tsamba kubva kubazi reRome reJWs:

Izvo zvinotyora kusarerekera hakusi kungoonekera panzvimbo yekuvhotera kana kupinda munzvimbo yekuvhotera. Iko kutyora kunoitika kana munhu wacho aita sarudzo yehurumende isiri iyo yaMwari. (Jn 17: 16) Munyika umo mune chisungo chekuenda kunzvimbo dzekuvhotera, hama dzinozvibata sezvakaratidzwa muW 64. MuItari hakuna chisungo chakadai kana kuti hapana zvirango kune avo vasingaratidzi. Avo vanouya, kunyangwe kana vasina kusungirwa, vanofanira kuzvibvunza kuti sei vachizviita. Nekudaro, chero munhu anozviratidza asi asingaite sarudzo, asingatyori kusarerekera, haasi pasi pechirango chekomiti yekutonga. Asi munhu wacho haasi muenzaniso wakanaka. Dai anga ari mukuru, mushumiri anoshumira, kana piyona, haaigona kuve asina chaanopomerwa uye aibviswa pamutoro wake. (1Tim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Zvisinei, kana chero munhu akauya kunzvimbo dzekuvhotera, zvakanaka kuti vakuru vataure naye kuti vanzwisise kuti sei. Zvimwe anoda rubatsiro kuti anzwisise nzira yehungwaru yekutevera. Asi kunze kwekuti iye anogona kurasikirwa nemamwe maropafadzo, kuenda kunzvimbo dzekuvhota sega inoramba iri nyaya yemunhu nehana.[70]

Nezve hutungamiriri hweZvapupu zvaJehovha:

Chiito cheanowona anoratidza vhoti yakasarudzika kutyora kwekusarerekera. Kuputsa kusarerekera pane zvakafanira kupfuura kuzvizivisa pachako, zvinodikanwa kuratidza zvaunofarira. Kana chero munhu akaita izvi, anozvibvisa kuungano nekutyora kwaakaita kusarerekera. Isu tinonzwisisa kuti vanhu vakakura pamweya havazvipe ivo pachavo se, sekuItaly, hazvimanikidze. Zvikasadaro maitiro asina kujeka anoratidzwa. Kana munhu akazviratidza uye ari mukuru kana mushumiri anoshumira, anogona kubviswa. Nekusava nenguva musangano, zvakadaro, munhu anozviratidza acharatidza kuti haana kusimba pamweya uye anozotarisirwa akadaro nevakuru. Zvakanaka kurega munhu wese achitora zvake basa. Mukukupa iwe mhinduro tinotaura kwauri kuna W Gumiguru 1, 1970 p. 599 uye 'Vita Eterna' chits. 11. Zvinobatsira kutaura izvi mukutaurirana muchivande kwete pamisangano. Ehezve, kunyangwe pamisangano tinogona kusimbisa kukosha kwekusarerekera, zvisinei nyaya yacho haina kusimba zvekuti ruzivo rwacho rwunonyanya kutaurwa nemuromo, muchivande.[71]

Sezvo maJW akabhabhatidzwa "asiri epanyika", kana nhengo yeungano ikapfidza ikateedzera maitiro anotyora kusarerekera kwechiKristu, ndiko kuti, anovhota, anopindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kana kuita basa remauto, anozviparadzanisa neungano, zvichikonzera ostracism uye kufa munharaunda, sezvakaratidzwa mukati La Torre di Guardia (Chinyorwa cheItaly) Chikunguru 15, 1982, 31, yakavakirwa panaJohani 15: 9. Kana JW ikataurwa kuti iri kutyora kusarerekera kwechiKristu asi ichiramba rubatsiro rwunopihwa nekutonga, komiti yekutonga yevakuru inofanira kutaura chokwadi chinosimbisa kupatsanurwa kubazi renyika kuburikidza nehurongwa hwehuchenjeri hunosanganisira kuzadza mamwe mafomu, akasainwa S-77 uye S-79, ayo achasimbisa danho.

Asi kana kune hutungamiriri hwesangano kutyora kwechokwadi kwechirevo chekusarerekera kwechiKristu kuchiratidzwa nevhoti yezvematongerwo enyika, nei maJWs akatsigira chinzvimbo chekusaenda kuvhoti? Zvinotaridza kuti Dare Rinodzora rinosarudza sarudzo yakaoma kudaro, kuitira "kusamutsa fungidziro uye kusagumbusa vamwe",[72] "Kukanganwa", mune yakanyatsoitika Itari kesi, hunyanzvi. 48 yeItaly Constitution inoti: "Vhoti ndeyemunhu uye yakaenzana, yakasununguka uye yakavanzika. Kuita kwaro iko basa reruzhinji"; "kukanganikwa" iyo hunyanzvi. 4 weMutemo Wakabatanidzwa kwete. 361 yaKurume 3, 1957, yakaburitswa mune yakajairwa yekuwedzera kune iyo Gazzetta Ufficiale  Aihwa. 139 yaChikumi 3, 1957 inotaura kuti: “Kuitwa kwekuvhota i basa uko hakuna mugari angatizira asina kukundikana kumabasa chaiwo akananga kunyika. ” Saka nei Dare Rinodzora nedare rebazi paRome Bheteri vasingatore matanho maviri aya? Nekuti kuItaly hapana mutemo chaiwo unokonzeresa kuranga avo vasingaendi kunovhota, mutemo pachinzvimbo uripo mune dzimwe nyika dzeSouth America uye unounza vemuno nevekunze maJW kuti vaende kunzvimbo dzekuvhotera, kuti varege kuita zvirango zvekutonga. , zvakadaro kudzima vhoti zvinoenderana ne "Christian neytrality".

Kana dziri sarudzo dzematongerwo enyika, chiitiko chekurega muItaly chakabata muma1970. Kana, mushure mehondo, vagari veItari vakanzwa kukudzwa kugona kutora chikamu muhupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika hweRepublic mushure memakore ehudzvanyiriri hwehudzvanyiriri, nekuuya kwezvinyadzo zvakawanda zvakabatana nemapato, kumagumo muma70s, kuvimba kweavo ndine kodzero yekupotsa. Ichi chiitiko chiripo nanhasi uye chinoratidza kusavimbika zvakanyanya mumapato uye nekudaro mune democracy. Sezvakataurwa neongororo yeITTAT mune izvi: "Mugove wevavhoti vasina kuenda kuvhoti wakaramba wakawedzera kubva pasarudzo dzematongerwo enyika dza1976, payakamiririra 6.6% yevavhoti, kudzamara kubvunzana kwekupedzisira muna 2001, kuchisvika 18.6% yevaya vane kodzero yekuvhota. Kana iro rakakosha data - ndicho chikamu chevagari vasina kuenda kunovhota - ichiwedzerwa iyo data ine chekuita neaya anonzi mavhoti asina kutaurwa (mavhoti asina kusarudzika uye asina kuvhota), chinoshamisa chekukura kwe "kusavhota" inotora zviyero zvakatokura, inosvika anosvika mumwe muvoti vana mukubvunzana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwazvino ”[73] Zviripachena kuti kusavhotera, kupfuura "kusarerekera kwevaKristu" kunogona kuva nerevo yezvematongerwo enyika, chimbofunga nezvemapoka ezvematongerwo enyika, akaita seanarchist, ayo asingavhote sezviratidzo zvekuvenga kwavo kwakanyanya kune vezvematongerwo enyika uye kupinda mumasangano. Italy yakagara iine vezvematongerwo enyika vaikoka vavhoti kuti vasavhote kuti vasasvika kuchikwata mune mamwe mareferendamu. Panyaya yeJWs, kurega kuita kune kukosha kwezvematongerwo enyika, nekuti, kufanana neanarchist, chiratidzo chekuvengana kwavo kwakadzama kune chero mhando yezvematongerwo enyika, ayo, maererano nedzidziso yavo, angashora hutongi hwaJehovha. JWs havazvione sevagari ve "ino yezvinhu mamiriro ezvinhu", asi, zvichibva pana 1 Petro 2:11 ("Ndinokukurudzirai sevatorwa uye vagari venguva pfupi kuti murambe muchirega zvido zvenyama," NWT) ivo vakaparadzaniswa chero hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika: “Munyika dzinopfuura mazana maviri dzavari, zvapupu zvaJehovha vagari vanoteerera mutemo, asi zvisinei nekwavanogara, vakaita sevatorwa: vanochengeta chinzvimbo chekusarerekera zvachose zvine chekuita nezvematongerwo enyika. uye nyaya dzemagariro. Kunyangwe izvozvi vanozviona sevagari venyika itsva, nyika yakavimbiswa naMwari. Vanofara kuti mazuva avo se vagari venguva pfupi mugadziriro yenyika isina kukwana iri kusvika kumugumo. ”[74]

Izvi, zvakadaro, ndizvo zvinofanirwa kuitwa kune vese vateveri, kunyangwe kana vatungamiriri, vese vari vemuzinda wepasi rose uye wemapazi akasiyana siyana pasirese, vachiwanzoshandisa zvematongerwo enyika kuita. Muchokwadi, iko kutarisisa kwakajeka kunhandare yezvematongerwo enyika nevepamusoro maJW eItari kunosimbiswa nezvakasiyana zvinyorwa: mutsamba ya1959 zvakacherechedzwa kuti bazi reItaly reWatch Tower Society rakakurudzira zvakajeka kuvimba nemagweta "ere republican kana ezvematongerwo enyika. maitiro ”nekuti" ndiwo akanyanya kuzvidzivirira ", nekudaro tichishandisa zvimiro zvematongerwo enyika, zvinorambidzwa kutevedzera, pazviri pachena kuti gweta rinofanirwa kukosheswa nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, kwete hwebato.[75] Iyo ya1959 haizove yega nyaya, asi zvinoita sekunge yaive tsika kune iyo chikamu chebazi reItari: makore mashoma apfuura, muna 1954 tiye Italian Bazi reNharireyomurindi rakatumira mapiyona chaiwo maviri - ndiko kuti, vaparidzi venguva yakazara munzvimbo dzinonyanya kudiwa vaparidzi; mwedzi wega wega vanopa maawa makumi matatu nemana kana kudarika kushumiro, vaine hupenyu hwakadzikama uye mari shoma kubva kuSangano - kupinda muguta reTerni, Lidia Giorgini naSerafina Sanfelice.[76] Iwo mapiyona maviri eJW, sevaparidzi vazhinji venguva iyoyo, vachamhan'arwa nekubhadhariswa kuparidza pasuo nesuo. Mutsamba, zvichitevera kunyunyuta, bazi reItaly reZvapupu zvaJehovha rinopa zano kune mukuru ane mhosva gweta redziviriro yemapiyona maviri, pahwaro hwezvidzidzo, asi pachena zvematongerwo enyika.

Mudiwa hama,

Isu tinokuzivisai kuti kutongwa kwemasisita mapiyona aya kuchaitwa musi waNovember 6 kuTerni District Court.

Sosaiti ichadzivirira maitiro aya uye nekuda kweizvi tichafara kuziva kubva kwauri kana uchigona kuwana gweta muTerni anogona kutora dziviriro pakutongwa.

Mukutora ichi kufarira, tinosarudza kuti sarudzo yegweta ive yemaitiro asiri echikominisiti. Tinoda kushandisa gweta reRepublican, Liberal kana reSocial Democrat. Chimwe chinhu chatinoda kuziva pamberi zvichave mari yegweta.

Paunongova neruzivo urwu, ndokumbira utaure naro kuhofisi yedu, kuti Sosaiti ienderere mberi nenyaya iyi uye isarudze. Isu tinokuyeuchidza iwe kuti haufanire kuita chero gweta, asi chete kuti uwane ruzivo, tichimirira kutaurirana kwedu maererano netsamba yako.

Unofara kushandira pamwe newe mubasa rehumwari, uye takamirira kutaurwa kwako, tinokutumira kukwazisa kwedu sehama.

Hama dzako mukutenda kwakakosha

Watch Tower B&T Sosaiti[77]

Mutsamba iyo Hofisi yeItaly yeWatch Tower Society's Branch, iri muRome muVia Monte Maloia 10, yakabvunzwa JW Dante Pierfelice kuti ape mhosva yekudzivirira nyaya kune gweta Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), kanzura wedunhu muTerni uye mukwikwidzi musarudzo dzemutemo dza1953 dzebato reRepublican Party, waibhadharisa zviuru gumi, chiyero chakatariswa nebazi se "chinonzwisisika", ndokuvhara makopi maviri emitsara yakafanana kuratidza gweta.[78]

Izvo zvikonzero zveparamende zvakagamuchirwa muna 1954 na 1959, zvimiro zvematongerwo enyika, zvinonzwisisika, zviyero zvinopfuura zviri pamutemo, asi kana zvakajairika JW zvikazvishandisa, zvaizotongwa kwete zvemweya chaizvo, yakajeka nyaya "Mbiri mbiri". Muchokwadi, munzvimbo yezvematongerwo enyika yehondo yapashure pehondo, Republican Party (PRI), iyo Social-Democratic Party (PSDI) neLiberal Party (PLI) vaive mauto ezvematongerwo enyika mazana matatu, venyika uye vane mwero, vaviri vekutanga ve "demokrasi." kuruboshwe ”, uye wekupedzisira anochengetedza asi asiri wepanyika, asi vese vatatu vachange vari pro-American neAtlanticist;[79] zvingadai zvisina kukodzera sangano remireniyoni rinoita kuti kurwisana neKaturike kuve kwakasimba kushandisa gweta rakabatana neveChristian Democrats, uye kutambudzwa kuchangobva kuitwa panguva yehutongi hwechiFascos kwakasiya mukana wekutaurirana negweta rerudyi kodzero, rakabatana kuSocial Movement (MSI), bato rezvematongerwo enyika rinozotora nhaka ye fascism. Hazvishamisi kuti tichidzivirira mamishinari nevaparidzi uye vanoramba chiuto nekuda kwehana JW, tichava nemagweta senge gweta Nicola Romualdi, mutori wenyika yeRepublican anodzivirira maJWs kweanopfuura makore makumi matatu "pakanga pakaoma kwazvo kuwana gweta richida kutsigira ( …) Kukonzera ”uye ndiani achanyorawo akati wandei zvinyorwa mupepanhau repamutemo rePRI, La Voce Repubblicana, vachitsigira boka rechitendero muzita rekusatenda. Mune chinyorwa cha1954, akanyora kuti:

Vakuru vemapurisa vanoramba vachityora mutemo uyu werusununguko [rwechitendero], vachidzivisa misangano ine runyararo yevatendi, vachiparadzira vanopomerwa mhosva, vachimisa vanoparadzira, vachivayambira, kurambidzwa kugara, kudzosera kuMaspala nzira yechisungo . Sezvatakamboreva, zvinowanzo kuve mubvunzo weavo maratidziro achangobva kunzi "zvisina kunangana". Iyo Ruzhinji Kuchengetedzwa, ndiko kuti, kana iyo Arma dei Carabinieri, havaite nekurambidza nenzira kwayo kuratidzwa kwemanzwiro echitendero ari kukwikwidza neyeCatholic, asi tora sekunyepedzera kumwe kudarika uko kana kusipo, kana zviri mhedzisiro kuvhara uye kunetseka kwemitemo iri kushanda. Dzimwe nguva, semuenzaniso, vanogovera maBhaibheri kana mapepa ekunamata vanopokana kuti havana rezinesi rakatemerwa vanotengesa mumigwagwa; dzimwe nguva misangano inoputswa nekuti - zvinotaurwa - mvumo yepamberi yemapurisa haina kukumbirwa; dzimwe nguva vanoparadzira nhema vanotsoropodzwa nekuda kwehunhu uye hunogumbura hunhu, zvisinei, zvinoita sekunge ivo, mukufarira kwavo kwekuparadzira, vane mhosva. Kurongeka kweruzhinji kunozivikanwa kazhinji pachikuva, muzita rekupokana kwakawanda munguva yakapfuura kwakakodzera.[80]

Kusiyana netsamba ya1959 yaingodaidzira kuti gweta riri padyo nePRI nePSDI ishandiswe, tsamba ya1954 yakaratidza kuti bazi rakasarudza kuti sarudzo yegweta raizoshandisa yakawira pane imwe "yevasina-chikomunisti." Kunyangwe paine chokwadi chekuti mune mamwe maseruya meya vakasarudzwa pamazita eSocialist Party neCommunist Party vakabatsira, mune kiyi inopesana neCatholic (kubvira vanhu veKaturike pavakavhotera Christian Democracy), nharaunda dzeevhangeri dzemuno nemaJWs vachidzvinyirira yevaKaturike, kuhaya gweta raMarxist, kunyangwe hazvo asiri wenyika uye achitsigira vezvitendero vashoma, angadai akasimbisa kupomedzerwa kwacho, kunyepa nekutaurwa kumamishinari asiri eKatorike, ekuti "maKomonisiti anopandukira",[81] pomero iyo isina kuratidzwa - ichititadzisa isu chete kune maJWs - kune zvinyorwa zvesangano, izvo mumutsamba kubva kuItari zvakaburitsa kutanga muAmerican edition uyezve, mushure memwedzi mishoma, muItaly, kwete kungoshoropodza kwe Chechi yeKaturike yakawandisa asiwo ye "communist athei", ichisimbisa mabatirwo akaitwa mamiriro eAmerica, uko kwakatonga anti-komunizimu.

Chinyorwa chakaburitswa muchinyorwa cheItaly che La Torre di Guardia yaJanuary 15, 1956 pamusoro pebasa reCommunist yeItaly muKaturike Italy, inoshandiswa kuzviparadzanisa kubva kupomero yakatangwa nevakuru vechechi yekuti maCommunist vakashandisa mapurotesitendi neechiKaturike (kusanganisira Zvapupu) kubatsira kuputsa nzanga:

Vakuru vezvitendero vakapokana kuti vatsigiri vechiKomonisiti uye vatori venhau "havavanzi kunzwira tsitsi kwavo uye kutsigira uku kwekuparadzanisa kwevaPurotesitendi." Asi ndizvo zvazviri here? Kufambira mberi kukuru kurusununguko rwekunamata kwakaitwa muItari, asi izvi hazvina kuitika pasina kuoma. Uye kana mapepanhau erecommunist achishuma mumakoramu avo kushungurudzwa uye kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwevezvitendero zvidiki, kunetsekana kwavo hakuzi nedzidziso chaiyo, kana nekunzwira tsitsi kana kutsigira zvimwe zvitendero, asi nekuita mari yezvematongerwo enyika kunze kwekuti zviito zvisirizvo zvebumbiro inotorwa ichipesana nemapoka mashoma aya. Chokwadi chinoratidza kuti maKomonisiti haafarire zvakanyanya zvinhu zvemweya, zvingave zveKaturike kana zvisiri zveKaturike. Chavanonyanya kufarira chiri muzvinhu zvinoonekwa zvepano pasi. VaKomonisiti vanoseka avo vanotenda muzvipikirwa zvehumambo hwaMwari pasi paKristu, vachivadaidza kuti mbwende uye utachiona.

Vanodhindisa vechiKomonisiti vanoseka Bhaibheri uye vanopomera vashumiri vechiKristu vari kudzidzisa Shoko raMwari. Semuenzaniso, cherekedza mushumo unotevera kubva mupepanhau reCommunist Chokwadi yeBrescia, Italy. Ichidana zvapupu zvaJehovha kuti "tsori dzeAmerica dzakazvishandura kuva 'mamishinari,'" yakati: "Vanoenda paimba neimba uye ne'Magwaro Matsvene 'vachiparidza kuzviisa kuhondo kwakagadzirwa nemaAmerican," uye zvakapomera zvenhema kuti mamishinari aya akabhadharwa. vamiririri vemabhangi eNew York neChicago uye vaiedza "kuunganidza ruzivo rwemhando dzose maererano nevarume uye zvinoitwa nemasangano [echiKomonisiti]." Munyori akapedzisa achiti “basa revashandi, vanoziva kudzivirira nyika yavo zvakanaka. . . saka kurovera gonhi kumeso kwevasori vane hutsinye vakazvinyepera kuva vafundisi. ”

MaCommunist mazhinji eItaly haarambe kuti madzimai avo nevana vavo vapinde chechi yeKaturike Ivo vanonzwa kuti sezvo rumwe rudzi rwechinamato rwuchidikanwa nevakadzi nevana zvinogonawo kunge chiri chekare chitendero chakare icho ivo madzibaba avo chavakadzidzisa. Nharo yavo ndeyekuti hapana chakaipa mudzidziso dzezvitendero zveChechi yeKaturike, asi hupfumi hwechechi ndihwo hunovatsamwisa uye nekutsigira kwechechi nenyika dzemabhizimusi. Asi chitendero cheKaturike ndicho chikuru muItaly — chokwadi chinozivikanwa nevaKomonisiti vanotsvaga kuvhota. Seizvo zvirevo zvavo zvinodzokororwa kuruzhinji zvinoratidza, maKomonisiti angasarudza zvakanyanya Chechi yeKaturike semubatsiri pane chimwe chitendero muItari.

VaKomonisiti vakatsunga kutora kutonga kweItari, uye izvi vanogona chete nekukunda kudivi ravo huwandu hukuru hwevaKaturike, kwete vasiri maKatorike. Pamusoro pazvose, izvi zvinoreva kupwisa mazita ekuti maCatholic zvekuti communism zvirokwazvo haisi kufarira chero chitendero. VaKomonisiti vanofarira zvikuru mavhoti evarombo veKaturike, kirasi iyo yakasungirirwa mutsika yeKaturike kwemazana emakore, uye mumashoko emutungamiriri wechiCommunist weItaly ivo "havabvunze nyika yeKaturike kuti irege kuva nyika yeKaturike, "Asi" vanofarira kunzwisisana. "[82]

Kusimbisa kuti sangano reZvapupu zvaJehovha, kunyangwe hazvo "kusarerekera" kuchiparidzwa, kuri kufurirwa neAmerican kumashure, hapana zvinyorwa zvishoma, pakati pe50s ne70s, apo pane imwe anti-komunisiti yakanangana nePCI, ichipomera chechi yekusave dziviriro kurwisa "matsvuku".[83] Zvimwe zvinyorwa kubva kuma1950 nema1970 zvinowanzo tarisa zvakashata kusimuka kwechikominisiti, zvichiratidza kuti nhoroondo yekuNorth America yakakosha. Pane chiitiko cheInternational Convention yeJWs yakaitirwa muRome muna 1951, magazini yemusangano inotsanangura izvozvi seinotevera:

“Vazivisi voUmambo vekuItaly nemamishinari vakanga vashanda kwemazuva vachigadzirira pasi nehoro kuitira gungano iri. Chivako chaishandiswa chaive chakaumbwa saL chakaumbwa. VaKomonisiti vakanga vambovako nguva yakati yapfuura uye vakasiya zvinhu mumamiriro anosiririsa. Uriri hwaive hwakasviba uye madziro akazorwa nemataurirwo ezvematongerwo enyika. Murume akabhadharwa nzvimbo nehama nechivakwa akati aisakwanisa kubhadhara mari yekugadzirisa zvinhu kwemazuva matatu ekokorodzano. Akaudza zvapupu zvaJehovha kuti vaigona kuita chero chavaida kuita kuti nzvimbo yacho iratidzike. Muridzi paakauya panzvimbo zuva rakatangira gungano, akashamisika kuona kuti madziro ese echivako ataizoshandisa aive akapendwa uye pasi pakachena. yakaiswa muhurongwa uye yakanaka tribune yakavakwa pakona ye "L". Mwenje yemagetsi yakasimbiswa. Iko kuseri kweiyo nhanho kwakagadzirwa newaurel girini rakarukwa mambure uye rakazara nepingi uye yakatsvuka macaration. Chaiita kunge chivakwa chitsva uye kwete nzvimbo yekuparara uye kumukira kwakasiiwa nevaKomonisiti. ”[84]

Uye pachiitiko che "Gore Dzvene ra1975", pamusoro pekutsanangura kusazvibata kwenzanga yeItaly muma1970, uko "vakuru vechechi vanobvuma kuti isingasviki mumwe chete muvatatu veItaly (…) vanogara vachienda kuchechi", magazini Svegliatevi! (Mukai!) inorekodha imwe "tyisidziro" pakunamata kwevaItari, iyo inofarira boka kubva kuchechi:

Uku ndiko kupinda kwemuvengi mukuru weChechi pakati pevanhu veItari, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki. Uyu muvengi wechitendero chikominisiti. Kunyangwe pazviitiko zvakati dzidziso yechiKomonisiti inokodzera zvese chitendero nedzimwe pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika, chinangwa chekupedzisira chechikominisi hachina kuchinja. Ichi chinangwa ndechekubvisa chinamato chesimba uye simba pese paine communism musimba.

Kwemakore makumi matatu apfuura muItaly, dzidziso yeKaturike yepamutemo yanga iri yekusasarudza vavhoti vechiCommunist. MaKaturike akayambirwa kakawanda kuti vasavhote Communist, pakurwadziwa kwekudzingwa. Muna Chikunguru cheGore Dzvene, mabhishopi eKatorike eLombardy vakati vapristi vaikurudzira maItaly kuti vavhotere chiKomonisiti vaifanira kusiya zvimwe vaizoisa panjodzi yekudzingwa.

L'Osservatore Romano, nhengo yeVictoria, yakaburitsa chiziviso nemabhishopi ekuchamhembe kweItaly umo vakataura "kusafara kwavo kunorwadza" kwemhedzisiro yesarudzo munaJune 1975 umo maKomonisiti akahwina mamirioni maviri nehafu emavhoti, zvichidarika huwandu hwevhoti yakawanikwa nebato riri kutonga richitsigirwa neVatican. Uye kusvika kumagumo egore dzvene, muna Mbudzi, Pope Paul akapa yambiro nyowani kuvaKaturike vaitsigira Bato reCommunist. Asi kwenguva yakati zvave pachena kuti yambiro dzakadai dzakawira panzeve dzakawanda.[85]

Nezve mhedzisiro yakanaka yePCI pamitemo ya1976, kubvunzana kwakaona Christian Democracy ichikunda zvekare, yakadzikama ne38.71%, iyo hukuru, zvisinei, kekutanga, hwakakanganiswa zvakanyanya neItari Communist Party iyo, kuwana kukurumidza kusimukira mukutsigirwa (34.37%), kwakamisa mashoma muzana muzana kubva kumaChristian Democrats, ichikura mhedzisiro yakanaka munhoroondo yayo, kune iyo Watchtower mhedzisiro iyi chiratidzo chekuti "mamiriro ezvinhu" aipera uye kuti Bhabhironi iro rakakura raizove rakabviswa munguva pfupi yapfuura (isu tiri pfupi mushure ma1975, apo sangano rakaporofita nezveAmagedhoni yava pedyo, sezvatichaona gare gare) nemaKomonisiti, sezvakaratidzwa La Torre di Guardia yaApril 15, 1977, peji. 242, muchikamu "Significato delle notizie": 

Musarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakaitwa muItaly zhizha rapfuura, bato rakawanda, Christian Democracy, ichitsigirwa neChechi yeKaturike, yakakunda kukunda kwakamanikana pamusoro peCommunist Party. Asi vaKomonisiti vakaramba vachiwana mukana. Izvi zvakaonekwawo musarudzo dzemuno dzakaitwa panguva imwe chete. Semuenzaniso, mukutonga kwemanisiparati weRome, Communist Party yakahwina makumi matatu neshanu muzana muzana yemavhoti, zvichienzaniswa ne35.5 muzana yerusununguko rwevaKristu. Saka, kekutanga Roma ikava pasi pesimba remubatanidzwa unotungamirwa nemaCommunist. "Sunday News" muNew York yakati izvi "yaive nhanho yekudzokera kuVatican uye napapa, uyo anoshandisa chiremera chebhishopi weKaturike weRoma". Nemavhoti muRome, Communist Party ikozvino inotungamira mukutonga kweguta rega rega reItaly, inoona "Nhau". (…) Maitiro aya akanyorwa muItari nedzimwe nyika achienda kune mamwe marudzi ehurumende uye kubva muchitendero che "Orthodox" inhema kumakereke echiKristu. Zvisinei izvi zvakafanotaurwa muuporofita hwemuBhaibheri munaZvakazarurwa chitsauko 33.1 ne17.Ipapo Shoko raMwari rinoburitsa pachena kuti zvitendero izvo 'zvakapata' nenyika ino zvichangoerekana zvaparadzwa munguva pfupi iri kutevera, zvichishamisa vatsigiri vezvitendero izvi. .

Mutungamiriri wechiCommunist Berlinguer, nekudaro, anozivikanwa nevose semunhu wezvematongerwo enyika akanyatsoita zviri pakati nepakati (akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma bato rePCI kubva kuSoviet Union), mupfungwa dzakasimba dzeWatch Tower Society yakanga yoda kuparadza Bhabhironi muItari: tsitsi kuti nemhedzisiro yesarudzo yakavhura chikamu che "nhoroondo yekusawirirana" pakati peDC yeAldo Moro nePCI yeEnrico Berlinguer, danho rakatangwa muna 1973 iro rinoratidza maitiro ekudzokerana pakati pevaChristian Democrats nemaKomonisiti eItaly akacherechedzwa muma1970, ichatungamira, mu1976, kuhurumende yekutanga yeChristian Democratic isina-ruvara iyo yaitongwa nevhoti yekunze yevamiriri veCommunist, inonzi "National Solidarity", inotungamirwa naGiulio Andreotti. Muna 1978 hurumende iyi yakasiya basa kuti ibvumidze kupinda kwakawanda kwePCI kune vakawanda, asi mutsetse wakadzikama kwazvo wehurumende yeItaly wakazvipira kupaza zvese; nyaya yacho ichaguma muna 1979, mushure mekupambwa kwekuurayiwa kwemutungamiri weChristian Democrat nemagandanga eMarxist eRed Brigades kwakaitika nil 16 Kurume 1978.

Sangano reapokalyptic eschatology rakagadziriswawo kuti rakagadziriswa nezviitiko zvepasirese, sekumuka kwaHitler neCold War: mukududzira Danieri 11, iyo inotaura nezvekukakavadzana pakati pamambo wekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uko kune maJWs kuzadzikiswa kwakapetwa kaviri, Dare Rinodzora richazivisa mambo weSouth ne "masimba maviri eAnglo-America" ​​uye mambo weNorth neNazi Germany muna 1933, uye mushure mekupera kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri neUSSR nevatsigiri vayo. . Kupunzika kweRusvingo rweBerlin kunotungamira musangano kumisa kuzivisa Mambo wekumaodzanyemba nemaSoviet.[86] Anti-Sovietism ikozvino yasanduka mukushoropodza Russian Federation yaVladimir Putin, iyo yakarambidza masangano epamutemo eWatcht Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Mamiriro ekunze achachinja kune maJWs - uye neasina-maCatholic machechi - nekuda kwezviitiko zvakasiyana, sekumiswa kwekushandisa denderedzwa re "Buffarini Guidi", rakaitika muna 1954 (zvichitevera mutongo weDare reCassation re30 Mbudzi 1953, iyo iyo denderedzwa iri yakaramba iri "yakarongeka yemukati, yekuraira kumitumbi yakatarisana, pasina chero kuziviswa kune vagari, seizvo Koreji iyi yagara ichisarudza, haikwanise kuita zvirango zvemhosva kana ikasatevedzera mutemo"),[88] uye zvakanangana, kwemitongo miviri ya1956 na1957, iyo ichafarira basa reWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, ichirerutsa kuzivikanwa kwayo muItari sechitendero pachisungo cheChibvumirano cheItari neAmerica cheushamwari cha1948 pa inoenderana nezvimwe zvisiri zveKaturike zvitendero zvekuAmerica.

Mutsara wekutanga une chekuita nekupera kwekushandisa kwehunyanzvi. 113 yeMutemo wakabatanidzwa pamusoro pechengetedzo yeruzhinji, iyo inoda kuti "rezinesi remunharaunda kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu" "kugovera kana kuisa mukutenderera, munzvimbo yeruzhinji kana nzvimbo yakavhurika ruzhinji, zvinyorwa kana zviratidzo", uye zvakatungamira zviremera kuranga maJW, anozivikanwa nebasa repasuo nesuo. Constitutional Court, zvichitevera kusungwa kwevaparidzi vanoverengeka veWatch Tower Society, yakapa mutongo wekutanga munhoroondo yayo, yakaziviswa musi waJune 14, 1956,[89] mutongo wenhoroondo, wakasiyana nerudzi rwayo. Muchokwadi, sekutaura kwaPaolo Piccioli:

Mutongo uyu, unofungidzirwa kuti wakaitika kare nenyanzvi, hauna kuganhurirwa pakutarisa kukosha kwemutemo wataurwa pamusoro apa. Yakanga iine chekutanga kutaura pamusoro pemubvunzo wakakosha uye ndiko kusimbisa, kamwechete kwenguva dzose, kana simba rayo rekutonga rakawedzerawo kune izvo zvakange zviripo zveMutemo, kana kuti zvaifanira kungogumira kune izvo zvakapihwa mushure. Vafundisi vezvitendero vaive kare kare vakaunganidza vatongi vechiKaturike kuti vatsigire kusakwanisa kweDare pamusoro pemitemo yaivepo kare. Zviripachena vakuru veVictoria vaisada kubviswa kwemutemo wechiFascist nemidziyo yawo yezvirambidzo zvaitadzisa kutendeutsa kwevanamato vashoma. Asi Dare, rakanyatsoomerera kubumbiro remitemo, rakaramba dzidziso iyi nekusimbisa musimboti, unoti, "mutemo wezvebumbiro remitemo, nekuda kwechimiro chayo muhurongwa hweBumbiro rakaomarara, unofanirwa kukunda mutemo wakajairika". Nokutarisa chataurwa pamusoro apa Chinyorwa 113, Dare rinozivisa zvisiri pamutemo bumbiro remitemo yezvakasiyana zvirimo. Muna Kurume 1957, Pius XII, achitaura nezvechisarudzo ichi, akashoropodza "nekuzivisa kusazivikanwa kwebumbiro remitemo yeimwe tsika dzakapfuura".[90]

Mutongo wechipiri pachinzvimbo wakanangana nevateveri makumi maviri nematanhatu vakatongerwa nedare rakakosha. Panguva iyo vagari vemuItaly, vakatongerwa mhosva nedare iri, vakawana ongororo yekutongwa uye vakasunungurwa, Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova ("Sangano revaKristu reZvapupu zvaJehovha"), sekuzivikanwa kwaiitwa chitendero ichi. kuongororwa kwekutongwa kutora kodzero kwete yevasungwa makumi maviri nematanhatu, asi yesangano tout court,[91] zvichipiwa kuti mutongo weSpecial Court wakapa mhosva maJWs se "musangano wakavanzika wakanangana nekuparadzira mashoko ekuderedza mafungiro emunyika uye kuita zviito zvine chinangwa chekuchinja chimiro chehurumende" uye kuteedzera "zvinangwa zvematsotsi".[92]

Chikumbiro chekuongororwa kwekutongwa chakakurukurwa pamberi peDare reKukwidza reL'Aquila musi waKurume 20, 1957 nevane gumi nevatanhatu vakasungwa, vachidzivirirwa negweta Nicola Romualdi, gweta repamutemo rebazi reItaly reWatch Tower Society, nhengo weRepublican Party uye munyori we La Voce Repubblicana.

Chirevo chekudzokororwa kwemutongo chinoshuma kuti nepo gweta Romualdi akatsanangurira Dare kuti maJWs aiona hutungamiriri hwechiKaturike se "hure" nekupindira kwaro mune zvematongerwo enyika (nekuti kuburikidza nekuita zvemidzimu "nyika dzese dzakatsauswa" pana Zvakazarurwa 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "vatongi vakachinjanisa maziso uye kunyemwerera kwekunzwisisa". Dare rakasarudza kupidigura zvisungo zvakapfuura uye nekudaro rakaziva kuti basa rebazi reItaly reWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society rakanga risiri repamutemo kana rekumukira.[93] Chiyero ichi chakachengetwa zvichitarisa "chokwadi chekuti 1940 denderedzwa [iyo yakadzinga maJWs] haina kubviswa pachena kusvika parizvino, [saka] zvichave zvakakosha kutanga kuongorora mukana wekuunza kurambidza kwese kuita kwe iyo Association ", ichicherekedza zvakadaro" "zvaizo [ro] kuongororwa (…) zvingangoitika muUnited States of America",[94] zvichipiwa izvo, kunyangwe dai zviri pamutemo sangano revaJWs raive risina zvematongerwo enyika, hasha dzakanangana nesangano repamutemo reAmerica dzinogona zvakare kukonzera matambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika.

Asi shanduko yemazuva ano ichafarira kuzivikanwa zviri pamutemo kweiri nemamwe masangano asiri eKaturike kubva kuUnited States ichave Second Vatican Council (Gumiguru 1962-Zvita 1965), iyo pamwe ne "madzibaba" ayo 2,540 yaive kereke huru kwazvo nhoroondo yeChechi. Katurike uye imwe yeakakurumbira munhoroondo yevanhu, uye ichatora shanduko mubhaibheri, liturgical, ecumenical field uye musangano rehupenyu mukati meChechi, ichichinja chiKaturike pamudzi wayo, ichichinja dzidziso, ichiunza mitauro inotaurwa mhemberero, kukuvadza chiLatin, kumutsidzira tsika, kukurudzira kusangana. Nedudziro dzakauya mushure meKanzuru, maaritari akashandurwa uye zvimisikidzo zvakadudzirwa zvizere mumitauro yemazuva ano. Kana kutanga Chechi yeRoman Catholic ikasimudzira, kuve mwanasikana weCouncil of Trent (1545-1563) uye weCounter-Reformation, mhando dzekusashivirira kune vese vezvitendero, zvichikurudzira mauto ePS kuvadzvinyirira nekukanganisa misangano, magungano, achikurudzira vanhu vazhinji vakavarwisa nekuvakanda kwakasiyana-siyana kwavari, zvichitadzisa vateveri vezvitendero zvisiri zveKaturike kuwana basa reruzhinji uye kunyange mhemberero dzemariro,[95] awa, neChipiri Vatican Council, iyo ecclesiastics vanozozvidza ivo, uye vakatanga, kunyangwe magwaro akasiyana siyana ane chekuita neecumenism uye rusununguko rwechitendero, mamiriro ekunze akashata.

Izvi zvichave nechokwadi chekuti muna 1976 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania “yakagamuchirwa kukodzero dzakavimbiswa neChipangano cheUshamwari, Kutengeserana neNavigation muna 1949 pakati peItari Republic neUnited States of America”;[96] chinamato chinogona kukwidza Mutemo kwete. 1159 yaJune 24, 1929 pane "Zvigadziriso zvekuitwa kwezvitendero zvakabvumidzwa kuhurumende uye zvekuroora zvakapembererwa pamberi pevashandiri vamwe vekunamata", iko mune hunyanzvi. 1 pakanga paine kutaura nezve "Anogamuchirwa Machechi" uye haasisiri e "Anoregererwa Machechi" seAlbertine Statute yakatemerwa kubvira 1848, iyo "International Bible Students Association" yakasiyiwa nekuti yakanga isina hunhu hwepamutemo, isiri "Mutemo" kana muHumambo hweItari kana kunze kwenyika uye zvakarambidzwa kubvira 1927. Zvino, nekugamuchirwa kwekodzero kwakavimbiswa nechibvumirano chakatemwa neUnited States, bazi reItaly reWatch Tower Society raigona kuve nevashumiri vekunamata vane mukana wekupemberera michato inoshanda pazvinangwa zveveruzhinji, kunakirwa nehutano, kodzero dzemudyandigere dzinovimbiswa nemutemo, uye nekuwaniswa nzvimbo dzekuranga kuitira hushumiri.[97] Exponential yakagadzwa muItaly pahwaro hwedpr wa31 Gumiguru 1986, kwete 783, rakaburitswa mu Gazzetta ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana yaNovember 26, 1986.

8. Kubva mukupera kwema1940 kusvika kuma1960, kuwedzera kwevaparidzi veJW kwaiwanzo tsanangurwa neWatchtower Society seuchapupu hwenyasha dzaMwari. Hutungamiri hweAmerica hweZvapupu zvaJehovha ivo vakafara apo mukutsanangurwa kwenhau vakatsanangurwa se "chitendero chiri kukura nekukurumidza pasi rose" kupfuura "Mumakore gumi nemashanu, chakave nhengo dzayo kakapetwa katatu";[98] kutya bhomba reatomiki, hondo inotonhora, makakatanwa ane zvombo ezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri akaita kuti tarisiro dzeapocalyptic dzeNharireyomurindi dzive dzinobatika, uye dzichafarira kuwedzera nehutungamiriri hwaKnorr. Uye kurasikirwa kwesimba reChechi yeKaturike uye kweakasiyana "echinyakare" evhangeri machechi hakufanirwe kukanganikwa. Sokutaura kwakaita M. James Penton: “Vazhinji vaichimbova vaKaturike vakwezverwa kuZvapupu chifo che shanduko dzeVictoria II. Vanowanzotaura pachena kuti kutenda kwavo kwakazununguswa neshanduko mutsika dzechiKaturike uye vanoratidza kuti vaitsvaga chitendero chine 'zvibvumirano chaizvo' mutsika nemasimba akasimba. ”[99] Tsvagurudzo yaJohan Leman nezvevapoteri veSicilian muBelgium uye neyaiitwa naLuigi Berzano naMassimo Introvigne pakati peSicily zvinoita sekusimbisa kufunga kwaPenton[100]

Aya maonero akakomberedza "nyaya yeItaly", zvichipiwa kuti musangano weJW, munyika yeKaturike, wakabudirira zvikuru, pakutanga kukura kunonoka: mhedzisiro yematanho esangano akaiswa naMutungamiri Knorr munguva pfupi yakatendera kuburitswa kwemabhuku nguva nenguva La Torre di Guardia uye, kubvira 1955, Svegliatevi! Gore rimwe chetero, nzvimbo yeAbruzzo ndiyo yaive nenhamba huru kwazvo yevateveri, asi kwaive nematunhu eItaly, seMarches, uko kwaive kusina ungano. Chirevo chebasa cha1962 chakabvuma kuti, zvakare nekuda kwematambudziko akaongororwa pamusoro, "kuparidza kwakaitwa muchikamu chidiki cheItari".[101]

Nekufamba kwenguva, zvisinei, pakave nekuwedzera kwekuwedzera, uko kunogona kupfupikiswa seinotevera:

1948 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 …………………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 …………………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 …………………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 …………………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 …………………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
1969 ………………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
1971 ………………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
1975 ………………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Tinocherekedza kuwedzera kwakasimba kwazvo kwenhamba mumashure ma1971. Nei? Achitaura padanho rezvose, uye kwete nyaya yeItaly chete, M. James Penton anopindura, achitaura nezve hunhu hwehutungamiriri hweWatchtower mukutarisana nezvakanaka zvaitika mushure mehondo.

Ivo zvakare vakaita sekutora iyo yakasarudzika pfungwa yeAmerica yekugutsikana, kwete chete kubva pakuwedzera kunoshamisa kwenhamba dzevakabhabhatidza uye vaparidzi vatsva veZvapupu, asiwo nekuvakwa kwenzvimbo nyowani dzokudhindira, dzimbahwe rebazi, uye huwandu hunoshamisa hwemabhuku avakaburitsa. ndokuparadzirwa. Yakakura nguva dzose yaitaridzika kunge iri nani. Vakurukuri vanoshanyira kubva kuBheteri yeBrooklyn vaiwanzoratidza masiraidhi kana mafirimu esosaiti fekitori yekudhinda yeNew York ivo vachitaura zvine mutsindo kune vateereri veZvapupu kutenderera pasirese pauwandu hwepepa rinoshandiswa kupurinda Nharireyomurindi uye Mukai! magazini. Saka apo kuwedzera kukuru kwekutanga kwema1950 kwakatsiviwa nekukura kunonoka kwemakore gumi kana gumi nemaviri anotevera, izvi zvaishungurudza vese vatungamiriri veZvapupu uye neumwe neumwe weZvapupu zvaJehovha pasi rese.

Mhedzisiro yemanzwiro akadaro kune zvimwe Zvapupu chaive chivimbo chekuti pamwe basa rekuparidza rakange rave kuda kupera: pamwe vazhinji vemamwe makwai vakanga vaunganidzwa. Zvichida Amagedhoni yakanga yava pedyo.[103]

Zvese izvi zvichachinja, nekumhanyisa, izvo zvinokanganisa, sezvinoonekwa pamusoro, kuwedzera kwevateveri, muna 1966, apo Sosaiti yakapa magetsi nharaunda yese yeZvapupu nekuratidza gore ra1975 sekupera kwezviuru zvitanhatu zvemakore enhoroondo yevanhu uye , saka, sezvingabvira, kutanga kwechiuru chemakore chaKristu. Izvi zvaikonzerwa nebhuku idzva rakanzi Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio (Eng. Hupenyu Husingaperi Murusununguko rweVamwari vaMwari), Yakaburitswa pakokorodzano dzezhizha dzemuna 1966 (1967 kuItaly). Pamapeji 28-30 munyori waro, uyo akazozivikanwa kuti aive Frederick William Franz, mutevedzeri wemutungamiriri weNharireyomurindi, akataura mushure mekushoropodza kuverenga nguva kwebhaibheri kwakatsanangurwa nabhishopi mukuru weIrish, James Ussher (1581-1656), yaakaratidza 4004 BC. gore rekuzvarwa kwemurume wekutanga:

Kubva panguva yaUsher kwave nekudzidza kwakadzama kuverenga kwemabhaibheri. Muzana ramakumi maviri rino ongororo yakazvimiririra yakaitwa isingateveri zvakapusa kuverenga kwechiKristu, uye kuverenga kwakadhindwa kwenguva kunobva mukudzidza kwakazvimirira uku kunoratidza zuva rekusikwa kwemunhu sa4026 BC. EV Maererano neino yakavimbika nguva yekuverenga Bhaibheri, zviuru zvitanhatu zvemakore mushure mekusikwa kwemunhu zvichapera muna 1975, uye chiuru chechinomwe chemakore emakore nhoroondo yemunhu ichatanga mukudonha kwa1975 CE[104]

Munyori achaenderera mberi:

Makore zviuru zvitanhatu zvekuvapo kwemunhu pasi pano ave kuda kupera, hongu, mukati mechizvarwa ichi. Jehovha Mwari haagumi, sezvakanyorwa muPisarema 90: 1, 2, kuti: “Haiwa Jehovha, makaratidza kuti muri ugaro hwedu hwamambo kusvikira kumarudzi namarudzi. Makomo asati azvarwa, uye usati watarisira pasi nenyika inobereka, semarwadzo okusununguka, kubva pakusingaperi kusvikira pakusingaperi imi muri Mwari ”. Mukuona kwaJehovha Mwari, ipapoka, aya zviuru zvitanhatu zvamakore okuvapo kwomunhu izvo zviri kuda kupfuura zvakangofanana namazuva matanhatu emaawa makumi maviri namana, nokuti pisarema rimwe chetero (ndima 3, 4) rinoenderera richiti: “Unounza dzoserai munhu kuguruva, uye mukati, 'Dzokai vana vevanhu. Nekuti chiuru chemakore chiri mumaziso ako sepane zuro payakapfuura, uye sevarindi panguva yehusiku. ”M Haasi makore mazhinji muchizvarwa chedu, saka, tichauya kune zvingatariswe naJehovha Mwari sezuva rechinomwe rekuvapo kwevanhu.

Kwaizokodzera sei kuti Jehovha Mwari aite iyi nhambo yemakore ane chiuru chechinomwe nhambo yeSabata yezororo, Sabata guru reJubheri rokuzivisa rusununguko rwapasi kuvagari varo vose! Izvi zvingave zvakakodzera kwazvo vanhu. Izvo zvingave zvakare zvakakodzera kwazvo pachikamu chaMwari, nekuti, rangarira, vanhu vachiri pamberi payo izvo bhuku rekupedzisira reBhaibheri Dzvene rinotaura nezvaro sekutonga kwemireniyumu kwaJesu Kristu pasi pano, kutonga kwemireniyumu kwaKristu. Nechiporofita, Jesu Kristu, paaive pasi pano mazana gumi nemapfumbamwe emakore apfuura, akati nezvake: "Mwanakomana wemunhu ndiye Ishe weSabata." (Mateo 12: 8) Kwaisazove netsaona, asi zvaizove maererano nechinangwa cherudo chaJehovha Mwari kuti umambo hwaJesu Kristu, "Ishe weSabata", hwakamhanya hwakaenzana nemireniyumu yechinomwe yekurarama kwemunhu. ”[105]

Pakupera kwechitsauko, pamapeji 34 ne35, "Tabelle di date rinokosha della creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM "("Tafura yemazuva akakosha ekusikwa kwemunhu pa7000 AM ”) yakadhindwa. iyo inotaura kuti munhu wekutanga Adam akasikwa muna 4026 BCE uye kuti zviuru zvitanhatu zvemakore ekuvapo kwemunhu pasi pano zvaizopera muna 1975:

Asi chete kubva muna 1968 sangano rakapa mukurumbira kuzuva idzva remagumo ezviuru zvitanhatu zvemakore enhoroondo yemunhu uye zvingangoitika pamhedzisiro. Chinyorwa chitsva chidiki, La verità che conduce alla vita eterna, mutengesi akanyanyisa musangano akarangarirwa nekumwe kushuvira se "bhomba rebhuruu", rakaunzwa kukokorodzano dzeruwa gore iro raizotsiva bhuku rekare Sia Dio riconosciuto verace sedanho guru rekudzidza pakushandura, iro, senge bhuku ra1966, rakamutsa tarisiro yegore iro, 1975, riine zvirevo zvainongedzera kuchokwadi chekuti nyika haizopona kupfuura gore rakaipisisa, asi rinogadziriswa 1981 yakadhindwazve.[106] Sosaiti yakaratidzawo kuti zvidzidzo zveBhaibheri zvekugara nevanhu vane chekuita nerubatsiro rwebhuku idzva zvinofanirwa kuganhurirwa kunguva pfupi isingasviki mwedzi mitanhatu. Pakupera kwenguva iyoyo, vatendeuki vemunguva yemberi vanofanirwa kunge vatove maJWs kana kuti vanowanzoenda kuImba yoUmambo yemuno. Nguva yakanga yakaganhurirwa zvekuti yakagadziriswa zvekuti dai vanhu vasina kugamuchira "Chokwadi" (sekutsanangurwa nemaJWs mumidziyo yavo yedzidziso nedzidziso yezvouMwari) mukati memwedzi mitanhatu, mukana wekuziva waifanirwa kupihwa vamwe zvisati zvave kunonoka.[107] Zviripachena, kunyangwe tichitarisa kukura kwedata muItaly chete kubva muna1971 kusvika muna1975, fungidziro yezuva rezvakavanzika yakakurudzira pfungwa yekukurumidzira kwevakatendeka, uye izvi zvakaita kuti vazhinji vafarire kusvetukira pabhokisi rekuparadza reWatchtower Society. Mukuwedzera, Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakawanda zvinodziya zvakawana katyamadzo yomudzimu. Zvino, mukudonha kwa1968, iyo Kambani, mukupindura mhinduro kubva kuruzhinji, yakatanga kuburitsa akateedzana ezvinyorwa pa Svegliatevi! uye La Torre di Guardia izvo hazvina kusiya kusahadzika kuti ivo vaitarisira kuguma kwenyika muna 1975. Zvichienzaniswa nezvimwe zvinotarisirwa mumazuva apfuura (senge 1914 kana 1925), iyo Nharireyomurindi ichave yakangwarira, kunyangwe paine zvirevo zvinojekesa kuti sangano rakatungamira vateveri kuti vatende chiporofita ichi:

Chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi, kuverenga nguva kwebhaibheri kunotsigirwa nehuzadzikiso hwechiporofita cheBhaibheri kunoratidza kuti makore zviuru zvitanhatu zvekuvapo kwevanhu achakurumidza kupera, hongu, mukati mechizvarwa chino! (Mat. 24:34) Saka, ino haisi nguva yekuregeredza kana kuregeredza. Ino haisi nguva yekuseka nemashoko aJesu ekuti "kana riri zuva iro nenguva, hakuna anoziva, kunyangwe vatumwa vekudenga kana Mwanakomana, asi Baba chete". (Mat. 24:36) Asi inguva yatinofanira kuziva kuti mugumo wenyika ino wava pedyo nekuguma zvine chisimba. Usanyengerwe, zvakakwana kuti ivo Baba pachavo vazive zvese 'zuva neawa'!

Kunyangwe isu tisingakwanise kuona kupfuura 1975, ichi chikonzero chekusaita basa here? Vaapositori vaisakwanisa kuona kunyangwe nanhasi; hapana chavaiziva cha1975. Chavaingoona yaive nguva pfupi pamberi pavo yekupedzisa basa ravakapihwa. (1 Pet. 4: 7) Saka pane pfungwa yekuvhunduka uye kuchema kwekurumidziro muzvinyorwa zvavo zvese. (Mab. 20:20; 2 Tim. 4: 2) Uye nechikonzero. Dai vakanonoka kana kutambisa nguva uye vakatamba nepfungwa yekuti paive nezviuru zvemakore zvasara, vangadai vasina kumbopedza mujaho wakaiswa pamberi pavo. Kwete, vakamhanya nesimba uye nekukurumidza, uye vakakunda! Yaive nyaya yehupenyu kana kufa kwavari. - 1 VaK. 9:24; 2 Tim. 4: 7; VaH. 12: 1.[108]

Kunofanira kutaurwa kuti mabhuku eSosaiti haana kutongoratidzira nenzira youtsinye kuti muna 1975 mugumo waizouya. Vatungamiriri venguva, kunyanya Frederick William Franz, pasina mubvunzo vaive vakavakira pakundikana kwekare kwa1925. Zvisineyi, ruzhinji rwemaJWs rwuchiziva zvishoma kana kusaziva nezve kukundikana kwekupedzisira kwechechi, vakatorwa nechido; vatariri vazhinji vanofambira uye veruwa vakashandisa zuva ra1975, kunyanya pakokorodzano, senzira yekukurudzira nhengo kuti dziwedzere kuparidza. Uye kwaive kusiri kuchenjera kupokana pachena zuva iri, sezvo izvi zvaigona kuratidza "kusimba kwemweya" kana zvisiri kushomeka kwekutenda kune "muranda akatendeka akangwara", kana hutungamiriri.[109]

Dzidziso iyi yakabata sei hupenyu hwemaJW pasi rese? Dzidziso iyi yakachinja zvakanyanya hupenyu hwevanhu. Muna June 1974, iyo Ministero del Regno yakashuma kuti huwandu hwemapiyona hwakanga hwaputika uye vanhu vaitengesa misha yavo vakarumbidzwa kushandisa nguva shoma yasara mubasa raMwari. Saizvozvo, ivo vakarairwa kudzosera mberi dzidzo yevana vavo:

Hungu, kuguma kwegadziriro ino kwava pedyo! Ichi hachisi chikonzero chekusimudzira bhizinesi redu here? Panyaya iyi, tinogona kudzidza chimwe chinhu kubva kumumhanyi uyo anosvika kumagumo eiyo nhangemutange anoita yekumhanya kwekupedzisira. Tarisa Jesu, uyo sezviri pachena akamhanyisa basa rake mumazuva ekupedzisira aaive pasi pano. Muchokwadi, inopfuura 27 muzana yezvinhu zviri muEvhangeri yakatsaurirwa vhiki rekupedzisira rehushumiri hwaJesu hwepasi pano! - Mateo 21: 1–27: 50; Mako 11: 1–15: 37; Ruka 19: 29-23: 46; Johane 11: 55–19: 30.

Nokunyatsoongorora mamiriro edu ezvinhu mumunamato, tinogona kuonawo kuti isu tinokwanisa kupa yakawanda nguva nesimba pakuparidza munguva ino yekupedzisira nyika ino isati yaguma. Hama dzakawanda dzinoita izvozvo chaizvo. Izvi zvinoonekwa munhamba iri kuwedzera nekukurumidza yemapiyona.

Hongu, kubva muna Zvita 1973 kwave kuine nyowani dzemapiyona dzakakwira mwedzi wega wega. Ikozvino kune 1,141 mapiyona enguva dzose uye akasarudzika muItari, yakakwira zvisati zvamboitika. Izvi zvakaenzana nemamwe mapiyona mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemaviri kupfuura muna Kurume 362! Wedzero ye1973 muzana! Mwoyo yedu haifare here? Nhau dzinonzwika dzehama dzinotengesa dzimba dzadzo nezvinhu uye kuronga kuronga kupedza mazuva avo asara mutsika ino yekare sapiona. Iyi zvirokwazvo inzira yakanaka kwazvo yekushandisa iyo pfupi nguva yasara pamberi pekuguma kwenyika yakaipa. - 43 Johani 1:2.[110]

Zviuru zvevechidiki maJW vakatora basa sapiyona wenguva dzose vachibhadharira yunivhesiti kana basa renguva yakazara, uye ndizvo zvakaitawo vatendeuki vazhinji. Vanamuzvinabhizimusi, vezvitoro, nezvimwewo vakasiya bhizinesi ravo rakabudirira. Nyanzvi dzakasiya basa radzo renguva yakazara uye mhuri dzakati wandei pasi rese dzakatengesa dzimba dzadzo ndokutama "Kwaidiwa [vaparidzi] zvakanyanya." Vechidiki vaviri vakadzosera muchato wavo kana vakasarudza kusava nevana kana vakaroora. Vakaroorana vakura vakabvisa maakaundi avo emabhangi uye, uko hurongwa hwepenjeni hwaive hwakavanzika, mari yemudyandigere. Vazhinji, vese vakuru nevadiki, vese varume nevakadzi, vakasarudza kumbomira kuvhiya kana kurapwa kwakakodzera. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika, kuItaly, kwaMichele Mazzoni, aimbova mukuru weungano, anopupura achiti:

Izvi zviri kurova, kusaremekedza uye kushaya hanya, izvo zvakasundira mhuri dzese [dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha] kumaruva kuitira kuti GB [Dare Rinodzora, ed.] Riite nekuda kwekuti vateveri vasina ruzivo vakarasikirwa nezvinhu nemabasa kuenda pasuo musuwo wekuwedzera mari yeSosaiti, yatove yakawanda uye inoratidzika… MaJW mazhinji akabaira ramangwana ravo nerevana vavo kuti vabatsire iyo imwechete Kambani… maJWs asina ruzivo anofunga kuti zvinobatsira kuti uchengetedze yekutanga nguva dzekupona mumashure mezuva rinotyisa rehasha dzaMwari idzo muna 1975 dzaizove dzakaburitswa muHarmagedhoni… mamwe maJW akatanga kuchengeta pfuma nemakenduru muzhizha ra1974; yakadaro psychosis yakanga yagadzira (…).

Mazzotti akaparidza kupera kwesisitimu yezvinhu ya1975 kwese kwese uye pazviitiko zvese maererano nemirairo yakapihwa. Ndiye mumwe wevaya vakaita zvakawanda zvekushandisa (zvigadzirwa zvemumagaba) zvekuti pakupera kwa1977 anga asati azvirasa nemhuri yake.[111] "Ini nguva pfupi yadarika ndakasangana nevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana: French, Swiss, Chirungu, maGerman, Nyuzirendi nevanhu vanogara kuNorth Africa neSouth America", anodaro Giancarlo Farina, aimbove JW uyo anozoita nzira yekutiza kuti ave muPurotesitendi. uye director weCasa della Bibbia (Imba yeBhaibheri), imba yekuparidzira evhangeri yeTurin iyo inogovera maBhaibheri, “vese vakaratidza kwandiri kuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvakaparidza 1975 segore rekupedzisira. Humwe humbowo hwekusanzwisisika kweiyo GB kunowanikwa mukusiyana pakati pezvakataurwa muMinistero del Regno ya1974 nezvakataurwa muNharireyomurindi [yomusi waJanuary 1, 1977, peji 24]: ikoko, hama dzinorumbidzwa nekutengesa dzimba nezvinhu uye kushandisa mazuva avo ekupedzisira mubasa rekupayona ”.[112]

Masosi ekunze, senge mupepanhau wenyika, akanzwisisawo meseji yaiburitswa neWatchtower. Iyo 10 Nyamavhuvhu 1969 edition yepepanhau reRoma Il Tempo yakaburitsa nhoroondo yeInternational Assembly "Pace in Terra", "Riusciremo a battere Satani nell'agosto 1975" ("Tichakwanisa kurova Satani muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975"), uye inoshuma kuti:

Gore rakapera, mutungamiri wavo we [JW] Nathan Knorr akatsanangura muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975 kuti kupera kwemakore 6,000 enhoroondo yevanhu kwaizoitika. Akabvunzwa, saka, kana kwanga kusiri kuziviswa kwekuguma kwenyika, asi akapindura, achisimudza maoko mudenga nechiratidzo chekusimbisa: "Aiwa kwete, zvinopesana: muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975, chete kupera kwe nguva yehondo, mhirizhonga uye zvivi uye nguva yakareba ine zvibereko yemazana emakore gumi erunyararo ichatanga panguva iyo hondo dzicharambidzwa uye chivi chakunda… ”

Asi kuguma kwenyika yezvivi kunozouya sei uye zvaikwanisika sei kutanga kutanga kweiyi nyowani yerunyararo nematanho anoshamisa kudaro? Paakabvunzwa, mukuru mukuru akapindura kuti: "Zviri nyore: kuburikidza nezvipupuriro zvese zvakaunganidzwa muBhaibheri uye nekutenda kune zvakazarurwa zvevaporofita vakawanda isu takakwanisa kuratidza kuti iwo uri muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975 (zvisinei hatingazive zuva racho) Satani acharohwa chaizvo uye anotanga. iyo nyowani nguva yerunyararo.

Asi zviri pachena kuti, mune dzidziso yebhaibheri yeJW, iyo isingafanoona kuguma kwepasi, asi nezvehurongwa hwevanhu "hunotongwa naSatani", "kupera kwenguva yehondo, chisimba uye zvivi" uye "Kutanga yakareba uye inobereka nguva yemazana emakore erunyararo umo hondo dzicharambidzwa uye chivi chakundwa" zvichaitika chete mushure mehondo yeAmagedhoni! Paive nemapepanhau akati wandei aitaura nezvazvo, kunyanya kubva muna 10 kusvika muna 1968.[113] Apo Dare Rinodzora reZvapupu zvaJehovha rakazviwana ratsauswa, kuti riite mutoro wekufanotaura zvakare imwe "apocalypse yakadzoserwa," mune tsamba yakavanzika yakatumirwa kune muverengi wemagazini ayo, bazi reItari rakasvika pakuramba kuti rakambotaura nyika inofanira kupera muna 1975, ichipa mhosva kuvatori venhau, vachidzingirira "sensationalism" uye pasi pesimba raSatani Dhiyabhorosi:

Dear Sir,

Tinopindura tsamba yako uye takaiverenga zvine hungwaru, uye tinofunga kuti zvine hungwaru kubvunza tisati tavimba nezvakataurwa. Haafanire kukanganwa kuti angangoita mabhuku ese nhasi ndeemubatsiro. Kune izvi, vanyori nevatori venhau vanovavarira kufadza mamwe mapoka evanhu. Vanotya kugumbura vaverengi kana vazivisi. Kana ivo vanoshandisa zvinonakidza kana zvinoshamisa kuti vawedzere kutengesa, kunyangwe pamutengo wekukanganisa chokwadi. Anenge mapepanhau ese uye sosi yekushambadzira yakagadzirira kuumba pfungwa dzeveruzhinji zvichienderana nekuda kwaSatani.

Ehezve, hatina kutaura chero chinhu maererano nekuguma kwenyika muna 1975. Idzi inhau dzenhema dzakatorwa nemapepanhau mazhinji nenhepfenyuro.

Tichivimba kunzwisiswa, tinokutumira kwaziso dzako dzechokwadi.[114]

Ipapo Mutumbi Unodzora, pawakaona kuti vazhinji veZvapupu zvaJehovha vakanga vasingautengi, wakapa mutoro iwoyo nekuburitswa kwemagazini umo unozvidza Komiti Yevanyori veBrooklyn nekusimbisa zuva ra1975 sezuva rekuguma kwe nyika, "ichikanganwa" kudoma kuti Komiti yeVanyori neVapepeti inoumbwa nenhengo dzeDare Rinodzora rimwe chete.[115]

Pakasvika 1975 uye ikaratidza imwezve "apocalypse yakanonoka" kune imwe nguva inotevera (asi chiporofita chechizvarwa cha1914 chakasara icho chaisazopfuura pamberi peArmagheddon, kune iyo sangano ichasimbisa semuenzaniso kubva mubhuku Potete vivere per semper su una terra paradisiaca ya1982, uye muna 1984, kunyangwe dai yanga isiri dzidziso nyowani)[116] havasi vashoma maJW vakatambura kuora mwoyo kukuru. Chinyararire vazhinji vakasiya kufamba. Iyo Bhuku Regore ra1976 inoshuma, papeji 28, kuti mukati megore ra1975 paive nekuwedzera kwe9.7% muhuwandu hwevaparidzi kupfuura gore rapfuura. Asi mugore rakatevera kuwedzera kwacho kwaingova 3.7%,[117] uye muna 1977 pakatombove nekuderera kwe1%! 441 Mune dzimwe nyika kuderera kwacho kwakatonyanya.[118]

Tichitarisa pazasi pegrafu, zvichibva pakukura kwemazana emaJW muItari kubva muna 1961 kusvika 2017, tinogona kuverenga zvakanaka kwazvo kubva pamufananidzo kuti kukura kwaive kwakakwirira kubvira bhuku Vita eterna nella libertà dei figli di Dio uye nhema dzakakonzerwa dzakaburitswa. Iyo girafu inoratidza zvakajeka kuwedzera muna 1974, padyo nezuva rinotyisa uye, nepamusoro pe34% uye neavhareji kukura, kubva 1966 kusvika 1975, ye19.6% (kurwisa 0.6 munguva ya2008-2018). Asi, mushure mekubhuroka, kuderera kunotevera, nemazuvano ekukura kwemitengo (yakatemerwa kuItari chete) yakaenzana ne0%.

Girafu, iro data rayo rinotorwa zvakanyanya kubva mumishumo yebasa yakaburitswa mumagazini yaDecember eKingdom Ministries, inoratidza kuti kuparidza kwenguva iyoyo, kwakanangana nekuguma kwakaratidzwa kwa1975, kwakave nesimba rinogutsa mukufarira kukura kweZvapupu zvaJehovha, uyo gore rakatevera, muna 1976, vakazivikanwa nenyika yeItaly. Iko kuderera mumakore anotevera hakuratidze chete kuvepo kwekukanganisa, asiwo kumira - pamwe nekumwe kusimuka muma1980 - kwechikwata, icho chisingachave nematanho ekukura, zvichienzaniswa nevanhu, sezvazvaive panguva iyoyo.[119]

MIFANANIDZO YEMIFANANIDZO

 Kokorodzano yekutanga yeItaly yeInternational Bible Students
Sangano, rakaitirwa muPinerolo, kubva 23 kusvika 26 Kubvumbi, 1925

 

 Remigio Cuminetti

 

Tsamba yakabva kubazi reRome reJWs yakasaina SB, yakanyorwa Zvita 18, 1959 apo Nharireyomurindi inokurudzira zvakajeka kuvimba nemagweta "ehunhu hwezvematongerwo enyika kana hwehukama" sezvo "vari ivo vakanyanya kuzvidzivirira".

Mutsamba iyi yakabva kubazi reRome reJW rakasaina SB, rakanyorwa musi waDecember 18, 1959, Nharireyomurindi inokurudzira zvakajeka kuti: “tinosarudza kuti gweta risarudzwe. Tinoda kushandisa gweta reRepublican, Liberal kana reSocial Democrat ”.

Mutsamba iyi kubva kubazi reRome reJWs yakasaina EQA: SSC, yomusi waGunyana 17, 1979, yakanyorerwa manejimendi epamusoro eRAI [kambani inova yega mutengesi wewairesi yeruzhinji neterevhizheni muItari, ed.] uye kuMutungamiriri weParamende Commission yekutarisira. veRAI services, mumiriri weWatch Tower Society muItaly akanyora kuti: “Muchirongwa, chakafanana neichi cheItaly, chinovakirwa pamitemo yeResistance, Zvapupu zvaJehovha nderimwe remapoka mashoma kwazvo akatsunga kuisa zvikonzero yehana pamberi pesimba-risati rasvika hondo muGermany neItaly. saka vanotaura zvinangwa zvinoyevedza muchazvino ”.

Tsamba kubva kubazi reJW reJW, rakasaina SCB: SSA, yakanyorwa munaGunyana 9, 1975, uko mutepanhau weItari anopomerwa mhosva yekuparadzira nhau dzekuvhundutsa nezvekuguma kwenyika muna 1975.

"Riusciremo battere Satani nell'agosto 1975" ("Tichakwanisa kurova Satani muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975"),
Il Tempo, Nyamavhuvhu 10, 1969.

Chidimbu chakawedzerwa chepepanhau chataurwa pamusoro apa:

“Gore rakapera, mutungamiri wavo we [JW] Nathan Knorr akatsanangura muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975 kuti kupera kwemakore 6,000 enhoroondo yevanhu kwaizoitika. Akabvunzwa, saka, kana kwanga kusiri kuziviswa kwekuguma kwenyika, asi akapindura, achisimudzira maoko mudenga nechiratidzo chekusimbisa: 'Aiwa kwete, zvinopesana: muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975, chete kupera kwe nguva yehondo, mhirizhonga uye zvivi uye nguva yakareba ine zvibereko yemazana emakore gumi erunyararo ichatanga panguva iyo hondo dzicharambidzwa uye chivi chakunda… '

Asi kuguma kwenyika yezvivi kunozouya sei uye zvaikwanisika sei kutanga kutanga kweiyi nyowani yerunyararo nematanho anoshamisa kudaro? Paakabvunzwa, mukuru mukuru akapindura kuti: "Zviri nyore: kuburikidza nezvipupuriro zvese zvakaunganidzwa muBhaibheri uye nekutenda kune zvakazarurwa zvevaporofita vakawanda isu takakwanisa kuratidza kuti iwo uri muna Nyamavhuvhu 1975 (zvisinei hatingazive zuva racho) Satani acharohwa chaizvo uye anotanga. nguva itsva yorugare. ”

Tsananguro or Declaration, yakabudiswa mumagazini yeSwitzerland yemagazini yacho Nyaradzo (Consolation, nhasi Awake!) yaOctober 1, 1943.

 

Dudziro yeiyo Declaration yakabudiswa muna Nyaradzo yaGumiguru 1, 1943.

KUZIVISA

Hondo yega yega inotambudza vanhu nezvakaipa zvisingaverengeki uye inokonzeresa kurova kwehana kuzviuru, kunyangwe mamirioni avanhu. Izvi ndizvo zvinogona kutaurwa zvakanyatsonaka nezvehondo iri kuenderera, iyo isina kondinendi uye inorwiwa mumhepo, mugungwa nepanyika. Hazvigoneki kuti munguva dzakadai tisingazonzwisise nekusaziva uye nekufungidzira zvisirizvo, kwete chete nekuda kwevanhu, asiwo nekwavanogara vemarudzi ese.

Isu Zvapupu zvaJehovha tinosiiwa pamutemo uyu. Vamwe vanotiratidza sesangano rine basa rakanangana nekuparadza "kuraira kwemauto, uye muchivande kumutsa kana kukoka vanhu kuti vasiye kushanda, vasingateerere zvirevo zvemauto, kutyora basa rekushandira kana kurasa."

Chinhu chakadai chinogona kutsigirwa chete neavo vasingazive mweya uye nebasa renharaunda yedu uye, nehuipi, kuyedza kukanganisa chokwadi.

Isu tinosimbisisa kuti sangano redu harirayire, rinokurudzira kana kukurudzira nenzira ipi neipi yekuita zvinopesana nezvakanyorwa muchiuto, kana izvi pfungwa hazvitaurwe mumisangano yedu uye nezvinyorwa zvakaburitswa nesangano redu. Isu hatibate nenyaya dzakadai zvachose. Basa redu kupupurira Jehovha Mwari uye kuzivisa chokwadi kuvanhu vese. Mazana evatinoshamwaridzana navo uye vanotinzwira tsitsi vakaita basa ravo remauto uye vari kuramba vachidaro.

Hatina kana kumbobvira tava nechikumbiro chekuzivisa kuti kuitwa kwemabasa echiuto kunopesana nemisimboti nezvinangwa zveChisangano cheZvapupu zvaJehovha sezvakataurwa mumitemo yayo. Tinokumbira kune vese vatinoshamwaridzana navo uye shamwari mukutenda kwakabatikana mukuzivisa humambo hwaMwari (Mateo 24:14) kuti vagare - sezvakagara zvichiitwa kusvika parizvino - vakatendeka uye vakasimba mukuzivisa chokwadi cheBhaibheri, tichidzivisa chero chinhu chingagone kukonzera kusanzwisisana. kana kutodudzirwa sekurudziro yekusateerera zvisungo zvemauto.

Sangano reZvapupu zvaJehovha zveSwitzerland

Mutungamiri: Ad. Gammenthaler

Iye Secretary: D. Wiedenmann

Bern, Gunyana 15, 1943

 

Tsamba kubva kubazi reFrance yakasaina SA / SCF, yomusi waNovember 11, 1982.

Dudziro yaLetter kubva kubazi reFrance rakasaina SA / SCF, remusi waNovember 11, 1982.

SA / SCF

November 11, 1982

Vanodiwa Hanzvadzi [zita] [1]

Takatambira tsamba yako kubva panguva yekutanga yatinonyatsoteerera uye mauri kutikumbira kopi ye "Chirevo" chakaonekwa mune "Consolation" yemuna Gumiguru 1.

Tinokutumirai kopi iyi, asi hatina kopi yekugadzirisa kwakaitwa panguva yekongiresi yenyika muZurich muna 1947. Zvisinei, hama nehanzvadzi zhinji vakazvinzwa pachiitiko ichocho uye panguva iyi maitiro edu aisatombonzwisiswa; izvi, zvakare, zvakare, zvinonyatso kuzivikanwa kuti panogona kuve nekudiwa kwekumwe kujekeswa.

Tinokukumbira iwe, zvisinei, kuti usaise ichi "Chiziviso" mumaoko evavengi vechokwadi uye kunyanya kusatendera makopi ayo nechikonzero chemisimboti yakanyorwa muna Mateo 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Pasina saka kuda kunyumwira zvakanyanya nezve zvinangwa zvemurume waunoshanyira uye nehungwaru, tinosarudza kuti haana kana kopi ye "Chirevo" ichi kuitira kuti arege kushandiswa kupi nekupi kunopokana nechokwadi.

Isu tinofunga zvakakodzera kuti mukuru aperekedze iwe kushanyira uyu munyoro uchifunga nezviitiko zvine mutsindo uye zvine minzwa zvehurukuro. Icho chiri chikonzero ichi kuti isu tinozvibvumira isu pachedu kuvatumira iwo kopi yemhinduro yedu.

Tinokuvimbisai hanzvadzi inodikanwa [zita] rudo rwedu rwese rwehama.

Vakoma vako nevanoshanda navo,

SANGANO CHRÉTIENNE

Les Témoins deJéhovah

OF FRANCE

Pis.: Photocopy ye "Chirevo"

cc: kumutumbi wevakweguru.

[1] Nezve kungwara, zita remugashiri rinosiiwa.

[2] Mateo 7: 6 inoti: "Usakanda maparera ako pamberi penguruve." Zviripachena kuti "maparera" ndiwo Declaration uye nguruve dzaizova "vadzivisi"!

Manuscript End Manotsi

[1] Mareferenzi kuZion anonyanya kuwanikwa muRussell. Munyori wenhoroondo anotungamira wesangano iri, M. James Penton, anonyora kuti: “Mukati mehafu yekutanga yenyaya yeVadzidzi veBhaibheri-Nyaya yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, muroyi akatanga muma1870, ndivo vaizivikanwa nekunzwira tsitsi kwavo maJuda. Kubvira pakupera kwezana remakore regumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri emakore American Protestant premillenialit, mutungamiri wekutanga weWatch Tower Society, Charles T. Russell, ainyatso tsigira zvinangwa zveZionist. Akaramba kuyedza kutendeuka kwemaJuda, aigara munzvimbo yekugara patsva yevaPalestine, uye muna 1910 akatungamira vateereri vechiNew York vachiimba rwiyo rweZionist, Hatikva. ” M. James Penton, “A nyaya of Kuedza Kubvumirana: Zvapupu zvaJehovha, Anti-Chimiro, Uye Yechitatu Reich ”, The Chikristu Kuda, vol. Ini, kwete. 3 (Zhizha 1990), 33-34. Russell, mutsamba yakanyorerwa Barons Maurice de Hirsch naEdmond de Rothschild, iyo yakabuda pana Zion's Watch Tower yaZvita 1891, 170, 171, ichakumbira "maJuda maviri anotungamira epasi" kuti vatenge nzvimbo muPalestine kuti vagadzire nzvimbo dzeZionist. Ona: Mufundisi Charles Taze Russell: Anotanga chiZionist, rakanyorwa naDavid Horowitz (New York: Philosophical Library, 1986), bhuku rakakosheswa zvikuru nemumiriri weIsrael panguva iyoyo kuUN Benjamin Netanyahu, sezvakataurwa naPhilippe Bohstrom, mu “Pamberi paHerzl, Pakanga paine Mufundisi Russell: Chitsauko Chisingateereri cheZionism. ", Haaretz.com, Nyamavhuvhu 22, 2008. Anotevera, Joseph. F. Rutherford, mushure mekutanga kuswedera padanho reZionist (kubva 1917-1932), akachinja zvakanyanya dzidziso, uye kuratidza kuti maJW aive "Israeri wechokwadi waMwari" akaunza pfungwa dzinopesana nemaJuda mumabhuku esangano . Mubhuku Kusimbiswa iye achanyora: "MaJuda akadzingwa uye imba yavo yakaramba iri dongo nekuti vakaramba Jesu. Kusvika nanhasi, ivo havana kutendeuka pachakaipa ichi chemadzitateguru avo. Avo vakadzokera kuPalestine vanozviita nekuda kwekuzvida kana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvemweya ”. Joseph F. Rutherford, Kusimbiswa, vol. 2 (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. Nhasi uno maJW haateveri kana maRussianite Zionism kana Rutherfordian anopesana nechiJuda, vachizviti havana kwavakarerekera kubva pamubvunzo wezvematongerwo enyika.

[2] Watchtower Society inozviratidza panguva imwe chete sesangano repamutemo repamutemo, seimba yekutsikisa uye sangano rechitendero. Kutaura pakati pezviyero zvakasiyana kwakanetsa uye, muzana ramakumi maviri, kwakapfuura nhanho dzakasiyana. Nezvikonzero zvezvimbo ona: George D. Chryssides, Iyo A kusvika Z yeZvapupu zvaJehovha (Lanham: Scare Gungu, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, makumi matanhatu nemana; Id., Zvapupu zvaJehovha (New York: Routledge, 2016), 141-144; M. James Penton, Apocalypse Yakanonoka. Nyaya yeZvapupu zvaJehovha (Toronto: Yunivhesiti yeToronto Press, 2015), 294-303.

[3] Zita rekuti “Zvapupu zvaJehovha” rakagamuchirwa musi waChikunguru 26, 1931 pagungano rakaitirwa kuColumbus, Ohio, apo Joseph Franklin Rutherford, purezidhendi wechipiri weNharireyomurindi, akapa hurukuro iyi Humambo: Tariro yeNyika, ine resolution Zita Idzva: “Tinoshuva kuzivikanwa nokudanwa nezita racho, ndiko kuti, zvapupu zvaJehovha.” Zvapupu zvaJehovha: Vazivisi voUmambo hwaMwari (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Sarudzo yakafemerwa naIsaya 43:10, ndima iyo, 2017 Shanduro yeNyika Itsva yeMagwaro Matsvene, rinoti: “'Imi muri zvapupu zvangu,' ndizvo zvinotaura Jehovha, '… Mwari, uye pakanga pasina mumwe shure kwangu'.” Asi kurudziro yechokwadi yakasiyana: "Muna 1931 - anonyora Alan Rogerson - kwakauya chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yesangano. Kwemakore mazhinji vateveri vaRutherford vanga vachidaidzwa mazita akasiyana siyana: 'International Bible Students', 'Russellites', kana 'Millennial Dawners'. Kuitira kudzikisira zvakajeka vateveri vake kubva kune mamwe mapoka aive apatsanurwa muna 1918 Rutherford akakurudzira kuti vatore zita idzva chose. Zvapupu zvaJehovha.”Alan Rogerson, Mamirioni Ari Kurarama Iye Zvino Haazofi Akafa: Kudzidza kweZvapupu zvaJehovha (London: Constable, 1969), 56. Rutherford pachake achasimbisa izvi: “Kubva pakufa kwaCharles T. Russell ikoko kwakamuka makambani mazhinji akaumbwa kubva kune vaimbofamba naye, imwe neimwe yekambani idzi dzichiti dzinodzidzisa chokwadi, uye mumwe nemumwe achizvidaidza nezita, sekuti "Vateveri vaPastor Russell", "avo vanomira pachokwadi sekutsanangurwa kwaPastor Russell," "Vakabatana Vadzidzi veBhaibheri," uye vamwe nemazita evatungamiriri vavo vemunharaunda. Zvese izvi zvinoita sekuvhiringidzika uye zvinotadzisa avo vane chishuwo vasina ruzivo rwakakwana kubva pakuwana ruzivo rwechokwadi. ” “A Zita Idzva ”, The Watch Tower, Gumiguru 1, 1931, p. 291

[4] ona M. James Penton [2015], 165-71.

[5] Ibid., 316-317. Dzidziso nyowani, iyo yakabvisa "kunzwisisa kwekare," yakabuda mukati Nharireyomurindi, November 1, 1995, 18-19. Dzidziso yakagamuchira imwe shanduko pakati pa2010 na2015: muna 2010 Watchtower Society yakati "chizvarwa" cha1914 - chinoonekwa neZvapupu zvaJehovha sechizvarwa chekupedzisira Hondo yeAmagedhoni isati yasvika - inosanganisira vanhu vane hupenyu "hunowirirana" neavo " vakazodzwa vakanga vari vapenyu pakatanga chiratidzo chacho muna 1914. ” Muna 2014 na2015, Frederick W. Franz, aimbova purezidhendi weWatchtower Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) akataurwa semuenzaniso weimwe yenhengo dzekupedzisira dze "vakazodzwa" vari vapenyu muna 1914, zvinoratidza kuti " chizvarwa ”chinofanira kusanganisira vese" vakazodzwa "kusvika parufu rwake muna 1992. Ona nyaya inoti" Basa reMweya Mutsvene Mukuzadzikiswa Kwechinangwa chaJehovha ", The Watchtower, Kubvumbi 15, 2010, peji 10 uye bhuku ra2014 Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà! (Engl. Shanduro, Humambo hwaMwari Hutonga!), bhuku rinovakazve, nenzira yekudzokorodza, nhoroondo yevaJWs, vanoedza kuisa muganho wenguva pachizvarwa chino chinopindirana nekubvisa kubva muchizvarwa chero vakazodzwa mushure mekufa kweiye wekupedzisira akazodzwa pamberi pa1914. Nenhoroondo yekuchinja chizvarwa chinodzidzisa kana chero yakadai nguva furemu ikakundikana kuzadzikiswa, hapana mubvunzo iyi bakoat zvakare ichachinja munguva. “Chizvarwa ichi chine mapoka maviri anopindirana evakazodzwa - rekutanga rinoumbwa nevakazodzwa vakaona kutanga kwekuzadzikiswa kwechiratidzo muna 1914 uye chechipiri, vakazodzwa avo kwenguva yakati vakararama panguva imwechete yeboka rekutanga. Zvimwe vamwe vevaya veboka rechipiri vachararama kuti vaone kutanga kwekutambudzika kuri kuuya. Mapoka maviri aya anoumba chizvarwa chimwe nekuti hupenyu hwavo sevaKristu vakazodzwa hwakaitika kwechinguva. ” Humambo hwaMwari Hutonga! (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Mashoko Omuzasi, p. 12: “Chero ani akazodzwa mushure mekufa kwekupedzisira wevakazodzwa veboka rekutanga - kureva, mushure meavo vakaona" kutanga kwemarwadzo enhamo "muna 1914 - haazove mumwe we" chizvarwa ichi. " -Mat. 24: 8. ” Mufananidzo uri mubhuku  Il Regno di Dio è già una realtà!, papeji. 12, inoratidza mapoka maviri ezvizvarwa, iwo akazodzwa a1914 uye kuwedzerwa kwevakazodzwa vari vapenyu nhasi. Nekuda kweizvozvo, ikozvino kwave nemapoka matatu, seNharireyomurindi ichitenda kuti kuzadziswa kwekutanga kwe "chizvarwa" kwakashanda kumaKristu ezana ramakore rekutanga. Pakanga pasina kuwirirana kwevaKristu vezana ramakore rekutanga uye hapana hwaro hweMagwaro hwaifanirwa kunge hunowirirana nhasi.

[6] M. James Penton [2015], 13.

[7] Ona: Michael W. Homer, "L'azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)", pana Gian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. I valdesi fra due Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII e del XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma e sui movimenti religiosi in Italia (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 e 30 agosto- 1º kugadzirisa 1998) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 uye Id., "Kutsvaga ChiKristu Chekutanga muValdensia Valleys: Mapurotesitendi, maMormon, maAdventist neZvapupu zvaJehovha muItari", Nova Religio (Yunivhesiti yeCalifornia Press), Vol. 9, kwete. 4 (Chivabvu 2006), 5-33. Chechi yeWaldenssian Evangelical (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) yaive pre-yechiPurotesitendi sangano rakatangwa nemuvandudzi wemuzana ramakore Peter Waldo muzana ramakore rechi12 muItaly. Kubva zana re16th Reformation, yakatora Reformed theology uye yakasanganiswa mune yakafara Reformed tsika. Chechi, mushure meRudzidziso rwePurotesitendi, yakanamatira dzidziso yeCalvin uye ikava bazi reItaly remachechi eReformed, kudzamara yabatana neMethodist Evangelical Church kuumba Mubatanidzwa weMachechi eMethodist neWaldensia muna 1975.

[8] Pamatanho erwendo rwaRussell kuItari, ona: Zion's Watch Tower, Kukadzi 15, 1892, 53-57 uye nhamba yomusi waMarch 1, 1892, 71.

[9] Ona: Paolo Piccioli, "Pamusana pe pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova", Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), kwete. 186 (June 2000), 76-81; Id., Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza confronto con la storia religiosa in Italia negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; 1982 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 uye “Vafundisi Vaviri Vakaonga Zvinyorwa zvaRussell", Nharireyomurindi, Kubvumbi 15, 2002, 28-29. Paolo Piccoli, aimbova mutariri wedunhu weJWs (kana bhishopi, sehofisi yakaenzana mune mamwe machechi echiKristu) uye aimbova mutauriri wenyika yeItaly "Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova", dare repamutemo rinomiririra Watchtower Society muItaly, akafa kenza musi waGunyana 6, 2010, sezvakaratidzwa mugwaro rehupenyu rakaburitswa murondedzero pfupi Paolo Piccioli naMax Wörnhard, "A Century of Soppression, Growth and Recognition", muGerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Zvapupu zvaJehovha muEurope: Kare uye Nhasi, Vol. I / 2 (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 1-134, ndiye munyori mukuru wemabasa eZvapupu muItari, uye mabasa akapepetwa akaburitswa neWatchtower Society senge 1982 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 113–243; akabatana asingazivikanwe mukunyora mavhoriyamu akadai se Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila, neAssociazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Ini chinyorwa cheGeova muItari: dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) uye ndiye munyori wedzidzo dzakaitika dzinoverengeka pamusoro peZvapupu zvaJehovha zveItaly zvinosanganisira: "Ini testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", Vadivelu Comedy Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Horaore), Vol. 41, kwete. 1 (Ndira-Kurume 2000), 191-229; "I testimoni di Geova dopo il 1946: Un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", Vadivelu Comedy Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Horaore), Vol. 43, kwete. 1 (Ndira-Kurume 2002), 167-191, inozoita hwaro hwebhuku Il prezzo della diversità. Una minoranza a confronto con la storia religiosa muItalia negli scorsi cento anni (2010), uye e "Nemhaka ye pastori valdesi di fronte ai Testimoni di Geova" (2000), 77-81, na Introduzione naProf. Augusto Comba, 76-77, ichava hwaro hwenyaya inoti “Vafundisi Vaviri Vakaonga Zvinyorwa zvaRussell,” rakaburitswa muna Nharireyomurindi yaApril 15, 2002, uko, zvisinei, matauriro ekukumbira ruregerero uye eschatological akasimbiswa, uye iro bhaibheri rinobviswa kuita kuti kuverenga kuve nyore. Piccioli ndiye munyori wenyaya iyi, umo "ngano yevaWaldensia" uye pfungwa yekuti nharaunda iyi, pakutanga, yakaenzana nevaKristu vezana ramakore rekutanga, nhaka ye "primitivist", yakanzi "VaWaldenses: Kubva Panyengeri kusvika Chipurotesitendi, ” Magazini yeThe Watch, Kurume 15, 2002, 20-23, uye nhoroondo pfupi yechitendero, yakanyorwa nemukadzi wake Elisa Piccioli, yakanzi "Kuteerera Jehovha Kwandiunzira Makomborero Akawanda", yakaburitswa mu Nharireyomurindi (Yekudzidza), June 2013, 3-6.

[10] Ona: Charles T. Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età (Pinerolo: Tipografia Sociale, 1904). Paolo Piccioli anoti mu Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (peji 77) iyo Rivoir yakadudzira bhuku iri muna 1903 ndokubhadhara muhomwe yake mari yekuburitswa kwayo muna 1904, asi iri imwe “ngano yemudhorobha”: basa rakabhadharwa neCassa Generale dei Treaties yeZion's Watch Tower Society yeAllegheny, PA, ichishandisa hofisi yeSwitzerland Watch Tower iri kuYverdon semurevereri uye mutariri, sezvakataurwa Zion's Watch Tower, Gunyana 1, 1904, 258.

[11] MuUS mapoka ekutanga ekudzidza kana ungano dzakatangwa muna 1879, uye mukati megore vanopfuura makumi matatu vavo vaisangana kwemaawa matanhatu ezvidzidzo vachitungamirwa naRussell, kuongorora Bhaibheri nezvinyorwa zvake. M. James Penton [30], 2015-13. Iwo mapoka aive akazvimiririra ecclesia, chimiro chesangano Russell chakaonekwa sekudzoka ku "chinyakare kupusa". Ona: "Ekklesia", Zion's Watch Tower, Gumiguru 1881. Muna 1882 Zion's Watch Tower akataura kuti nharaunda yake yepasirese yemapoka ekudzidza yaive "isina dzidziso uye nekudaro hapana zita rechinamato… hatina chitendero (fenzi) kutisunga pamwechete kana kuita kuti vamwe vabude mukambani yedu. " Akawedzera kuti: "Tiri mukuyanana nevaKristu vese vatinogona kuziva maMweya waKristu." "Mibvunzo nemhinduro", Zion's Watch Tower, Kubvumbi 1882. Makore maviri gare gare, achitsvaga chero chinamato chechitendero, akati mazita akakodzera chete eboka rake aizova "Chechi yaKristu", "Chechi yaMwari" kana "maKristu". Akagumisa achiti: “Nemazita chero api zvawo angatishevedza vanhu, hazvina basa kwatiri; isu hapana zita ratinoziva kunze kwe 'iro zita roga rakapihwa pasi pedenga nepakati pevanhu' - Jesu Kristu. Tiri kuzviti vaKristu. ” "Zita redu", Zion's Watch Tower, February 1884.

[12] Muna 1903 chinyorwa chekutanga che La Vedetta di Zion yakazvidaidza iine zita rekuti "Chechi", asi zvakare "Chechi yechiKristu" uye "Yakatendeka Kereke". Ona: La Vedetta di Zion, vol. Ini, kwete. 1, Gumiguru 1903, 2, 3. Muna 1904 padivi pe "Kereke" pane kutaura nezve "Chechi yeVaduku Boka neveVatendi" uye kunyangwe "Evangelical Church". Ona: La Vedetta di Zion, vol. 2, Nha. 1, Ndira 1904, 3. Izvo hazvizove zvakasarudzika muItari: zvisaririra zveiyi inopesana nenyika inogona kuwanikwa mune yechiFrench chinyorwa Zion's Watch Tower, ivo Phare de la Tour de Zion: muna 1905, mutsamba yakatumirwa neWaldensia Daniele Rivoire ichirondedzera nharo dzekutenda pamusoro pedzidziso dzeRussian neKomisheni yeChechi yeWaldenssian, zvinonzi pakupedzisira: "Masikati ano eSvondo ndinoenda kuna S. Germano Chisone kumusangano ( …) Kune vanhu vashanu kana vatanhatu vanofarira kwazvo 'chokwadi chiripo.' ”Mufundisi vakashandisa mazwi anoti" Chitsvene Chikonzero "uye" Opera ", asi havana mamwe mazita. Ona: Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 3, kwete. 1-3, Jenuary-Kurume 1905, 117.

[13] Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 6, kwete. 5, Chivabvu 1908, 139.

[14] Le Phare de la Tour de Zion, Vol. 8, kwete. 4, Kubvumbi 1910, 79.

[15] Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Archive yeWaldsian Tafura) - Torre Pellice, Turin.

[16] Bollettino Mensile della Chiesa (Montly Bulletin yeChechi), September 1915.

[17] Il Vero Principe della Pace (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] Amoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza e antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (Donzelli: Editore, Roma 2006), makumi matatu.

[20] idem.

[21] Chinyorwa chemutsara, mutongo kwete. 309 ya Nyamavhuvhu 18, 1916, inotorwa kubva mukunyora kwaAlberto Bertone, Remigio Cuminetti, paVanyori Vakasiyana, Le periferie della memoria. Profile di testimoni di pace (Verona - Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. Panguva yekuzvipira kwake kumberi, Cuminetti akazvimisikidza kushinga uye nerupo, achibatsira "mukuru akakuvadzwa" uyo "akazviwana ari pamberi pegero asina simba rekudzokera shure". Cuminetti, uyo anokwanisa kununura mukuru, akakuvara pagumbo mukuita. Pakupera kwehondo, "nekuda kwechiito chake cheushingi […] akapihwa menduru yesirivheri yeushingi hwemauto" asi afunga kuzviramba nekuti "anga asina kuita chiito kuti awane pendende, asi nekuda muvakidzani" . Ona: Vittorio Giosué Paschetto, "L'odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale", musangano, Chikunguru-Nyamavhuvhu 1952, 8.

[23] Muna 1920 Rutherford akaburitsa bhuku Milioni kana Viventi asiri Morranno Mai (Mamirioni Ari Kurarama Zvino Haazombofi), achiparidza kuti muna 1925 "kucharatidza kudzoka [kumuka] kwaAbrahama, Isaka, Jakobho nevaporofita vakavimbika vekare, kunyanya avo vakadomwa nemuApostora [Pauro] munaVaHebheru chap. 11, kumamiriro ezvinhu akakwana kwevanhu ”(Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1920, 88), mavambo eHondo yeArmagheddon uye kudzoreredzwa kweparadhiso yeEdheni Pasi Pano. "Gore ra1925 izuva rakanyatsojeka uye rakajeka muMagwaro, rakajeka kupfuura iro ra1914" (The Watch Tower, Chikunguru 15, 1924, 211). Panyaya iyi, ona: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, Analisi di una setta: I testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985), 116-122 uye Id., I testimoni di Geova: un'ideologia che logora (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] Pamusoro peudzvanyiriri munguva yeFascist, verenga: Paolo Piccioli, "Ini testimoni di Geova durante il puso fascista", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Horaore), Vol. 41, kwete. 1 (Ndira-Kurume 2000), 191-229; Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo uye della kudzvinyirira (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; Matteo Pierro, Fra Martirio e Resistenza, La mahlanzuzione nazista e fascista dei Testimoni di Geova (Como: Editrice Actac, 1997); Achille Aveta naSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 13-38 uye Emanuele Pace, Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova muItaria, 7 voll. (Gardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Kugadziridza, 2013-2016).

[25] Ona: Massimo Introvigne, Ini Testimoni di Geova. Chi sono, huya cambiano (Siena: Cantagalli, 2015), 53-75. Mune zvimwe zviitiko makakatanwa anozoguma nekukakavadzana kwakazara mumigwagwa yakamutswa nevanhu vazhinji, mumatare edzimhosva uye kunyange mukutambudzwa zvine chisimba pasi pehutongi hweNazi, hweCommunist nehumwe hutongi. Ona: M. James Penton, Zvapupu zvaJehovha muCanada: Vamiriri veRusununguko rweMatauro uye Kunamata (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976); Id., Zvapupu zvaJehovha uye Wechitatu Reich. Sectarian Politics pasi peKutambudzwa (Toronto: Yunivhesiti yeToronto Press, 2004) Izvo. Shanduro I Testimoni di Geova e Terzo Reich. Inediti di una pursuzione (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); Zoe Knox, “Zvapupu zvaJehovha sevanhu vasiri vanhu vekuAmerica? Zvinyorwa zveMagwaro, Civil Liberties, uye Patriotism ”, mu Zvinyorwa zveAmerican Studies, Vol. 47, kwete. 4 (Mbudzi 2013), mapeji 1081-1108 uye Id, Zvapupu zvaJehovha Nevanhu Venyika nyika: Kubva kuma1870s kusvika Iyezvino (Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerbe, Zwischen Widerstand und Martyrium: die Zeugen Jehovahs im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) uye EB Baran, Kusatenda kumahombekombe: Kuzvidza kwakaita Zvapupu zvaJehovha Komunizimu uye Kurarama Kwavo Kuti Vaparidze Nezvo (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).

[26] Giorgio Rochat, Regime fascista e Chiese evangeliche. Direttive e articolazioni del controllo uye della kudzvinyirira (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Ibid., 290. OVRA ishoko rinoreva "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" kana, muChirungu, "anti-fascism repression vigilance". Yakagadzirwa nemusoro wehurumende pachayo, isina kumboshandiswa mumabasa epamutemo, yakaratidza kuomarara kwemapurisa epachivande panguva yehutongi hwechiFascist muItari kubva 1927 kusvika 1943 uye neiyo Italian Social Republic kubva muna 1943 kusvika 1945, apo pakati-kuchamhembe kweItaly. aive pasi pehutongi hweNazi, chiItaly chakaenzana neNational Socialist Gestapo. Ona: Carmine Senise, Quand'ero capo della polizia. 1940-1943 (Roma: Ruffolo Editore, 1946); Guido Leto, OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (Bologna; Cappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, L'orecchio del puso. Le intercettazioni telefoniche al tempo del fascismo; mharidzo yaGiuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); Mimmo Franzinelli, Ini tentacoli dell'OVRA. Agenti, collaboratori e vittime della polizia politica fascista (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); Mauro Kanali, Le spie del puso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004); Domenico Vecchioni, Le spie del fascismo. Uomini, apparati e operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) naAntonio Sannino, Il Fantasma dell'Ovra (Milano: Greco & Greco, 2011).

[28] Gwaro rekutanga rakateedzerwa rakanyorwa muna Chivabvu 30, 1928. Iyi ikopi ye telespresso [telespresso kutaurirana kunowanzo tumirwa nebazi rezvekunze kana nemamishinari akasiyana siyana eItaly kunze kwenyika] akanyorwa musi waMay 28, 1928, akatumwa na iyo Bern legation kune Ministry of the Interior, inotungamirwa naBenito Mussolini, ikozvino muCentral State Archive [ZStA - Roma], Ministry of the Interior [MI], General Public Security Division [GPSD], General Reserved Affairs Division [GRAD], katsi. G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] Pakushanya kwemapurisa echiFascist kuBrooklyn ona nguva dzose ZStA - Roma, MI, GPSD, GRAD, katsi. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, chinyorwa chakanyorwa nemaoko pachibvumirano chakaburitswa neNharireyomurindi Un Appello alle Potenze del Mondo, Yakanamatira kune telespresso yomusi waDecember 5, 1929 we Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mbudzi 23, 1931.

[30] Joseph F. Rutherford, Vavengi (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. Magwaro aya anoburitswa zvakare muchiwedzera chemushumo wakagadzirwa naInspector General wePublic Safety Petrillo, wemusi wa10 / 11/1939, XVIII Fascist Era, N. 01297 weprot., N. Ovra 038193, muZStA - Roma, MI, GPSD, GRAD, musoro wenyaya: "Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'".

[31] «Sete religiose dei "Pentekosti" ed altre », gurukota revatenderi kwete. 441/027713 yaAugust 22, 1939, 2.

[32] ona: Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila, Associazione europea de Testimon di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] Ini Testimoni di Geova muItaria: Dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei proofoni di Geova), makumi maviri.

[34] "Chirevo" chichagadzirwa zvakare uye chishandurirwe muChirungu muapendikisi.

[35] Bernard Fillaire naJanine Tavernier, Les sectes (Paris: Le Cavalier Bleu, Collection Idées reçues, 2003), 90-91

[36] IWatchtower Society inobudirira inotidzidzisa kunyepa zvakajeka uye zvakananga: "Kune, zvisinei, chimwe chakasarudzika icho muKristu anofanira kuyeuka. Semusoja waKristu anotora chikamu muhondo yezvouMwari uye anofanira kungwarira zvakanyanya pakubata nevavengi vaMwari. Kutaura zvazviri, Magwaro anoratidza izvozvo kuitira kuchengetedza zvido zvechinangwa chaMwari, zvakanaka kuvanza chokwadi kuvavengi vaMwari. .. Izvi zvaizosanganisirwa mune izwi rekuti "zano rehondo", sekutsanangurwa kwazvakaitwa mu La Torre di Guardia yaAugust 1, 1956, uye zvinoenderana nezano raJesu rekuti “chenjerai senyoka” kana muri pakati pemhumhi. Kana mamiriro ezvinhu achida kuti muKristu apupure mudare achipika kutaura chokwadi, kana achitaura, anofanira kutaura chokwadi. Kana akazviwana ari mune imwe nzira yekutaura nekutengesa hama dzake, kana kuramba akanyarara nekumhan'arwa kudare, Mukristu akura anoisa garikano yehama dzake pamberi pezake ”. La Torre di Guardia yaDecember 15, 1960, peji. 763, kusimbisa kwakawedzerwa. Aya mazwi ipfupiso yakajeka yechimiro cheZvapupu pachirongwa che "hondo yezvouMwari". Kune Zvapupu, vese vatsoropodzi nevapikisi veWatch Tower Society (iyo yavanofunga kuti ndiyo yega sangano revaKristu pasi rese) vanoonekwa se “mhumhi”, vanoramba vachirwa neSosaiti imwe chete, vateveri vavo, vanonzi " hwai ”. Saka "zvakakodzera kuti" makwai "asingakuvadzi ashandise zano rehondo yekurwisa mhumhi mukufarira basa raMwari". La Torre di Guardia yaAugust 1, 1956, peji. 462..

[37] Ausiliario per caire la Bibbia (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] Perspicacia nello studio delle Chinyorwa, Vol. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Ona: Nharireyomurindi, Chikumi 1, 1997, gumi s.

[39] Letter kubva kubazi reFrance rakasaina SA / SCF, remusi waNovember 11, 1982, rakaburitswa muwedzero.

[40] 1987 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 157.

[41] Mu 1974 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha (1975 muchiItaly), Watchtower Society ndiyo inopomera Balzereit, uyo waaipomera kuti "akanetesa" zvinyorwa zveGerman nekuzvishandura kubva kuChirungu. Mundima yechitatu iri papeji 111 chinyorwa cheWatchtowerian chinoti: “Yakanga isiri nguva yekutanga kuti Hama Balzereit vanyorovese mutauro wakajeka uye usingapokaneke wezvinyorwa zveSosaiti kuitira kuti zvidzivise matambudziko nemasangano ehurumende.” Uye papeji 112, inoenderera ichiti, "Kunyangwe hazvo chirevo chakange chisina kusimba uye hama zhinji dzakatadza kubvuma nemoyo wese kugamuchirwa kwayo, asi hurumende yakatsamwa ndokutanga kutambudza kune avo vaiigovera. ” Mu "kudzivirira" kweBalzereit tine zvimwe zviviri zvakafungidzirwa naSergio Pollina: "Balzereit anogona kunge aive nebasa rekushandurwa kwechiGerman kweChiziviso, uye zvakare angave aive nebasa rekunyora tsamba yaHitler. Zvisinei, zviri pachena zvakare kuti haana kuzvishandisa nekushandura sarudzo yemazwi. Kutanga, Watchtower Society yakaburitsa mu 1934 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha iyo Chirungu vhezheni yeChiziviso - icho chakada kufanana neshanduro yechiGerman - chinoumba chiziviso chayo chepamutemo kunaHitler, vakuru vakuru veGerman, uye kuvakuru veGerman, kubva kune mukurusa kusvika kudiki; uye izvi zvese hazvingagone kuitwa pasina kubvumidzwa kwakazara naRutherford. Chechipiri, iyo yechirungu vhezheni yeChiziviso yakanyatso nyorwa mune isingazivikanwe bombastic maitiro emutongi. Chechitatu, zvirevo zvakanangidzirwa kumaJuda zviri muDeclaration zvinowirirana zvakanyanya nezvingangoita eva kunyora muAmerican saRutherford kuti zvingave zvakanyorwa neGerman… Pakupedzisira [Rutherford] aive mutongi wezvematongerwo enyika asingatenderi rudzi rwakakomba. yekusaremekedza iyo Balzereit yaizove nemhosva ne "kushayisa simba" iyo Declaration … Zvisinei kuti ndiani akanyora Chiziviso, chokwadi ndechekuti rakaburitswa segwaro repamutemo reWatchtower Society. ” Sergio Pollina, Risposta "Svegliatevi!" dell'8 luglio 1998, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] Muna Kubvumbi 1933, mushure mekurambidzwa kwesangano ravo munzvimbo zhinji dzeGerman, maGerman maJW - mushure mekushanyirwa naRutherford nemubatsiri wake Nathan H. Knorr - musi wa25 Chikumi 1933 vakaunganidza zviuru zvinomwe vakatendeka muBerlin, uko A 'Chirevo' chinotenderwa , yakatumirwa netsamba dzinoperekedza kunhengo dzinokosha dzehurumende (kusanganisira Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler), uye ayo anopfuura mamirioni maviri emakopi anoparadzirwa mumavhiki anotevera. Iwo mavara neChiziviso - chechipiri hazvireve gwaro rakavanzika, richizoprindwa mu 1934 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha pamapeji 134-139, asi haipo mudura reWatchtower reLayibrari, asi rinotenderera painternet mu pdf panzvimbo dzevanopokana - inomiririra kuyedza kwakapusa kwakaitwa naRutherford kuti vabvumirane nehutongi hweNazi uye nekudaro vanowana kushivirira kukuru nekubviswa. chiziviso. Nepo tsamba yakanyorerwa Hitler ichiramba kuramba kweVadzidzi veBhaibheri kutora chikamu mukurwisa-kweGerman panguva yeHondo Yenyika I, Chiziviso cheZvinhu chinotamba kadhi rekufungidzira revanhu vepasi-pasi raanotaura, aine chokwadi chekuti "Hurumende yazvino yeGerman yakazivisa. hondo pakudzvinyirirwa kwebhizimusi hombe (…); ichi ndicho chinzvimbo chedu ”. Kupfuurirazve, kunowedzerwa kuti vose vari vaviri Zvapupu zvaJehovha nehurumende yeGermany zvinopesana neChinzwano chaMarudzi nepesvedzero yorudzidziso mune zvamatongerwe enyika. “Vanhu veGerman vakatambura kusuwa kukuru kubva muna 1914 uye vakave vanyajambwa vekusaruramisira kwakaitwa pavari nevamwe. Vemunyika vakazvizivisa vachipesana nekusarurama kwese kwakadai uye vakazivisa kuti 'Hukama hwedu naMwari hwakakwirira uye hutsvene.' ”Vachipindura gakava raishandiswa nemanyepo ehutongi pamusoro peveJWs, vanopomerwa kuti vakapihwa mari nemaJuda, Chiziviso chinoti iyo nhau ndezvekunyepa, nekuti "Zvinopomerwa zvenhema nevavengi vedu kuti takawana tsigiro yemari yebasa redu kubva kumaJuda. Hapana chiri kure nechokwadi. Kusvika panguva ino hakuna kumbove kana nekadiki kemari ikapihwa kubasa redu nemaJuda. Isu tiri vateveri vakatendeka vaKristu Jesu uye tinotenda maari seMuponesi wenyika, nepo maJuda vachiramba zvachose Jesu Kristu uye vachiramba zvine mutsindo kuti ndiye Muponesi wenyika akatumwa naMwari kuitira zvakanaka zvevanhu. Izvi pachazvo zvinofanirwa kuve humbowo hwakakwana kuratidza kuti hatigamuchire rutsigiro kubva kumaJuda uye kuti nekudaro mhosva dzatinopomerwa ndedzenhema uye dzinogona kubva kunaSatani, muvengi wedu mukuru. Humambo hukuru uye hunodzvinyirira pasi rose humambo hweAnglo-America. Neizvozvo zvinorehwa Humambo hweBritain, iyo iyo United States of America inoita chikamu chayo. Anga ari maJuda anotengesa ehumambo hweBritish-America vakavaka nekuita Bhizinesi Huru senzira yekushandisa nekumanikidza vanhu vemarudzi mazhinji. Chokwadi ichi chinonyanya kushanda kumaguta eLondon neNew York, nhare dzeBhizinesi Huru. Chokwadi ichi chiri pachena muAmerica zvekuti pane chirevo chine chekuita neguta reNew York chinoti: "MaJuda ndeavo, maKaturike eIreland ndivo vanotonga, uye maAmerican vanobhadhara zvikwereti." Ipapo yakazivisa kuti: “Sezvo sangano redu rinotsigira zvizere aya maruramiro uye riri kubatikana mukuita basa rekuvhenekera vanhu nezveIzwi raJehovha Mwari, Satani nekunyengera kwake [sic] anoedza kumisikidza hurumende kurwisa basa redu nekuparadza nokuti tinokudza kukosha kwokuziva uye kushumira Mwari. ” Sezvatarisirwa, iyo Declaration haina mhedzisiro yakawanda, zvinoita sekunge kwaive kudenha, uye kutambudzwa kunoitwa maGerman JWs, kana paine, zvinowedzera. Ona: 1974 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 110-111; "Zvapupu zvaJehovha — Zvakashinga Munguva Yenhamo yeNazi ”, Mukai!, Chikunguru 8, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, “A nyaya of Kuedza Kubvumirana: Zvapupu zvaJehovha, Anti-Chimiro, Uye Yechitatu Reich ”, The Chikristu Kuda, vol. Ini, kwete. 3 (Zhizha 1990), 36-38; Id., I Testimoni di Geova e Terzo Reich. Inediti di una pursuzione (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; Achille Aveta naSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Kugadziridza Vaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] Onai: 1987 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 163, 164.

[44] Onai: James A. Beckford, Hwamanda Yechiporofita. Chidzidzo Chemagariro cheZvapupu zvaJehovha (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1975), 52-61.

[45] Ona encyclopedic kupinda Zvapupu zvaJehovha, M. James Penton (mupepeti), Iyo Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. XX (Grolier Yakabatanidzwa, 2000), 13.

[46] The Encyclopedia Britannica inocherekedza kuti Chikoro cheGilead chakaitirwa kudzidzisa "mamishinari nevatungamiriri". Ona kupinda Watch Tower Bible Chikoro cheGilead, J. Gordon Melton (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; nhengo mbiri dzazvino dzeDare Rinodzora reJWs vaimbova mamishinari akapedza kudzidza kuGiriyedhi (David Splane naGerrit Lösch, sezvakataurwa mu Nharireyomurindi yaDecember 15, 2000, 27 naJune 15, 2004, 25), pamwe nenhengo ina dzafa, kureva Martin Poetzinger, Lloyd Barry, Carey W. Barber, Theodore Jaracz (sezvakataurwa mu Nharireyomurindi yaNovember 15, 1977, 680 uye muna La Torre di Guardia, Chinyorwa cheItaly, chaJune 1, 1997, 30, chaJune 1, 1990, 26 naJune 15, 2004, 25) naRaymond V. Franz, aimbova mumishinari muPuerto Rico muna 1946 uye mumiriri weWatchtower Society yeCaribbean kusvika 1957, maJW paakarambidzwa muDominican Republic nemudzvanyiriri Rafael Trujillo, akazodzingwa muchirimo cha1980 kubva kumuzinda wepasi rose muBrooklyn achipomerwa mhosva yekuve padyo nevashandi vakadzingwa nekuda kwe "kuramba kutenda", uye akazvidzinga muna 1981 nekuda masikati newaaishandira, aimbova JW Peter Gregerson, uyo akasiya basa kuWatchtower Society. Ona: "Kudzidza kweGiriyedhi makumi matanhatu nerimwe Kunopa Kunamata", Nharireyomurindi yaNovember 1, 1976, 671 naRaymond V. Franz, Crisi di coscienza. Fedeltà a Dio o alla propria Religione? (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Data yakataurwa mu: Paolo Piccioli, "Ini testimoni di Geova dopo il 1946: un trentennio di lotta per la libertà religiosa", Studi Storici: rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Horaore), Vol. 43, kwete. 1 (Ndira-Kurume 2001), 167 uye La Torre di Guardia Kurume 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, mubhuku rake Analisi di una setta: i testimoni di Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) inoshuma papeji 148 nhamba imwechete yeungano, kureva makumi matatu nemashanu, asi 35 vateveri chete, 1982 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, papeji 178, inonongedzera, ichirangarira kuti muna 1946 “pakanga pane paavhareji 95 vaparidzi voUmambo vane vaparidzi vanopfuura 120 vanobva muungano diki 35.”

[48] Muna 1939, iyo Genoese Catholic magazini Fides, mune chinyorwa chakanyorwa nemumwe "mupristi ane hanya nemweya" asingazivikanwe, akasimbisa kuti "kufamba kweZvapupu zvaJehovha ikomunizimu isingadaviri Mwari uye kurwisa pachena kuchengetedzeka kwehurumende". Mupristi asingazivikanwe akazvitsanangura se "kwemakore matatu akazvipira zvakanyanya kupokana neichi", achisimuka achidzivirira nyika yechiFascist. Ona: "Ini Testimoni di Geova muItari", Fides, Aihwa. 2 (Kukadzi 1939), 77-94. Pamusoro pekutambudzwa kwechiPurotesitendi ona: Giorgio Rochat [1990], mapeji 29-40; Giorgio Spini, Italia di Mussolini uye kupandukira (Turin: Claudiana, 2007).

[49] Pane huremu hwezvematongerwo enyika nehunhu hwe "New Evangelicalism" mushure meHondo Yenyika II ona: Robert Ellwood, Makumi mashanu emusika Musika: Chitendero cheAmerica muneGumi ramakore reKurwa (Rutgers University Press, 1997).

[50] Ona: Roy Palmer Domenico, "'Nekuda kwaKristu Pano muItaly': Dambudziko reAmerica rePurotesitendi muItari uye Kusanzwisisana Kwetsika kweCold War", Dhipatimendi Nhoroondo (Oxford University Press), Vol. 29, kwete. 4 (Gunyana 2005), 625-654 naOwen Chadwick, Chechi yechiKristu muCold War (England: Harmondsworth, 1993).

[51] Ona: "Porta aperta ai trust americani la firma del trattato Sforza-Dunn ", Unità, Kukadzi 2, 1948, 4 uye "Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti", l'Avanti! (Chinyorwa cheRoma), Kukadzi 2, 1948, 1. Mapepanhau Unità uye l'Avanti! ivo vaive zvakateedzana nhengo yekudhinda yeItaly Communist Party uye iyo Italian Socialist Party. Iyo yekupedzisira, panguva iyoyo, yaive pane pro-Soviet uye Marxist zvinzvimbo.

[52] Nezve chiitiko cheChechi yeKaturike mushure meHondo Yenyika II, ona: Maurilio Guasco, Chiesa e cattolicesimo muItari (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); Andrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica muItari nel secondo dopoguerra", Gabriele De Rosa, Tullio Gregory, André Vauchez (ed.), Storia dell'Italia religiosa: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; Pietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), Le chiese di Pio XII ( Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1986), 3-19; Elio Guerriero, I cattolici uye il dopoguerra (Milano 2005); Francesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. Cattolici, partito e stato nella storia d'Italia (Bologna 1998); Vittorio de Marco, Le barricate zvisingaibili. La chiesa muItaly tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); Francesco Malgieri, Chiesa, cattolici e democrazia: da Sturzo para De Gasperi, (Brescia 1990); Giovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico e società civile", Fra mito della cristianità e secolarizzazione. Studi sul rapporto chiesa-società nell'età contemporanea (Casale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; Andrea Riccardi, Roma «città sacra»? Dalla Conciliazione all'operazione Sturzo (Milano 1979); Antonio Prandi, Chiesa e politica: la gerarchia e l'impegno politico dei cattolici in Italia (Bologna 1968).

[53] Sekureva kweMumiriri weItari kuWashington, "vatevedzeri nevaseneta 310" veCongress vakapindira "nekunyora kana kuita munhu, kuDhipatimendi reHurumende" vachitsigira Chechi yaKristu. Ona: ASMAE [Historical Archive ku Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Zvematongerwo enyika], Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, weBazi Rezvekunze, Zvita 22, 1949; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950, b. 25, Bazi Rezvekunze, Kukadzi 16, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, tsamba uye tsamba yakavanzika kubva kumumiriri weItari kuWashington, Kurume 2, 1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, weBazi Rezvekunze, 31/3/1950; ASMAE, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1687, yakanyorwa "zvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika" weAmbassy yeItaly muWashington kuHurumende Yezvekunze, Chivabvu 15, 1953, ese akatorwa paPaolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] Pamamiriro akaoma e-eKaturike zvitendero mumashure mehondo Italy, ona: Sergio Lariccia, Stato e chiesa MuItaria (1948-1980) (Brescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", pa Teoria e prassi delle libertà di chitendero (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; Giorgio Peyrot, Gli evangelici nei loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; Arturo Carlo Jemolo, “Le libertà garantite dagli artt. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ", Il diritto ecclesiastico, (1952), 405-420; Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti muItari", Il Ponte (June 1950), 670-689; Id., "La accompuzione contro gli evangelici muItari", Il Ponte (Ndira 1953), 1-14; Giacomo Rosapepe, Inquisizione addomesticata, ((Bari: Laterza, 1960); Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle madiki ekunamata muItari (Milan-Roma: Edizioni Avanti !, 1956); Ernesto Ayassot, Ini ndinoratidzira muItari (Milan: Nzvimbo 1962), 85 133.

[55] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, inova. 8, zita revaapositori reItari, Gunyana 3, 1947, kuna Anokudzwa iye Hon. Carlo Sforza, Gurukota rezvekunze. Wekupedzisira achapindura "Ndakaudza nuncio kuti anogona kuvimba nechishuwo chedu chekudzivisa zvinogona kukuvadza manzwiro uye kumanikidza kungaite kunge". ASMAE, DGAP [Directorate General Yezvematongerwo enyika], Hofisi VII, Holy See, Gunyana 13, 1947. Mune imwe tsamba yakanyorerwa Directorate General for Political Affairs of the Foreign Ministry musi waGunyana 19, 1947, takaverenga hunyanzvi uhu. 11 yakanga isina "kururamisa muchibvumirano neItari (…) yetsika dzakasununguka dzehurumende yeItaly munyaya dzezvitendero". Mutsamba ("Summary Minute") yaNovember 23, 1947 nhumwa yeUnited States yakacherekedza matambudziko akamutswa neVatican, ese akataurwa muna Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, inova. 8, chinzvimbo chevaapositori kuItari, chinyorwa chemusi waOctober 1, 1947. Mutsamba yakazotevera, muchinda akakumbira kuwedzera chinongedzo chinotevera: "Vagari veChipangano chePamusoro Vanobvumirana vachakwanisa mukati mematunhu ebato reContracting Party kushandisa kodzero yerusununguko rwehana nechitendero zvinoenderana nemitemo yebumbiro remapato maviri akakwira ane kondirakiti ”. ASMAE, DGAP, Hofisi VII, Holy See, Gunyana 13, 1947, yakataurwa muna Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, inova. 8, "Pfupiso Maminiti" nenhume dzeUS, Gumiguru 2, 1947; memo kubva kunhumwa dzeItaly pachikamu chaGumiguru 3, 1947. Mutsamba yakabva kubazi rezvekunze yemusi wa4 Gumiguru, 1947 zvakanzi "zvikamu zviri mune hunyanzvi. 11 zvine chekuita nerusununguko rwehana nechitendero […] hazvisi zvakajairika muchibvumirano chehukama, kutengeserana uye kufamba. Pane zvakatangira muzvibvumirano zvakagara zvataurwa pakati penyika mbiri kwete dzebudiriro yakaenzana ”, yakataurwa muna Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[58] Msgr. Domenico Tardini, weSecretariat of State of the Holy See, mutsamba yakanyorwa musi wa 4/10/1947, akataura kuti chinyorwa 11 chechibvumirano ichi "chaikuvadza zvakanyanya kodzero dzeChechi yeKaturike, yakatemerwa chibvumirano cheLateran Chibvumirano". "Zvingave zvinonyadzisa here kuItari, pamwe nekushatisa iyo Holy See kuisa chinyorwa chakarongwa muchibvumirano chebhizimusi?" ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, inova. 8, tsamba kubva kuna Msgr. Tardini kumunun'una wevaapositori, Gumiguru 4, 1947. Asi zvigadziridzo hazvigamuchire nhumwa dzeUS, idzo dzakazivisa kuItari iyo hurumende yeWashington, ichipesana ne "maonero eruzhinji rweAmerica", nevazhinji vePurotesitendi nevhangeri. izvo zvinogona "zvakare kuisa Chibvumirano icho pachacho mukutamba uye kukanganisa rusununguko rweVictoria-America hukama". ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, inova. 8, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, DGAP, Hofisi VII, chaizvo kuna Gurukota Zoppi, Gumiguru 17, 1947.

[59] Nhoroondo yaGeorge Fredianelli, yakanzi "Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, rakaburitswa mu La Torre di Guardia (Chinyorwa cheItaly), Kubvumbi 1, 1974, 198-203 (Eng. Edition: "Musuwo muhombe unotungamira kune chiitiko Unovhurika" Nharireyomurindi, Mbudzi 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] Tsamba dzakanyorerwa Ministry of the Interior, dzakanyorwa musi waApril 11, 1949 uye Gunyana 22, 1949, ikozvino kuACC [Archives of the Christian Ungano yeZvapupu zvaJehovha zveRome, muItaly], dzakataurwa muPaolo Piccioli [2001], 168 Mhinduro dzisina kunaka dzebazi rezvekunze dziri muASMAE, US Political Affairs, 1949, b. 38, inova. 5, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, yakanyorwa muna Chikunguru 8, 1949, Gumiguru 6, 1949 naGunyana 19, 1950.

[62] ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Chikamu chikuru.

[63] Ona: Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze protestanti muItari ", Il Ponte (Chikumi 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei testimoni di Geova muItaria", La Torre di Guardia, Kurume 1, 1951, 78-79, tsamba isina kusainwa (semuitiro mumaJW kubva muna 1942 zvichienda mberi) kubva kuAmerican edition ye 1951 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha. Ona: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 190-192.

[65] ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis uye Morse. Ona: ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 266, tsamba yakabva kuna Undersecretary of State for Foreign Affairs, yakanyorwa muna Kubvumbi 9, 1953; ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Brescia, dunhu reBrescia, Gunyana 28, 1952; ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1957-1960, b. 219 / maAmerican Mapurotesitendi mamishinari uye maPastor, Ministry of the Interior, Directorate General for Worship Affairs, chaizvo kuna Hon. Bisori, asina kunyorwa, akataurwa naPaolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173, iyo yaanotaura mune chinyorwa ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266 / Plomaritis uye Morse uye ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bologna. 

[67] Tora, semuenzaniso, zvakaitika mutaundi riri munharaunda yeTreviso, Cavaso del Tomba, muna 1950. Pakukumbira kwevePentekosti kuti vawane mvura yemumwe wemisha yavo yemamishinari, kanzuru yeChristian Democratic yakapindura netsamba yakanyorwa muna Kubvumbi. 6, 1950, protocol kwete. 904: "Nekuda kwechikumbiro chako chemusi wa31 Kurume chakapfuura, chine chekuita nechinhu [chikumbiro chekubvumidzwa kwemvumo yemvura yekushandisa mudzimba], tinokuzivisai kuti kanzuru yekanzuru yakasarudza, ichifunga kududzira zvido zvevazhinji huwandu hwevanhu, kuti usakwanise kukupa chisi chemvura yekushandisa mudzimba mumba iri muVicolo Buso no 3, nekuti imba ino inogarwa neanozivikanwa Mr. VaMarin Enrico aive Giacomo, anoshandisa chinamato chePentekosti mu nyika, iyo, pamusoro pekurambidzwa neHurumende yeItaly, inokanganisa manzwiro eKatorike eruzhinji rwevagari vemuMasipala uyu. ” Ona: Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle madiki ekunamata muItari (Milano: Edizione l'Avanti!, 1956).

[68] Vakuru vemapurisa eChristian Democratic Italy, vachitevera iyi mirau, vachazvikweretesa pabasa rekudzvinyirira maJWs avo vakapa mabhuku ezvitendero pasuo nesuo vachitsinhana mari shoma. Paolo Piccioli, mukutsvagisa kwake nezve basa reWatch Tower Society muItaly kubva muna 1946 kusvika 1976, anoshuma kuti mutungamiriri weAscoli Piceno, semuenzaniso, akakumbira murairidzo pamusoro penyaya iyi kuna Gurukota Rezvemukati uye akaudzwa kuti "ape mapurisa anonongedza zvakakwana kuitira kuti basa rekuparadzira mitezo yesangano riri kutaurwa [Zvapupu zvaJehovha] ridzivirirwe munzira ipi neipi ”(ona: ZStA - Rome, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Ascoli Piceno, chinyorwa chemusi waApril 10, 1953, Ministry of the Interior, General Directorate of Public Security). Muchokwadi, komisheni yehurumende yeTrentino-Alto Adige Dunhu mumushumo wakanyorwa muna Ndira 12, 1954 (ikozvino muZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Trento, yakataurwa mu idem.) Yakashumwa: "Kwete kune rimwe divi, vanogona kumhan'arwa [maJWs] nekuda kwemafungiro avo echitendero, sekuda kunoita vafundisi veTrentino, avo vaiwanzotendeukira kukamba yemapurisa kare". Mutungamiriri weBari, kune rimwe divi, akagamuchira rairo inotevera "kuitira kuti basa rekuparadzira […] ridzivirirwe munzira ipi neipi mukushandurwa uye mune izvo zvine chekuita nekuparadzirwa kwezvakadhindwa uye mapepa" (ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, chinyorwa kubva ku Ministry of the Interior, Chivabvu 7, 1953). Panyaya iyi, ona: Paolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] Onai: Ragioniamo facendo uso delle Chinyorwa (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Tsamba kubva kubazi reRoma reJWs rakasaina SCB: SSB, yakanyorwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 14, 1980.

[71] Tsamba kubva kubazi reRome reJWs rakasaina SCC: SSC, yakanyorwa muna Chikunguru 15, 1978.

[72] Bvisa mutsamba dzakavanzika pakati peDare Rinodzora naAchille Aveta, akataurwa mubhuku raAchille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] Linda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. Iyo ISTAT (National Statistical Institute) ibazi reruzhinji revanhu vekuItaly rinoongorora huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu, masevhisi nemaindasitiri, uye zvekurima, sampuro dzekuenzanisira mudzimba uye ongororo dzezvehupfumi hwenyika.

[74] "Endererai vivere kuuya 'residenti temporanei'", Le Torre di Guardia (Yekudzidza), Zvita 2012, 20.

[75] Tsamba kubva kubazi reRome reJWs rakasaina SB, remusi waZvita 18, 1959, rakaburitswa muAchille Aveta naSergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, uye yakaburitswa muapendikisi. Shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika yehutungamiriri hweJW, pasina ruzivo rwevanozvipira mukutenda kwakanaka, ichingotarisa kuItaly chete, inova pachena nekuti, kuti uwane nzvimbo dzeredhiyo neterevhizheni mu "mapurogiramu ekuwana" kukwanisa kuita misangano yeBhaibheri, terevhizheni uye nhepfenyuro, vatungamiriri vezvitendero zvemireniyamu vanozviratidza, kunyangwe vanozviti vasina kwavakarerekera uye kunyangwe vachirambidzwa chero vane hunyanzvi kubva mukutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika nekuratidzira nyika, senge zvinoitwa gore rega rega muItari musi waApril 25 kurangarira kupera kweChipiri Hondo Yenyika uye Kusunungurwa kubva kuNazi-fascism, semumwe wevatsigiri vakavimbika vehunhu hweRepublican hwekushora-fascist kuramba; kutaura zvazviri, mutsamba yakanyorwa musi waGunyana 17, 1979 yakanyorerwa manejimendi epamusoro eRAI [kambani inova mubatsiri wega wewairesi yeruzhinji neterevhizheni muItaly, ed.] uye kuMutungamiriri weParamende Commission yekutarisira. webasa reRAI, mumiriri weWatch Tower Society muItaly akanyora kuti: “Muchirongwa, chakafanana neichi cheItaly, chinovakirwa pamitemo yeResistance, Zvapupu zvaJehovha nderimwe remapoka mashoma kwazvo akatsunga kuisa zvikonzero yehana pamberi pesimba-risati rasvika hondo muGermany neItaly. saka vanotaura zvinangwa zvinoyevedza muchazvino ”. Tsamba yakabva kubazi reRome reJWs yakasaina EQA: SSC, yakanyorwa musi waGunyana 17, 1979, yakataurwa muAchille Aveta [1985], 134, uye yakaburitswa nemifananidzo muAchille Aveta naSergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 uye yakaburitswa muapendikisi . Aveta akacherekedza kuti bazi reRoma rakaraira vanogamuchira tsamba "kuti vashandise zvakavanzika zviri mutsamba iyi", nekuti kana ikaguma mumaoko evateveri zvaizovatsamwisa.

[76] Tsamba kubva kubazi reRome reJWs rakasaina CB, yomusi waJune 23, 1954.

[77] Letter kubva kubazi reRome reJWs rakasaina CE, rakanyorwa musi waGumiguru 12, 1954, uye rakaburitswa muwedzero.

[78] Tsamba kubva kubazi reRome reJWs yakasaina CB, yakanyorwa Gumiguru 28, 1954.

[79] PaAtlanticism yePSDI (yaimbova PSLI) ona: Daniele Pipitone, Il socialismo democratico italiano fra Liberazione e Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni e tsika politiche di un'area di frontiera (Milano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; pane iyo yePri di La Malfa ona: Paolo Soddu, "Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale / internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter", Atlantismo ed europeismo, Piero Craveri naGaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; pane PLI, uyo akataura chimiro cheGaetano Martini seGurukota rezvekunze muma1950, ona: Claudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana. "Un liberale messinese e l'idea europea", dhigirii thesis mune zvematongerwo enyika saizi, maneja prof. Federico Niglia, Luiss Guido Carli, chikamu 2012-2013 uye R. Battaglia, Gaetano Martino e la politica estera italiana (1954-1964) (Messina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] La Voce Repubblicana, Ndira 20, 1954. Ona: Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214-215; Paolo Piccioli naMax Wörnhard, "Jehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung", Jehovas Zeugen muEuropa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Vol. 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxembourg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Jehovas Zeugen muEuropa: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Vol. 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxembourg, Niederlande, Purtugal und Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 naPaolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Kupomerwa kwerudzi urwu, pamwe nekutambudzwa kwevaparidzi, zvakanyorwa mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 pamap. 196-218. Kupomerwa kweKaturike kwakaitwa pamusoro pevanhu vasiri maKatorike kuti "makomunisiti" kunoziviswa mudenderedzwa remusi wa5 Gumiguru, 1953, yakatumirwa nevamiriri vepasi panguva yehutungamiriri hweKanzuru yeMakurukota kumatunhu akasiyana eItaly, zvinozotungamira kuferefetwa. Iyo State Archives yeAlessandria, akadaro Paolo Piccioli pane p. 187 yekutsvagurudza kwake nezveJWs dzeItari munguva yepashure pehondo, inochengetedza zvakazara zvinyorwa zvine chekuita nekuferefetwa kwakaitwa mukuzadzikiswa kwezvakapihwa izvi, uye akacherekedza kuti musi waNovember 16, 1953 mushumo weCarabinieri weAlessandria wakati "All nzira dzinoshandiswa nevaporofesa ve 'Zvapupu zvaJehovha' tsika, zvinoita kunge pakanga pasina dzimwe nzira dzechitendero chekuparadzira […] [yakabviswa] panogona kunge paine kubatana kunonzwisisika pakati pezvinotaurwa pamusoro apa nezvinoitwa kuruboshwe ”, zvichipesana kupomerwa uku.

[82] "Ini komunisti italiani e la Chiesa Cattolica", La Torre di Guardia, Ndira 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. Edition: "MaKomonisiti eItaly uye Chechi yeKaturike", Nharireyomurindi, Chikumi 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "MuItaly, inopfuura 99 muzana maKaturike, kuruboshwe uye mapato emakomunisti akakunda zvikamu makumi matatu nezvishanu kubva muzana zvemavhoti musarudzo dzenyika dzapfuura, uye izvi zvakawedzera "zvichiona kuti" komunisiti inopinda muhuwandu hwevaKaturike venyika idzi, asi inokanganisa vafundisi, kunyanya muFrance ", vachinyora nyaya ye" mupristi weFrance Katurike uye mumonki weDominican, Maurice Montuclard, akadzingwa muHierarchy nekuda kwekuburitsa muna 35.5 bhuku raitaura maonero aMarx, pamwe nekutungamira "Vechidiki ve Sangano reChechi "rakaratidza kunzwira tsitsi kweCommunist Party muFrance" nyaya iri yoga yakapihwa kuti kune zvikamu zvevapristi vari nhengo dzeMarxist mubatanidzwa weCGT kana vakabvisa mari yavo yekushanda mufekitori, vachitungamira Watchtower kubvunza kuti: "Rudzii rwekudzivirira chikomunizimu iChechi yeRoma Katurike, iyo painotadza kubvumira vapristi vayo, vakafukidzwa nedzidziso yeRoma Katurike kubva paudiki, vanoratidzwa kune mutsvuku opaganda? Sei pasi pano vapirisita ava vachiratidza kufarira shanduko yemagariro, zvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi hweMarxism kupfuura kuparidza kwechitendero chavo? Hazvisi izvo here nekuti kune kumwe kukanganisa mukudya kwavo kwemweya? Hongu, pane kushomeka kwemurume munzira yeRoman Katurike kuchinetso chemakomunisti. Iyo haizive kuti Chikristu chechokwadi hachina chakafanana nenyika ino yakare, asi chinofanira kuramba chakaparadzana nacho. Kunze kwekuda kwoudyire, Hierarchy inoita hushamwari naCesare, ichiita hurongwa naHitler, Mussolini naFranco, uye iri kuda kutaurirana neCommunist Russia kana ichigona kudaro kuwana zvakanakira pachayo; hongu, kunyangwe naDhiabhorosi pachake, sekutaura kwaPapa Pius XI. - Gondo rekuBrooklyn, Kukadzi 21, 1943. ” "Ini komunisti convertono sacerdoti cattolici", La Torre di Guardia, Zvita 1, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  "Un'assemblea internazionale muRoma", La Torre di Guardia, Chikunguru 1, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'quali risultati ha conseguito?", Svegliatevi!YaAugust 22, 1976, 11.

[86] Ona: Zoe Knox, "The Watch Tower Society uye Kupera kweCold War: Dudziro dzeEnd-Times, Simba reKurwisana, uye Changing Geo-Political Order", Zvinyorwa zveAmerican Academy of Religion (Oxford University Press), Vol. 79, kwete. 4 (Zvita 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Hondo nyowani inotonhora pakati peUnited States of America neRussia Federation, iyo yakarambidza Watch Tower Society kubva kumatunhu ayo kubvira 2017, yatungamira Dare Rinotungamira kumusangano wakasarudzika, richiti rakazivisa mambo wekupedzisira weNorth. ndiyo Russia nevatsigiri vayo, sezvakadzokororwa munguva pfupi yapfuura: “Nokufamba kwenguva Russia nevatsigiri vayo vakatora chinzvimbo chamambo wekuchamhembe. (…) Sei tichigona kutaura kuti Russia nevatsigiri vayo ndivo mambo wezvino wekuchamhembe? (1) Dzinokanganisa zvakananga vanhu vaMwari nekurambidza basa rekuparidza uye nekushusha mazana ezviuru ehama nehanzvadzi vanogara mumatunhu ari pasi pavo; (2) nezviito izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanovenga Jehovha nevanhu vake; (3) vanorwisana namambo wezasi, simba renyika reBritain neAmerica, mukurwira simba. (…) Mumakore achangopfuura, Russia nevakabatana navo vakapindawo mu "Nyika Yakanaka" [mubhaibheri ndiIsrael, anozivikanwa pano ne "vakasarudzwa" 144,000 vanoenda kudenga, "Israeri waMwari", ed]. Sei? Muna 2017, iyezvino mambo wekuchamhembe akarambidza basa redu uye akaisa dzimwe hama nehanzvadzi dzedu mutirongo. Yakarambidzawo mabhuku edu, kusanganisira Shanduro yeNyika Itsva. Akatorawo bazi redu muRussia, pamwe neDzimba dzoUmambo neDzimba Dzemagungano. Mushure mezviito izvi, Dare Rinodzora rakatsanangura muna 2018 kuti Russia nevatsigiri vayo ndivo mambo wekuchamhembe. ” "Chi è il 're del Nord" uye? ”, La Torre di Guardia (Yekudzidza), Chivabvu 2020, 12-14.

[88] Giorgio Peyrot, La circolare Buffarini-Guidi ei pentekosti (Roma: Associazione Italiana paLibertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Constitutional Court, mutongo kwete. 1 yaJune 14, 1956, Giurisprudenza costituzionale, 1956, 1-10.

[90] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. Pamutongo ona: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, chir., mapeji 361-362; Id., Diritti civili e fattore religioso (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Nezvechinyorwa chepamutemo cheWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ona magazini Svegliatevi! yaApril 22, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Sezvakadzokororwa mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 214, iyo inoshuma, kuti: “Hama dzakatendeka dzaiziva kuti dzakatambura kusaruramisira nokuda kwezviito zvadzo uye, kunyange zvazvo dzisina hanya zvisina kufanira pamusoro pomukurumbira wadzo mumeso enyika, dzakasarudza kukumbira kudzokororwa kwegadziriro yokukumbira kodzero dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha sevanhu "(iticiki mune zvinyorwa, zvinonzwisiswa se" vanhu vaJehovha ", ndiko kuti, maJWs ese eItaly).

[92] Kutongwa n. 50 yaApril 19, 1940, yakaburitswa muna Tribunale Speciale pamhando dzakasiyana dzeStato. Chisarudzo emesse nei 1940, Ministry of Defense (ed.) (Roma: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] Yakataurwa muAbruzzi-L'Aquila Dare rekukwirira, mutongo kwete. 128 yaKurume 20, 1957, "Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democratica ai Testimoni di Geova", ine tsamba yaSergio Tentarelli, Rivista abruzzese di studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, vol. 2, hapana 1 (1981), 183-191 uye muVanyori Vakasiyana, Minoranze, coscienza e dovere della memoria (Naples: Jovene, 2001), apendikisi IX. Chirevo chevatongi chakataurwa mu Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Cherechedzo yakanyorwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 12, 1948 kubva kuDirector General for Worship Affairs, mu ZStA - Roma, MI, Cabinet, 1953-1956, b. 271 / Chikamu chikuru.

[95] Mhosva inonyadzisa yekusashivirira kwechitendero kuJWs, yakaitika muna 1961, yakanyorwa muSavignano Irpino (Avellino), uko mupristi weKaturike akapinda zvisiri pamutemo mumusha weJW maive nemariro ekuitira mariro. . Mufundisi weparishi, akapoteredzwa nemumwe mupristi uye carabinieri, achadzivirira mutambo wemariro wanga uchiitika pamwe netsika yeJWs, achiendesa mutumbi kuchechi yemuno nekumanikidza mutambo wechiKaturike, zvichizounza zviremera kupindira, zvichishora vanhu vaibatanidzwa. Ona: Dare reAriano Irpino, mutongo waChikunguru 7, 1964, Giurisprudenza italiana, II (1965), coll. 150-161 uye II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] Intolleranza religiosa all soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 uye 285-292.

[97] Ona, tsamba dzinotevera kubva kubazi reRoma reJWs rakanyorerwa "Kune vakura vanozivikanwa sevashumiri vekunamata" yaJune 7, 1977 uye kuna "… avo vakanyoreswa muINAM sevashumiri vezvitendero" yaOctber 10, 1978, inotaura kuwaniswa kweHomwe kwakachengeterwa vashumiri vezvitendero pahwaro hweMutemo 12/22/1973 n. 903 yekodzero dzemudyandigere, uye tsamba yakanyorwa munaGunyana 17, 1978, yakanyorerwa "Ungano dzese dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha muItaly", iyo inodzora mutemo wekuroora kwechitendero nevashumiri vemukati vekunamata vanobvumidzwa neItari Republic.

[98] Tsananguro ndeya Marcus Bach, "Vanoshamisira Zvapupu", The Christian Century, kwete 74, Kukadzi 13, 1957, peji. 197. Pfungwa iyi yanga isiri yechizvino zvino. Zvinoenderana neshumo yakapihwa ne 2006 Bhuku Regore reMachechi, Zvapupu zvaJehovha, pamwe nezvimwe zvitendero zvakawanda munzvimbo yechiKristu yeAmerica, vava muchikamu chekudzikira kwakatsiga. Izvo zvikamu zvekuderera kwemachechi makuru muUnited States zvinotevera (zvese zvisina kunaka): Southern Baptist Union: - 1.05; United Methodist Church: - 0.79; Lutheran Evangelical Church: - 1.09; Chechi yePresbyterian: - 1.60; Episcopal Chechi: - 1.55; American Baptist Chechi: - 0.57; United Church yaKristu: - 2.38; Zvapupu zvaJehovha: - 1.07. Kune rimwe divi, kunewo machechi ari kukura, uye pakati pavo: Chechi yeKaturike: + 0.83%; Chechi yaJesu Kristu yeVatendi vaMazuva Ekupedzisira (vaMormon): + 1.74%; Magungano aMwari: + 1.81%; Chechi yeOrthodox: + 6.40%. Kurongeka kwekukura, nekudaro, zvinoenderana neshoko iri rine chiremera uye renhoroondo, zvinoratidza kuti panzvimbo yekutanga pakati pePentekosti uye yeavo vasiri echinyakare maAmerican parizvino maAssemblies of God, achiteverwa nemaMormon neChechi yeKaturike. Zviri pachena kuti makore endarama eZvapupu zvino apera.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, vanhu. 36.

[100] Ona: Johan Leman, "Ini testimoni di Geova nell'immigrazione siciliana muBelgio. Una lettura antropologica ”, Misoro, vol. II, kwete. 6 (Kubvumbi-Chikumi 1987), 20-29; Id., "VaItalo-Brussels Zvapupu zvaJehovha Zvakashanyirwazve: Kubva Chizvarwa Chekutanga Chitendero Chekudzikisira KuEthno-Chitendero Nharaunda Kuumbwa", Social Compass, vol. 45, kwete. 2 (Chikumi 1998), 219-226; Id., Kubva Kunetsa Tsika kuenda Kunetsa Tsika. Iyo sicilian Cultural Code uye iyo Yemagariro-Tsika Praxis ye sicilian Vanopinda muBelgium (Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987). Ona: Luigi Berzano naMassimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella Sicilia centrale (Caltanissetta-Roma: Sciascia, 1994).

[101] La Torre di Guardia, Kubvumbi 1, 1962, 218.

[102] Mashoko akataurwa naAchille Aveta [1985], 149, uye akawanikwa kubva pamharadzano yezvinhu zviviri zvemukati, zvinonzi Annuario dei Testimoni di Geova del 1983 uye neakasiyana Ministeri del Regno, tsamba yemwedzi nemwedzi mukati memusangano yakapihwa vaparidzi chete, vakabhabhatidzwa uye vasina-kubhabhatidzwa. Yakapa chirongwa chevhiki nevhiki chemisangano mitatu iyo yakambogoverwa kutanga kwevhiki nepakati, uye ichibva yabatanidzwa kusvika pakati pevhiki, manheru mamwechete: "Kudzidza kwebhuku", zvichizotevera "Dzidza wemuBible Biblical ”(kutanga a, zvino maminitsi makumi matatu); “Chikoro Choushumiri Choubati Ushe hwaMwari” (maminiti 30 okutanga, ipapo anenge maminitsi 45) uye “Musangano Webasa” (maminitsi 30 okutanga, ipapo maminitsi angangosvika 45). Iyo Ministero inoshandiswa chaizvo mukati memisangano mitatu iyi, kunyanya mu "Musangano Webasa", apo zvapupu zvinodzidziswa pamweya uye zvinowana mirairo inobatsira yehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Yaivawo nemharidzo dzemabhuku anozivikanwa anogoverwa neZvapupu zvaJehovha, La Torre di Guardia uye Svegliatevi!, kugadzirira kana kuraira nhengo nezvekuti vangasiya sei magazini aya vachiparidza. Iyo Ministero del Regno yakapedza kutsikisa muna 2015. Yakatsiviwa muna2016 nemwedzi mutsva, Vita Cristiana uye Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] Vita eterna nella libertà dei Figli di Dio (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., 28-30.

[106] Shanduro ye1968 ye Chokwadi bhuku rine zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisike zvichinongedzera kuchokwadi chekuti nyika haigone kurarama apfuura 1975. "Uyezve, sezvakataurwa muna 1960, aimbova Secretary of State weU.S., Dean Acheson, akazivisa kuti nguva yedu" inguva yekusagadzikana kusingaenzaniswi, kwekusaenzana. mhirizhonga. "Uye akayambira," Ndinoziva zvakakwana pamusoro pezviri kuitika kukuvimbisa kuti, mumakore gumi nemashanu, nyika ino ichava nenjodzi yekugara. " (…) Munguva pfupi yapfuura, bhuku rakanzi "Nzara - 1975!" (Carestia: 1975! ") Yakataura nezvekushomeka kwechikafu kwanhasi:" Nzara yatekeshera munyika imwe mushure meimwe, mune imwe kondinendi mushure meimwe kutenderera tunhu tusina kunyatsokura tudunhu nenzvimbo dzinopisa. Dambudziko razvino rinongogona kuenda munzira imwechete: kunjodzi. Nyika dzine nzara nhasi, nzara nyika mangwana. Muna 1975, mhirizhonga yevagari vemo, mhirizhonga, hudzvanyiriri hwemauto, kukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu, kuvhiringidzwa kwezvifambiso uye mhirizhonga zvichange zvakangoitika mumarudzi mazhinji ari kuziya nenzara. ” La verità che conduce alla vita eterna (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. Chinyorwa chakavandudzwa chakaburitswa muna 1981 chakatsiva aya akatorwa seizvi: “Uyezve, sezvakataurwa muna 1960, aimbova Secretary of State weU.S., Dean Acheson, akazivisa kuti nguva yedu "inguva yekusagadzikana kusingaenzaniswi, kwemhirizhonga isingaenzaniswi. “Uye, zvichibva pane zvaakaona zvichiitika munyika panguva iyoyo, akasvika kumagumo izvozvi "Nyika ino ichava nenjodzi yekugara mairi." Mishumo ichangobva kuitika inotaura kuti kushayikwa kwezvokudya zvakakwana nguva dzose, kuchikonzera kushomeka kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, rava “dambudziko guru rine chokuita nenzara nhasi.” The Times yeLondon inoti: "Kwagara kuine nzara, asi kukura uye kwese kwese [kureva kuti varipo kwese kwese] kwenzara nhasi kwaratidzwa pamwero mutsva chose. (…) Nhasi kushayikwa kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri kunokanganisa vanhu vanodarika bhiriyoni. pamwe vangasapfuure mazana mana emamiriyoni vanogara vari pamugumo wenzara. ” Mashoko aDean Acheson aireva makore gumi nemashanu kutanga kubva muna 1960 semuganhu wehupenyu hwepasi rose akabviswa, uye zvirevo zviri mubhuku "Nzara: 1975" zvakatsiviwa zvizere nenjodzi shoma uye zvechokwadi isina kudzorerwa kubva The Times kubva kuLondon!

[107] Kumubvunzo "Unoita sei kupedzisa zvidzidzo zveBhaibheri zvisina zvibereko?”Iyo Ministero del Regno (Chinyorwa cheItaly), Kurume 1970, peji 4, yakapindura, kuti: “Uyu mubvunzo watinofanira kufunga kana paine fundo yedu yazvino yakaitwa kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu. Vari kutouya kumisangano yeungano, uye vari kutanga kumutsiridza hupenyu hwavo zvinoenderana nezvavakadzidza muShoko raMwari? Kana zvakadaro, tinoda kuramba tichivabatsira. Asi kana zvisiri, pamwe tinogona kushandisa nguva yedu zvine pundutso kupupurira kune vamwe. ” Iyo Ministero del Regno (ChiTaliyane) yaNovember 1973, papeji 2, yakatonyanya kujekesa: “… Nokusarudza mumwe mubvunzo, anoratidza zvinomufadza uye izvi zvichakubatsira kusarudza chitsauko chebhuku iri. chokwadi kuverenga. Chirongwa chedu chefundo yeBhaibheri chinotsanangurwa papeji 3 yeturakiti racho. Inopindura mibvunzo: Kupi? Rini? Who? uye Chii? Funga nezve akasiyana mapoinzi naye. Zvichida iwe uchazoda kumuudza, semuenzaniso, kuti turakiti iyi chivimbiso chako chakanyorwa kuti basa redu nderemahara zvachose. Tsanangura kuti kosi yekudzidza inotora mwedzi mitanhatu uye kuti tinotsaura ingangoita awa imwe pasvondo. Pamwechete zvakaenzana neinenge zuva rimwe chete rehupenyu hwemunhu. Chokwadi, vanhu vane moyo wakanaka vachada kutsaura zuva rehupenyu hwavo kuti vadzidze nezvaMwari. ”

[108] "Perché attendete il 1975?", La Torre di Guardia, Kukadzi 1, 1969, 84, 85. Ona: "Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?", Svegliatevi!, Kubvumbi 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Ona: M. James Penton [2015], 125. Pa 1967 Convention, Wisconsin Sheboygan Mutariri Weruwa Hama Charles Sinutko vakapa hurukuro "Kushumira Tichifunga Neupenyu Husingaperi", vachiita chirevo chinotevera: "" Zvakanaka izvozvi, seZvapupu zvaJehovha , sevamhanyi, kunyangwe vamwe vedu vakaneta zvishoma, zvinoita sekunge sekunge Jehovha akapa nyama mumwaka wakakodzera. Nekuti akasimudzwa pamberi pedu tese, chinangwa chitsva. Gore idzva. Chinhu chekusvikira uye zvinongoita sekunge chatipa isu tese simba rakawandisa nesimba mune ino yekupedzisira kuputika kwekumhanya kusvika kumutsetse wekupedzisira. Uye ndiro gore ra1975. Eya, hatifanire kufungidzira kuti gore ra1975 rinorevei kana tikaverenga Nharireyomurindi. Uye usamirira 'kusvika 1975. Musuwo unenge uchivharwa nguva iyoyo isati yasvika. Sekutaura kwakaita imwe hama, 'Ramba uri mupenyu kusvika Makumi Manomwe Nemashanu'”MunaNovember 1968, District Overseer Duggan vakazivisa kuPampa Texas Assembly kuti“ hakusati kwasara mwedzi makumi masere nemasere izere, saka ngativei vakatendeka uye vane chivimbo uye… tichava vapenyu kupfuura hondo yeAmagedhoni…, ”iyo yakazoti Amagedhoni naGumiguru. 83 (Iyo odhiyo faira ine izvi zvikamu zvekutaura kuviri mumutauro wekutanga inowanikwa pane saiti https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Che ne njodzi della vostra vita?", Ministero del Regno (Chinyorwa cheItaly), June 1974, 2.

[111] Ona: Paolo Giovannelli naMichele Mazzotti, Il profetastro di Brooklin uye gli ingenui galoppini (Riccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] Giancarlo Farina, La Torre di Guardia inocherechedzwa nebhaibheri dzvene (Torino, 1981).  

[113] Ona semuenzaniso bepanhau reVenetian Il Gazzettino ya12 Kurume 1974 mune chinyorwa "La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975" ("Kuguma kwenyika kwaswedera: ichauya mumatsutso a1975") uye nenyaya iri muvhiki Novella 2000 yaSeptember 10, 1974 yakanzi "I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti" ("Vakaipa vanoyambirwa: muna 1975 vese vachafa").

[114] Tsamba kubva kubazi reItaly reJW, rakasaina SCB: SSA, yakanyorwa munaGunyana 9, 1975, iyo yatinozotaura muapendikisi.

[115] Onai: La Torre di Guardia, Gunyana 1, 1980, 17.

[116] Mushure mekupfuura kwa1975, Watchtower Society yakaramba ichisimbisa dzidziso yekuti Mwari aizoita mutongo wake kurudzi rwevanhu pamberi pechizvarwa chevanhu avo vakaona zviitiko zve1914 vese vafa. Semuenzaniso, kubva 1982 kusvika 1995, butiro remukati ra Svegliatevi! magazini iyi yaisanganisira, mune yayo mishoni chirevo, inongedzera ku "chizvarwa cha1914", ichinongedzera ku "chipikirwa cheMusiki (…) chenyika nyowani ine runyararo uye yakachengeteka chizvarwa chakaona zviitiko zve1914 chichienda." Muna Chikumi 1982, panguva yeKokorodzano Dzeruwa "Verità del Regno" ("Chokwadi cheUmambo") chakaitwa kutenderera pasirese neveJWs, muUSA nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira Italy, bhuku idzva rekudzidza Bhaibheri rakapihwa, richitsiva bhuku La Verità che conduce alla vita eterna, iyo yaive "yakadzokororwa", kune zvirevo zvine njodzi nezve 1975, muna 1981: Potete vivere per semper su una terra paradisiaca, sezvakakurudzirwa kutanga ne Ministero del Regno (Chinyorwa cheItaly), Kukadzi 1983, papeji 4. Mubhuku rino mune zvakawanda zvekusimbisa chizvarwa cha1914. Papeji 154 inoti: Chizvarwa chipi icho Jesu aireva? Chizvarwa chevanhu vapenyu muna 1914. Vakasara vechizvarwa ichocho vachembera kwazvo. Asi vamwe vavo vachange vari vapenyu pachaguma nyika ino yakaipa. Saka tinogona kuva nechokwadi cheizvi: kuguma kamwe kamwe kwehuipi uye vese vanhu vakaipa muAmagedhoni kuchakurumidza kuuya. ” Muna 1984, ndoda kurangarira makore makumi masere a1914, akaburitswa kubva munaGunyana 1 kusvika Gumiguru 15, 1984 (yeChirungu chinyorwa, zvakadaro. MuUnited States vachabuda pakutanga, kubva munaApril 1 kusvika Chivabvu 15 gore) mana akateedzana zvinyorwa zve La Torre di Guardia , yaitaura nezvekuporofita kwegore ra1914, ine nhamba yekupedzisira ine zita rekuremekedza, rakasimbisa pabutiro kuti: "1914: La generazione che non passerà" ("1914 - Chizvarwa Chisingapfuure").

[117] 1977 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 30.

[118] 1978 Yearbook yeZvapupu zvaJehovha, 30.

[119] Kutenda kune weItaly YouTuber JWTruman uyo akandipa iwo iwo maficha. Ona: "Crescita dei TdG muItari prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg uye iyo yakareba zvinyorwa "Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato", yakagadzirwa naJWTruman, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, anonyora nezve kuderera kwenyika mushure ma1975: “Maererano ne1976 na1980 Mabhuku Egore , paiva nevaparidzi veZvapupu zvaJehovha vaiva 17,546 1979 muNigeria muna 1975 kupfuura muna 2,722. MuGermany makanga mune vashoma 1,102 2015. Uye muGreat Britain, kwakave nekurasikirwa kwe427 munguva imwecheteyo yenguva. ” M. James Penton [6], XNUMX, vanhu. XNUMX.