Wena kunye no-Blue oluhlaza

Yeyiphi ikhowudi yeKhompyuter enkulu kakhulu, esebenzayo kakhulu, yeKhompyuter ye-AI

Phakathi kwakho kunye no-Blue oluhlaza[i], unokuba uzibuza ukuba ngubani na onekhowudi efanelekileyo yeekhompyuter ye-AI. Impendulo, nokuba awufane usebenzise okanye uthanda iikhompyuter, NGOKU!

Ngoku usenokuzibuza ukuba yintoni le / yayiyi "Deep Blue" I- "Deep Blue" yayiyikhompyuter ye-IBM eyenzelwe ukudlala i-chess eyaba yikhompyuter yokuqala ukubetha intshatsheli yehlabathi ye-chess ngomhla we-11 kuMeyi 1997, emva kwemidlalo emi-6, iphumelele 2 - 1 ngemitsi emithathu.

Ke kutheni sisitsho nina? Kuba ikhompyuter inokudlala kuphela chess. Ngoku awunokudlala chess kakuhle, kodwa unokwenza izinto ezininzi, zonke ezo khompyuter zingenakwenza!

Kodwa kuninzi kakhulu ngasemva kwempendulo kunokuba unokwazi ukupheka ngelixa i-Blue Blue inzulu.

Esona seli silula kunazo zonke kwezona zilwanyana okanye izityalo zilula kuneso somatshini sinzima sakha saveliswa ngabantu.

Esona seli silula siqukethe ulwimi lwenkqubo elona lizwe likhulu, elona lisebenzayo, elikhulu kakhulu. Okwenziweyo (endaweni ye-Artificial) Inkqubo yekhompyuter yobukrelekrele eyakhe yenziwa. Iqulethwe kuwe ngokunjalo. Yintoni leyo?

DNA

I-DNA imfutshane kwi-deoxyribonucleic acid, izinto eziziphindaphindayo ezikhoyo phantse kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo njengeyona nto iphambili kwii-chromosomes. Nguye ophethe ulwazi lwendalo.

Ngamafutshane, iDNA yeyona nto ihambisa ulwazi kwindalo yonke. Ngaphaya koko, iiproteni zebhayoloji eziluncedo azikho ngaphandle kweseli ephilayo. Lonke uvavanyo olwenziweyo luyangqina le nyani yenzululwazi-iikhemikhali aziphili zodwa. Ewe, okukhona sifunda ngendlela iseli ephilayo esebenza ngayo, kokukhona kuya kusiba nzima ukuba singamkeli uMdali wethu.

Iseli ephilayo inamawakawaka amalungu, adibanisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayaphili, akukho nanye eyenzeka ngokwendalo ngaphandle kweeseli eziphilayo.

I-Bacteria esandula ukufunyanwa evela kwirekhodi yefosili (kwiCambrian Rock yaseSedimentary Rock) iqhube ngokwazo ngeemoto ezi-7 ezinje ngezakhiwo ezinamajelo angama-21 zizinto eziqhutywa ngokulandelelana, ukongeza apho i-cilia's[ii] Zonke kufuneka zityhutyhe kwicala elifanayo ukuze iintsholongwane zihambe.

Umbono owenziwe lula ngebhaktiriya elula ene-flagellum okanye i-cilium inokubonwa apha:

[iii]

Ububanzi bokhozo olunye lwentlabathi lunokubamba i-10,000 yezi motors zincinci ecaleni.

Uyilo olumangalisayo lweDNA

I-khowudi yikhowudi yokulandelelana yolwazi ukuvelisa nayiphi na into efunwa lilungu elithile.

Amino acid enza ngendlela efanayo iibhloko zeLego zinokucwangciswa zenze imodeli yeLego ngeendlela ezininzi, ezahlukileyo, ngaphandle kweeproteni ze-amino acid. Ngapha koko, iimodeli ezininzi zeLego zinamacandelo awodwa enziwa ngokukodwa kuloo modeli kwaye ayikho enye imodeli.

I-Chromosome ifana necandelo le-patobiography elayibrari.

IGene ifana nesahluko kwincwadi engekho kwenye incwadi, okt yahlukile.

• Le “khowudi” ikwenziwe ngoonobumba aba-4 ngokuphumelelayo, hayi ngo-26 njengo-Alfabhethi wesiNgesi.
• Ezi "unobumba" zine ngu A, C, G, T, ngoonobumba bokuqala bemichiza elenza amakhonkco Aidine, Ciayine, Guanine, kwaye TUmculo owaziwa ngokuba yinyototides.
• I-T inokudibanisa kuphela no-A, kwaye i-G inokunxibelelana kuphela noC. [iv]

 

1. Ukuguqula ukuFunda

Kwiilwimi ezininzi kukho amagama anokufundwa ukubuyela umva, kwaye anike intsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo kwigama elifundwa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Igama "inqanaba" libizwa ngokuba yi-palindrome, kuba funda ubuyela umva okanye uqhubela phambili ufunda "amanqanaba".

Kodwa "iNkanyezi" efundwa ngasemva iba "Amagundane", nentsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Kwangokunjalo, "Ukuhlangula" kuba "Ukuhlanjululwa", kwa oonobumba abafanayo kodwa ngokulandelelana, ukunika intsingiselo eyahlukileyo.

Kwi-DNA, oonobumba abafundwe ngokubuyela ngasemva baneenjongo ezahlukeneyo okanye umsebenzi. Kwimeko yebhaktheriya elula, ihlala yenza iiprotein "zemoto".

Oku kuthetha ukuba ukulandelelana kweDNA efanayo kungasetyenziselwa ukwenza amalungu ahlukeneyo emizimba. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufaka iikhowudi.

Ikhowudi yeDNA inokufundwa ukuya phambili nasemva ukuze ivelise ezi proteni zincinci njengeemotor bacteria. (Ewe, iimotor aziyintsimbi, kodwa ii-amino acid zidityaniswe kwiproteni. Ukufundwa kweDNA phambili kunokuba yindlela yokwakha kwaye ukufunda ukubuyela umva kunokuba yindlela yokusebenzisa. Khawufane ucinge xa ​​uzama ukubhala uxwebhu olunye oluchaza indlela yokwakha i-iPhone kwaye xa ifundwe ngokubuyela umva, ikunike imiyalelo ngendlela yokusebenzisa i-iPhone!

2. Ulwazi olugqithisileyo

Kukho nemiyalelo edlulayo yokunika imiyalelo eyahlukeneyo kodwa isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Umzekelo libinzana elithi "Ndiyayithanda itshokholethi ngokuhlwa". Isandi ibinzana elingaqhelekanga, isizathu kukuba oku kunokuba neentsingiselo ezimbini ezahlukileyo ngoonobumba abakhaliphileyo ngoonobumba abaphezulu:

• Ndiyayithanda itshokholethikwexesha
• Kamva ngokuhlwa

3. Ulwazi olusasaziweyo

Ngale nto sithatha ezinye iileta zamva zeDNA ngokulandelelana, ezinjengoonobumba abhalwe ngqindilili "Ndiyathanda chi-colater tunalo ngokuhlwa ”ethi" ndiyawuthanda umnqwazi wakhe ". Oku kuya kunika umsebenzi owahluke ngokupheleleyo, kodwa usathathwe kulandelelwano olufanayo lolwazi ukwenza injongo eyahlukileyo. Ngokufanelekileyo esinye isiqwenga sekhowudi ye-DNA siya kunika imiyalelo malunga nokuba zeziphi iinxalenye zolu landelelwano lwe-DNA ekufuneka lusetyenziselwe ukuvelisa elinye icandelo elahlukileyo. Ngale ndlela yonke imiyalelo yokwenza onke “amalungu omatshini” okwenza ukuba iseli isebenze ibanjwa ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye iqulethwe kulandelelwano olufanayo lwe “DNA” yoonobumba ababhaliweyo.

Kodwa ayipheleli apho. Kukwakho:

4. Ulwazi Olungenisiweyo
5. Ulwazi Olubhaliweyo
6. Ulwazi olu-3-D (umtya omde weDNA kufuneka ugoqwe ngendlela eyiyo)

Iseli nganye inokwakha nasiphi na esinye iseli esibonakalayo. Zonke iiseli kufuneka zinxibelelane rhoqo, zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo zisithi "Ndifuna okungaphezulu" okanye "ndiyeke ukwenza oku", njl. Isixa solwazi esiseDNA siyamangala ngaphandle kokuqonda.

Umzimba womntu uneeseli ezimalunga ne-100 lezigidi zeeseli ukuba unokukhupha i-DNA nganye nganye ngekhe ube nesipuni seswekile.

Olu lwazi luqulathiweyo luya kufana neencwadi ezifakwe kumphezulu womhlaba ukuya enyangeni, hayi kanye kodwa zibhalwe izihlandlo ezingama-500, nje ye-DNA emzimbeni womntu omnye.

Ukudideka ngakumbi kweDNA

Ii-Amino acid zifana neblukhwe enye kwikhonkco elide lobuhlalu obuyiprotheyini. Kukho malunga ne-100,000 40 yeeproteni emzimbeni womntu. Ibacteria “motor” yenziwa ngeeproteni ezahlukeneyo ezingama-XNUMX.

I-Amino acids inokwenza into ebizwa ngokuba "ekunene ngasekhohlo" kunye "nangasekhohlo". Ku nasiphi na isicombululo esingacwangciswanga, kuya kubakho inani elilinganayo lama-amino acid asekhohlo nangakwesobunxele, okt 50/50. Ubomi busebenzisa kuphela ii-amino acid ezisekhohlo, kodwa uhlala ufumana i-50/50. Uvavanyo oluxekekileyo lokwenza i-amino-acid ngonyaka ka-1950 ayifakwanga ioksijini, eyayihlala ikho emhlabeni ngokwerekhodi yokuma komhlaba, yaphela ngo-50/50 i-amino-acid esekhohlo kunye nabasekunene kunye neekhemikhali ezingamisa iiprotein zenza.

Kukho i-20 hlukile I-amino acid esetyenziselwa ukwenza iproteni. Ngokwesiqhelo, zii-3,000 zeamino acid iamoleyitha (ezenziwe kulaa ma-20 ahlukeneyo, onke ashiyekileyo ene-amino acid) zidityaniswa zenza iproteyini enye, kodwa ezinye zingama-300 amino acid molecule nje kwaye ezinye zine-moon acid ezingama-50,000 XNUMX eamino acid. Lonke uhlobo olulodwa lwe-amino acid kufuneka lube kwindawo efanelekileyo kungenjalo akukho proteni isebenza.

Ingxaki yezempilo ebizwa ngokuba yiSickle cell anemia ibangelwa yi-amino acid enye kwindawo engalunganga kwi-hemoglobin (iprotein) ebangela ukuba ingabi yinto efanelekileyo yokuthwala ioksijini.

Ukuba sivumela ithuba elingaboniyo lokuzama ukwenza iprotein isebenze nge-5 ye-amino acid kuphela (incinci kakhulu kuneprotein eqhelekileyo, kuya kufuneka ufumane i-amino acid efanelekileyo ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo.

Ithuba eli-1 kwizigidi ezi-3.2. Ithuba elincinci elinjalo lokuba okwenyani, akunakwenzeka.

Ungazama oku ngokwakho. Beka iibhola ezingama-20 zemibala eyahlukeneyo kwibhokisi kwaye uzixube. Beka iikhonteyina ezi-5 ezinombala ophawulwe kubo ngokulandelelana, zibekele umntu amehlo, kwaye zibenze bakhethe iibhola ezi-5, enye kwisikhongozelo ngasinye. Ukuba azange bakwazi ukususa ibala elingabonakaliyo kude kube iibhola kunye nemibala zichanekile, ngokuqinisekileyo baya kufakwa amehlo kubo bonke ubomi babo. Susa ukungaboni kakuhle kwaye kunokwenziwa kwimizuzwana. Kodwa loo nto isusa ubumfama, ithuba elingacwangciswanga kwaye yazisa ngengqondo kwi-equation.

Ngokucacileyo, kufuneka ukuba sinomyili okrelekrele njengoko ithuba elingaboniyo lingenako ukwakha iibhloko zokwakha ezifunekayo ebomini, yinto engenakwenzeka ngokwezibalo.

Njengompostile uPawulos wabhala kumaRoma 1: 19-20 “Oko kungaziwa ngoThixo kuyabonakala [phakathi kwabangendawo nabangengomalungisa]. Kuba iimpawu zakhe ezingabonakaliyo zibonwa ngokucacileyo ukususela ekudalweni kwehlabathi, kuye amandla akhe angunaphakade nobuThixo bakhe, ukuze bangabi nakuxolelwa ”.

UThixo usibonisile iminwe yakhe. Indalo ikhona ngenjongo. Akufuneki sicinezele iinyani zento ukuze sizame kwaye singaboni ebonakalayo.

 

Imibulelo

Ngombulelo omkhulu kuDeborah Pimo ngokulungiselela kwakhe uninzi lwamanqaku.

[i] IBM Deep Blue, ikhompyuter yokuqala ukubetha i-Chess yeHlabathi elawulayo. https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/deepblue/

[ii] I-cilium okanye i-cilia (isininzi) zizinto ezincinci ezinjenge-protuberances ngaphandle kweeseli ze-eukaryotic. Banoxanduva lokujongana nengxaki yeseli ngokwayo okanye izinto ezinamanzi akumphezulu weseli.  https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Flagellum-beating.png

[iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flagellum_base_diagram-en.svg

[iv] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:229_Nucleotides-01.jpg

Bona kwakho

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/articles/biology/marketing-assets/sanger-sequencing_dna-structure.png