Ukufa kukaChriss, Ngaba bukhona ubungqina obungaphezulu kwebhayibhile kwezi zinto zichaziweyo?

Ngaba zenzekile? Ngaba zazivela kwindalo iphela? Ngaba bukhona ubungqina obungaphezulu kwebhayibhile?

intshayelelo

Xa sifunda iziganeko ezibhalwe njengezenzeka ngomhla wokufa kukaYesu, kusenokuphakama imibuzo emininzi ezingqondweni zethu.

• Ngaba zenzekile?
• Ngaba zazivelela okanye zivela kwindalo?
• Ngaba bukhona obunye ubungqina obuvela kwi-Bhayibhile ngokwenzeka kwabo?

Inqaku elilandelayo libonisa ubungqina obufumaneka kumbhali, ukuze umfundi akwazi ukuzenzela izigqibo.

Iiakhawunti zeVangeli

Ezi ngxelo zilandelayo zeeVangeli kuMateyu 27: 45-54, UMark 15: 33-39, noLuka 23: 44-48 arekhoda ezi ziganeko zilandelayo:

• Ubumnyama emhlabeni wonke ngeyure ze-3, phakathi kwe6^th iyure kunye ne-9^th (Phakathi kwemini ukuya kwi-3pm)
  • Matthew 27: 45
  • UMarko 15: 33
  • ULuka 23: 44 - ukukhanya kwelanga akuphumelelanga
• Ukufa kukaYesu ujikeleze i9^th
  • UMateyu 27: 46-50
  • UMarko 15: 34-37
  • Luke 23: 46
• Ikhethini leNgcweliso yendawo yokuhlala ezimbini-ngexesha lokufa kukaYesu
  • Matthew 27: 51
  • UMarko 15: 38
  • ULuka 23: 45b
• Inyikima Yomhlaba-ngexesha lokufa kukaYesu.
  • UMateyu 27: 51-amatye aqweqwayo aqhekeka.
• Ukuphakamisa abangcwele
  • UMateyu 27: 52-53 - amangcwaba avulwa, abangcwele baleleyo bavuswa.
• ICenturion yaseRoma ithi 'lo mntu wayengunyana kaThixo' ngenxa yenyikima kunye nezinye iziganeko.
  • Matthew 27: 54
  • UMarko 15: 39
  • Luke 23: 47

 

Makhe sihlolisise ngokufutshane ezi ziganeko.

Ubumnyama beeyure ze-3

Yintoni enokubangela oku? Nantoni na ebangele ukuba lo msitho ube unemvelaphi yendalo iphela. Kanjani?

• Amanqindi elanga awanakubakho ngokwasemzimbeni ngePasika ngenxa yokuma kwenyanga. NgePasika inyanga epheleleyo ikwicala lomhlaba kude nelanga kwaye ke ayinakuphawuleka.
• Ngapha koko, ilanga litshona ilanga kuphela imizuzu (ihlala i-2-3 imizuzu, kwiimeko ezixekileyo malunga nemizuzu ye-7) hayi iiyure ze-3.
• Izaqhwithi azifane zenze ukuba ilanga lingaphumeleli (njengoko irekhodwe nguLuka), ngokuzisa ixesha ebusuku kwaye ukuba bayakwenza oko ubumnyama buhlala kangangemizuzu hayi kwiiyure ze3. I-Akoob inokwenza ukuba imini iguqukele ebusuku, kodwa oomatshini bento eyenzekileyo (i-25mph imimoya kunye nesanti) yenza ukuba kube nzima ukuzixhasa ixesha elide.[i] Nditsho neziganeko ezinqabileyo zizinto ezinokweendaba namhlanje. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, akukho ngxelo inokuchaza nangaso nasiphi na isaqhwithi esinamandla okanye imvula okanye naluphi na olunye uqhwithela. Ababhali kunye namangqina bebeya kuba baqhelene nazo zonke ezi ntlobo zemozulu kodwa basilela ukuzichaza. Kukho ke ngoko ithuba elincinci lokuba sisiphango esinamandla, kodwa ukumanyaniswa kwexesha kusisusa njengethuba leziganeko zendalo.
• Akukho bungqina belifu lokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Akukho bungqina bubonakalayo okanye ubungqina bokuzibonela obabubonwayo malunga nesiganeko esinjalo. Ngokucacileyo iingcaciso zeengxelo zeVangeli azingqinelani nesiphumo sentaba-mlilo.
• Ukudibana kwanayiphi na into ebangela ubumnyama ngokwaneleyo ukuba kubangele ukuba 'ukukhanya kwelanga kusilele', kwaye kwangaxeshanye ukukwazi ukuqalisa kanye ngexesha uYesu awayebethelelwe ngalo kwaye ke kuthi ngesiquphe anyamalale xa uYesu waphelayo. Nokuba umcimbi othile ongaqhelekanga, ongaziwayo okanye onqabileyo obonakalayo kunye nendalo ukuba kwenzeke ubumnyama, ixesha kunye nexesha akunakuba yinto yokwenzeka kwenye. Kwakufuneka ukuba ibeyongaphezu kwendalo, apho sithetha ukuba senziwe nguThixo okanye zingelosi phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

Inyikima enamandla

Yayingengothuswa nje kuphela, yomelele ngokwaneleyo ukuba yahlulahlula amatye amakhulu eelitye ezisisiseko. Kwakhona kwakhona ixesha loko kwenzeka ngalo okanye kwangoko emva kokuba uYesu ephume.

Intaba yokuqeshiswa kweSancwele irente kubini

Akukaziwa ke ukuba iContain yayinkulu kangakanani. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuyahlukahluka kunikwa ngokwesiko loorabhi, ukusuka kunyawo (i-intshi ye-12), i-intshi ye-4-6 intshi okanye i-intshi ye-1. Nangona kunjalo, i-intshi ye-1[ii] Ikhethini eyenziwe ngoboya bebhokhwe ephothiweyo iyakomelela kakhulu kwaye iyakudinga amandla amakhulu (ngaphaya koko amadoda anokukwazi ukuyenza) ukuyenza ukuba irente kubini ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi njengoko kuchazwa zizibhalo.

Ukuphakama kwabaNgcwele

Ngenxa yombhalo wale ndinyana, kunzima ukuqiniseka ukuba uvuko lwenzekile, okanye nokuba ngenxa yokungcwaba kwavulwa yinyikima, kweminye imizimba kunye namathambo yaphakanyiswa okanye yakhutshwa engcwabeni.

Ngaba lwalukho uvuko lokwenene olwenzeka ngexesha lokufa kukaYesu?

Izibhalo ezingacacanga kwesi sihloko. Isicatshulwa esikuMateyu 27: 52-53 kunzima ukuyiqonda. Ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kukuba kukho

1. uvuko lokoqobo
2. okanye, ukuba inyikima ngokwasemhlabeni yenyikima eyenzekileyo yanika umbono wokuvuswa kwemizimba okanye amathambo alahlwe emangcwabeni, mhlawumbi abanye 'bahlala phezulu'.

Impikiswano enikiweyo ngokuchasene

1. Kutheni kungekho enye imbali esekiweyo ngokwembali okanye kwisibhalo esichazayo ukuba ngoobani abo bangcwele bavuswa? Emva kwayo yonke le nto ngokuqinisekileyo bekuza kubamangalisa abantu abaninzi baseYerusalem kunye nabafundi bakaYesu.
2. Ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kukhetho (b) akunangqondo xa ucinga ukuba kwi-v53 le mizimba okanye amathambo aya esixekweni esingcwele emva kokuvuka kukaYesu.

Ngelishwa olu 'vuko' ukuba lunye, aluchazwanga nakwezinye iiVangeli, ngoko ke akukho lwazi lufumanekayo lokusinceda ukuba sikuqonde kakuhle okwenzekileyo.

Nangona kunjalo ukuqiqa ngomxholo kunye nezinye izehlo ezibhalwe kwiincwadi zeVangeli, enye inkcazo inokubakho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Uguqulelo lokoqobo lwenqaku lesiGrike "Kwaye lavulwa amangcwaba, kwaye imizimba emininzi yabangcwele abalele (abangcwele) bavuka ⁵³ Bephumile emangcwabeni emveni kokuvuka kwakhe, bangena kuwo umzi ongcwele, babonakala kuninzi.

Mhlawumbi eyona nto iyaqondakala Zavulwa ke amangcwaba [yinyikima]" ebhekisa kunyikima ebisandula ukwenzeka (ukugqiba inkcazo kwindinyana yangaphambili).

Iakhawunti ke iya kuqhubeka:

"Kwaye uninzi lwabangcwele [ebhekisa kubapostile] ebelele [ngokwasemzimbeni ngelixa wayegcinwe ephaphile ngaphandle kwengcwaba likaYesu] basuka ke baphuma, bamlandela [indawo ye] amangcwaba emva kokuvuka kwakhe [UYesu] bangena kuwo umzi ongcwele, babonakala kuninzi [ukunikela ubungqina ngovuko]. ”

Emva kovuko jikelele siyokwazi ukufumana impendulo eyiyo kwinto eyenzekileyo.

Umqondiso kaJona

UMateyu 12: 39, UMateyu 16: 4, noLuka 11: 29 irekhoda uYesu esithi "Isizukulwana esikhohlakeleyo nesikrexezayo siyaqhubeka sifuna umqondiso, kodwa akukho mqondiso siya kuwunikwa ngaphandle komqondiso kaJona umprofeti. Kuba kanye njengokuba uYona wayesesiswini sentlanzi enkulu iimini ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu, kwangokunjalo noNyana woMntu uya kuba entliziyweni yomntu imihla emithathu nobusuku obuthathu. Jonga kwakhona uMateyu 16: 21, UMateyu 17: 23 kunye noLuka 24: 46.

Abaninzi badidekile yindlela oku kuzaliseka ngayo. Olu luhlu lulandelayo lubonisa ingcaciso esekwe kwizigameko ezibhaliweyo kwizibhalo ezibonisiweyo apha ngasentla.

Ukuqonda ngokwesiko	Ukuqonda okunye	Usuku	iziganeko
	NgoLwesihlanu-Ubumnyama \ Ubusuku (emva kwemini-3pm)	IPasika (Nisan 14)	UYesu wabethelelwa esithuba semini emaXeshile (6th Iiyure) kwaye isweleka ngaphambi kwe3pm (9th yure)
NgoLwesihlanu-uSuku (i-6am - 6pm)	NgoLwesihlanu-uSuku (3pm - 6pm)	IPasika (Nisan 14)	UYesu wangcwatywa
NgoLwesihlanu-Ubusuku (6pm - 6am)	NgoLwesihlanu-Ubusuku (6pm - 6am)	ISabatha enkulu - 7th Usuku lweveki	Abafundi kunye nabafazi baphumla ngeSabatha
NgoMgqibelo-uSuku (6am - 6pm)	NgoMgqibelo-uSuku (6am - 6pm)	ISabatha enkulu - 7th Usuku (usuku lweSabatha kunye nosuku emva kwepasika yayisisabatha)	Abafundi kunye nabafazi baphumla ngeSabatha
NgoMgqibelo-Ubusuku (6pm - 6am)	NgoMgqibelo-Ubusuku (6pm - 6am)	1st Usuku lweveki
NgeCawa-Usuku (6am-6pm)	NgeCawa-Usuku (6am-6pm)	1st Usuku lweveki	UYesu uvuse kwangoko ngeCawa
Iyonke imihla ye-3 kunye nee-2 Nights	Inani leentsuku ze-3 kunye nee-3 Nights

 

Umhla wePasika kuqondakala ukuba wawungo-Epreli 3^rd (I-33 AD) ngovuko ngeCawa ka-Epreli 5th. Epreli 5^th, kulo nyaka bekuphumile ilanga kwi-06: 22, kwaye ngokwembali ukuphuma kwelanga bekungangaba lixesha elifanayo.

Ngokwenjenje yenza ukuba iakhawunti ibenye kuJohn 20: 1 ethi lonto “Ngosuku lokuqala lweveki uMariya Magadalena weza engcwabeni kwangoko, besebumnyameni, wabona ilitye sele lisusiwe kwingcwaba lenkumbulo.”  Konke okufunekayo ukufezekisa ukuvuswa kukaYesu kwi-3^rd usuku lukhona emva kwe6: 01am nangaphambi kwe06: 22am.

AbaFarisi babenoloyiko lwesiprofetho sikaYesu esiya kuzaliseka, nokuba ngamaqhinga njengoko ingxelo kaMateyu 27: 62-66 ibonisa xa isitsho “Ngemini elandelayo, emva kolungiso, ababingeleli abaziintloko nabaFarisi bahlanganisana phambi koPilato, besithi:“ Mnumzana, sikhumbule ukuba lowo uzikhohlisayo esaphila, 'Ndiza kuvuswa emva kweentsuku ezintathu. . ' Yitsho ngoko linqatyiswe ingcwaba, kude kube lusuku lwesithathu, hleze abafundi bakhe beze, bambambe, bathi ebantwini, Uvukile kwabafileyo. kwaye oku kungalungisi kokugqibela kuya kuba kubi ngakumbi kunokuqala. ”UPilato wathi kubo:“ Ninabalindi. Hambani niye kunqabisa ngendlela enazi ngayo. ”Bahamba, baligcina ingcwaba ngokulitywina ilitye, bekunye nonogada.”

Ukuba oku kwenzeke ngosuku lwesithathu kwaye abaFarisi bakholelwa ukuba le nto izalisekisiwe iboniswa kukuphendula kwabo. UMateyu 28: 11-15 urekhoda imicimbi: "Xa babesendleleni, khangela! Abanye babalindi bangena esixekweni baxelela ababingeleli abaziintloko zonke izinto ezenzekileyo. 12 Kwaye emva kokuba beqokelelene ndawonye namadoda amakhulu kwaye bacebisana, banika inani elaneleyo leesilivere kumajoni i-13 bathi: “Yitsho, 'Abafundi bakhe beze ebusuku kwaye bambe silele.' 14 Kwaye ukuba le nto ithe yafika ezindlebeni zerhuluneli, thina siya kumchukumisa [siya kunikhulula kwinkxalabo.] 15 Bazithabatha ke iingqekembe zesilivere, benza njengoko babeyalelwe ngako; kwaye eli lizwi lasasazeka phakathi kwamaYuda ukuza kuthi ga kulo mhla.  Qaphela: isityholo yayikukuba umzimba lo ubiwe, ingelilo ukuba akazange avuswe ngomhla wesithathu.

Ngaba zaziprofetiwe?

UIsaya 13: 9-14

U-Isaya waprofeta ngemini ezayo kaYehova nento eyayiza kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ifike. Oku kudibana nezinye iziprofetho, iziganeko zokufa kukaYesu, kunye nomhla weNkosi / kaYehova e70AD, kunye nengxelo kaPeter kwiZenzo. U-Isaya wabhala:

“Khangela! Imini kaYehova iyeza, Iza ingqumbo kunye nomsindo ovuthayo, ukuze ilizwe libe yinto eyoyikisayo, libatshabalalise aboni belizwe kulo.

¹⁰ Kuba iinkwenkwezi zezulu, neqela leenkwenkwezi, aziyi kukhanya kukhanya kwazo; Ilanga liya kuba mnyama xa liphuma, Kwaye inyanga ayiyi kukukhanyisa ukukhanya kwayo.

¹¹ Ndiya kulibiza ilizwe elimiweyo ngobubi baso, nabangendawo ngenxa yesiphoso sabo. Ndoluphelisa ikratshi labakhukhumeleyo, ndilithobe ikratshi labaphikisi. ¹² Ndiza kumenza umntu onqabileyo abe negolide ecocekileyo, Neyona nto inqabileyo kubantu begolide yaseOfire. ¹³ Kungenxa yoko le nto ndoyikisa amazulu, Kwaye umhlaba uya kugungqiswa uphume endaweni yawo  Ngokuphuphuma komsindo kaYehova wemikhosi ngemini yomsindo wakhe ovuthayo. ¹⁴ Njengemazi yehagu ezingelweyo nanjengempahla emfutshane kungekho mntu ubabuthayo, ngamnye uya kubuyela kowabo; Elowo uya kubalekela emhlabeni wakhe.

Amosi 8: 9-10

Umprofeti uAmosi wabhala amazwi afanayo esiprofetho:

^"8 Kule akhawunti ilizwe liyanyikima, Kwaye Bonke abemi kulo. Ayisayi kuphakama yonke na njengomNayile, iphinde inyuke, ime phantsi njengomNayile waseYiputa?  ⁹ 'Ngaloo mini,' itsho iNkosi enguMongami uYehova, 'Ndiya kulitshisa ilanga emini enkulu, Kwaye Ndiya kuba mnyama emhlabeni ngemini eqaqambileyo. ¹⁰ Ndiya kuyijika imithendeleko yenu ibe sisijwili, neengoma zakho zonke zibe sisimbonono. Ndiza kubeka ezirhwexayo emanqeni onke, ndenze zonke iintloko zentloko; Ndiya kuyenza ibe njengokuzila okuphela kwamzeleyo unyana, Ukuphela kwayo kube njengosuku olukrakra.

UJoel 2: 28-32

Emva koko ndothulula umoya wam phezu kwalo lonke uhlobo lwenyama, baprofete oonyana benu neentombi zenu, amadoda amakhulu enu aphuphe amaphupha, nabafana benu babone imibono. ²⁹ Ewe, ndaye ndiwuthulule umoya wam ngaloo mihla. ³⁰ Kwaye ndiza kunika Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ezulwini nasemhlabeni, Igazi kunye nomlilo kunye neekholamu zomsi. ³¹ Ilanga liya kujika libe bubumnyama kwaye inyanga ibe ligazi Ngaphambi kokufika kwemini enkulu neyoyikekayo kaYehova. ³² Kwaye wonke umntu obiza egameni likaYehova uya kusindiswa; Kuba eNtabeni yeZiyon naseYerusalem kuya kubakho abasindileyo, njengoko watshoyo uYehova, amasalela abizwe nguYehova.

Ngokuka-Izenzo 2: 14-24 inxenye yale ndima evela kuYoweli yazaliseka xa ngePentekosti 33AD:

“Wema ke uPetros nabalishumi elinanye, wathetha nabo [isihlwele esasiseYerusalem ngePentekosti] ngelizwi elikhulu:“ Madoda aseYudeya nani nonke bemi baseYerusalem, makwazeke oku kuni nize nimamele ngenyameko kum amazwi am. ¹⁵ Aba bantu, enyanisweni, abanxilanga, njengoko ucinga, kuba iyure yesithathu yemini. ¹⁶ Ngokuchasene noko, le yinto eyathethwa ngomprofeti uYoweli: ¹⁷ '' Kwaye ngemihla yokugqibela"Utsho ke uNdikhoyo ukuthi:" Ndiza kuthulula umoya wam phezu kwalo lonke uhlobo lwenyama, baprofete oonyana benu neentombi zenu, ke amadodana enu aya kubona imibono, namadoda amakhulu akho aphuphe amaphupha, ¹⁸ nditsho nangaphezu kwamakhoboka am, naphezu kwamakhoboka am, ndiya kuthulula umoya wam ngaloo mihla, kwaye ziya kuprofeta. ¹⁹ kwaye Ndiya kwenza izimanga ezulwini phezulu kwaye imiqondiso emhlabeni ngezantsi-Igazi kunye nomlilo kunye namafu omsi. ²⁰ Ilanga liya kujika libe bubumnyama kwaye inyanga ibe ligazi Ngaphambi kokuba ifike imini kaYehova enkulu kunye nembonakalo. ²¹ Kwaye wonk 'ubani obiza egameni likaYehova uya kusindiswa.' ' ²² “Madoda akwaSirayeli, yivani la mazwi: UYesu waseNazarete wayeyindoda eboniswe esidlangalaleni kuni ngemisebenzi yamandla nangezimangaliso nangemiqondiso, awayenzayo uThixo phakathi kwenu, njengoko nisazi nani ngokwenu. ²³ Le ndoda, ebinikelwe ngumyolelo kunye nokwazi kwangaphambili kukaThixo, ubambelele nkqi kwisandla sabantu abahamba ngokuchasene nomthetho, kwaye ke umshiye naye.

Uya kuqaphela ukuba uPetros ubhekisa kuYesu njengonobangela zonke ezi ziganeko, hayi nje ukuthulula umoya oyiNgcwele, kodwa nemimangaliso ezulwini nasemiqondiso emhlabeni. Ngaphandle koko, uPeter ngewayengacaphunanga iivesi 30 kunye 31 kwiJoel 2. AmaJuda amamele ngoku kufuneka abize igama likaYehova kunye neNkosi uYesu Krestu kwaye amkele umyalezo kunye nesilumkiso sikaKristu ukuze asindiswe kwimini yeNkosi ezayo, eyayizakwenzeka nge70 AD.

Nokuba ezi ziprofetho zizalisekisiwe kusini na zizigigaba ezenzeka ekufeni kukaYesu okanye zisekho kwixesha elizayo asinakuba nesiqingatha se100, kodwa kukho ubungqina obunamandla bokuba zazaliseka ngelo xesha.[iii]

Iimbekiselo zembali ngaBabhali abaziiNcwadi eziBhaliweyo

Zininzi iimbekiselo zezi ziganeko kumaxwebhu embali ngoku afumanekayo esiNgesi. Ziya kuboniswa ngokulandelelana komhla kunye neengcaciso ezichazayo. Ukuqiniseka kangakanani umntu abeka kubo kuyisigqibo sobuqu. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo inomdla into yokuba nasemva kwenkulungwane yokuqala emva koYesu kukho inkolelo yamaKristu okuqala kwinyaniso yeengxelo zeVangeli njengoko sinazo namhlanje. Kuyinyani nokuba ngelo xesha abachasi okanye abo banembono eyahlukileyo, bobabini ababengengabo ubuKristu kunye nobuKristu banokuphikisana malunga neenkcukacha. Nokuba iindawo ezibhaliweyo ziqwalaselwa njengezingaphefumlelwanga umhla wokubhalwa kwazo. Bacatshulwe njengento engabalulekanga ukuba baphefumlelwe. Njengomthombo banokujongwa belingana ngexabiso kwimithombo eqhelekileyo yamaNqaku obuKhristu kunye nabangabobukristu.

UTallus-Umbhali ongenguKristu (Mbindi 1^st Ngekhulu, 52 AD)

Amagqabaza akhe acatshulwe ngu

• UJulius Africanus kwimbali ye221AD yeHlabathi. Jonga uJulius Africanus apha ngezantsi.

I-Phlegon ye-Tralles (Late 1^st Kwinkulungwane, Kwinkulungwane ye2nd ()

Amagqabaza akhe acatshulwe ngu

• UJulius Africanus (I-221CE Imbali yeHlabathi)
• UOrigen waseAlexandria
• Pseudo Dionicalous le areopagite

phakathi kwabanye.

Ignatius wakwa-Antiyokwe (Kwangoko 2^nd Ikhulu leminyaka, imibhalo c. 105AD-c. 115AD)

Kwakhe 'Ileta eya kwiibhola ezinkulu'Kwisahluko IX ubhala:

"Wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni waza wafa phantsi koPontiyo Pilato. Ngokwenyani, hayi ngokubonakala nje, wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni, kwaye wasweleka, phambi kwabantu ezulwini, nasemhlabeni, naphantsi komhlaba. Ngabo basezulwini ndithetha njengabo banobume bendalo; ngabo basemhlabeni, amaYuda namaRoma, kunye nabantu ababekho ngelo xesha xa iNkosi ibethelelwa emnqamlezweni; kwaye ngabo bangaphantsi komhlaba, inkitha eyavuka kunye neNkosi. Kuba isibhalo sithi:Imizimba emininzi yabangcwele abaleleyo yavuka, "U amangcwaba abo ayavulwa. Wehla, okunene, waya eHadesi eyedwa, wabuya wavuswa yindimbane. kwaye qesha ngendlela yokuba sahlukane eyayikho kwasekuqalekeni kwehlabathi, niluwisa udonga lwalo, Wavuka kwakhona ngeentsuku ezintathu, uYise emvusa; Emva kokuchitha iintsuku ezingamashumi amane nabapostile, wamkelwa phezulu kuYise, wahlala phantsi ngasekunene kwakhe, elinde ukuba zide iintshaba zakhe zibekwe phantsi kweenyawo zakhe. Ngomhla wokulungiselela, ke, ngeyure yesithathu, Wamkela isigwebo kuPilato, uYise evumela oko ukuba kwenzeke; ke, ngelixa lesithandathu, wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni. Ngelixa lesithoba wawususa umoya. Wangcwatywa ngaphambi kokutshona kwelanga. Ngexesha leSabatha Waqhubeka phantsi komhlaba engcwabeni apho uYosefu waseArimathiya wayembeke khona. Ekuseni kwemini yeNkosi Wavuka kwelabafileyo, ngokwento eyathethwayo nguYe, “Njengokuba uYona ebemini ntathu nabusuku buthathu esiswini sentlanzi enkulu, kwangokunjalo naye uNyana woMntu woba iimini ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu esiswini intliziyo yomhlaba. ” Umhla wokulungiselela, ke, uquka inkanuko; iSabatha yamkela ukungcwatywa; imini yeNkosi iqulethe uvuko. ” [iv]

UJustin Martyr-uChristian Apologist (Middle 2^nd Ngekhulu, wasweleka i165AD eRoma)

'Ukuxolisa kwakhe kokuqala', ebhalwe malunga ne156AD, iqulethe oku kulandelayo:

• Kwisahluko 13 uthi:

“Utitshala wethu ngezi zinto nguYesu Krestu, naye owazalwa ngenxa yesi sizathu ebethelelwe phantsi kukaPontiyo Pilato, irhuluneli yaseJudæa, ngexesha likaTibheriyo Cæsar; kwaye ukuba simnqula ngokuqiqayo, kuba sifundile ukuba unguye uNyana kaThixo oyinyaniso, simbambe endaweni yesibini, kwaye nesiprofetho ngoMoya wesithathu, siyakungqina oko ”.

• Isahluko 34

"Ke kaloku kukho ilizwe ezweni lamaYuda, amashumi amathathu anesihlanu eetempile ivela eYerusalem. [IBhetelehem] awazalelwa kuyo uYesu Krestu, njengoko unokuqiniseka nangoku, kwiirejista zerhafu eyenziwe phantsi kukaCyrenius, ibamba lakho lokuqala eJudæa.

• Isahluko 35

Kwaye emva kokuba ebethelelwe emnqamlezweni benza amaqashiso kwisambatho sakhe, bathi ke abo babembethelele emnqamlezweni bahlulelana phakathi kwabo. Kwaye ukuba ezi zinto zenzekile, unokuqiniseka ngazo iZenzo zikaPontiyo Pilato. " [v]

 Izenzo zikaPilato (4^th Ikopi yenkulungwane, ecatshulwe kwi2^nd Kwinkulungwane nguJustin Martyr)

Ukusuka kwiZenzo zikaPilato, iFirst Greek Greek (njenge-extant, not older than 4th century AD), kodwa ngumsebenzi weli gama, 'iZenzo zikaPontius Pilatu', kubhekiswa kuye nguJustin Martyr, I Apology. Isahluko 35, 48, embindini wenkulungwane ye-2nd AD. Oku kuzithethelela kwakhe phambi koMlawuli, owayenokukwazi ukuzihlola ngokwakhe ezi zenzo zikaPontiyo Pilato. Le 4^th ikopi yekhulu ke ngelixa isenokuba yinyani, mhlawumbi kukuphinda kusetyenzwe kwakhona okanye ukwandiswa kwezinto zangaphambili, eziyinyani:

"kwaye Ngexesha awayebethelelwa emnqamlezweni kwabakho ubumnyama phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba, ilanga laba mnyama phakathi kwemini, iinkwenkwezi zibonakala. kodwa kuzo akubonakali nto kubo kwaye inyanga, ngokungathi iguqukile yaba ligazi, yasilela ukukhanya kwayo. Umhlaba wagwinyiswa yimimandla esezantsi, kangangokuba yona ingcwele yetempile, njengoko babeyibiza njalo, ayizange ibonwe ngamaYuda ekuweni kwawo; kwaye babona ngezantsi kwabo umsantsa womhlaba, ngokugquma kweendudumo ziwe phezu kwayo. Kwaye kulo loyiko abantu abafileyo babonwa bevukile, njengoko amaYuda uqobo anikayo ubungqina; bathi ke ngu-Abraham, noIsake, noYakobi, nookhokho abalishumi elinambini, noMoses noYobhi, ababeswelekile, njengoko besitsho, amawaka amathathu anamakhulu amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye babe baninzi kakhulu endibabona bebonakala emzimbeni; Benza isijwili ngenxa yamaYuda, ngenxa yobubi obengene kubo, nokonakala kwamaYuda nomthetho wawo. Kwaye uloyiko lwenyikima lwalusiya kwilixa lesithandathu lokulungiselela kwada kwayintsimbi yethoba. "[vi]

UTertullian-Bishop waseAntiyokwe (Kwangoko 3^rd Ikhulu leminyaka, c. 155AD-c. 240AD)

UTertullian wabhala kwi-Apology yakhe malunga ne-AD 197:

Isahluko XXI (Isahluko 21 par 2): “Esibethelelwe emnqamlezweni, uKrestu wabonakalisa imiqondiso emininzi ebalulekileyo, awathi ngayo ukufa kwakhe kwahlulwa kubo bonke abanye. Ngokwenkululeko yakhe yokuzikhethela, kunye nelizwi eligxothiwe kuye umoya wakhe, elindele umsebenzi wokubulawa. Kwangelo lixa, ukukhanya kwemini kurhoxisiwe, xa ilanga kanye ngelo xesha lalilelakhe meridi ukuvutha. Abo babengazi ukuba le nto yayixelwe kwangaphambili malunga no-Kristu, ngokungathandabuzekiyo bacinga ukuba yayiyikhuko. Kodwa, le onayo koovimba bakho, ungayifunda apho. "[vii]

Oku kubonisa ukuba bekukho iirekhodi zikawonke wonke ezazikhona ngelo xesha ezazingqina iziganeko.

Ubhale kwakhona kwiNcwadi ka 'Nxamnye noMarcion' Isahluko IVNUMX:

"Ukuba uyithatha njengexhoba likaKrestu wakho wobuxoki, yonke iNdumiso (iyahlawula) isambatho sikaKristu. Kodwa, yabona, zona kanye izinto ziyashukuma. Kuba iNkosi yabo ibisokola. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, yayilutshaba lwabo ekwenzekileyo kulo lonke olu monakalo, izulu beliya kukhanya ngokukhanya, ilanga beliya kukhazimla ngakumbi, kwaye imini ibiya kuyolula ixesha layo - ngovuyo ujonge kuKristu kaMarcion enqunyanyisiwe ukubamba! Obu bungqina ngesele bulungile kum, nokuba bebengekho umxholo wesiprofetho. UIsaya uthi: “Ndiya kuwambesa amazulu ngobumnyama.” Lo uya kuba ngumhla, abhale ngawo uAmosi: “Kothi ngaloo mini, itsho iNkosi, ilanga litshone emini enkulu, umhlaba ube mnyama emini emaqanda.” (Emini emaqanda) ikhuselo letempile lakrazuka ” [viii]

Ngokuthe ngqo uyakuvuma ukukholelwa kwakhe kwinyani ukuba ezo ziganeko zazenzekile esithi ezo zigigaba zazinokwanela yena ukuba akholelwe kuKrestu, ukanti azange zenzeke nje ezi ziganeko, kwabakho isibakala sokuba ziprofetwe.

U-Irenaeus umfundi wePolycarp (200AD?)

Kwincwadi ethi 'Against the Heresies-Book 4.34.3-Protif against the Marcionites, that Prophets the Prophecy in all the futureiction to Christ Christ' uIrenaeus ubhala:

Kwaye iinqaku ezinxulumene nomnqweno weNkosi, ebexelwe kwangaphambili, azange zifunyanwe kwenye imeko. Kuba akwenzekanga ekufeni kwakhe nawuphi na umntu wakudala, ukuba litshonile ilanga phakathi kwemini, nesigqubuthelo sendlu yetempile sayikiswa, umhlaba awanyikinyeki, namatye awaqhekezwa, nokuba abafileyo abavuki , kwaye akukho namnye waba bantu [wakudala] owavuswa ngomhla wesithathu, okanye wamkelwa ezulwini, okanye amazulu engazange ivulwe, okanye izizwe azizange zikholelwe kwigama lomnye; kananjalo akubangakho namnye ke kubo, efile, wabuya wavuka, wayivula inkululeko entsha. Abaprofeti ke, abathetha nto ngomnye umntu, inge iyiNkosi, ebezihonjisiwe ngaye zonke ezi tempile. [U-Irenaeus: U-Adv. Ewe. 4.34.3] ” [ix]

UJulius Africanus (ekuqaleni kwe-3^rd Ngekhulu, i-160AD - 240AD) Umlando woBukristu

UJulius Africanus ubhala ngaphakathi Imbali yeHlabathi ngeenxa ye221AD.

Kwisahluko 18:

"(XVIII) Kwiimeko eziDityaniswe noMnqweno wethu woSindiso kunye noVuko lwaKhe lokuNika uBomi.

1. Malunga nemisebenzi yakhe ngokwahluka, kunye nokunyanga kwakhe okwenziwe emzimbeni nasemphefumlweni, kunye neemfihlakalo zemfundiso Yakhe, kunye novuko lwabafileyo, ezi zinto zazicaciswe gca ngabafundi baKhe nabapostile phambi kwethu. Kwihlabathi liphela apho bajamelana nobumnyama oboyikisayo; Kwaye amatye aqhekezwa yinyikima, kwaye iindawo ezininzi kwelakwaYuda nakwezinye iindawo zaphoswa phantsi. Oku Bumnyama I-Thallus, Kwincwadi yesithathu yeMbali yakhe, iifowuni, njengoko kubonakala kum ngaphandle kwesizathu, ukusithwa kwelanga. Kuba amaHebhere abhiyozela ipasika ngomhla we-14 ngokwenyanga, kwaye inkanuko yoMsindisi wethu iyasilela kusuku olungaphambi kwepasika; kodwa ukusithwa kwelanga kwenzeka kuphela xa inyanga ifika phantsi kwelanga. Kwaye akunakwenzeka nangaliphi na elinye ixesha kodwa kwisithuba esiphakathi kosuku lokuqala lwenyanga kunye nolokugqibela lwakudala, oko kukuthi, kwindibano yabo: njani ukusithwa kwelanga kufanele ukuba kwenzeke xa inyanga iphantse yajamelana ilanga? Vumela olo luvo ludlule nangona kunjalo; mayithwale uninzi kunye nayo; kwaye lo mboniso wehlabathi mawuthathwe njengokusithwa kwelanga lilanga, njengabanye umqondiso kuphela kwiliso.48) " [X]

Emva koko ithi:

 "(48) Iirekhodi ezibonisa ukuba, ngexesha likaTibheriyo Kesare, xa inyanga iphela, ilanga lalithabathela kwilixa lesithandathu ukuya kwethoba-Bonisa ngokucacileyo le nto siyithetha ngayo. Kodwa yintoni imeko yemihla ngemihla ehambelana ngayo ne inyikima, amatye anqabileyo, kwaye uvuko lwabafileyo, kunye nentlalontle enkulu kangaka kwindalo iphela? Ngokuqinisekileyo awukho umcimbi onjengalo urekhodwa ixesha elide. Kodwa kwakububumnyama obabubangelwa nguThixo, ngenxa yokuba iNkosi yenzeka emva koko yabandezeleka. Ukubala kubalwa ukuba iiveki ze-70, njengoko zichaziwe kuDaniel, zigqityiwe ngeli xesha. " [xi]

UOrigen waseAlexandria (kwasekuqaleni 3^rd Kwiinkulungwane, 185AD - 254AD)

UOrigen wayengumphengululi waseGrisi kunye nabezifundiswa zobuKristu. Ukholelwe ukuba abahedeni bacacisa ubumnyama njengokukhanya kwelanga ukuzama nokuzicacisa iivangeli.

In 'UOrigen ngokuchasene noCelsus', 2. Isahluko 33 (xxxiii):

 "Nangona sikwazi ukubonisa isimilo esimangalisayo nesimangalisayo seziganeko ezamehlelayo, kodwa ngowuphi omnye umthombo esinokunika impendulo ngaphandle kwembali zeVangeli, ezithi "kwabakho inyikima, namatye acandeka kubini , namangcwaba avuleka, laza ikhuselo letempile lakrazuka kubini ukusuka phezulu kuye ezantsi, kwaye ubumnyama baba namandla emini, ilanga lisilela ukukhanyisa? ” [3290] ”

"[3292] Ngokubhekisele kwi eclipse ngexesha likaTiberius Cæsar, Kulawulo lukabani, kubonakala ukuba uYesu wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni, kunye inyikima enkulu okwenzekileyo IPhogon ndicinga ukuba ubhalile kwincwadi yeshumi elinesithathu okanye yeshumi elinesine kwincwadi yakhe yeziKronike. ” [3293] ” [xii]

Kwi 'UOrigen ngokuchasene noCelsus ', 2. Isahluko 59 (lix):

Ucinga njalo Zombini ezo nyikima nobumnyama zazizizinto [3351] kodwa ngokubhekisele kwezi, sinamaphepha angaphambili, sizithethelele, ngokwamandla ethu, ukongeza ubungqina IPhogon, Ochaza ukuba ezi ziganeko zenzeka ngexesha laxa uMsindisi wethu wabandezeleka. [3352] ” [xiii]

I-Eusebius (emva kwexesha 3^rd , Kwangoko i-4^th Ngekhulu, 263AD - 339AD) (imbali-mlando yaseConstantine)

Malunga ne315AD wabhala I-Demonstratio Evangelica (Ubungqina beVangeli) Incwadi 8:

“Kwaye olu suku, uthi, lwalusaziwa yiNkosi, kwaye kwakungekho busuku. Kwakungeyiyo imini, kuba, njengoko sele kutshiwo, "akuyi kubakho kukhanya"; nto leyo eyazalisekayo, xa “kususela kwilixa lesithandathu, kwehla ubumnyama phezu kwawo wonke umhlaba, kwada kwalilixa lesithoba.” Kwakungekho nobusuku, kuba "ngexa langokuhlwa kuyakhanya" kongezekile xa imini iphinda yafumana ukukhanya kwayo emva kweyure yethoba. ”[xiv]

I-Arnobius yeSicca (Kwangoko i-4^th Ngekhulu, wasweleka 330AD)

Kwi-Contra Gentes I. 53 wabhala:

"Kodwa, akuba ekhululwe emzimbeni, awamthwalayo [uYesu] nje kodwa, kancinci kakhulu, [emva kokuba efile emnqamlezweni], wazivumela ukuba abonwe, aziswe ukuba mkhulu kangakanani na, Zonke izinto zommandla wendalo ziyangqubana neziganeko ezingaqhelekanga zaphazamiseka. Inyikima lwanyikima umhlaba, lwaza lwashukuma ulwandle lwasusa enzonzobileni, izulu laligqunywe bubumnyama, i Ilangatye lomlilo lajongwa, kwaye ubushushu bakhe baba phakathi; kuba yintoni enye enokwenzeka, emva kokuba efumaniseke ukuba nguThixo lo ubabalwa omnye kuthi? [xv]

Imfundiso ka-Addaeus umpostile (4^th Kwinkulungwane?)

Oku kubhalwa kwabakhona kwi-5 yokuqala^th Yenkulungwane, kwaye iqondwe ukuba ibhaliwe kwi-4^th Kwinkulungwane.

Inguqulelo yesiNgesi iyafumaneka kwi-p1836 yencwadi ka-Anti-Nicene Fathers Book 8. Lo mbhalo uthi:

“Kumkani Abgar kwiNkosi yethu uTiberius Cæsar: Nangona ndiyazi ukuba akukho nto ifihliweyo Bukhosi bakho, ndibhala ngokwazisa uloyiko lwakho, nangobungangamsha bakho, ukuba amaYuda aphantsi kwawo Ubukhosi bakho kwaye bahlala kwilizwe lasePalestina bahlanganisene ndawonye kwaye namhla wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni uKrestu ufanelekile ngokufa, emva kokuba ebenze phambi kwabo imiqondiso nemimangaliso, kwaye wababonisa imisebenzi yamandla yamandla, ngokokude avuse nabafileyo ebomini ngenxa yabo; Ngexesha lokumbethelela kwakhe emnqamlezweni ilanga laba mnyama kunye Umhlaba wanyikima, kwaye zonke izinto ezidaliweyo zazingcangcazela zanyikima, kwaye, ngokungathi zivela, kuye Esi senzo siyenzile yonke indalo kunye nabemi bendalo bayancipha.[xvi]

I-Cassiodorus (6^th Kwinkulungwane)

I-Cassiodorus, isigama esingumChristian, f. I-6 yenkulungwane ye-AD, iqinisekisa ubume bendalo yokuqaqamba kwelanga: I-Cassiodorus, i-Chronicon (Patrologia Latina, v. 69) “… INkosi yethu uYesu Krestu yeva ubunzima (ukubethelelwa emnqamlezweni)… nokusithwa kwelanga yinyanga [lit. ukusilela, ukushiywa] kwelanga kwabakho ngendlela ekungazange kubekho injalo ngaphambili okanye emva koko. ”

Iguqulwe ngokusuka kwisiLatin: “… Dominus noster Jesus Christus passus est… et defectio solis facta est, qualis ante vel postmodum nunquam fuit.”] [xvii]

I-Pseudo Dionysius ye-Areopagite (5^th & 6^th imibhalo yenkulungwane ebanga ukuba nguDionysius waseKorinte weZenzo 17)

I-Pseudo Dionysius ichaza ubumnyama ngexesha lokubethelelwa kukaYesu, njengoko yabonakalayo eYiputa, kwaye irekhodwa nguPhlegon.[xviii]

Kwi 'LETter XI. Dionysius ukuya Apollophanes, Philosopher 'uthi:

"Njani, umzekelo, xa sasihlala eHeliopolis (ngelo xesha ndandimalunga namashumi amabini anesihlanu, kwaye ubudala bakho babuphantse bulingana nobam), ngosuku oluthile lwesithandathu, kwaye malunga neyure lesithandathu, ilanga, sothuka kakhulu , yafihlwa, ngenxa yokudlula kwenyanga ngaphaya kwayo, hayi kuba inguthixo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba isidalwa sikaThixo, xa ukukhanya kwenene kwakuhleli, sasingakwazi ukunyamezela. Ndaza ndakubuza ngokunyanisekileyo, ukuba ucinga ntoni wena, ndoda ilumkileyo. Wena, ke, unike impendulo njengoko ihleli ihleli engqondweni yam, kwaye ukuba akukho kulibala, nditsho nomfanekiso wokufa, owake wavumela ukuba ubaleke. Kuba, xa yonke i-orb yayisebumnyameni, ngenkungu emnyama yobumnyama, kwaye idiski yelanga sele iqalile ukuphinda ihlanjululwe kwaye ikhanye ngokutsha, emva koko sithathe itafile kaPhilip Aridaeus, kwaye sijonga i-orbs yezulu, safunda , into eyayisaziwa kakuhle, ukuba ukusithwa kwelanga kwakungenakwenzeka, ngelo xesha. Okulandelayo, siqwalasele ukuba inyanga isondela elangeni ukusuka empuma, kwaye ithathe imitha yayo, de yagubungela yonke; kanti, ngamanye amaxesha, yayihlala isondela ngasentshona. Ngapha koko, saqaphela ukuba xa ifikelele esiphelweni selanga, kwaye yayigqume yonke i-orb, emva koko yabuyela ngasempuma, nangona yayilixesha elingabizeli ubukho benyanga, okanye Umdibaniso welanga. Mna ke, Oovimba bezinto ezininzi zokufunda, kuba bendingenakho ukuqonda imfihlakalo enkulu kangaka, ndikubhekise ngolu hlobo- "Ucinga ntoni ngale nto, Apolophanes, isipili semfundo?" "Zeziphi iimfihlakalo ezibonakala kuwe zibonakalisa ukuba le mihlola ingaqhelekanga?" Wena ke, ngemilebe ephefumlelweyo, endaweni yokuthetha ngelizwi lomntu, "Ezi zintle, Dionysius," utshilo, "utshintsho lwezinto zobuthixo." Ekugqibeleni, ndakuwuqaphela umhla nonyaka, ndaza ndaqonda ukuba, ngelo xesha, ngemiqondiso yayo engqinayo, yavumelana noko uPawulos wakubizayo kum, kwakanye xa ndixhomile emilebeni yakhe, ndaya ndanikela ngesandla sam. ukuya kwinyaniso, kwaye wazikhupha iinyawo zam kwiimpazamo zempazamo. " [xix]

Kw Ileta VII, Icandelo 3 Dionysius ukuya kwiPolycarp ithi:

Yithi kuye, nangona kunjalo, "Uqinisekisa ntoni malunga nokusithwa kwelanga, okwenzeka ngexesha lomnqamlezo osindisayo [83] ? ” Kuba sobabini ngelo xesha, e-Heliopolis, sikhona, kwaye simi kunye, sayibona inyanga isondela elangeni, sothuka (kuba yayingeloxesha lokuhlangana); Kwaye kwakhona, ukusukela ngeyure yethoba kuye ngokuhlwa, ngokubuyiselwa kwendalo kwakhona kumgca ohambelana nelanga. Uze umkhumbuze ngento engaphaya. Kuba uyazi ukuba sabona, sothuka, unxibelelwano ngokwalo luqala empuma, kwaye lusiya emaphethelweni ediski yelanga, emva koko lubuyela umva, kwaye kwakhona, kokubini kunxibelelana nokucoca kwakhona [84] , ayithathi ndawo enye, kodwa ukusuka ngokwahlukeneyo ngokuchaseneyo. Zininzi izinto zokomoya zelo xesha limisiweyo, kwaye kuye uKrestu kuphela, oBanga bonke, owenza izinto ezinkulu nezimangalisayo, ezingenakubalwa.[xx]

UJohannes Philophonos aka. UPhilopon, Unjingalwazi waseAlexandria (AD490-570) ongumkristu uNeo-Platonist

Nceda uqaphele: andikwazi ukufumana uguqulelo lwesiNgesi lwantlandlolo, kwaye andifikeleli kwaye ndinike isalathiso senguqulo ye-Intanethi yesiJamani ukuqinisekisa esi sicatshulwa. Isalathiso esinikwe ekupheleni kwale kowuteshini yinxalenye yenguqulo endala kakhulu yesi-Greek \ isi Latin ngoku kwi pdf online.

Kubhekiswa kuso ngesishwankathelo esilandelayo esifumaneka kwi-intanethi, jonga iphepha le-pdf 3 & 4, incwadi yencwadi yokuqala iphepha le-214,215.[xxi]

UPhilopon, ongumkristu uNeo-Platonist, f. 6th century AD (De Mundi Creatione, ed. Corderius, 1630, II. 21, iphe. 88) ubhale ngolu hlobo malunga neziganeko ezimbini ezichazwe ngumbhali-mbali waseRoma wenkulungwane yesibini uPhlegon, omnye "Olona hlobo lubalaseleyo olungaziwayo, kwiPhlegon'sU-2nd unyaka we-Olmpiad ye-202nd,"Ngu-AD 30 / 31, elinye"eyona inkulu yohlobo lwangaphambili eyaziwayo,"Obu bubumnyama obungaphezulu komoya bokuhamba neendudumo zomhlaba, kuPhlegon"U-4th unyaka we-202nd Olympiad,"AD 33.

Ingxelo kaPhilopon ifundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "U-Phlegon kwakhona kwii-Olimpiyadi zakhe ubalisa ngalo [bumnqamlezo], okanye bubusuku: kuba uthi, 'Ukukhanya kwelanga kunyaka wesibini we202nd ngaphandle kokuba ngoyena mkhulu kohlobo olungaziwayo ngaphambili; Kwafika ubusuku ngentsimbi yesithandathu emva kwemini. zada zabonakala iinkwenkwezi esibhakabhakeni. Ngoku ukuba uPhakgon ukwakhankanya ukuqaqamba kwelanga njengesi siganeko senzeka xa uKrestu wabekwa emnqamlezweni, hayi enye into, kuyabonakala: Okokuqala, ngenxa yokuba utsho ukuba ungqhushumbo lwalungaziwa kumaxesha angaphambili; kuba inye kuphela indlela yemvelo yokukhanya kwelanga: kuba ukukhanya kwelanga okuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kuphela ngokudibeneyo kwezikhanyiso ezibini: kodwa umsitho ngexesha likaKristu iNkosi lwadlula emhlabeni inyanga yonke; engenakwenzeka ngolungelelwano lwendalo lwezinto. Kwaye kolunye ilanga ilanga, nangona ilanga litshonile, iyaqhubeka ngaphandle kokukhanya ixesha elincinci kakhulu: kwaye kwangaxeshanye iqala kwangoku ukuzicoca kwakhona. Kodwa ngexesha leNkosi u-Yesu umoya wezulu waqhubeka ngaphandle kokukhanya ukusuka ngentsimbi yesithandathu kuye kweyesithoba. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwimbali kaTibheriyo Kesare: Kuba uPhlegon uthi, ukuba waqala ukulawula kunyaka we-2nd we-198th Olympiad [ehlotyeni iX XUMUMX ukuya kwihlobo le-X XUMUMX]; kodwa ukuba ngonyaka we-14th we-15nd Olympiad [ehlotyeni i-X XUMUMX ukuya ehlotyeni i-AD 4] i-eclipse sele yenzekile: kangangokuba ukuba sibala ukusuka ekuqaleni kolawulo luka-Tiberius, kunyaka we-202th we-32nd Olympiad, isondele kwiminyaka ye-33: okt I-3 ye-198th ye-Olmpiad kunye ne-16 yezinye ezine, kwaye le yindlela uLuka wayirekhoda ngayo kwiincwadi zeVangeli. Ngonyaka we-15th wolawulo lukaTiberius [AD 29], njengokuba ebalisa, ukushunyayelwa kukaYohane umBhaptizi kwaqala, ukusuka apho inkonzo yeVangeli yoMsindisi yaqala khona. Oko kwaqhubeka kangangesithuba seminyaka emine, njengoko u-Eusebius ebonisayo kwiNcwadi yokuQala yezeMbali yakhe, eqokelela oku kwi-Antiquities kaJosephus. Ubudlelwane bakhe baqala ngoAnas umbingeleli omkhulu, kwaye emva koko kwabakho ababingeleli abakhulu abathathu emva kwakhe (ixesha lokuba ngumbingeleli omkhulu ngamnye abe nonyaka omnye), emva koko kwagqitywa ngokumiselwa kombingeleli omkhulu owalandelayo, uKayafa, ixesha awabethelelwa ngalo emnqamlezweni. Kwakuloo nyaka yayiyi-19th yolawulo lukaTiberius Kesare [AD 33]; ngaphakathi apho wabethelelwa emnqamlezweni uKrestu, ngenxa yosindiso lwehlabathi. kananjalo nakuloo nxibelelwano ukutyhilwa kokuqaqamba kwelanga okukhwankqisayo, kuhlobo lwendalo yayo, indlela uDionysius the Areopagite akubhala ngayo kwileta yakhe eya kuBhishophu Polycarp. ”kunye ne-ibid., III. I-9, iphe. I-116: "Ke umsitho wokubethelelwa emnqamlezweni kuka-Kristu, ongowamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, yayilokuqaqamba kwelanga elaliqaqambe ngokupheleleyo: apho uPhlegon ekhankanya kwiOlmpiads yakhe, njengoko besibhalile kwincwadi eyandulelayo. [xxii]

IVangeli likaPeter-Ukubhala okungaphefumlelwanga, (8 - 9^th Ikopi yenkulungwane ye2^nd Kwinkulungwane?)

Isiqwenga esikhulu salo mbhalo-mbhalo, iDodetic, iVangeli ethandana ne8^th okanye 9^th I-Century yafunyanwa e-Akmim (Panopolis) e-Egypt kwi-1886.

Eli candelo licatshulweyo lithetha ngeziganeko ezenzeka ngexesha lokubethelelwa kukaYesu.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesibini AD kwimibhalo ka-Eusebius kwimbali yakhe. Intshu. VI. xii. I-2-6, lo msebenzi weVangeli kaPeter ukhankanywa njengowokungavunyelwa kweSerapion yakwa-Antiyokwe kwaye uthandeka ukujikeleza phakathi okanye ekuqaleni kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba lingqina lakuqala kwizithethe ezikhoyo zenkulungwane yesibini yamaKristu malunga neziganeko zokufa kukaYesu.

"5. Kwaye kwaba njalo Kwafika ubumnyama, lwaya kufika kulo lonke elakwaYuda,Baye bekhathazekile, bebandezelekile, hleze ilanga litshone, yena [Yesu] esaphila. Kuba kubhalelwe bona, ukuba ilanga lingamazanga, yena lowo wabulawa. . Ke kaloku omnye wabo wathi, Mphe ukuba asele inyongo ngeviniga. Baxuba, bamseza, bagqiba zonke izinto, bavuma ukuba iintlondi zabo zenze iintloko. Kwaye abaninzi behamba behamba nezibane, becinga ukuba kusebusuku, bawe phantsi. Wakhala ke kuNdikhoyo, esithi: "Ngamandla am. Kwaye xa etshilo waphakanyiselwa. Kwaye kuloo nto ilixa lomkhusane wetempile yaseYerusalem lakrazuka kubini. 6. Kwaye ke bakhupha izikhonkwane ezandleni zeNkosi, bayibeka emhlabeni, kwaye umhlaba wanyikima, kwaye kwavela uloyiko olukhulu. Lathi ke ilanga laqaqamba, lafunyanwa ilixa lesithobaAvuya ke amaJuda, anika uJosefu umzimba wakhe ukuba awungcwabe, kuba ebone izinto ezintle azenzileyo. Uyithathile ke iNkosi, wayihlamba, wayikhuphela kwilinen entle, wamngenisa engcwabeni lakhe, elibizwa ngokuba nguMyezo kaYosefu.[xxiii]

isiphelo

Ekuqaleni saphakamisa le mibuzo ilandelayo.

• Ngaba zenzekile?
  • Abaphikisi bokuqala bazama ukuchaza ezo zinto njengezendalo, kunokuba zibengezemvelo, ngaloo ndlela besamkela ngokuqinisekileyo ubunyani beziganeko ezenzekayo.
• Ngaba zazivelela okanye zivela kwindalo?
  • Luyimbambano yombhali ukuba babefanele ukuba banamandla angaphezu kwendalo, bemvelaphi yobuThixo. Akukho sigameko sokwenzekayo ngokwendalo esinokuthi siphendule ngokulandelelana kunye nexesha leziganeko ezithile. Zininzi kakhulu izinto ezenzeka ngexesha elifanelekileyo.
  • Imisitho yaprofetwa ngu-Isaya, Amosi noJoweli. Ukuqala kokuzaliseka kukaYoweli kuqinisekiswa ngumpostile uPetrosi kwiZenzo.
• Ngaba bukhona obunye ubungqina obuvela kwi-Bhayibhile ngokwenzeka kwabo?
  • Kukho ababhali bokuqala bamaKristu, bobabini bayaziwa kwaye banokuqinisekiswa.
  • Kukho ababhali abangaphefumlelwanga abathi nabo bazazi ezi ziganeko.

 

Kukho into entle engqinayo yeziganeko zokufa kukaYesu ezibhalwe kwiincwadi zeVangeli ezivela kwabanye ababhali bokuqala bamaKristu, abanye babo ababhala ubungqina bokuba umbhali u-Un-Christian ubungqina okanye ukuphikisana nezi zinto. Kunye nemibhalo ebonwa njengeencwadi ezingaphefumlelwanga, ezivumelana ngokucacileyo kwisiganeko sokufa kukaYesu, xa kwezinye iindawo ngamanye amaxesha zimka ngokungafaniyo kwiincwadi zeVangeli.

Ukuhlolwa kweziganeko kunye nezibhalo ezingokwembali malunga nazo kukwalatha ukubaluleka kokholo. Bekusoloko kukho abo bangamkeliyo ukuba iziganeko ezibhalwe ebhayibhileni kwaye ingakumbi kwiincwadi zeVangeli ziyinyani, kuba abafuni kuyamkela intsingiselo yokuba ziyinyani. Ngokufanayo, namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekileyo kumbono wombhali (kwaye siyathemba kwimbono yakho), eli tyala lingqiniwe 'ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo' kubantu abanengqiqo kwaye ngelixa ezi ziganeko zenzeka phantse nge2000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, sinokuba nokholo kubo. Mhlawumbi ngowona mbuzo ubalulekileyo, ngaba siyafuna? Ngaba sikulungele ukubonisa ukuba sinalo ukholo?

_______________________________________________________________

[i] Bona le hobiob eBelarus, kodwa uya kuqaphela ubumnyama baqhubeka hayi ngaphezulu kwe-3-4 imizuzu.  https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3043071/The-storm-turned-day-night-Watch-darkness-descend-city-Belarus-apocalyptic-weather-hits.html

[ii] I-intshi ye-1 ilingana ne-2.54 cm.

[iii] Jonga inqaku elahlukileyo kwinqaku elithi "Ngaba lusuku lweNkosi okanye lusuku lukaYehova?

[iv] http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ignatius-trallians-longer.html

[v] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-1-apostolic-with-justin-martyr-irenaeus/justin-martyr/first-apology-of-justin.html

[vi] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm

[vii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/apology/chapter_xxi_but_having_asserted.htm

[viii] https://biblehub.com/library/tertullian/the_five_books_against_marcion/chapter_xlii_other_incidents_of_the.htm

[ix] https://biblehub.com/library/irenaeus/against_heresies/chapter_xxxiv_proof_against_the_marcionites.htm

[X] https://www.biblestudytools.com/history/early-church-fathers/ante-nicene/vol-6-third-century/julius-africanus/iii-extant-fragments-five-books-chronography-of-julius-africanus.html

[xi] https://biblehub.com/library/africanus/the_writings_of_julius_africanus/fragment_xviii_on_the_circumstances.htm

[xii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_xxxiii_but_continues_celsus.htm

[xiii] https://biblehub.com/library/origen/origen_against_celsus/chapter_lix_he_imagines_also.htm

[xiv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/pearse/morefathers/files/eusebius_de_08_book6.htm

[xv] http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.xii.iii.i.liii.html

[xvi] I-p1836 AntiNicene Fathers Book 8,  http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf08.html

[xvii] http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/02m/0485-0585,_Cassiodorus_Vivariensis_Abbas,_Chronicum_Ad_Theodorum_Regem,_MLT.pdf  Jonga iphepha 8 lekholam ye-pdf elikufutshane nekholamu C kwiteksti yesiLatin.

[xviii] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/mystic_theology/preface_to_the_letters_of.htm

[xix] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_xi_dionysius_to_apollophanes.htm

http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/areopagite_08_letters.htm

[xx] https://biblehub.com/library/dionysius/letters_of_dionysius_the_areopagite/letter_vii.htm

[xxi] https://publications.mi.byu.edu/publications/bookchapters/Bountiful_Harvest_Essays_in_Honor_of_S_Kent_Brown/BountifulHarvest-MacCoull.pdf

[xxii] https://ia902704.us.archive.org/4/items/joannisphiliponi00philuoft/joannisphiliponi00philuoft.pdf

[xxiii] https://biblehub.com/library/unknown/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate_concerning_our_lord_jesus_christ/the_letter_of_pontius_pilate.htm