Uvavanyo lukaDaniel 11: 1-45 kunye no-12: 1-13

intshayelelo

"Andoyiki nyaniso. Ndiyayamkela. Kodwa ndinqwenela ukuba zonke iinyani zam zibe kwimeko yazo efanelekileyo.”- UGordon B. Hinckley

Ngaphezulu, ukuhambisa kwakhona iikowuti zika-Alfred Whitehead,Ndihlupheke kakhulu kubabhali abathe bacaphula le okanye la sigwebo [izibhalo] nokuba kungaphandle komxholo wayo okanye ekukhuleni kwayo kwimiba engalunganga egqwethekileyo [yayo] intsingiselo, okanye uyitshabalalise ngokupheleleyo."

Ke ngoko, "Okwam imeko sisitshixo - ukusuka apho kuza ukuqonda kwezinto zonke." -Kenneth Noland.

Xa uphonononga iBhayibhile ngakumbi nasiphi na isibhalo esimalunga nesiprofetho, umntu kufuneka aqonde isibhalo kwimeko. Oko kunokuba ziivesi ezimbalwa okanye izahluko ezimbalwa nokuba leliphi icala lenxalenye ephantsi kovavanyo. Kananjalo kufuneka siqiniseke ukuba ngabaphulaphuli ekujongwe ukuba bangubani na nokuba bebeya kuqonda ntoni. Kufuneka kwakhona sikhumbule ukuba ibhayibhile yayibhalelwe abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwaye iqondwe ngabo. Zange ibhalelwe iqela elincinci labaphengululi eliya kuba lilo kuphela lokubamba ulwazi nokuqonda, nokokuba kungamaxesha okubhalwa kweBhayibhile okanye okwangoku okanye kwikamva.

Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba usondele kuvavanyo, uvumela iBhayibhile ukuba izitolike. Kuya kufuneka sivumele izibhalo ukuba zisikhokelele kwisigqibo sendalo, kunokuba sisondele nemibono esele ichaziwe.

Okulandelayo ziziphumo zovavanyo olunjalo lweNcwadi yeBhayibhile kaDaniel 11, kwimeko ngaphandle kwemibono engachazwanga, ukuzama ukubona indlela esinokuyiqonda ngayo. Nawuphi na umsitho wezembali ongaziwayo waziwa uya kunikwa nesalathiso (s) sokuqinisekisa, kwaye ke kungoko oko kucetyiswayo.

Ukulandela le migaqo ichazwe ngasentla sifumana oku kulandelayo:

• Okokuqala, abaphulaphuli yayingamaYuda ekusenokwenzeka ukuba ayesekuthinjweni eBhabheli okanye ayesele eza kubuyela kwilizwe lakwaYuda emva kobomi bonke bokuthinjwa.
• Ngokwendalo, ke ngoko, iziganeko ezibhaliweyo ziya kuthi ezo ziganeko zibaluleke kakhulu kuhlanga lwamaJuda, ababengabantu abanyulwe nguThixo.
• Isiprofetho sanikezelwa yingelosi kuDaniel, umYuda, nje emva kokuwa kweBhabheli kuDariyo umMedi noKoreshi umPersi.
• Ngokwemvelo, uDaniel kunye namanye amaJuda babenomdla kwikamva lohlanga lwabo, ngoku ukuba ukugqitywa kweBhabheli phantsi kukaNebhukadenetsare kunye noonyana bakhe kugqityiwe.

Ngala manqaku emvelaphi engqondweni masiqalise iivesi zethu ngokuhlolwa kwivesi.

UDaniel 11: 1-2

"¹ Ke mna, ngonyaka wokuqala kaDariyo umMedi, ndema njengomqinisa njengenqaba kuye. ² Ngoku ke inyani ndiza kukuxelela yona:

“Khangela! Kuya kubakho ookumkani abathathu abaya kuma ePersi, kwaye owesine uya kubutyebi ngakumbi kunabo bonke abanye. Kwaye kamsinya nje akuba omeleleyo kubutyebi bakhe, uya kuvusa yonke into nxamnye nobukumkani baseGrisi.

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa nguPersi

Isikhumbuzo, ngokwe vesi yoku-1, ingelosi ithetha noDaniel ngoku phantsi kolawulo lukaDariyo umMedi noKoreshi uKumkani wasePersi, kunyaka wokuqala emva kokuba boyise iBhabheli nobukumkani bayo.

Ke, ngubani ekufuneka echongiweyo ngookumkani aba-4 basePersi abakhankanywe apha?

Abanye baye babona uKoreshi Omkhulu njengoKumkani wokuqala kwaye bamtyeshela uBardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis. Kodwa kufuneka sikhumbule umxholo.

Kutheni sisitsho nje? UDaniel 11: 1 unika ixesha lesi siprofetho esenzeka kwi-1^st unyaka kaDariyo umMedi. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngokukaDaniel 5:31 noDaniel 9: 1, uDariyo umMedi wayenguKumkani waseBhabheli nento eseleyo kuBukhosi baseBhabheli. Ngapha koko, uDaniel 6: 28 uthetha ngoDaniel ukuchuma kubukumkani bukaDariyo [eBhabheli] nasebukumkanini bukaKoreshi umPersi.

UKoreshi wayesele elawula uKumkani wasePersi kangangeminyaka engama-22[i]  ngaphambi kokubanjwa kweBhabheli kwaye wahlala eyiNkosi yePersi de kwasekufeni kwakhe kwiminyaka eli-9 kamva. Ke, xa isibhalo sithi,

"Khangela! Kusekho ookumkani abathathu ”,

kwaye ibhekisa kwikamva, sinokuphela isigqibo sokuba elandelayo Ukumkani wasePersi, kunye inkosi yokuqala yasePersi yesi siprofetho, ukuthatha itrone yasePersi yayinguCambyses II, unyana kaKoreshi Omkhulu.

Oku kuya kuthetha ukuba ngukumkani wesibini wesiprofetho kungaba nguBardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis njengoko lo kumkani wayephumelele eCambyses II. Bardiya, naye, lathatyathwa nguDariyo Omkhulu, esithi, ke, sazibonakalise ukuba ungukumkani wethu wesithathu.[ii]

Nokuba uBardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis wayengumntu onokumkhuthaza okanye ongabalulekanga kangako, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo, kuncinci okwaziwayo ngaye. Kukho ukungaqiniseki ngegama lakhe lokwenyani ngenxa yoko igama kathathu elinikezwe apha.

UDariyo Omkhulu, inkosi yesithathu yathatyathwa nguXerxes I (the Great), owayeza kuthi ke, abe ngukumkani wesine.

Isiprofetho sithetha oku kulandelayo malunga nokumkani wesine:

"kwaye owesine uya kubutyebi ngakumbi kunabo bonke abanye. Kwaye nje akuba omelele kubutyebi bakhe, uya kuvusa yonke into nxamnye nobukumkani baseGrisi ”

Ibonisa ntoni imbali? Ngokucacileyo uKumkani wesine kwakufuneka abe nguXerxes. Nguye kuphela uKumkani olungisa inkcazo. Uyise uDariyo I (omkhulu) wayeqokelele ubutyebi ngokuzisa inkqubo yerhafu eqhelekileyo. UXerxes wakufumana njengelifa oku kwaye wongeza kuyo. NgokukaHerodotus, uXerxes waqokelela umkhosi omkhulu kunye neenqanawa zokuhlasela iGrisi. "UXerxes wayehlanganisa umkhosi wakhe, ekhangela yonke imimandla yelizwekazi. Ngexesha leminyaka emine yokuthimba kweYiphutha wayelungiselela umkhosi, nezinto ezazisetyenziselwa emkhosini, kwathi ngonyaka wesihlanu, waqala iphulo lakhe nesihlwele esikhulu. Kuyo yonke imikhosi esiyaziyo le nto iye yangqineka iyeyona inkulu kakhulu; " (Jonga uHerodotus, iNcwadi 7, isiqendu 20,60-97).[iii]

Ngapha koko, uXerxes ngokwembali eyaziwayo wayengukumkani wokugqibela wasePersi ukuba ahlasele iGrisi ngaphambi kokuhlasela kwePersi nguAlexander omkhulu.

Nge-Xerxes ichazwe ngokucacileyo njenge-4^th Ukumkani, ke oku kuyangqina ukuba utata wakhe, uDariyo Omkhulu yayinguye u-3^rd Ukuzalwa kunye nolunye uphawu lweCambyses II njengesi-1^st Ukumkani no-Bardiya njenge-2^nd nkosi ichanekile.

Ngamafutshane, ookumkani abane ababeza kulandela uDariyo umMedi noKoreshi Omkhulu babekho

• UCambyses II, (unyana kaKoreshi)
• Bardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis, (? Umzalwana weCambyses, okanye impost?)
• UDariyo I (omkhulu), no
• UXerxes (unyana kaDariyo I)

Ookumkani abaseleyo basePersi zange benze kwanto echaphazela ubume bohlanga lakwaYuda kunye nelizwe lakwaJuda.

 

UDaniel 11: 3-4

³ “Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukumkani onamandla uya kusuka alawule ngolawulo olukhulu aze enze ukuthanda kwakhe. ⁴ Buya kuthi, xa athe wema, buqhekezwe ubukumkani bakhe, bahlulelwe kwimimoya yomine yamazulu, bungabi bobokuzalwa bakhe, bungabi njengokwolawulo lwakhe abelawula ngalo; ngenxa yokuba ubukumkani bakhe buya kuphakanyiswa, bube bobabanye ngaphandle kwale.

"³Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo inkosi enamandla iya kuma ”

Ukumkani olandelayo ukuba achaphazele ilizwe lakwaYuda kunye namaYuda yayingu-Alexander the Great kunye nemikhosi emine eyalandela. Nokuba akukho mbambano ivakalayo malunga nokuqonda kwezi ndinyana njengokubhekisa kuAlexander omkhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba esinye sezizathu zokuba uAlexander ahlasele i-Persia, kuba ngokuka-Arrian waseNicomedian (ekuqaleni kuka-2)^nd Kwinkulungwane), "AUmcebisi ubhale impendulo, wathumela uThepisipo nabantu ababevela kuDariyo, benemiyalelo yokuba bayinike uDariyo ileta, kodwa bangancedi nganto. Ileta ka-Alexander yasebenza ngolu hlobo: “Ookhokho bethu bafika kwelaseMakedoni nakwelaseGrisi, basiphatha kakubi, bengabenzanga nto. Mna, ndakuba ndimiselwe ukuba ngumphathi-nomphathi wamaGrike, ndifuna ukuba aziphindezele kumaPersi, ndawela eAsiya, ndayiqala kuwe imfazwe. .... " [iv]. Nathi ke, sinokunxibelelana phakathi kweNkosi yesine yePersi kunye noAlexander omkhulu.

"Balawule ngamandla amakhulu, benze ukuthanda kwakhe."

Ukuma kuka-Alesandire Omkhulu, wenza ubukhosi obukhulu kwiminyaka elishumi, ukusuka kwelaseGrisi kuye emantla-ntshona e-Indiya kuquka nomhlaba woBukhosi bamaPersi obohlulileyo, obabubandakanya iJiphutha neJudiya.

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa yiGrisi

“Xa athe wema, buqhekezwe ubukumkani bakhe”

Nangona kunjalo, ekuphakameni kokoyiswa kwakhe, uAlexander wasweleka eBhabheli kungekudala emva kokuba eyekile ukuqhuba umkhankaso weminyaka eli-11 emva kokuba eqalisile ukuhlasela kwakhe uBukhosi basePersi, kwaye kwiminyaka eli-13 kuphela emva kokuba enguKumkani waseGrisi.

"Ubukumkani bakhe buya kwaphuka, bahlulwe, bahlulelwe koomoya abane bezulu." Kwaye "buza kuphakanyiswa nobukumkani bakhe, bube bobabanye kunabo ”

Emva kwethuba elineminyaka engamashumi amabini ubudala, uBukumkani bakhe baphuka buye baba zizikumkani ezi-4 ezilawulwa zi-4. Omnye usentshona, eCassander, eMakedoni naseGrisi. Omnye uye emantla, iLysimachus, eAsia Minor naseTirace, enye isiya empuma, uSeleucus Nicator eMesopotamia naseSyria kwaye omnye ubhekise emazantsi, uPtolemy Soter eJamani nasePalestina.

"Kodwa hayi kwizizukulwane zakhe nangokungabi ngakulawulo lwalo ulawulo awayelawula ngalo"

Inzala yakhe, inzala yakhe, esemthethweni nengokwasemthethweni bonke bafa okanye babulawa ngexesha lokulwa. Ke ngoko, akukho nto yobukumkani obabenziwe nguAlexander yaya kumnombo wosapho wakhe.

Nobukumkani bakhe abuphumelelanga ekufumaneni indlela awayefuna ngayo. Wayefuna ubukumkani obumanyeneyo, endaweni yoko, wahlulahlulwa wangamaqela amane alwayo.

Kuyinqaku elinomdla ukuba izibakala zento eyenzekileyo kuAlexander nobukumkani bakhe zichazwe ngokuchanekileyo nangokucacileyo kwezi ndinyana kuDaniel 11, ukuba isetyenziswe ngokusisinyanzelo ngabathile ukuba yimbali eyabhalwa emva kwento kunokuba yabhalwa. ngaphambili!

Ngokwengxelo kaJosephus nangona kunjalo, incwadi kaDaniel bekufanele ukuba yabhalwa ngexesha lika-Alexander the Great. Ebhekisa kuAlexander, uJosephus wabhala "Xa incwadi kaDaniel yayiboniswayo apho uDaniel wavakalisa ukuba omnye wamaGrikhi wayefanele ukutshabalalisa ubukhosi bamaPersi, wayecinga ukuba lo mntu unguye. [v]

Oku kwaqhekeka kwaxelwa kwangaphambili kuDaniel 7: 6 [vi] ingwe ineentloko ezine, kunye neempondo ezibalaseleyo ezine kwiibhokhwe zikaDaniel 4: 8.[vii]

Ukumkani onamandla nguAlexander omkhulu waseGrisi.

Ezi zikumkani zine zazilawulwa ziMizimba emine.

• UCassander uthathe iMakedoni kunye neGrisi.
• ILysimachus yathatha iAsia Minor kunye neTrace,
• USeleucus Nicator wathatha iMesopotamiya neSyria,
• UPtolemy Soter uthathe i-Egypt nePalestina.

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi.

 

UDaniyeli 11: 5

⁵ “Ukumkani wasemzantsi uya komelela, kwanenye yeenkosana zakhe; kwaye uya koyisa kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kulawula ngobukhosi obukhulu ngakumbi kunamandla alowo alawulayo.

Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-25 emva kokusekwa kweekumkani ezi-4, izinto zazitshintshile.

“Ukumkani wasemzantsi uya komelela”

Ekuqaleni uKumkani wasemazantsi, uPtolemy eJiphutha wayenamandla ngakumbi.[viii]

“Kanye njengenye yeenkosana zakhe”

USeleucus wayeyinjengele kaPtolemy [inkosana], owaba namandla. Wazenzela inxalenye yobukumkani bamaGrike wazenzela i-Seleucia, Syria kunye neMesopotamiya. Zange kube kudala ke nangona ngaphambi kokuba uSeleucus efunxe ezinye izikumkani ezimbini zikaCassander kunye neLysimachus.

"Kwaye uya koyisa kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kulawula ngobukhosi obukhulu ngakumbi kunamandla alawulayo '.

Nangona kunjalo, uPtolemy woyisa uSeleucus kwaye wangqina enamandla ngakumbi, kwaye ekugqibeleni uSeleucus wasweleka omnye woonyana bakaPtolemy.

Oku kwanika uKumkani oMazantsi welizwe njengoPtolemy 1 Soter, kunye noKumkani waseNyakatho njengoSeleucus I Nicator.

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy I

Ukumkani wasemantla: uSeleucus I

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

 

UDaniyeli 11: 6

⁶ “Kwaye ekupheleni kweminyaka ethile baya kuzihlanganisa, kunye nentombi yokumkani wasemzantsi iya kukumkani wasemntla ukuze benze ilungiselelo elinobulungisa. Kodwa ayiyi kugcina amandla engalo yayo; kwaye ayiyi kuma, nengalo yakhe; Kwaye uya kunikelwa, yena, kunye nabo bangenisayo, nalowo wabazalayo, nalowo wamomeleza ngaloo maxesha. ”

"⁶Ekupheleni kweminyaka ethile baya kuzihlanganisa, kwaye le ntombi yokumkani wasemzantsi iya kukumkani wasemantla ukuze ilungiselele ngendlela efanelekileyo. ”

Kwiminyaka ethile emva kweziganeko zikaDaniel 11: 5, uPtolemy II Philadelphus (unyana kaPtolemy I) wamnikantombi yokumkani wasemzantsi ” UBerenice, u-Antiochus II Theos, umzukulwana kaSeleucus njengomfazi "ilungiselelo elinokulingana. ” Le yimeko yokuba uAntiochus wamgxotha umfazi wakhe owayesele enguLaodice ukuba "zidibane zodwa ”. [ix]

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy II

Ukumkani wasemantla: uAntiochus II

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

Kodwa ayizukugcina mandla engalo yakhe;

Kodwa intombi kaPtolemy II, uBerenice wenze njaloUngagcini amandla eengalo zakhe ", isikhundla sakhe sokuba nguKumkanikazi.

Akayi kuma, nengalo yakhe.

Utata wakhe wasweleka ixesha elide emkile e-Berenice ngaphandle kokhuseleko.

“Kwaye uya kunikelwa, yena, kunye nabo bamzisayo, nalowo wamzalayo, nalowo wamomeleza [ngala maxesha]”

U-Antiochus wamnikela u-Berenice njengomfazi wakhe kwaye wabuyisa unkosikazi wakhe uLaodice, eshiya u-Berenice ngaphandle kokhuseleko.

Ngenxa yezi zinto, uLaodice wabulala u-Antiochus kwaye u-Berenice wanikwa uLaodice owambulalayo. ULaodice wenza unyana wakhe uSeleucus II Callinicus, uKumkani waseSeleucia.

 

UDaniel 11: 7-9

⁷ Kwaye omnye ophuma kwingcambu yeengcambu zakhe uya kuma esikhundleni sakhe, eze emkhosini aze eze kulwa nenqaba yokumkani wasemantla aze ngokuqinisekileyo enze ngokuchasene nawo aze aphumelele. ⁸ Uya kuza noothixo babo, kunye nemifanekiso yabo etyhidiweyo, kunye nempahla yabo enqwenelekayo yesilivere negolide, kunye nabathinjwa. Kwaye uya kuthi iminyaka ethile eme ngukumkani wasentla. ⁹ “Kwaye okunene uya kungena ebukumkanini bokumkani wasemzantsi aze abuyele emhlabeni wakhe.”

ivesi 7

“Kwaye omnye ophuma kwiingcambu zakhe ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuma esikhundleni sakhe,”

Oku kubhekisa kumntakwabo-Berenice owayebulewe, owayenguPtolemy III Euergetes. UPtolemy III wayengunyana wabazali bakhe, "Iingcambu zakhe".

“Uya kuza emkhosini aze eze kulwa nenqaba yokumkani wasemantla aze ngokuqinisekileyo enze ngokuchasene nabo aze boyise”

UPtolemy III “wama" kwisikhundla sikayise kwaye wahlasela iSyria “inqaba yokumkani wasemantla ” kwaye woyisa uSeleucus II, uKumkani waseNyakatho. "[X]

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy III

Ukumkani wasemantla: uSeleucus II

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

ivesi 8

“Uya kuthi ke no thixo bakhe, nemifanekiso yabo etyhidiweyo, kunye nempahla yabo enqwenelekayo yesilivere negolide, kunye nabathinjiweyo, uya eYiputa."

UPtolemy III wabuyela eYiputa kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezaziphangiwe nguCambyses awayezisusile eYiputa kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo. [xi]

“Kwaye uya kuthi iminyaka ethile eme ngukumkani wasentla.”

Emva kwale nto, kwabakho uxolo ngexesha uPtolemy III akha itempile enkulu e-Edfu.

ivesi 9

⁹ “Kwaye okunene uya kungena ebukumkanini bokumkani wasemzantsi aze abuyele emhlabeni wakhe.”

Emva kwethuba loxolo, uSeleucus II Callinicus wazama ukuhlasela i-Egypt ngokuziphindezela kodwa akazange aphumelele kwaye kwafuneka abuyele e-Seleucia.[xii]

 

UDaniel 11: 10-12

¹⁰ “Ke bona oonyana bakhe, baya kuzonwabisa kwaye bahlanganise umthendeleko wamajoni amakhulu. Kwaye ngokuza ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuza, atyhuke adlule. Kodwa uya kubuya, kwaye uya kuzivuyisa ngandlela zonke ukuya kwinqaba yakhe. ¹¹ “Ukumkani wasemzantsi uya kuzenza mhle kwaye kuya kufuneka alwe naye, (oko kukuthi,] nokumkani wasemantla; kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba nesihlwele esikhulu esimele sime, nesihlwele okunene siya kunikelwa esandleni saso. ¹² Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo isihlwele siya kuthwalelwa. Intliziyo yakhe iya kuphakama, kwaye okunene uya kuwisela amashumi amawaka; kodwa akasayi kusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esomeleleyo. ”

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy IV

Ukumkani wasemantla: uSeleucus III emva koko ngu-Antiochus III

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

"¹⁰Ke bona oonyana bakhe, baya kuzonwabisa kwaye bahlanganise umthendeleko wamajoni amakhulu. ”

USeleucus II wayenonyana abathathu, uSeleucus III kunye nomntakwabo omncinci uAntiochus III. USeleucus III wazichulumancisa wanyusa imikhosi yamajoni ukuba izame nokubuyisela iinxalenye zeAsia Minor elahlwe nguyise ngempumelelo. Wayenetyhefu ngonyaka wesibini kuphela wolawulo lwakhe. Umntakwabo Antiochus III wangena esikhundleni sakhe kwaye waba nempumelelo engakumbi eAsia Minor.

“Kwaye ngokuza ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuza, atyhuke adlule. Kodwa ke uya kubuya, kwaye uya kuziyolisa, uya enqabeni yakhe.

Emva koko uAntiochus III wahlasela uPtolemy IV Philopator (ukumkani wasemazantsi) waza waphinda wayifumana kwizibuko laseAntiyokwe waza waya emazantsi ukuya kuthimba iTire. “Ukugqobhozela kwaye kudlula” ( umda woKumkani waseZantsi. Emva kokudlula kwaYuda, uAntiochus wafika kumda wase-Riphaya apho woyiswa nguPtolemy IV. Emva koko uAntiochus wagoduka, egcina kuphela izibuko laseAntiyokwe kwiinzuzo zakhe zangaphambili.

"¹¹Ke yena ukumkani wasemzantsi uya kuzenza mhle, kwaye kuya kufuneka alwe naye, oko kukuthi, nokumkani wasentla; kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba nesihlwele esikhulu esimele sime, nesihlwele okunene siya kunikelwa esandleni saso.

Oku kungqina ezo ziganeko ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi. IPtolemy IV yenziwe ingqumbo kwaye iphuma nemikhosi emininzi kwaye inkosi yasentla imikhosi ibulewe (abanye bali-10,000) okanye babanjiwe (4,000) "ukunikelwa esandleni sakhe ” (Ukumkani wasemzantsi).

"¹² Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo isihlwele siya kuthwalelwa. Intliziyo yakhe iya kuphakama, kwaye okunene uya kuwisela amashumi amawaka; kodwa akasayi kusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esomeleleyo. ”

UPtolemy IV njengokumkani wasemazantsi woyisa, nangona kunjalo, wasilela ukusebenzisa isikhundla sakhe esomeleleyo, endaweni yoko, wenza uxolo kunye no-Antiochus III ukumkani wasemantla.

 

UDaniel 11: 13-19

¹³ “Ke kaloku ukumkani wasemntla uya kubuya amisele isihlwele esikhulu kunesokuqala; kwaye ekupheleni kwamaxesha, iminyaka ethile, iya kuza, ikwenza ngomkhosi omkhulu wempi neempahla ezininzi. ”

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy IV, Ptolemy V

Ukumkani wasemantla: uAntiochus III

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

Kwiminyaka eli-15 kamva Ukumkani wasemantla, uAntiochus III, wabuya nomnye umkhosi wahlasela omncinci UPtolemy V Epiphanes, ukumkani omtsha wasemzantsi.

¹⁴ “Kwaye ngaloo maxesha kuya kubakho abaninzi abaya kuma nxamnye nokumkani wasemzantsi.”

Ngala maxesha uPhilip V waseMakedoni wavuma ukuhlasela uPtolemy IV, osweleke phambi kohlaselo.

“Kwaye oonyana babaphangi babantu bakowenu, baya kuthwalelwa ukuzama ukwenza umbono uzaliseke; Kwaye baya kukhubeka. ”

Xa uAntiochus III wadlula uYuda esiya kuhlasela uPtolemy V, amaJuda amaninzi, athengisa izinto zika-Antiochus aza amncedisa ekuhlaseleni umkhosi waseJamani eJerusalem. Injongo yala maJuda "yayiqhutywa ukuzama ukwenza umbono uzaliseke 'owawuza kuzimela, kodwa basilela koku. U-Antiochus III wabaphatha kakuhle kodwa akazange abanike konke ababekufuna.[xiii]

¹⁵ “Ukumkani wasemantla uya kuza, aze enze umqobo wokungqinga, aze okunene athimbe isixeko esineenqaba. Ke iingalo zasezantsi zingayi kuma, nabantu abanyuliweyo bayo; kwaye akusayi kubakho mandla okuma. ”

U-Antiochus III (omkhulu), ukumkani wasemantla, wayingqinga waza wayithimba iSidon malunga nowama-200 BC, apho uPtolemy's (V) Scopas jikelele wayebaleke khona emva kokuba koyisiwe kuMlambo iYordani. UPtolemy uthumela awona mkhosi wakhe uphambili kunye neenjengele ukuzama ukukhulula uScopas, kodwa nabo boyiswa, "Akusekho mandla okuma ume".[xiv]

¹⁶ “Kwaye lowo uza nxamnye naye uya kwenza ngokokuthanda kwakhe, kwaye akuyi kubakho mntu ume phambi kwakhe. Kwaye uya kuma kwilizwe loMhombiso, kwaye kuya kubakho intshabalalo ngesandla sakhe.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe apha ngasentla malunga nowama-200-199 BC u-Antiochus III wayehlala "Umhlaba woMhombiso", kungekho mntu uphumelelayo ekuchaseni yena. Imimandla yase-Yudeya, ibiyimiboniso yeemfazwe ezininzi kunye noKumkani wasemazantsi, kwaye waphulukana noxinzelelo kunye nokuphanziswa ngenxa yoko.[xv] U-Antiochus III wamkela isibizo esithi "nguKumkani omkhulu" njengo-Aleksandire ongaphambi kwakhe kwaye amaGrike ambiza ngokuba "nguyena Mkhulu".

ElakwaYuda libalawula ngukumkani wasemantla

 ¹⁷ “Kwaye uya kububhekisa ubuso bakhe ukuba eze nobukumkani bobukumkani bakhe bonke, kwaye iya kuba yimigaqo enobulungisa kunye naye; Kwaye uya kusebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokubhekisele kwintombi yomfazi, uya kunikwa ukuba ayonakalise. Kwaye ayiyi kuma, kwaye ayiyi kuqhubeka eyakhe. ”

U-Antiochus III emva koko wacela uxolo ne-Egypt ngokunika intombi yakhe uPtolemy V Epiphanes, kodwa oku akuphumelelanga ukuzisa umanyano ngoxolo.[xvi] Ngapha koko uCleopatra, intombi yakhe yaxhasa uPtolemy endaweni kayise u-Antiochus III. "Ayizukuqhubeka nokuba yeyakhe".

¹⁸ Kwaye uya kujikisa ubuso bakhe kwimimandla yaselunxwemeni aze okunene abambe uninzi ".

Iindawo ezigudle unxweme ziyaqondwa ukuba zibhekisa kumda weTurkey (Asia Minor). IGrisi ne-Italiya (iRoma). Malunga ne-199 / 8K i-Antiochus yahlasela i-Kilil (South East Turkey) kunye neLycia (South West Turkey). Emva koko uTrace (Greece) walandela emva kweminyaka embalwa. Uthathe neziqithi ezininzi zeAegean ngeli xesha. Kwathi ke malunga ne-192-188 yahlasela iRoma, kunye nabalingane bayo ePergamo naseRhodos.

“Kwaye umphathi kuya kufuneka ayiphelise ungcikivo kuye, ukuze ihlazo lakhe lingabikho. Uya kuyibuyisela umva. ¹⁹ Uya kujika, abuyele kwiinqaba zelizwe lakhe, ewe, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kukhubeka awe, angafunyanwa. ”

Oku kuzaliseke njengejenisi yaseRoma uLucius Scipio Asiaticus "umphathi" wasusa ihlazo kuye ngokuthi woyise uAntiochus III eMagnesia malunga nowe-190 BC. Emva koko umphathi-mkhosi waseRoma wajika "ubuso bakhe babuyela kwiinqaba zomhlaba wakhe", ngokuhlasela amaRoma. Nangona kunjalo, woyiswa ngokukhawuleza nguScipio Africanus kwaye wabulawa ngabantu bakhe.

UDaniyeli 11: 20

²⁰ “Kothi ke endaweni yakhe kuphume omnye odlulisa umrhwebi ebukumkanini obuqaqambileyo, aze ngeentsuku ezimbalwa aphulwe, kodwa angabi nawo umsindo okanye umlo.

Emva kolawulo olude uAntiochus III wasweleka kwaye "Kwisikhundla sakhe", unyana wakhe uSeleucus IV Philopater wema esikhundleni sakhe.

Ukuhlawula ityala likaRoma, uSeleucus IV wayalela umphathi wakhe uHeliodorus ukuba afumane imali kwitempile yaseJamani 'Umrhanisi wokudlula ebukumkanini obuhle'  (jonga 2 Maccabees 3: 1-40).

USeleucus IV wagweba iminyaka eli-12 kuphela "Iintsuku ezimbalwa" xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lukayise lweminyaka engama-37. UHeliodorus wayityhefu uSeleucus wasweleka "Hayi ngomsindo okanye emfazweni".

Ukumkani wasemantla: uSeleucus IV

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemantla

 

UDaniel 11: 21-35

²¹ “Kwaye kuya kusuka esikhundleni sakhe lowo uya kudeleka, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abayi kubeka kuye isidima sobukumkani; kwaye okunene uya kuza ngexesha lokukhululeka engabukhathalelwanga bubukumkani [obo] nobukumkani. ”

Ukumkani olandelayo wasentla wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 1 I-Maccabees 1:10 (iGood News Translation) iyaliphanda ibali “Umlawuli okhohlakeleyo uAntiochus Epiphanes, unyana kaKumkani uAntiochus weSithathu waseSiriya, wayeyinzala yomnye weenjengele zika-Alexander. UAntiochus Epiphanes wayethinjwe eRoma ngaphambi kokuba abe ngukumkani wase-Syria… ” . Uthathe igama elithi "Epiphanes" elithetha "okhanyayo" kodwa wabizwa ngegama elithi "Epimanes" elithetha "indoda ephambene". Itrone bekufanele ukuba yayiye kuDemetrius Soter, unyana kaSeleucus IV, kodwa endaweni yoko uAntiochus IV wabamba itrone. Wayengumntakwabo-Seleucus IV. “Ngokuqinisekileyo abayi kubeka kuye isidima sobukumkani”, endaweni yoko wathambisa uKumkani wasePergamo emva koko wabamba itrone ngoncedo lukaKumkani wasePergamo.[xvii]

 

"²² Ngokubhekisele kwiingalo zomkhukula, ziya kukhukuliswa ngenxa yakhe, kwaye ziya kwaphulwa; ngokunjalo neNkokeli yomnqophiso.

UPtolemy VI Philometer, inkosi entsha yasemazantsi, emva koko uhlasela uBukhosi baseSeleucid kunye nokumkani omtsha wasemantla u-Antiochus IV Epiphanes, kodwa umkhosi okhukulayo uyagxothwa kwaye waphule.

U-Antiochus kamva wamshenxisa u-Onias III, umbingeleli omkhulu wamaYuda, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba wabizwa ngokuba ngu- “Inkokeli yomnqophiso”.

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: Ptolemy VI

Ukumkani waseNyakatho: Antiochus IV

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi

"²³ Kwaye ngenxa yokuzimanya naye uya kuqhubeka nenkohliso aze enyuke abe namandla ngohlanga oluncinci. ”

UJosephus ubalisa ukuba ngeli xesha kwaYuda kwakukhona umzabalazo wamandla owaphumelela u-Onias [III] njengoMbingeleli oMkhulu ngelo xesha. Kodwa, iqela, oonyana bakaTobias,luhlanga oluncinci ”, bazimanya noAntiochus. [xviii]

UJosephus uqhubeka athi "Ke kaloku kwathi, emva kweminyaka emibini, ... ukumkani wenyuka waya eYerusalem, uxolo, wasihlutha isixeko; ngela xesha wayengazange asinde kangako kunoko bamamkelayo kuwo, ngenxa yobutyebi obabuhleli etempileni ”[xix]. Ewe, waqhubekeka ngenkohliso, waza woyisa iJerusalem ngenxa ye "Luhlanga oluncinci" yamaYuda anenkohliso.

"²⁴ Ngexesha lokukhululwa kukhathalelo, nkqu nasekutyhafeni komda wolawulo uya kungena aze okunene enze oko ootata noyise booyise bengazange benze. Uya kuphanga into ephangiweyo, kunye nezinto ezilungileyo. nakwiindawo ezinqatyisiweyo azicebise iindlela zakhe, kodwa kude kube lixesha.

UJosephus uqhubeka athi "; kodwa, ekhokelwa yinkanuko yakhe, (kuba wabona kukho igolide eninzi kakhulu, kunye nezihombo ezininzi ezinikezelwe kuyo zixabisa kakhulu,) kwaye ukuze aphange ubutyebi bayo, wazama ukwaphula Iligi awayeyenzile. Wayishiya ke itempile, ingenanto, azisusile amakhandlela egolide, nesibingelelo segolide, netafile [yezonka ezibonisa], nesibingelelo sedini elinyukayo. kwaye azithintelanga nakwigqubuthelo, ezazenziwe ngelinen ecikizekileyo kunye nebomvu. Wabugqithisa kubo bonke ubuncwane bayo obufihlakeleyo, engashiyanga nto konke konke. Ngale ndlela ke amaJuda enza isijwili esikhulu, kuba ebayala ukuba benze amadini mihla le, ababesondeza kuThixo, ngokomthetho. [xx]

Ngaphandle kokukhathalela iziphumo uAntiochus IV wayalela ukuba kuthunyelwe itempile yamaJuda ngobuncwane bayo. Le yinto "Ootata noyise booyise abenzanga ”, ngaphandle kokuthimba iYerusalem ngamanani ookumkani basemazantsi ngezihlandlo ezidlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ekwalela amadini mihla le ebengena eTempileni, wayedlula ngakuye nantoni na ayenzileyo.

²⁵ “Kwaye uya kuvusa amandla akhe kunye nentliziyo yakhe kukumkani wasemzantsi ngomkhosi omkhulu wamajoni; nokumkani wasemzantsi ke yena, uya kuxhobela imfazwe umkhosi omkhulu, unamandla. Akayi kuma, kuba baya kwenza iyelenqe ngaye. ²⁶ Bona kanye abo batya iziyolo zakhe kuya kumenza aphule. ”

Ukubuya kwakhe ekhaya walungisa imicimbi yobukumkani bakhe, 2 I-Maccabees 5: 1 igcina ingxelo yokuba uAntiochus waqhubela phambili ukuhlasela okwesibini kweYiputa, ukumkani wasemzantsi.[xxi] Umkhosi ka-Antiochus wagubungela iYiputa.

Kwaye ke umkhosi wakhe wamajoni uya kukhukuliswa uphume,

EPelusium, eYiputa, imikhosi kaPtolemy yaphuma ngaphambi kuka-Antiochus.

kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abaninzi baya kuwa babulewe.

Nangona kunjalo, xa u-Antiochus weva iingxelo zokulwa eYerusalem, wacinga ukuba iJudeya yayinemvukelo (2 Maccabees 5: 5-6, 11). Ke kaloku, wemka eJiputa, wabuya weza kwelakwaJuda, exabela amaJuda amaninzi njengoko eze afike, ephanga itempile. (2 Maccabees 5: 11-14).

Yayikukuxhelwa oku “UJudas Maccabeus, nabanye abamalunga nethoba, baya entlango” eyaqala imvukelo yeeMaccabees (2 Maccabees 5:27).

²⁷ Ngokubhekisele kwaba kumkani babini, iintliziyo zabo ziya kuthambela ekwenzeni okubi, kwaye baya kuhlala bethetha kwitafile enye ubuxoki. Kodwa akukho nto iya kuphumelela, kuba isiphelo sexesha elimisiweyo.

Oku kubonakala kubhekisa kwisivumelwano phakathi kuka-Antiochus IV no-Ptolemy VI, emva kokuba u-Ptolemy VI woyiswa eMemphis kwinxalenye yokuqala yemfazwe phakathi kwabo. U-Antiochus uzimele njengomkhuseli wePtolemy VI omncinci ngokuchasene noCleopatra II kunye noPtolemy VIII kwaye banethemba lokuba baya kuqhubeka besilwa. Nangona kunjalo, iiptolemies ezimbini zenza uxolo kwaye ngenxa yoko u-Antiochus uphinda uhlaselo lwesibini njengoko kubhalwe kwi-2 Maccabees 5: 1. Jonga uDaniel 11:25 apha ngasentla. Kule mvumelwano bobabini ookumkani babephindaphindwa, kwaye ayiphumelelanga, kuba ukuphela kokulwa phakathi kokumkani wasemzantsi nokumkani wasemantla lelinye ixesha, "Isiphelo sexesha elimisiweyo".[xxii]

²⁸ “Kwaye uya kubuyela ezweni lakhe nenani elikhulu leempahla, kwaye intliziyo yakhe ichasene nomnqophiso ongcwele. Kwaye uya kusebenza ngempumelelo kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abuyele emhlabeni wakhe.

Oku kubonakala kwisishwankathelo seziganeko ezichazwe ngakumbi kwezi ndinyana zilandelayo, 30b, no-31-35.

²⁹ “Ngexesha elimisiweyo uya kubuya, kwaye okunene uya kuza ngasezantsi; kodwa ayiyi kuba njengasekupheleni njengasekuqaleni. ³⁰ Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuza nxamnye naye iinqanawa zaseKitim, kwaye iya kuphoxeka.

Oku kubonakala kuxubusha ngokubhekele phaya kuhlaselo lwesibini luka-Antiochus IV, ukumkani wasemantla nxamnye noPtolemy VI, ukumkani wasemazantsi. Ngelixa wayephumelele ngokuchasene noPtolemy, efikelela eAlexandria ngeli xesha, amaRoma, “Iinqanawa zaseKitim”, weza wamnyanzela ukuba athathe umhlala phantsi e-Alexandria e-Egypt.

"Ukusuka kwindlu yesigqeba saseRoma, uPopilius Laenas wamthabathela kuAntiochus ileta eyayimmela ukuba enze imfazwe neJiphutha. Xa uAntiochus wacela ixesha lokuqwalaselwa, le ntokazi yafumana isangqa esandeni esijikeleze uAntiochus kwaye yanyanzeleka ukuba inike impendulo ngaphambi kokuba iphume isangqa. U-Antiochus ofakwa eRoma ukuba angaxhathisi yayiza kuba yimfazwe neRoma. ” [xxiii]

"^30bKwaye okunene uya kubuya aze akhalimele ngokuchasene nomnqophiso ongcwele aze enze ngokuphumelelayo; Kuya kufuneka ebuye umva aze anikele ingqalelo kwabo bashiya umnqophiso ongcwele. ³¹ Kwaye kuya kubakho iingalo eziya kuphakama, zivela kuye; kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuyihlambela ingcwele, inqaba, bayishenxise engapheliyo

.

“Ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuyibeka into elizothe ebangela isiphanziso.”

UJosephus ubalisa oku kulandelayo kwiMfazwe yakhe yamaJuda, iNcwadi 1, iSahluko 2, isitanza XNUMX,Ngoku uAntiochus wayengonelisekanga kukuthatha kwakhe isixeko ngokungalindelekanga, okanye ngenkani, okanye ngokubulala okukhulu apho; Kodwa ukoyiswa kukunxaxha kwakhe, nokukhumbula oko wayekuva ubunzima ngexesha lokungqingwa, wanyanzela amaJuda ukuba achithe imithetho yelizwe labo, kunye nokugcina abantwana babo bengalukanga, kwaye babingelela nenyama yehagu esibingelelweni; UJosephus, iimfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi yoku-1, iSahluko 1, isitanza XNUMX usixelela kanjalo "[U-Antiochus IV] wayiphanga itempile, wayeka ukuba kuqhutyekwe rhoqo nokunikela idini lokukhutshwa kweminyaka emithathu neenyanga ezintandathu."

³² “Kwaye abo benza ngokuchasene nomthetho [umnqophiso,], uya kubakhokelela uwexuko ngamazwi agudileyo. Ke bona abantu abamaziyo uThixo wabo, baya koyisa, basebenze ngempumelelo.

Ezi ndinyana zichonga amaqela amabini, elinye lenza ngokuchasene nomthetho (kaMoses), laza lalandela uAntiochus. Iqela elingendawo laquka uJason uMbingeleli oMkhulu (emva ko-Onias), owazisa amaJuda ngendlela yobomi yamaGrike. Jonga ii-Maccabees 2: 4-10.[xxiv]  I-1 Maccabees 1: 11-15 ishwankathela oku ngale ndlela ilandelayo: " Ngezo ntsuku ke kwavela into eyahlukileyo kumadoda awexuka kwaSirayeli, belahlekisa abantu abaninzi, esithi: “Masiye senze umnqophiso nabezizwe ngeenxa zonke, kuba kaloku thina sahlukane nabo. ¹² Esi sicelo sakholisa, ¹³ kwaye abanye abantu bethakazelela ukuya kukumkani, owayebanika igunya lokugcina imimiselo yeNtlanga. ¹⁴ Bazakhela ke iholo yomzimba eYerusalem, ngokwesiko lamaNtlanga, ¹⁵ asuse amanqaku olwaluko, awushiya nomnqophiso ongcwele. Bajoyina abeeNtlanga, bathengisa ngokungendawo.

 Bechasa lo “bungendawo ngokuchasene nomnqophiso” abanye ababingeleli, uMatathias kunye noonyana bakhe abahlanu, omnye wabo yayinguJudas Maccabeus. Baphakamile kwimvukelo kwaye emva kokuba uninzi lweziganeko ezichazwe apha ngasentla, bade banqoba.

 ³³ Ngokuqondene nabo banokuqonda phakathi kwabantu, baya kudlulisela ukuqonda kwabaninzi. Kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo baya kwenziwa bakhubeke ngekrele nangalo lidangatye, ngokuthinjwa nangokuphangwa, kangangeentsuku ezithile.

UJudas kunye nenxalenye enkulu yomkhosi wakhe wabulawa ngekrele (1 Maccabees 9: 17-18).

UJonatan omnye unyana, naye wabulawa enewaka lamadoda. Umqokeleli werhafu eyintloko ka-Antiochus wayitshisa iYerusalem ngomlilo (1 Maccabees 1: 29-31, 2 Maccabees 7).

³⁴ Kodwa xa bekhutyekisiwe baya kuncedwa ngoncedo oluncinci; kwaye abaninzi baya kuzibandakanya nabo ngokugudileyo.

UJudas nabantakwabo kaninzi boyisa imikhosi emikhulu ngakumbi eyathunyelwa ngokuchasene nabo ngoncedo lwegcuntswana.

 ³⁵ Kwaye inxenye yabo banokuqonda baya kukhutyekiswa, ukuze benze umsebenzi wokuhombisa ngenxa yabo nokwenza ucoceko nokwenza umsebenzi mhlophe, kude kube lixesha lokuphela; kuba iselilo ixesha elimisiweyo.

Usapho lakwaMatathias lwalusebenza njengababingeleli nabafundisi-ntsapho kangangexesha elininzi de kuphele ixesha lamaHasmonean noAristobulus owabulawa nguHerode.[xxv]

Yima ngezenzo zookumkani basentla nookumkani basemazantsi ochaphazela amaJuda.

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngu-Ahmonean Dynasty ongumJuda, owayephantsi kolawulo lukakumkani wasemantla

"Kuba ingeloxesha elimisiweyo."

Ixesha elilandela lamadabi phakathi kokumkani wasemntla kunye nokumkani wasezantsi yayilelinye loxolo phakathi kwamaJuda nolawulo oluzimeleyo njengoko kungekho balandeli baba kumkani babenamandla ngokwaneleyo okuba nefuthe okanye ukulawula iJudiya. Oku kwakususela malunga ne-140 BC ukuya kwi-110 BC, ngelo xesha uBukhosi bukaSeleucus babudilikile (inkosi yasemantla). Eli xesha lembali yamaJuda ibizwa ngokuba yiHasmonean Dynasty. Yawa malunga ne-40 BCE-37 BCE kuHerode Omkhulu um-Idumean owenza iJudiya ilizwe laseRoma. IRoma yaba ngukumkani omtsha wasemantla ngokufunxa iintsalela zoBukhosi bukaSeleucus ngo-63 BC.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sibone ukuvelela kunikwa uXerxes, uAlexander omkhulu, iiSeleucids, iiPtolemies, Antiochus IV Epiphanes kunye neeMaccabees. Isiqwenga sokugqibela sephazili, kude kube kukufika kukaMesiya kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kokugqibela kwenkqubo yamaYuda, kufuneka sityhilwe.

 

UDaniel 11: 36-39

Imbambano phakathi kokumkani wasemzantsi nokumkani wasemantla ivuselela kunye "nokumkani".

³⁶ “Kwaye ukumkani okunene uya kwenza ngokwentando yakhe, kwaye uya kuzikhulisa, azikhulise ngaphezu kwabo bonke oothixo; Uya kuthetha nxamnye noThixo woothixo. Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuphumelela de kube ukugqitywa komgwebo kuya kuba kugqityiwe; kuba into egqityiweyo kufuneka yenziwe. ³⁷ Ke yena uThixo wooyise akasayi kunikela ingqalelo. Kwaye kwinkanuko yabafazi nakuwuphi na uthixo awayi kunikela ingqalelo, kodwa uya kuzikhulisa ngaphezu kwabo bonke. ³⁸ Kodwa ke kuye uthixo weenqaba ezime endaweni yakhe; kuthixo ongazi ukuba ookhokho bakhe ebengazi uya kumzukisa ngegolide nangesilivere nangamatye anqabileyo nangezinto ezinqwenelekayo. ³⁹ Kwaye uya kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nxamnye neenqaba ezomeleleyo, + uthixo wasemzini. Nabani na omamkeleyo uya kumenza mkhulu ngozuko, kwaye uya kubenza balawule phakathi kwabaninzi; Uya kuwabela umhlaba ngexabiso.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuba eli candelo liqala nge "ikumkani" ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba ngukumkani wasentla okanye ngukumkani wasemzantsi. Ngapha koko, ngokusekwe kwindinyana 40, ayingukumkani wasemantla okanye ukumkani wasemzantsi, njengokuba edibana nokumkani wasemzantsi ngokuchasene nokumkani wasemantla. Oku kuya kubonisa ukuba ungukumkani kwelakwaYuda. Ukuphela kokumkani wayo nayiphi na inqaku kwaye ebaluleke kakhulu ngokunxulumene nokuza kukaMesiya kunye nokuchaphazela uYuda nguHerode Omkhulu, kwaye walawula iJudiya malunga ne-40 BC.

UKumkani (uHerode Omkhulu)

"Kwaye inkosi okunene iya kwenza ngokokuthanda kwayo ”

Inamandla kangakanani le kumkani ikwaboniswa ngeli binzana. Ambalwa ookumkani abanamandla ngokwaneleyo okwenza oko bafuna. Ngokulandelelana kookumkani kwesi siprofetho kuphela abanye ookumkani ababenawo la mandla yayinguAlexander omkhulu (Daniyeli 11: 3) ngubani Uya kulawula ngolawulo olukhulu enze ukuthanda kwakhe ” , no-Antiochus the Great (III) ukusuka kuDaniel 11:16, esithi ngayekwaye lowo uza nxamnye naye uya kwenza ngokwentando yakhe, kwaye akuyi kubakho mntu ume phambi kwakhe ”. Kwa-Antiochus IV Epiphanes, owazisa inkathazo kwelakwaYuda, ebengenalo elixabiso lamandla, njengoko kubonisiwe kukuchasana okuqhubekayo kweeMaccabees. Oku kongeza ubunzima ekuchongeni uHerode Omkhulu njenge "kumkani".

Uya kuzikhulisa, azikhulise ngaphezu koothixo bonke, Niya kuthetha nxamnye noThixo woothixo

UJosephus ubhala ukuba uHerode wenziwa irhuluneli yaseGalili eneminyaka eli-15 nguAntipater.[xxvi] Ingxelo iqhubeka ichaza indlela alibambe ngokukhawuleza ngayo ithuba lokuziphucula.[xxvii] Ngokukhawuleza waba nedumela lokuba yindoda enogonyamelo nenkalipho.[xxviii]

Wathetha njani izinto ezimangalisayo nxamnye noThixo woothixo?

U-Isaya 9: 6-7 waxela kwangaphambiliKuba sizalelwe umntwana, sinikwe unyana, kwaye ulawulo lobukumkani luya kuba segxalabeni lakhe. Igama lakhe liya kubizwa ngokuba nguMcebisi Omangalisayo, UThixo onamandla, Utata ongunaPhakade, iNkosana yoXolo. Ngokobuninzi bobukumkani bamakhosi, noxolo aluyi kuphela.". Ewe, uHerode wathetha ngokuchasene noThixo woothixo [uYesu Krestu, uThixo onamandla, ngaphezulu koothixo beentlanga.] Njengoko wayalela amajoni akhe ukuba abulale umntwana uYesu. (Jonga uMateyu 2: 1-18).

Njengengcinga yecala, isenzo sokubulala iintsana ezingenatyala sithathwa njengesinye sezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zinobubi. Oku kunjalo ngakumbi njengoko kukhathaza isazela esisinikwe nguThixo, kwaye ukwenza eso senzo kuya kuhamba ngokuchasene nesazela esiphiwe nguThixo noYesu abadali bethu.

"Bonke uthixo" kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubhekisa kwabanye iirhuluneli kunye nabaphathi, (abomeleleyo) aziphakamisileyo ngaphezulu. Phakathi kwezinye izinto wamisela u-Aristobulus, ongumkhwe wakhe, ukuba abe ngumbingeleli omkhulu, kwathi ke emva koko, wambulala. [xxix]

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa nguKumkani, okhonza ukumkani omtsha wasentla weRoma

“Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuphumelela kude kuphele. kuba into egqityiweyo kufuneka yenziwe.

Wenza ntoni uHerode? 'Aphumelele de agqibe ukugwetywa [ohlanga lwamaYuda]. ” Ungqineke ephumelele kuba inzala yakhe yalawula iinxalenye zohlanga lwamaYuda de kwaba sekupheleni kwentshabalalo yabo ngonyaka ka-70. UHerode Antipas, owabulala uYohane umBhaptizi, uHerode Agrippa I, owabulala uJames kwaye wamfaka entolongweni, ngelixa uHerode Agrippa II wathumela umpostile uPaul ngemixokelelwane eRoma, kungekudala ukuba amaJuda avukele kumaRoma, azise intshabalalo.

³⁷ “Kwaye akangeze anikele ingqalelo kuThixo wooyise. Ngokunqwenelekayo kubafazi, nakuwuphi na uthixo, akazikhathalela, kodwa uya kuzikhulisa ngaphezu kwabo bonke.

IBhayibhile ihlala isebenzisa eli binzana 'NguThixo wooyihlo' ukubhekisa kuThixo ka-Abraham, uIsake, noYakobi (umz. jonga iEksodus 3:15). UHerode Omkhulu wayengenguye umJuda, kunoko wayengum-Idumean, kodwa ngenxa yemitshato exubeneyo phakathi kwamaEdom namaYuda, ama-Idumeya ayedla ngokuthathwa njengamaJuda, ngakumbi xa abeguqukele ebuYudeni. Wayengunyana kaEntipater wakwaEdom. UJosephus wambiza ngesiqingatha-somYuda.[xxx]

Kananjalo, amaEdom ayephuma kuEsawu, umntakwabo-Yakobi, ngenxa yoko ke, uThixo ka-Abraham noIsake, yayingengoThixo wakhe. Ngapha koko, ngokukaJosephus, uHerode wayeqhele ukuzichaza ukuba ungumYuda xa wayethetha namaJuda.[xxxi] Ngapha koko, abanye babalandeli bakhe abangamaYuda babemjonga njengoMesiya. Ngokunjalo ke uHerode wayefanele ukuba acinge ngoThixo wooyise, uThixo ka-Abraham, kodwa endaweni yoko wazisa ukunqula uKesare.

Umnqweno onyanisekileyo wawo wonke umfazi ongumJuda yayikukuzalela uMesiya, ukanti njengoko siza kubona ngezantsi, akazange azithobe ezi zinto, xa wabulala onke amakhwenkwe aseBhetelehem ngelokuzama ukumbulala uYesu. Akazange aqwalasele omnye "uthixo" njengoko abulala umntu amjonga njengoyingozi.

³⁸ Ke yena uthixo weenqaba ezitho zine uya kumzukisa. kuthixo ongazi ukuba ookhokho bakhe ebengazi uya kumzukisa ngegolide nangesilivere nangamatye anqabileyo nangezinto ezinqwenelekayo. ”

UHerode wanikezela ngokuzithoba kuphela kwigunya lehlabathi leRoma, umkhosi wezomkhosi kunye nesinyithi "Thixo weenqaba". Waqala wanika uJulius Caesar uzuko, emva koko kuAntony, emva koko kwa-Antony noCleopatra VII, emva koko kwaya kuAugustus (Octavian), ngokunika abathunywa izipho ezibizayo. Wakha iKesareya njengezona zibuko lihlezithiweyo kwathiwaywa nguKesare, emva koko waphinda wayakha iSamariya, wayithiya ngegama elingu-Sebaste (uSebastos olingana no-Agastius). [xxxii]

Ooyise nabo babengamazi lo thixo, igunya lehlabathi lamaRoma njengoko lalisandul 'ukuba ligunya lehlabathi.

 ³⁹ “Kwaye uya kusebenza ngokuphumelelayo nxamnye neenqaba ezomeleleyo, + uthixo wasemzini. Nabani na omamkeleyo uya kumenza mkhulu ngozuko, kwaye uya kubenza balawule phakathi kwabaninzi; Uya kuwabela umhlaba ngexabiso. ”

UJosephus ubhala ukuba emva kokuba uKesare wanika uHerode elinye iphondo ukuba alawule, uHerode wamisela imifanekiso eqingqiweyo kaKesare ukuba anqulwe kwiindawo ezinqatyisiweyo kwaye wakha izixeko ezininzi ezibizwa ngokuba yiKesareya. [xxxiii] Kule uyinike “Nabani na omazisile ... luzuko oluninzi ”.

Eyona nqaba inqabileyo kwilizwe lakwaYuda yayiyintaba yeTempile. UHerode wenza ngempumelelo ngokuchasene nayo, ngokuyakha kwakhona, kwaye kwangaxeshanye eyiguqulela ekubeni inqaba yeenjongo zakhe. Ngapha koko, wayakha ityhubhu yomeleleyo kwicala elingasentla le tempile, wayijonga, eyithiya igama lokuba yiNqaba yaseAntonia (emva kukaMark Antony). [xxxiv]

UJosephus usixelela ngesehlo emva nje kokuba uHerode ebulele umfazi wakhe uMariamne, ukuba "UAlexandra wahlala ngeli xesha eYerusalem; Ke kaloku, akuba eqondile ukuba ubunjani na uHerode, wayefuna ukuzakhela iindawo ezinqatyisiweyo ezimalunga nomzi, ezazimbini, enye ingowomzi uqobo, enye yona ingowetempile; kwaye ezo zinokuzifaka ezandleni zawo lonke ilizwe zaziphantsi kwamandla abo, kuba ngaphandle komyalelo wazo babengenakukwazi ukwenza imibingelelo yazo. ” [xxxv]

UDaniel 11: 40-43

⁴⁰ “Ngexesha lokuphela kokumkani wasemzantsi uya kuzibandakanya naye, kwaye ukumkani wasentla uya kuvuthuza ngeenqwelo zokulwa nabakhweli bamahashe neenqanawa ezininzi; ngokuqinisekileyo uya kungena emazweni kwaye akhukule adlule.

Ukumkani wasemazantsi: UCleopatra VII wase-Egypt enoMark Antony

Ukumkani wasemantla: uAugustus (Octavian) waseRoma

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemantla (eRoma)

"Kwaye ngexesha lesiphelo", ibeka ezi ziganeko kufutshane nexesha lokuphela kwabantu abangamaYuda, abantu bakaDaniel. Ukufumana oku, sifumana izinto ezifanayo kwiMfazwe yase-Actian, apho u-Antony waphenjelelwa kakhulu nguCleopatra VII wase-Egypt (ngonyaka wesixhenxe wolawulo lukaHerode kwelakwaYuda). Ukutyhala kokuqala kule mfazwe kwenziwa ngukumkani wasemazantsi, owayexhaswa ngeli xesha "Nxibelelana naye" nguHerode Omkhulu owanikela ngezinto zoncedo.[xxxvi] Iintsana zihlala zigqiba iimfazwe, kodwa oku kwakwahlukile kuba imikhosi ka-Agastius Kesari yaqhwitha yaza yanyanzelwa ngumkhosi wakhe, owaphumelela umlo omkhulu wokulwa waseActium kunxweme lwaseGrisi. U-Antony wanyanzelwa ukuba alwe nomkhosi wakhe wenqanawa kunokuba ube emhlabeni nguCleopatra VII ngokukaPlutarch.[xxxvii]

⁴¹ “Ngokuqinisekileyo uya kungena elizweni loMhombiso, kwaye kuya kubakho [imihlaba] eya kukhubeka. Kodwa aba baya kusinda esandleni sakhe, uEdom noMowabhi nenxalenye ephambili yoonyana baka-Amoni. ”

UAugustus emva koko walandela iAntony waya eYiputa kodwa ngomhlaba waseSyria nakwelakwaYuda, apho “UHerode Wamamkela ngezolonwabo zasebukhosini kunye nobutyebi ” ukwenza uxolo kunye noAugustus ngokutshintsha kwamacala. [xxxviii]

Ngelixa uAugustus esiya ngqo eYiphutha, uAugustus wathumela amanye amadoda akhe phantsi kuka-Aelius Gallus owayedibene namanye amadoda kaHerode malunga ne-Edom, Moabhu, neAmoni (indawo engqonge i-Amman, iJordani), kodwa oku akuphumelelanga. [xxxix]

⁴² “Uya kusolula isandla sakhe emazweni; ke lona ilizwe laseYiputa, aliyi kuba yinto yokusabela. ”

Emva kokuba umlo uqhubeka kufutshane neAlexandria, umkhombe ka-Antony wamshiya waya kwiqela lika-Agasti. Ihashe lakhe lahamba laya kwicala lika-Agasti. Ewe, iinqanawa ezininzi kunye neenqwelo ezininzi nabakhweli bamahashe, zamvumela ukumkani wasemantla, uAugustus ukuba oyise uMark Antony, owathi emva koko wazibulala.[xl] UAugustus ngoku wayeneYiputa. Kungekudala emva koko, wabuyisela umhlaba kuHerode owathatyathwa nguCleopatra kuHerode.

⁴³ “Kwaye okunene uya kulawula kubuncwane obufihliweyo begolide nakwisilivere nakwizinto zonke ezinqwenelekayo zaseYiputa. Kwaye abaseLibhiya nabaseTiyopiya baya kumanqanaba akhe. ”

UCleopatra VII wafihla ubuncwane bakhe kwizikhumbuzo ezazikumgangatho wetempile yaseIsis, leyo uAugustus wafumana ulawulo kuyo. [xli]

AmaLibya namaTiyopiya ayesele enenceba ka-Agastius kwaye kwiminyaka eli-11 kamva wathumela uKorneli Balbus ukuba aye kuthatha iLibya nakwimazantsi nasempuma mpuma kweJiphutha.[xlii]

UAugustus waqhubela phambili wanikezela ngamaphondo amaninzi ajikeleze elakwaYuda ukuba alawulwe nguHerode.

Ingxelo kaDaniel ibuyela "kukumkani", uHerode.

 

UDaniel 11: 44-45

⁴⁴ “Kodwa kuya kubakho iingxelo eziya kumphazamisa, ziphuma empumalanga nasentla, kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuphuma enomsindo omkhulu ukuze abhubhise kwaye anikele abaninzi kwintshabalalo.

UKumkani (uHerode Omkhulu)

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemantla (eRoma)

Ingxelo kaMateyu 2: 1 isixelela loo nto "Emva kokuzalwa kukaYesu eBhetelehem yelakwaYuda ngemihla kaHerode ukumkani, abavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi abavela kwiindawo ezisempuma beza eYerusalem". Ewe, iingxelo ezamphazamisa kakhulu uHerode oMkhulu zaphuma ekuphumeni kwelanga zivela empuma (apho zazivela khona izazi ngeenkwenkwezi).

UMateyu 2:16 uyaqhubeka "Ke kaloku uHerode, akubona ukuba ugxothiwe ngabavumisi ngeenkwenkwezi, wakhathazeka kakhulu, wathumela ukuba kugqitywe kubulawa onke amakhwenkwe aseBhetelehem nakuzo zonke izithili zayo, kususela kwiminyaka emibini nangaphantsi." Ewe, uHerode omkhulu waphuma ngomsindo omkhulu ukuze abhubhise kwaye anikele abaninzi kwintshabalalo. UMateyu 2: 17-18 uyaqhubeka “Kwazaliseka ke oko kwathethwa nguYeremiya umprofeti, esithi, Kuvakala izwi eRama, ukulila nokubhomboloza okukhulu. yayinguRakeli elilela abantwana bakhe kwaye engavumi ukuthuthuzeleka, kuba abasekho ”. Oku kuzaliseka kwesiprofetho sikaDaniel kuya kunika isizathu sokufakwa kwale ngxelo kwincwadi kaMateyu.

Malunga nexesha elinye, mhlawumbi kwiminyaka nje emibini okanye engaphambi koko, iingxelo ezaziphazamisa kakhulu uHerode zivela emantla. Yayikukuphakanyiswa ngomnye woonyana bakhe (Antipater) ukuba ababini boonyana bakhe baseMariamne babenzela iyelenqe. Bamangalelwa eRoma kodwa bakhululwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuzange kube ngaphambi kokuba uHerode acinge ngokubulawa kwabo.[xliii]

Zininzi ezinye izehlo ezingqina utyekelo lukaHerode lomsindo omkhulu. UJosephus urekhoda kwi-Antiquities of the Jewish, Book XVII, Isahluko 6, Para 3-4, ukuba wamtshisa wasweleka wabulala uMathiya kunye neqela lakhe elalime phantsi laza laqhekeza i-Eagle yaseRoma eyayibekwe nguHerode etempileni.

⁴⁵ Kwaye uya kutyala iintente zakhe zobukhosi phakathi kolwandle olukhulu kunye nentaba eNgcwele yokuhonjiswa; Kwaye kuya kufuneka afike yonke indlela de kube sekupheleni, kwaye akuyi kubakho mncedi.

UHerode wakha amabhotwe amabini “Iintente zesidala” naseYerusalem. Omnye kuDonga Olusentla-Ntshona lweSixeko esiphezulu saseYerusalem kwinduli yasentshona. Le yayiyindawo yokuhlala eyintloko. Ibikwangasentshona yetempilephakathi kolwandle olukhulu”[KwiMeditera] ne “Intaba eNgcwele yokuhombisa” [Itempile]. UHerode wayenenye inqaba yasebhotwe emazantsi kancinane kule ndawo iphambili yokuhlala, ecaleni kodonga olusentshona, kwindawo eyaziwa namhlanje njengeKota yeArmenian, kungoko “Intentes".

UHerode wahlabela mgama wasweleka ngendlela engathandekiyo yesifo esenyanyekayo esinganyangekiyo. Wade wazama nokuzibulala. Ngokuqinisekileyo, yayikhona 'Akukho mncedi'.[xliv]

UDaniel 12: 1-7

UDaniel 12: 1 uyaqhubeka nesi siprofetho enika isizathu kunye nokugxila kwesizathu sokuba ifakiwe, ukukhomba uMesiya kunye nokupheliswa kwenkqubo yezinto yamaYuda.

INkosana eNkulu: UYesu kunye “nazo zonke izinto ziyagqitywa”

ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngukumkani wasemantla (eRoma)

 "¹Ngeli xesha uMikayeli uya kusuka eme, isikhulu, esimele oonyana babantu bakowenu.

Ngokulandelelana kweziganeko njengoko sizilandele ngoDaniel 11, oko kuthetha ukuba njengoko uMateyu isahluko 1 nesesi-2 sibonisa, uYesu uMesiya “Inkosana enkulu ”, "Michael, ngubani na onjengoThixo?" wema ngelixesha. UYesu wazalwa kunyaka okanye emibini yokugqibela yobomi nokulawula kukaKumkani uHerode Omkhulu. Uye wema ukuba asindiseOonyana bakho [bakaDaniel] kwiminyaka engama-30 kamva xa wayebhaptiza eYordani nguYohane umbhaptizi [ngonyaka ka-29 AD] (Mat. 3: 13-17).

“Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho ixesha lokubandezeleka elingazange lenzeke enjalo ukususela oko kwabakho luhlanga kude kube lelo xesha”

UYesu walumkisa abafundi bakhe malunga nexesha elizayo lokubandezeleka. UMateyu 24: 15, Marko 13: 14, noLuka 21: 20 babhala phantsi isilumkiso sakhe.

UMateyu 24:15 uthi amazwi kaYesu, "Ke ngoko, xa nibona into elizothe elenza inkangala, njengoko lathethwa ngomprofeti uDaniyeli, limi endaweni engcwele, (umfundi makasebenzise ukuqonda), ke mababe kwelakwaYuda basabele ezintabeni."

Iingxelo zikaMarko 13: 14 "Kodwa ke, xa nibona into elizothe ebangela ukuphanziswa, imi kwindawo engafanelekanga, (umfundi makasebenzise ukuqonda) abo ke bakwelakwaYuda mabaqale ukubalekela ezintabeni."

ULuka 21:20 uyasixelelaNgapha koko, xa niyibona iYerusalem ingqongwe yimikhosi emise iintente, yazini ke ukuba kusondele ukuphanziswa kwayo. Mabandule abo bakwelakwaYuda basabele ezintabeni, nabo baphakathi kuyo [iYerusalem] mabemke, nabo basemaphandleni bangangeni kuyo. ”

Abanye badibanisa uDaniel 11: 31-32 kwesi siprofetho sikaYesu, nangona kunjalo kwimeko eqhubekayo kaDaniel 11, kunye nokuba uDaniel 12 uyaqhubeka nayo (izahluko zanamhlanje zizinto ezenziweyo), kusengqiqweni ngakumbi ukunxibelelanisa isiprofetho sikaYesu noDaniel I-12: 1b eyabonisa ixesha lokubandezeleka elibi kakhulu kunaye nabani na lokucinezela isizwe samaYuda kude kube lelo xesha. Kwakhona uYesu waveza ukuba ixesha elinje lokubandezeleka neembandezelo azisayi kuphinda zenzeke kwisizwe samaJuda (Mat. 24: 21).

Asinakusinceda nje ukukubona ukufana okumangalisayo phakathi kukaDaniel 12: 1b noMateyu 24:21.

UDaniel 12:           “Ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubakho ixesha lokubandezeleka elingazange lenzeke enjalo ukususela oko kwabakho luhlanga kude kube lelo xesha”

UMateyu 24:      "Kuba ngelo xesha kuya kubakho imbandezelo enkulu / imbandezelo engazange ibekho enjalo kwasekuqalekeni kwehlabathi kude kube ngoku"

Imfazwe kaJosephus yamaYuda, ukuphela kweNcwadi yesiBini, iNcwadi yesi-II-Ncwadi VII ichaza eli xesha lokubandezeleka okuthe kwafika ilizwe lamaYuda, elalibi kakhulu kunakuzo naziphi na izinto ezamehlelayo ngaphambili, nditsho nokuthathela ingqalelo ukutshatyalaliswa kweYerusalem nguNebhukadenetsare kunye umthetho ka-Antiochus IV.

Ngeli xesha abantu bakho baya kusinda, wonke umntu ofunyenwe ebhaliwe encwadini.

AmaYuda awamkelayo uYesu njengoMesiya aza azithobela izilumkiso zentshabalalo eyayiza kwenzeka, asinda. Ubhala uEusebius “Kodwa abantu bebandla lase Yerusalem babeyalelwe ngesityhilelo, baqinisekiswa ukuba mabaphumeze amadoda phambi kwemfazwe, bashiye isixeko bayohlala kwidolophu ethile yasePereya ebizwa ngokuba yiPella. Kwaye xa abo bakholelwa kuKrestu beze apho bevela eJerusalem, emva koko, ngokungathi isixeko sasebukhosini samaJuda kunye nomhlaba wonke waseJudiya babeswele ngokupheleleyo abantu abangcwele, umgwebo kaThixo ekugqibeleni wabafumana abo babesenza inkohlakalo enjalo U-Christ nabapostile bakhe, wasitshabalalisa tu eso sizukulwana sabangendawo. ” [xlv]

Abo bafundi bangamaKristu basebenzise ukuqonda xa befunda amazwi kaYesu, basinda.

"² Kwaye uninzi lwabo abalele eluthulini lomhlaba luya kuvuka, baye ebomini bangonaphakade kwaye abo baya kuhlaziswa kwaye babe nehlazo ngonaphakade.

UYesu wavusa abantu abathathu, noYesu wavuswa, abaPostile bavusa abanye aba-3, kwaye ingxelo kaMateyu 2: 27-52 inokubonisa ukuvuswa kwabantu ngexesha lokufa kukaYesu.

"³ Kwaye abo banengqiqo baya kukhanya njengokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka, kwaye abo bazisa abaninzi ebulungiseni, banjengeenkwenkwezi kuse kwixesha elingenammiselo, ewe ngonaphakade. ”

Kwimixholo yokuqonda kwesiprofetho sikaDaniel 11, noDaniel 12: 1-2, abo banokuqonda kunye nokubengezela njengokukhanya kwesibhakabhaka phakathi kwesizukulwana esikhohlakeleyo samaYuda, yayiya kuba ngamaYuda amamkelayo uYesu njengoMesiya baba ngamaKristu.

"⁶ … Lizakuba nini ixesha lokuphela kwezi zinto zimangalisayo?  ⁷ … Iya kuba yeyexesha elimisiweyo, amaxesha amisiweyo anesiqingatha."

Igama lesiHebhere eliguqulelweyo Mhle Iphethe intsingiselo yokuba yinto engaqhelekanga, ekunzima ukuyiqonda, okanye ukusebenzisana kukaThixo nabantu bakhe, okanye izenzo zikaThixo zokugweba kunye nokuhlangula.[xlvi]

Ixesha elide kangakanani ukugwetywa kwamaYuda? Ukusuka ekubuyiseleni amaRoma aseYerusalem ukuya ekuweni nasekutshatyalalisweni yayiyithuba leminyaka emithathu enesiqingatha.

"Kwakuza kuthi ke xa kugqityiwe ukwenziwa amandla kubantu abangcwele, ibe zonke ezi zinto ziya kufezeka. ”

Ukutshutshiswa kwelaseGalili, kunye neJudiya nguVespasian emva koko kwangena unyana wakhe uTitus, bafikelela esiphelweni ekutshatyalalisweni kweJerusalem, kunye neTempile eyayingenalo nelitye elalishiywe phezu kwelitye, balugqiba olo hlanga lwamaJuda njengohlanga. Ukusukela ngelo xesha ukuya phambili babengaselulo ilizwe elahlukileyo, kwaye ngazo zonke iinkcukacha zemilibo yokuzalwa elahlekileyo ngokutshatyalaliswa kwetempile, akukho mntu wayenokunika ubungqina bokuba bangamaYuda, okanye sivela kweliphi na ilizwe, kungekho nabani na oya kubanga ukuba uMesiya. Ewe, ukwenziwa kwamandla kwabantu abangcwele [uhlanga lwakwa-Israyeli] kwakugqityiwe kwaye kwazalisekiswa kwaye kwagqitywa ukuzaliseka.

UDaniel 12: 9-13

"⁹ Kwaye [ingelosi] yahlabela mgama yathi: “Hambani, Daniyeli, ngenxa yokuba la mazwi enziwa eyimfihlo kwaye atywinwe kude kube lixesha lokuphela.

La mazwi atywinwe kude kube lixesha lokuphela kohlanga lwamaYuda. Kungoko kuphela apho uYesu wayelumkise amaYuda ngenkulungwane yokuqala ukuba inxenye yokugqibela yokuzaliseka kwesiprofetho sikaDaniel yayiza kuza kwaye yayiya kuzaliseka kwisizukulwana sabo. Eso sizukulwana sahlala kuphela iminyaka engama-33 ukuya kwengama-37 ngaphambi kokuba sitshatyalaliswe phakathi kuka-66 AD no-70 AD.

"¹⁰ Uninzi luya kuzihlambulula kwaye luzenze mhlophe kwaye luhlanjululwe. Ke bona abangendawo ngokuqinisekileyo baya kwenza ngobungendawo, kwaye akukho mntu ungendawo uyaqonda, kodwa abanokuqonda baya kukuqonda. ”

AmaYuda amaninzi aneentliziyo ezilungileyo aba ngamaKristu, ezihlambulula ngokubhaptizwa emanzini kunye nokuguquka kwiindlela zawo zangaphambili, nokuzama ukufana noKristu. Basulungekiswa nentshutshiso. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwamaJuda, ngakumbi iinkokeli zonqulo ezinje ngabaFarisi nabaSadusi benza ngokukhohlakeleyo, ngokubulala uMesiya nokutshutshisa abafundi bakhe. Basilele nokuqonda ukubaluleka kwezilumkiso zikaYesu zentshabalalo kunye nokuzalisekiswa kokugqibela kwesiprofeto sikaDaniels esasiza kubafikela. Nangona kunjalo, abo banengqiqo, abo basebenzisa ukuqonda, bathobela isilumkiso sika Yesu basaba kwelakwa Yuda nase Yerusalem kwakamsinya nje bakubona imikhosi yamaRoma yobuhedeni nemifuziselo yoothixo babo, bemi etempileni bekungafanelekanga, ngo 66CE kwaye xa umkhosi wamaRoma warhoxa ngesizathu esingaziwayo, wasebenzisa elo thuba ukubaleka.

"¹¹ Ukusukela oko kususwe into ehleliyo kwaye kubekwe into elizothe ebangela isiphanziso, kuya kubakho imihla eliwaka elinamakhulu amabini anamashumi asithoba.

Intsingiselo ecacisiweyo yale ndima ayicacanga ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, into ehlala iqhubeka ibonakala ibhekisa kwimibingelelo yemihla ngemihla etempileni. Ezi zaphela kwitempile kaHerode ejikeleze isi-5^th Agasti, 70 AD. [xlvii] xa ububingeleli basilela ukuba namadoda aneleyo ukuba bawunikezele. Oku kusekwe kuJosephus, kwiimfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi yesi-6, iSahluko 2, (94) esithi “[UTito] waye waxelelwa ngalo mhla kanye we-17^th Usuku lwePanemus[xlviii] (Tammuz), idini elibizwa ngokuba “yiDini lemihla ngemihla” liphulukene, kwaye alizange linikelwe kuThixo kuba abantu bafuna ukusinikela. ” Into elizothe ebangela intshabalalo, iqondwe njengemikhosi yamaRoma kunye 'no thixo' wabo, umlenze wabo, beme kwiTempile eyayiqala kwiminyaka embalwa ngaphambili ngomhla othile phakathi kwe-13.^th Kunye ne23^rd NgoNovemba, ngo-66 AD.[xlix]

Iintsuku ezili-1,290 ukusuka kwi-5^th Nge-70 ka-Agasti AD, ingazisa ku-15^th NgoFebruwari, 74 AD. Akukaziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuba kwaqala nini ukungqingwa kweMasada, kodwa iingqekembe zemali zangowe-73 AD zifunyenwe apho. Kodwa ukungqingwa kweRoma kunqabile ukuba kuthathe iinyanga ezimbalwa. Iintsuku ezingama-45 ngokunokwenzeka isenokuba sisithuba esichanekileyo (phakathi kuka-1290 no-1335). Umhla owanikwa uJosephus, iiMfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi VII, iSahluko 9, (401) ngu-15^th Usuku lweXanthicus (Nisan) eyayingama-31 ku-Matshi, ngo-74 AD. kwiKhalenda yamaJuda.[l]

Ngelixa iikhalenda endizisebenzisileyo zahlukile, (iTire, emva koko ibingamaYuda), kubonakala ngathi kuyenzeka kakhulu ukuba isikhewu sasiziintsuku ezili-1,335 phakathi kwe-5.^th Agasti, 70 AD. kunye ne-31^st Ngomhla wamashumi asixhenxe ananye ku-AD.

"¹² Unoyolo lowo uhleli elindele, ofikelela kwiintsuku eziliwaka, elinamakhulu amathathu, anamanci mathathu anantlanu.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, nawaphi na amaYuda awasindayo ukuya esiphelweni seentsuku ezili-1,335 ngewayelonwabile lokusinda konke ukufa kunye nentshabalalo, kodwa ngokukodwa, yayikuzo zigcinele lo mnyhadala, amaKristu ayengakuba sesona sikhundla sibhetele. bonwabile.

"¹³ Ke wena, yiya esiphelweni; Uya kuphumla, kodwa uya kulimela iqashiso lakho ekupheleni kwemihla.

Ke yena uDaniyeli, wakhuthazeka ukuba uqhubeke ngokuphila, kwada kwaba sekupheleni[li], [ixesha lokugwetywa kwenkqubo yamaYuda], kodwa waxelelwa ukuba uya kuphumla [alale ekufeni] ngaphambi kokuba lifike elo xesha.

Kodwa, ukhuthazo lokugqibela alunikwayo, yayikukuba ayokuma [avuswe] ukuba afumane ilifa lakhe, umvuzo wakhe [iqashiso lakhe], hayi ngexesha lokuphela [kwenkqubo yamaYuda njengohlanga] kodwa ukuphela kwemihla, okuya kubakho ngakumbi kwixesha elizayo.

(Usuku lokugqibela: bona uYohane 6: 39- 40,44,54, Yohane 11: 24, Yohane 12: 48)

(Ngomhla woMgwebo: bona uMateyu 10:15, UMateyu 11: 22-24, UMateyu 12:36, 2 Petros 2: 9, 2 Petros 3: 7, 1 Yohane 4: 17, Yude 6)

Ngo-70 AD,[lii] namaRoma aphantsi koTitus atshabalalisa iJudiya neJerusalem.Zonke ezi zinto ziya kuzaliseka ”.

IJudiya naseGalili zitshatyalaliswe ngukumkani wasemantla (eRoma) phantsi kukaVespasian nonyana wakhe uTitus

 

Kwixesha elizayo, abantu abangcwele bakaThixo babeya kuba ngamaKristu okwenene, avela kwimvelaphi yamaYuda neyabeeNtlanga.

 

Isishwankathelo sokuProfeta kweDaniels

 

Incwadi kaDaniel	Ukumkani wasemazantsi	Kumkani wasentla	ElakwaYuda lalilawulwa ngu	omnye
11: 1-2			Persia	Iikosi ezi-4 ezingakumbi zePersi zokuchaphazela iLizwe lamaJuda UXerxes ukwesi-4
11: 3-4			Grisi	UAlexander omkhulu, 4 Imfuza
11:5	UPtolemy I [Egypt]	USeleucus I [uSeleucid]	Kumkani wase Mzantsi
11:6	UPtolemy II	UAntiochus II	Kumkani wase Mzantsi
11: 7-9	UPtolemy III	USeleucus II	Kumkani wase Mzantsi
11: 10-12	UPtolemy IV	I-Seleucus III, UAntiochus III	Kumkani wase Mzantsi
11: 13-19	UPtolemy IV, UPtolemy V	UAntiochus III	Kumkani wasentla
11:20	UPtolemy V	USeleucus IV	Kumkani wasentla
11: 21-35	I-Ptolemy VI	UAntiochus IV	Kumkani wasentla	Ukunyuka kweeMaccabees
			Uhlanga lwamaHasmonean lwamaYuda	Ithuba leMaccabees (Imeko yokuzimela phantsi kukaKumkani wasemantla)
11: 36-39			UHerode, (ephantsi kweNkosi yasentla)	Kumkani: NguHerode Omkhulu
11: 40-43	I-Cleopatra VII, (UMark Antony)	UAugustus [eRoma]	UHerode, (ephantsi kweNkosi yasentla)	Ubukumkani bamazantsi obuchatshazelwe nguKumkani waseNyakatho
11: 44-45			UHerode, (ephantsi kweNkosi yasentla)	Kumkani: NguHerode Omkhulu
12: 1-3			UKumkani waseNyakatho (iRoma)	INkosana enkulu: nguYesu, AmaYuda awaba ngamaKristu asindiswa
12:1, 6-7, 12:9-12		UVespasian, kunye nonyana uTitus	UKumkani waseNyakatho (iRoma)	Ukuphela kohlanga lwamaYuda, Ukuqukunjelwa kwesiprofetho.
12:13				Ukuphela kweentsuku, Usuku lokugqibela, Usuku Lokwahlulela

 

 

Iingxelo:

[i] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle  Ingxelo yebali likaNabonidus inengxelo “Ukuphangwa kukaKoreshi iEcbatana, ikomkhulu leAstyages, kwabhalwa ngonyaka wesithandathu wolawulo lukaNabonidus. … Elinye iphulo likaKoreshi lirekhodwe ngonyaka wesithoba, ngokunokwenzeka limele uhlaselo lwakhe kuLydia nokubanjwa kweSardis. ” Njengoko iqondwa ukuba iBhabheli yawa kwi-17^th unyaka kaNabonidus, obeka uKoreshi njengoKumkani wasePersi ubuncinci kwiminyaka eli-12 ngaphambi kokoyiswa kwakhe yiBhabheli. Weza kwitrone yasePersi malunga neminyaka esi-7 ngaphambi kokuba ahlasele uAstyages, owayenguKumkani waseMediya. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva woyisa njengoko kubhaliwe kwimbali kaNabondius. Iyonke malunga neminyaka engama-22 ngaphambi kokuwa kweBhabheli.

Ngoku ka IsiCyropaedia I-Xenophon, emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesibini yokuzinza, i-Astyages yaphulukana nenkxaso yezidwangube zakhe ngexesha lemfazwe ngokuchasene noKoreshi, u-Xenophon amqondayo njengomzukulwana ka-Astyages. Oku kukhokelele ekusekweni kobukumkani basePersi nguKoreshi. (jonga iXenophon, 431 BCE-350? BCE kwi I-Cyropaedia: IMfundo kaKoreshi -Nxibelelana neProjekthi Gutenberg.)

[ii] https://www.livius.org/articles/place/behistun/  Kwesiqinisekiso sokuba uDarius the Great uphumelele uBardiya / Gaumata / Smerdis ubona umbhalo kaBehistun apho uDarius [I] ebhala ngokunyuka kwakhe ukuba abe ngumphathi.

[iii] https://files.romanroadsstatic.com/materials/herodotus.pdf

[iv] I-ANABASIS ye-ALEXANDER, uguqulelo lwe-Arrian the Nicomedian, Isahluko XIV, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/46976/46976-h/46976-h.htm, ngolwazi kulwazi lwaseArrian https://www.livius.org/sources/content/arrian/

[v] The Complete Works of Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Incwadi XI, Isahluko 8, isitanza 5. P. 728 pdf

[vi] Uvavanyo kwisahluko sesi-7 sikaDaniel siphelelwe lithuba ngokubhekisele kweli nqaku.

[vii] Uvavanyo kwisahluko sesi-8 sikaDaniel siphelelwe lithuba ngokubhekisele kweli nqaku.

[viii] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Seleucus-I-Nicator Ngokwe-Encyclopaedia Britannica, uSeleucus wakhonza uPtolemy iminyaka emininzi njengendawo kaPtolemy ngaphambi kokuthatha ulawulo lweBhabheli kwaye wenza iindlela ezi-4 ezazalisekiswa isiprofetho seBhayibhile. USeleucus wanikwa iSyria nguCassander noLysimachus xa boyisa uAntigonus, kodwa ke ngelo xesha, uPtolemy wayethathe umzantsi weSyria, kwaye uSeleucus wakuqinisekisa oku kuPtolemy, ngaloo ndlela engqina ukuba uPtolemy, inkosi enamandla. USeleucus waphinda wabulawa ngunyana kaPtolemy.

[ix] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-II-Philadelphus “UPtolemy waphelisa imfazwe nolawulo loBukhosi bukaSeleucus ngokutshata intombi yakhe, uBerenice — enikwe ikhazi elikhulu — kulutshaba lwakhe uAntiochus II. Ubukhulu beli tyala kwezobupolitika bunokulinganiswa nesibakala sokuba uAntiochus, ngaphambi kokuba atshate inkosazana kaPtolemy, kwafuneka amgxothe owayesakuba ngumfazi wakhe, uLaodice. ”

[X] https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ptolemy-III-Euergetes “UPtolemy wahlasela uCoele Syria, ngenjongo yokuziphindezela ngokubulawa kukadadewabo, umhlolokazi wenkosi yamaSeleucus uAntiochus II. Umkhosi wenqanawa kaPtolemy, mhlawumbi encediswa ngabavukeli ezixekweni, wadlulela kwimikhosi kaSeleucus II ukuya kuthi ga eThrace, ukunqumla iHellespont, kwaye wabamba neziqithi ezithile kunxweme lwaseAsia Minor kodwa zajongwa c. Ngeli xesha, uPtolemy, kunye nomkhosi, bangena nzulu eMesopotamiya, bafikelela eSelukiya kwiTigris, kufutshane neBhabheli. Ngokwimithombo yamandulo wayenyanzelekile ukuba ayeke ukuhambela phambili ngenxa yeengxaki zasekhaya. Indlala kunye nomNayile osezantsi, kunye nomanyano lobutshaba phakathi kweMakedoniya, iSeleucid Syria, neRhodes, mhlawumbi zezinye izizathu. Imfazwe yaseAsia Minor kunye neAegean yaqina njengoko i-Achaean League, eyenye yemanyano yamaGrike, yazimanya ne-Egypt, ngelixa u-Seleucus II wafumana amahlakani amabini kummandla woLwandle oluMnyama. UPtolemy wagxothwa eMesopotamiya nakwinxalenye yoMntla weSyria ngo-245-242, kwaye kunyaka olandelayo kwabakho uxolo. ”

[xi] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/mesopotamian-chronicles-content/bchp-11-invasion-of-ptolemy-iii-chronicle/, Ngakumbi, isicatshulwa esivela ku-6^th Imonki yenkulungwane uCosmas Indicopleustes “UKumkani uPtolemy omkhulu, unyana kaKumkani uPtolemy [II Philadelphus] noKumkanikazi u-Arsinoe, uMzalwana- kunye noDade Gods, abantwana bakaKumkani uPtolemy [I Soter] kunye noKumkanikazi uBerenice uMsindisi woothixo, inzala kwicala likayise UHeracles unyana kaZeyus, kumama kaDionysus unyana kaZeus, efumene ilifa likayise ubukumkani baseYiputa naseLibya naseSiriya nasePhenicia naseSipro naseLiccia naseCaria nakwiziqithi ze-Cyclades, kwakhokelela umkhankaso e-Asia kunye nabantwana abakhweli-mahashe kunye neenqanawa kunye neendlovu ze-Troglodytic kunye namaTopiya, abathi yena notata wakhe baba ngabokuqala ukuzingela kula mazwe, bababuyisela eYiphutha, ukuba balungele inkonzo yasemkhosini.

Emva kokuba ndiyinkosi yalo lonke eli cala lomEfrate nelaseKilikiya nasePamfiliya naseIonia kunye neHellespont neThrace nayo yonke imikhosi kunye neendlovu zaseIndiya ezikula mazwe, kwaye ndibathobele bonke abathetheli abakwimimandla (eyahlukeneyo), Wawela umlambo u-Ewufrathe nasemva kokuzithoba kuye iMesopotamiya kunye neBhabheli kunye neSousiana kunye nePersi kunye neMediya kunye nalo lonke ilizwe ukuya eBactria kwaye efuna zonke izinto zetempile ezaziqhutywa e-Egypt ngamaPersi kwaye wababuyisa kunye nabo bonke ubuncwane obuvela kwimimandla (eyahlukeneyo) wathumela imikhosi yakhe eYiputa ngemijelo eyayimbiwe. ” Icatshulwe kwi [[Bagnall, Derow 1981, No. 26.]

[xii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/seleucus-ii-callinicus/  Jonga unyaka wama-242/241 BC

[xiii] Iimfazwe zamaJuda, nguJosephus Book 12.3.3 p745 of pdf “Kodwa emva koko, xa uAntiochus woyisa ezo zixeko zaseCelesyria ezazinikwe iSopopas, kunye neSamariya nazo, amaYuda, ngokuzithandela, aya kuye , wamamkela ke esixekweni [iYerusalem], wanika wonke umkhosi wakhe ukutya, kunye neendlovu zakhe, kwaye wamnceda ngokulula xa wayengqinga ikampu eyayikwibhotwe laseJerusalem ”

[xiv] UJerome -

[xv] Imfazwe yamaYuda, ebhalwe nguJosephus, iNcwadi 12.6.1 pg.747 ye-pdf “EMVA kokuba lo ka-Antiochus enze ubuhlobo kunye noPtolemy, wamnika intombi yakhe u-Cleopatra ukuba abe ngumfazi, wazinikela kuye uCelesyria, kunye neSamariya, kunye neJudiya. , kunye neFenike, ngendlela yokutshata. Isahlulo seso serhafu phakathi kwaba kumkani bobabini, iintloko zonke zayihlawula irhafu yamazwe abo, imali leyo iqokelelweyo, bahlawula ezo kumkani zombini. Ke kaloku ngesi sihlandlo amaSamariya ayekhula, ecaphukisa amaJuda, encama umhlaba wawo, ethimba.

[xvi] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iii-the-great/ Bona unyaka ka-200BC.

[xvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/

[xviii] Iimfazwe zamaYuda, nguJosephus, iNcwadi I, Isahluko 1, umhlathi 1. pg. Uhlobo lwe-9 pdf

[xix] I-Antiquities of the Jewish, nguJosephus, iNcwadi 12, iSahluko 5, isi-4, iphepha le-pg.754 pdf

[xx] I-Antiquities of the Jewish, nguJosephus, iNcwadi 12, iSahluko 5, isi-4, iphepha le-pg.754 pdf

[xxi] https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Maccabees+5&version=NRSV "Malunga neli xesha uAntiochus wenza ihlaselo lakhe lesibini eYiputa. "

[xxii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/syrian-war-6/ ngakumbi iziganeko zowe-170-168 BC.

[xxiii] https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-iv-epiphanes/ Bona 168 BC. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antiochus-IV-Epiphanes#ref19253 umhlathi 3

[xxiv] "Xa inkosi yavuma kunye noJason^[d] weza e-ofisini, kwaoko watshintsha abantu awayehlala nabo kwindlela yobomi yamaGrike. ¹¹ Wabeka ecaleni imvumelwano ekhoyo ebukhosini kumaJuda, egcinwe ngu-John uyise ka-Eupolemus, owayeqhubeka nomsebenzi wokumisela ubuhlobo kunye nokuhlangana namaRoma; kwaye wazitshabalalisa iindlela ezisemthethweni zokuziphatha kwaye wazisa amasiko amatsha ngokuchasene nomthetho. ¹² Wayezonwabele ngokuseka indawo yokuzivocavoca kanye phantsi kwecad, kwaye wabongoza abona bafana babalaseleyo ukuba banxibe isithsaba samaGrike. ¹³ Kwakukho ukugqithiswa okungako kwe-Hellenisation kunye nokwanda kokuthathwa kweendlela zamanye amazwe ngenxa yobubi obugqithileyo bukaJason, owayengahloneli Thixo kwaye engeyonyani^[e] umbingeleli omkhulu, ¹⁴ bathi ababingeleli ababa sazimisela kwinkonzo yabo esibingelelweni. Ukucekisa ingcwele nokungahoyi kwamadini, bakhawuleza bathatha inxaxheba ekungekho mthethweni kwindawo yemidlalo ye-wrestling emva komqondiso wokuphosa i-discus, ¹⁵ ukugatya imbeko ehlonitshwa ngookhokho babo kwaye neyona nto ibalulekileyo kuhlobo lwesiGrike. ” 

[xxv] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 3, isitanza 3.

[xxvi] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XIV, Isahluko 2, (158).

[xxvii] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XIV, Isahluko 2, (159-160).

[xxviii] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XIV, Isahluko 2, (165).

[xxix] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 5, (5)

[xxx] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 15, (2) "Kunye ne-Idumean, okt ngesiqingatha samaYuda"

[xxxi] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 11, (1)

[xxxii] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 8, (5)

[xxxiii] UJosephus, iimfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi I, Isahluko 21 isiqendu 2,4

[xxxiv] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 11, (4-7)

[xxxv] UJosephus, izinto zakudala zamaYuda, iNcwadi XV, Isahluko 7, (7-8)

[xxxvi] I-Plutarch, uBomi be-Antony, Isahluko 61 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007:chapter=61&highlight=herod

[xxxvii] I-Plutarch, uBomi be-Antony, Isahluko 62.1 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D62%3Asection%3D1

[xxxviii] UJosephus, iimfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi I, Isahluko 20 (3)

[xxxix] Imbali yakudala ye-Universal Vol Vol XIII, iphe. 498 kunye noPliny, uStrabo, uDio Cassius ocatshulwe kwiPrideaux Unxibelelaniso Vol II. I-pp605 ukuya phambili.

[xl] I-Plutarch, uBomi be-Antony, Isahluko 76 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D76

[xli] I-Plutarch, uBomi be-Antony, Isahluko 78.3  http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D78%3Asection%3D3

[xlii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(proconsul)#cite_note-4

[xliii] UJosephus, iimfazwe zamaYuda, iNcwadi I, Isahluko 23 Isiqendu 2

[xliv] UJosephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Incwadi XVII, isahluko 6, isitanza 5 - Isahluko 8, isitanza 1 https://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/ant-17.htm

[xlv] https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250103.htm I-Eusebius, Imbali yeNcwadi yeCawa yesi-5, iSahluko 3, isitanza XNUMX.

[xlvi] https://biblehub.com/hebrew/6382.htm

[xlvii] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  kwiingxaki ngokunika ngqo ukuthandana okweli xesha. Ndithathe umhla weTire apha.

[xlviii] I-Panemus yinyanga yaseMakedoni-inyanga kaJuni (ikhalenda yenyanga), elingana neTammuz yamaYuda, inyanga yokuqala yehlobo, inyanga yesine, kungoko ngoJuni nangoJulayi kuxhomekeke ekuqalekeni ngqo kuka-Nisan-nokuba ngoMatshi okanye ngo-Epreli.

[xlix] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  kwiingxaki ngokunika ngqo ukuthandana okweli xesha.

[l] https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-5/  kwiingxaki ngokunika ngqo ukuthandana okweli xesha. Ndithathe umhla wamaJuda apha.

[li] Jonga uDaniel 11:40 ngegama elifanayo

[lii] Ngenye indlela, i-74 AD. Ngokuwa kweMasada kunye neemali zokugqibela zikarhulumente wamaYuda.