Ubungqina bobukho bukaThixo kwindalo ezisijikelezileyo

                        Ukuqinisekisa iNyaniso yendalo

IGenesis 1: 1 - "Ekuqaleni uThixo wadala amazulu nomhlaba"

Uthotho 2 - Uyilo lweNdalo

Icandelo 1-Umgaqo woYilo loNxantathu

 Ngaba ubungqina obunokungqinwa buba sisikhokelo sobukho bukaThixo?

Kweli nqaku, siza kuqwalasela izizathu ezinika ubunzima kwisigqibo sokuba ubukho bobungqina obunokuqinisekiswa beenkqubo ezinzima buyabungqina ubukho bukaThixo. Ke, nceda uthathe imizuzwana embalwa ukujonga ngokufutshane inkalo esinokuyithathela ngokulula kodwa sibubungqina bokuba uThixo ubukho. Umba ekuza kuxoxwa ngawo kulo mzekelo ubukho bemilo elungiselelwe uyilo lufumaneke kuyo yonke indalo.

Indawo esiyivavanya kweli nqaku inokuthi ichazwe kakuhle njenge "Uyilo loxantathu".

Umgaqo wokuQala okanye uMgaqo

Yonke inkqubo, sinendawo yokuqala kunye nendawo yokuphela. Sinokutsala into engekhoyo kuyo nayiphi na kwezi zinto zintathu, ukuba sazi ezimbini kuzo.

Indawo yokuqala u-A, inenkqubo B iyasetyenziswa kuyo, inika iziphumo zokugqibela uC.

Umgaqo okanye umGaqo kukuba: A + B => C.

I-logic yokuhamba oku akunakubuzwa njengoko sisebenzisa lo mgaqo kubomi bethu mihla le ukwenza izigqibo, ngesiqhelo ngaphandle kokucinga ngayo.

Umzekelo: Ukupheka isidlo.

Sisenokuthatha iitapile eziluhlaza okanye iirayisi ezingavuthiyo. Songeza amanzi kunye netyuwa. Emva koko sifaka ubushushu kuyo kangangexesha elithile, kuqala sibile emva koko simmer. Isiphumo soko kukuba siphela ngeetapile eziphekiweyo nezityiwayo okanye ephekiweyo nerayisi! Siyazi kwangoko ukuba, ukuba sibona i-potato eluhlaza kunye neetapile eziphekiweyo, umntu uthile usebenzisa inkqubo yokuguqula amazambane ukuba abe yinto edliwayo, nokuba besingayazi ukuba yenziwa njani.

Kutheni le nto siyibiza ngokuba nguYilo oluNxantathu?

Kwabo banomdla wokubona ukuba kwenzeka njani oku Ngcamango isebenza kwinqanaba leMathematics, unganqwenela ukuzama eli khonkco https://www.calculator.net/right-triangle-calculator.html. Kule-angle engile yasekunene, unokuhlala usebenzela ii-alpha nee-beta ii-engile kuba zidibanisa ukuya kwi-90-degree angle angle. Ukongeza, ngelixa ungadibanisi, njengoko ii-angles ezimbini zenza, ukuba ubude bawo nawaphi na amacala amabini unokusebenza ubude becala lesithathu.

Ke ngoko, ukuba niyazazi ezimbini kwezi,

• nokuba ngu-A no-B kwimeko leyo ungaqiniseka ngo-C njengo-A + B => C
• okanye A no C apho unokuthi usebenze B njengo C - A => B
• okanye B no C apho unokuthi usebenze A njengo C - B => A

Ukuba unenkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi engaziwayo (B) ehamba ithatha into isuka kwenye indawo (A) iye kwenye indawo iyitshintshe okwangoku (C) kufuneka ibe nendlela eyenzelwe ukuthutha.

Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo

iintaka

Kwinqanaba elilula, usenokuba ukhe wabona iiblackbirds okanye iiParrots zibhabhela kwibhokisi yeendlwana entwasahlobo (indawo yakho yokuqalisa A). Emva kweeveki ezimbalwa kamva ubona iiBlackbirds ezi-4 okanye ezi-5 ezincinci okanye iparashuthi ziphuma ebhokisini (indawo yakho yiphelo C). Ngokufanelekileyo ugqiba kwelokuba inkqubo ethile (B) yenzeka ukubangela oko. Ayenzeki ngamabona-ndenzile!

Awunokwazi ukuba yeyiphi kanye inkqubo, kodwa uyazi ukuba kuya kubakho inkqubo.

(Inkqubo kwinqanaba elilula lelokuba: Iintaka zomzali iqabane, amaqanda enziwe abekwe, iintaka zomntwana ziyakhula kwaye ziqanduselwe, abazali batya ii-hatchlings de bakhule babe ziintaka ezincinci ezinokwakheka ukusuka kwindlwane.)

Butterfly

Ngokufanayo, unokubona ibhabhathane ibeka iqanda kwisityalo esithile, (indawo yakho yokuqalisa A). Ke emva kweeveki okanye iinyanga emva koko, ubona uhlobo olunye lwebhabhathane lokuqhusheka kwaye lubhabhe luze (isiphelo sakho C). Uqinisekile ke ukuba bekukho inkqubo (B), enyanisweni emangalisayo, eyathi yaguqula iqanda lebhabhathane laba yibhabhathane. Kwakhona, ekuqaleni, unokungazi ukuba yeyiphi eyona nkqubo, kodwa uyazi ukuba kuya kubakho inkqubo.

Ngoku kulo mzekelo wokugqibela webhabhathane esaziyo ukuba yayikhona indawo yokuqalisa A: iqanda

Kuqhubeka inkqubo B₁ ukujika ube ngumququ. Inkqubo yecustomer iqhubeka kwinkqubo B₂ Ukuguqula ibe yipupa. Ekugqibeleni, i-pupa eguqulwe yinkqubo B₃ Kwibhabhathane elihle uC.

Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo

Makhe sijonge ngokufutshane omnye umzekelo wokusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo.

Indaleko ifundisa ukuba umsebenzi uvela ngamabona-ndenzile, kwaye isiphithiphithi okanye 'ithamsanqa' yindlela yotshintsho. Umzekelo, ukuba intlanzi igqityiwe iba sisandla okanye inyawo njengesiphumo sotshintsho olungahleliwe.

Ngokwahlukileyo ukwamkela ukuba ukho uMdali kuya kuthetha ukuba naluphi na utshintsho esilubonayo lwayilwa ngengqondo (yekaMdali). Ngenxa yoko, nokuba asinakuwubona umsebenzi wotshintsho, indawo yokuqala, kunye nendawo yokuphela, siyagqiba ukuba umsebenzi unokwenzeka ukuba ubekhona. Umgaqo wokubangela kunye nefuthe.

Ukwamkela ukuba kukho uMdali ke kuthetha ukuba xa umntu efumanisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo enomsebenzi okhethekileyo, emva koko umntu uyamkelwa kufuneka kubekho ulwalamano olusengqiqweni ngobukho balo. Omnye uqukumbela ukuba kukho amacandelo afanelekileyo ukuze asebenze ngendlela ekhethekileyo. Oku kuya kuhlala kunjalo, nokuba awuboni la malungu okanye uqonde ukuba usebenza njani okanye kutheni usasebenza.

Kutheni sinokuthi?

Asikukuba ngenxa yokuba ngawo onke amava ethu obomi, siye saqonda ukuba nantoni na enomsebenzi okhethekileyo ifuna ingcinga yoqobo, uyilo ngononophelo kunye nemveliso, ukuze isebenze kwaye ibe loluphi na usetyenziso. Sinolindelo olusengqiqweni lokuba xa sibona imisebenzi enjalo, ukuba inendawo ezikhethekileyo zihlanganisene ngendlela ethile ukubonelela ngeziphumo ezithile.

Umzekelo oqhelekileyo uninzi lwethu unokuba nayo yinto efana nokude kumabonakude. Sisenokungayazi ukuba isebenza njani, kodwa siyazi ukuba xa sicinezela iqhosha elithile into ethile eyenzekileyo, efana nokutshintsha komjelo weTV, okanye inqanaba lesandi kwaye kuhlala kusenzeka, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni sineebhetri kuzo! Ukubeka nje, isiphumo asikho ngenxa yomlingo okanye ithuba okanye isiphithiphithi.

Ke, kwi-Biology yoBuntu, lo mthetho ulula ungasetyenziswa njani?

Umzekelo: Isinyithi

Indawo yethu yokuqala A = Ubhedu basimahla bunetyhefu kwiiseli.

Indawo yethu yokuphela C = Zonke izinto zokuphefumla umoya (ezibandakanya abantu) kufuneka zibe neCopper.

Umbuzo wethu ke uthi, singalufumana njani ubhedu esilufunayo ngaphandle kokubulawa yityhefu yalo? Ukuqiqa ngokwengqiqo siya kukwazi oku kulandelayo:

1. Sonke sinesidingo sokuthatha ubhedu kungenjalo siya kufa.
2. Njengoko ubhedu luyityhefu kwiiseli zethu, kufuneka zingathathi hlasi kwangoko.
3. Ngapha koko, ubhedu olungathathwanga kufuneka luhanjiswe ngaphakathi ukuya apho lufuneka khona.
4. Ukufika kwindawo apho ibhedu ifunwa khona, kufuneka ikhululwe ukuba yenze umsebenzi wayo.

Ngamafutshane, thina okufuneka ubenazo Inkqubo yeselfowuni yokubopha (ukungathathi hlangothi), ukuthutha kunye nokubopha ubhedu apho ifuneka khona. Le yinkqubo yethu uB.

Kufuneka kwakhona sikhumbule ukuba akukho 'magqwirha' ukwenza umsebenzi. Ngaba uyafuna ukushiya inkqubo ebaluleke kangaka kwiziphithiphithi kunye nethuba elingalawulekiyo? Ukuba wenzile, ubuya kuba ufile ubuthi betyhefu ngaphambi kokuba i-molekyuli enye yobhedu ifike kwindawo yayo efunekayo.

Ngaba le nkqubo B ikhona?

Ewe, ekugqibeleni yabonwa kuphela ku-1997. (Nceda ubone umzobo olandelayo)

Umzobo ovunyiweyo wavela kwiValentine noGralla, kwiNzululwazi 278 (1997) p817[i]

Lo matshini usebenza ngolu hlobo kwabo banomdla ngokweenkcukacha:

RA Pufahl et al., "Metal Ion Chaperone Umsebenzi weSoluable Cu (I) Receptor Atx1," iSayensi 278 (1997): 853-856.

Cu (I) = I-Copon Ion. I-Cu ligama elifinyeziweyo elisetyenziswa kwifomula yemichiza enjengeCuSO₄ (ICopper Sulphate)

I-RNA kwiiProteni - i-tRNA yokuDlulisela i-RNA [ii]

 Ngeminyaka yee-1950 uFrancis Crick wabhala iphepha elicacisa (ngoku lamkelweyo) isakhiwo se-helix esiphindwe kabini se-molecule ye-DNA ephumelele imbasa ye-Nob1962 kwi-Nobel kwi-Medicine kunye noJames Watson.

Ingcinga yesithunywa RNA yavela emva kweminyaka yoo-1950s, kwaye inxulunyaniswa nayo IqakambaInkcazo yakhe “Imbono Engundoqo Yenzululwazi Yeemolekyuli"U[iii] eyathi i-DNA ikhokelele ekusekweni kwe-RNA, yona ikhokelela kulwakhiwo lwe protein.

Indlela eyenzeka ngayo le nto ayizange ifunyanwe kude kube phakathi kwe-1960 kodwa yaqinisekiswa nguCrick ngenxa yenyani yoyilo loYilo.

Le yinto eyayisaziwa ngo-1950:

Kulo mfanekiso, ngasekhohlo kukho i-DNA eyenza ii-amino acid ezisekunene zizibhulelo zokwakha iiprotein. UCrick akakwazanga ukufumana naluphi na umatshini okanye ulwakhiwo kwiDNA olunokuhlulahlula ii-amino acid ezahlukeneyo ukuze uzenze zibe ziiproteni.

UCrick uyazi:

• I-DNA ithwala ulwazi, kodwa aluchazwanga ngokwemichiza, kwaye wayeyazi
• C - ii-amino acid zineejometri ezithile,
• Ukuba le yayiyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi esenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo, ke,
• B-kwafuneka ukuba kubekho umsebenzi okanye imisebenzi yokulamla okanye iimolekyuli eziguqulweyo ezikhoyo ezinike amandla okucacisa ulwazi ukuba luhambelane ukusuka kwi-DNA ukuya kwi-amino acid.

kunjalo, ebengabufumani ubungqina bokwenyani yale nkqubo B kodwa ufunyenwe kufuneka abekhona ngenxa yomgaqo woYilo loYilo kwaye ke wakhangela.

Yayiyiphazili yolwakhiwo lweDNA lubonisa kuphela iphethini ethile ye-hydrogen bond kunye nokunye okuncinci, ngelixa bekufuneka kunjalo "Imigca ye-hydrophobic [yokuthiya amanzi] engekakwazi ukwahlula i-valine kwi-leucine nakwi-isoleucine". Ngapha koko, wabuza "Aphi la maqela ahlawulisiweyo, kwizikhundla ezithile, ukuya kwi-acid kunye nee-amino acid ezisisiseko?".

Kubo bonke abantu abangathathi-chemist phakathi kwethu, masiguqule le ngxelo siyenze into elula.

Cinga nganye ye-amino acid ekunene njengoko iibhloko zokwakhiwa kweLego zihlanganisene ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukwenza ezo mozo. Ibhloko nganye ye-amino acid ineendawo zokudibanisa ezinye iichemicals ukuze zinamathele kuyo, kodwa kumphezulu ohlukileyo kwindibaniselwano eyahlukeneyo. Kutheni le nto kufuneka ukuba udibaniso okanye amanqaku encamathiso? Ukuvumela ezinye iichemicals ukunamathela kuzo kunye nokusabela kumachiza phakathi kwazo kunye ne-amino acid ukwenzela ukuba zenze imixokelelwane yeebhloko kwaye ngenxa yoko iiprothini.

U-Crick uye ngaphezulu kwaye wachaza ukuba loo msebenzi okanye i-adaptha imele ukwenziwa. Uthe "... i-amino acid nganye iza kudibanisa amachiza, kwi-enzyme ekhethekileyo, kunye nemolekyuli encinci, enomhlaba othile wokudibanisa i-hydrogen,[Ukunxibelelana ngeDNA kunye ne-RNA] Idibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-template ye-nucleic acid ... Kwindlela yayo elula iya kuba neentlobo ezingama-20 zeemolekyulu…".

Nangona kunjalo, ngelo xesha ezi adapter zincinci zazingabonwa.

Yintoni eyafunyanwa kamva emva kweminyaka ethile?

Dlulisa i-RNA kunye neempawu ezichazwe nguCrick.

Ezantsi kukho indawo ebopha i-RNA, kwisangqa esibomvu esipheleleyo, kunye ne-amino acid encamathisela indawo engasekunene komzobo. Ikhowudi kwi-RNA kule meko CCG ichaza i-amino acid Alanine ethile.

Okwangoku umatshini ngokupheleleyo awuqondwa ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kuninzi okufundwayo minyaka le.

Into ebangela umdla kukuba kude kwafunyanwa lo msebenzi kwaye wabhalwa phantsi, uJames Watson, umbhali-mbhali wesakhiwo se-helix iDNA kunye noFrancis Crick, wayengayithandi i-adapter hypothesis kaFrancis Crick (owayeseke isinxibelelanisi kwiziphumo ezivela kuyilo lobunxantathu. umgaqo). Kwincwadi kaJacob Watson ye-autobiografi (2002, iphepha 139), ucacisa isizathu sokuba ethandabuze lo mzekelo uguqulwayo: "Bendingayithandi ncam into ... Ngapha koko, indlela yeadaptha ibibonakala ngathi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kum ukuba ingavela kwindalo yobomi ”. Kuba wayechanile! Yi. Ingxaki kukuba indaleko ka Darwin yokuba uJames Watson wayekholelwa kwindalo eyakhiweyo ngokudibanisa nokuqhubeka kwexesha. Nantsi indlela eyabakho apho kwasekuqalekeni kobomi ukuba ibekho.

Umbono wakhe yayikukuba:

• I-DNA (kunye ne-RNA) njengabaphethelo bolwazi (aba zintsonkothile ngokwabo)
• Iiproteni (iiamino acid) njengeekhathalogu (ezintsonkothile ngokwazo)
• Ukuvalwa iidrafti ngu-Adapt Medium ukuze kudluliselwe ulwazi olusuka kwi-DNA kwiiproteni, (ezintsonkothileyo),

yayilinyathelo elikude kakhulu.

Ukanti ubungqina bubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba le bhulorho ikho. Njengokuba ke ibonelela ubungqina obuninzi bokuba umyili okrelekrele okanye uThixo (umyili) kufuneka abekhona, enye engabophelelwanga lixesha, kanti ithiyori yendaleko ibotshelelwe lixesha.

Ukuba uhlala uvumela ubungqina ukuba bube sisikhokelo sakho, singayikhonza inyaniso, singayixhasa inyaniso kwaye sivumele ubulumko busikhokele. Njengoko iMizekeliso 4: 5 ikhuthaza "Fumana bulumko, fumanisa ukuqonda".

Masincede nabanye ukuba benze okufanayo, mhlawumbi ngokuchaza lo mgaqo woYilo loYilo!

 

 

 

 

 

 

Izibongozo:

Ndinombulelo ongazenzisiyo ngenkxaso enikezwe yividiyo ye-YouTube "uYilo loYilo" kwiVidiyo yeMvelaphi kaCornerstone Television

[i] Ilungelo lokushicilela lamkelwe. Ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo: Eminye yemifanekiso esetyenzisiweyo inokuba ingabinamalungelo okushicilela, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kungasoloko kugunyazisiwe ngumnini welungelo lokushicilela. Senza ezi zinto zifumaneke kumzamo wethu wokuqhubela phambili ukuqonda ngemicimbi yezenzululwazi nangokwenkolo, njl njl. Sikholelwa ukuba oku kuzisa ukusetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwazo naziphi na izinto ezinamalungelo obunini anelungelo lokushicilela njengoko kubonelelwe kwicandelo lama-107 lomthetho wamalungelo obunini baseMelika. Ngokungqinelana nesihloko se-17 se-USC Icandelo le-107, izinto ezikule ndawo zenziwe ukuba zifumaneke ngaphandle kwenzuzo kwabo bavakalisa umdla wokufumana nokujonga izinto zophando kunye neenjongo zemfundo. Ukuba unqwenela ukusebenzisa izinto ezinamalungelo okushicilela ezingaphaya kokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka ufumane imvume kumnini welungelo lokushicilela.

[ii]  Iimolekyuli ze-RNA ezenziwe kwinuksi zithuthwa kwiindawo zazo zokusebenza kuyo yonke indawo yeseli ye-eukaryotic ngeendlela ezithile zothutho. Olu hlaziyo lugxile kuthutho lwesithunywa RNA, i-RNA encinci yenyukliya, i-RNA ye-ribosomal, kwaye idlulisele i-RNA phakathi kwe-nucleus kunye ne-cytoplasm. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zeemolekyuli ezithatha inxaxheba kwi-nitocytoplasmic yothutho ye-RNA ziqala nje ukuqondwa. Nangona kunjalo, kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, kwenziwe inkqubela phambili enkulu. Umxholo ophambili ovela kwizifundo zamva nje zothutho lwe-RNA kukuba imiqondiso ethile ikhawulelana nothutho kwiklasi nganye ye-RNA, kwaye ezi zisibonakaliso zibonelelwa ikakhulu ziiproteni ezithile apho i-RNA nganye inxulumene nayo. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/14154301_RNA_transport

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1850961/

Ukuqhubeka kokufunda okucetyiswayo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology

[iii] Ubuqili yayiyinto ebalulekileyo ethiyori ugqirha wemolekyuli kwaye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphando olunxulumene nokuveza ubume be-helical ye-DNA. Waziwa ngokubanzi ngokusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "imfundiso ephambili”Ukushwankathela umbono wokuba xa ulwazi ludlulisiwe ukusuka kwi-nucleic acid (i-DNA okanye i-RNA) ukuya kwiiproteni, ayinakubuyela kwi-nucleic acid. Ngamanye amagama, inyathelo lokugqibela lokuhamba kolwazi ukusuka kwi-nucleic acid ukuya kwiiproteni alunakubuya umva.