Ukunxibelelanisa iSiprofetho sikaMesiya sikaDaniel 9: 24-27 ngeMbali yezeMbali

Ukugqitywa kwesisombululo

 

Isishwankathelo sokuFumaneka koMhla

Kolu phando lomdyarho ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sifumene kwizibhalo ezilandelayo:

• Esi sisombululo sabeka isiphelo samashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe ngonyaka wama-69 AD xa uYesu wayeqalisa ubulungiseleli bakhe.
• Esi sisombululo sabangela ukuba idini liphele, kwisiqingatha sabasixhenxe ngonyaka ka-33 AD, uMesiya enqunyulwe, wabulawa ngenxa yoluntu lonke.
• Esi sisombululo sabeka ukuphela kwamaxesha asixhenxe okugqibela ngo-36 AD ngokuguqulwa kukaCornelius weeNtlanga.
• Esi sisombululo sabeka u-1^st Unyaka ka-Koreshi omkhulu ngo-455 BC njengokuqala kweminyaka esixhenxe esixhenxe yeminyaka engama-49.
• Esi sisombululo sabeka unyaka wama-32 kaDarius aka Ahasuerosi, aka-Artashashta ngonyaka ka-407 BC waphela iminyaka esixhenxe esixhenxe yeminyaka engama-49 ngokubuya kukaNehemiya eBhabheli nodonga lweYerusalem lubuyiselwe. (Neh. 13: 6)
• Esi sisombululo, ke, sinika isizathu esivakalayo sikaDaniel noYehova sokusahlula esi siprofetho sisixhenxe asixhenxe namashumi amathandathu anesixhenxe. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo 7)
• Esi sisombululo sinika ubudala obufanelekileyo kuMordekayi, uEstere, uEzra, kunye noNehemiya ngokuchasene nokutolikwa kwesiko kunye nenkolo, ezihoya okanye zichaze iminyaka engenangqondo “ngomnye uMordekayi, omnye uEzra, omnye uNehemiya, okanye ingxelo yeBhayibhile iphosakele. ". (Jonga iingxaki / izicombululo 1,2,3)
• Esi sisombululo sikwanika nenkcazo efanelekileyo yokulandelelana kookumkani basePersi kwizibhalo. (Jonga iingxaki / isisombululo 5,7)
• Esi sisombululo sikwasinceda ukuba siqonde ulandelelwano loMbingeleli oMkhulu ngokulandelelana kwexesha loMbuso wasePersi ovumelana nesibhalo. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo 6)
• Esi sisombululo sinika ingcaciso efanelekileyo kwizintlu ezimbini zababingeleli. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo 8).
• Esi sisombululo sifuna ukuqonda ukuba uDariyo I wabizwa okanye waziwa ngegama likaArtashashta okanye wabizwa ngokuba nguArtashashta kwi-7 yakhe.^th unyaka wolawulo ukubheka phambili kwiiakhawunti ukusukela kuEzra 7 ukubheka phambili kunye noNehemiya. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo 9)
• Esi sisombululo sikwafuna ukuqonda ukuba uAhaswerosi wencwadi kaEstere ubhekisa nakuDariyo I. (jonga iingxaki / isisombululo esingu-1,9)
• Esi sisombululo sikwasinceda ukuba sivakale phantse ngayo yonke into ebhalwe nguJosephus, nangona ingelilo iqhekeza elinye, endaweni yeziqwenga ezimbalwa. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo 10)
• Esi sisombululo sikwanika isisombululo esifanelekileyo sokuba kuthiwe amagama ooKumkani bamaPersi kwiincwadi zeApocrypha. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo se-11)
• Esi sisombululo sikwanika isisombululo esifanelekileyo sokubizwa kwamagama ooKumkani bamaPersi kwiSeptuagint. (jonga ingxaki / isisombululo se-12)

Nangona kunjalo, esi sisombululo sisishiya sinecunrum encinci yokufumanisa, leyo yokulandelelana eseleyo yooKumkani basePersi.

Ixesha eliseleyo, ukusukela kunyaka olandelayo ukusweleka kukaDariyo I ku-36 yakhe^th Unyaka, ethi kule ngxaki ingu-402 BC, ukuya kowama-330 BC xa uAlexander woyisa uKing Darius okokugqibela kwaye waba nguKumkani wePersi ngokwakhe, kufuneka silingane iminyaka eli-156 sibe yiminyaka engama-73 (kunye nookumkani abayi-6 ukuba kunokwenzeka) ngaphandle kokuchasa uninzi Ulwazi lwembali ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ityhubhu enkulu kaRubik yephazili!

 

Izinto zokugqibela zePuzzle

Yaphunyezwa njani?

Kuphando kunye nophando lombhali kunye nokubhala kwamacandelo angaphambili kolu chungechunge lweziphumo, kuye kwacaca ukuba indawo yokuqala kwakufuneka ibe ngu-455 BC. Nangona kunjalo kuye kwacaca ukuba le yayiyiyo le^st Unyaka kaKoreshi esikhundleni se-20^th Unyaka ka-Artaxerxes I. Ngenxa yoko, amaxesha ngamaxesha wayezama ukujonga imeko ezakufanela iimfuno zenqaku lokugqibela kwiSishwankathelo seCandelo lokuFumaneka ngasentla. Nangona kunjalo, akukho meko ivakalayo eyayibonisa idatha ngelo xesha okanye ayinakucaciswa.

Thelekisa ulwazi oluvela ku-Eusebius[i] kunye neAfricus[ii] kunye noPtolemy[iii] nabanye ababhali-mbali bamandulo malunga nolawulo lookumkani basePersi kunye nookumkani abakhankanywe nguJosephus, uPoet Poet Ferdowsi[iv], kwaye kwenziwa uHerodotus. Yaqala ukuvelisa kwaye yabonisa iipateni zonke ezazineenkcazo, kungekuphela nje koko kufunyanisiweyo kuphando lwerekhodi lebhayibhile, kodwa nakwizifinyezo zolwazi oluye lwaphuma ekuphandweni kwabanye ababhali-mbali.

Kwakumnandi ukuba iPoet Ferdowsi yasePersi ineeKosi ukuya kuthi ga kuDariyo II kwaye ashiye Xerxes.

UJosephus naye wayenamakhosi ukuya kuthi ga kuDariyo II kodwa wayequka uXerxes. UHerodotus wayenamakhosi kuphela ukuya kuthi ga kuArtashashta I. (Kukholelwa ukuba uHerodotus wasweleka ngexesha lolawulo luka-Artashashta I okanye ekuqaleni kolawulo lukaDariyo II.)

Ukuba uDariyo I (omkhulu) wayesaziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo okanye etshintshe igama lakhe kwathiwa nguArtashashta, kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye iiKumkani zasePersi zazifana, ezazinokubangela ukudideka phakathi kwababhali-mbali kwimbali yakudala nakwiminyaka engama-20.^th Kunye ne21^st Kwinkulungwane.

Ukuthelekiswa kwexesha leRevenue ubude ukusuka kubabhali bembali bamandulo

	UHerodotus c. 430 BC	Ctesias c. Ngo-398 B.C.E.	IDiodorus 30 BC	UJosephus 75 AD	UPtolemy 150 AD	UClement waseAlexandria c. Ngowama-217 AD	UManetho / Sextus Julius Africanus c. 220 AD	Manetho / Eusebius c. Ngo-330 AD	USulpicus Severus c.400 AD	Imbongi yasePersi uFirdusi (931-1020 AD)
UKoreshi II (omkhulu)	29	30		Ewe	9 (IBhabheli)	30			31	Ewe
I-Cambyses II	7.5	18		6	8	19	6	3	9	Ewe
Magi	0.7	0.7			0.7			0.7	0.7
UDariyo I (omkhulu)	36	-		9+	36	46	36	36	36	Ewe
IXerxes I	Ewe	-	20	28 +	21	26	21	21	21
IArtabanos							0.7
IArtashashita (I)	Ewe	42	40	7+	41	41	41	40	41	Ewe
IXerxes II		0.2			0.2		0.2	0.2	0.2
IiSogdianos					0.7		0.7	0.7	0.7
UDariyo II		35	19	Ewe	19	8	19	19	19	Ewe
UArtashashta II			43		46	42			62
IArtaxerxes III			23		21		2	6	23
Ama-Asses (uArtashashta IV)					2		3	4
UDariyo III					4		4	6
amanani	73	126	145	50 +	209	212	134	137	244

 

 

Njengoko ubona kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezisombululo ezibonelelwe ngababhali-imbali abohlukeneyo kwisithuba semakhulu eminyaka. Abasemagunyeni nabezonqulo namhlanje bahlala bethatha ubalo lukaPtolemy.

Ke ngoko, ukuzama ukubuyisana lo mbandela mkhulu, kwathatyathwa isigqibo malunga nokubuya koBukhosi bamaPersi ukuya kuAlexander omkhulu waseMakedoni ngo-330BC, kuDariyo I olawulo lwawo luphele ngo-403 BC noKoreshi ukuqala ngo-455 BC.

Sifumene:

• UDarius III wayeneminyaka emi-4, (bulawula ubude ngokukaPtolemy noManetho ngokukaJulius Africanus), ukumkani wokugqibela wasePersi, owayelawula ngexesha lokuqhubela phambili kuka-Alexander the Great kwi-Persia.
• Ama-Asses (uArtashashita IV) aneminyaka emi-2. (ulawulo ubude ngokwePtolemy).

next:

• UArtaxerxes III wathatyathwa ukuba alawule iminyaka emi-2. (ixesha lokulawula ngokuka-Manetho noJulius Africanus, elineminyaka eli-19 engukumkani kwi-Egypt okanye njengomlawuli-kunye)
• UDarius II ngolawulo lweminyaka eli-19 ngokungaguqukiyo wanikwa ngu-Africanus, Eusebius, noPtolemy.

Iyonke iyonke iminyaka engama-21 uPtolemy wayeyinike uArtashashsi III. Oku kunike uphawu oluluqilima lokuba kusenokwenzeka ukuba uPtolemy wayenobude obungalunganga bolawulo luka-Artaxerxes III. (Umzobo kaPtolemy weminyaka engama-21 ka-Artaxerxes ubusoloko ubonakala ucocekile kwaye ucocekile ulingana nobude bolawulo lukaXerxes. Kunqabile kakhulu ukuba iiKumkani zelizwe elinye kwaye kufutshane ngexesha elinye nelinye zibe nobude obufanayo bolawulo, ukungaqondakali kwemathematics okwenzeka ngokwendalo kungalindelekanga kakhulu).

Eyona ingcaciso ichanekileyo kukuba uPtolemy wayechaze ubude be-Rule mhlawumbi esebenzisa iXerxes. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iindlela ezinokubakho nokuba bekukho ulawulo lobumbano nolawulo lweminyaka emi-2 ngu-Artaxerxes III emva kokusweleka kukaDarius II okanye nokuba uDariyo (II) wayekwabizwa ngokuba ngu-Artaxerxes (III) okanye igama lakhe. Ngendlela eyayiboniswe ngayo nguDariyo (I) yayisabizwa ngokuba nguArtashashta (I).

next:

• IArtaxerxes yecandelo I longezwa kunye nolawulo ubude beminyaka engama-41 ishiya iArtaxerxes II (yolawulo lobude beArtashashta I ngokokutsho kukaPtolemy. I-Artaxerxes II yecalfa ishiywe ngababhali-mbali abaninzi bamandulo kunye nobubanzi obahlukeneyo bokulawula ukusuka kwintsalela).

Oku kwakuthetha ukuba uArtashashta endilawula, waqala ngonyaka we-6 emva kokubhubha kukaDariyo I, umsithuba weminyaka emi-5 (isisombululo sika-Artaxerxes sikaEzra 7 ukuya phambili noNehemiya). Ayishiyanga ndawo yonke yolawulo luka-Xerxes lweminyaka engama-21.

Isixhobo sokugqibela:

• UXerxes wongezwa kunye nobukumkani iminyaka engama-21, iminyaka eli-16 njengomlawuli kunye noyise uDariyo, neminyaka emi-5 njengelawula yedwa.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ekuqaleni kwenqaku, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba kukho ubungqina bokuba uXerxes walawula kunye notata wakhe uDariyo kangangesithuba seminyaka eli-16. Ukuba uXerxes wayengumlawuli kunye noDariyo nangokufa kukaDariyo, waba ngumlawuli ke oku kunika ingcaciso esebenzayo. Kanjani? UXerxes wayeya kuba ngumphathi kuphela kwiminyaka emi-5 yolawulo lwakhe ngaphambi kokuba alawulwe ngunyana wakhe uArtashashta.

UPtolemy unika uArtashashta ukuba ndilawule iminyaka engama-41 kwaye uArtashashta II ulawula ubude kangangeminyaka engama-46. Qaphela umahluko weminyaka emi-5. Kuxhomekeka kwindlela ebalwe ngayo uArtashashta ndingathi ndalawula iminyaka engama-41 kuphela okanye iminyaka engama-46 kubandakanya iminyaka emihlanu yolawulo kunye notata wakhe uXerxes emva kokusweleka kukatatomkhulu wakhe uDariyo. njengoPtolemy malunga nolawulo lweArtaxerxes eyahlukeneyo. Ngemithombo eyahlukeneyo enika ubude obuhlukeneyo beArtaxerxes, uPtolemy wayenokucinga ukuba into eyaziwa njengeArtaxerxes I kunye neArtaxerxes II yayingookumkani abohlukeneyo endaweni enye.

Isishwankathelo soMahluko kwiiSisombululo zaMazwe:

1. UXerxes ndinobambiswano noDariyo I kangangeminyaka eli-16.
2. Ukulawula kuka-Artashashta II kweminyaka engama-46 ngokutsho kukaPtolemy kuyekiswa njengento ephindiweyo ka-Artashashta I.
3. Ulawulo luka-Artaxerxes III lufinyeziwe ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-21 ukuya kwengama-2 okanye ulawulo lomanyano lohluko oluseleyo lweminyaka eli-19.
4. I-Asses okanye i-Artaxerxes IV ine-Manetho's iminyaka emi-3 yancitshiswa ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2 kaPtolemy, okanye unyaka omnye wolawulo lokusebenzisana kunye neminyaka emi-1.
5. Uhlengahlengiso lilonke yi-16 + 46 + 19 + 1 = iminyaka engama-82.

Lonke olu hlengahlengiso lwenziwe ngesiseko esihle kwaye sivumela isiprofetho seBhayibhile sikaDaniel 9: 24-27 ukuba sichaneke kwaye nangoku sivumele zonke iinyani zembali ezaziwayo nezithembakeleyo zichanekile. Ngale ndlela sinokuxhasa inyani yelizwi likaThixo njengoko litshiwo kumaRoma 3: 4, apho umpostile uPawulosi wathi "Kodwa uThixo makabe nenyaniso, nangona wonke umntu efunyanwa enamanga.

13. Imeko yokuShicilela eSecaleni- Isisombululo

Okubaluleke ngakumbi koku kuqonda kuya kuthi ke kuvume ukuba ubhalo lwe-A3P luchane ngokuchanekileyo njengoko umgca wokulandelelana okuhambelana nokubhaliweyo wawungasasebenzi, ngaphandle kokuyeka kweArtaxerxes II.

Ubhalo lwe-A3P luyafundwa “Ukumkani omkhulu uArtashashta [III], ukumkani wookumkani, inkosi yamazwe, ukumkani weli lizwe, uthi: Ndingunyana wokumkani IArtashashta [II Mnemon]. UArtashashta wayengunyana wokumkani uDariyo [II Nothus]. UDariyo wayengunyana wokumkani IArtashashta [Ndi]. UArtashashta wayengunyana wokumkani uXerxes. UXerxes wayengunyana wokumkani uDariyo [omkhulu]. UDariyo wayengunyana wendoda egama lingu I-Hystaspes. U-Hystaspes wayengunyana wendoda egama lingu Amagama, i I-Achaemenid. " [v]

Qaphela iinombolo ezi-bracketed [III] njengoko le yinkcazo etolikwa ngumguquleli, njengoko umbhalo obhaliweyo kunye neerekhodi zantlandlolo aziniki iiKhosi inani lokuzichongela kookumkani bangaphambili. Olu longezo lwanamhlanje ukwenza uphawu lula.

Ngesi sisombululo isicatshulwa se-A3P siya kuqondwa ukuba sifunde "Ukumkani omkhulu uArtashashta [IV], Ukumkani weenkosi, Ukumkani welizwe, Ukumkani weli lizwe, uthi, Ndingunyana wokumkani IArtashashta [III]. UArtashashta wayengunyana wokumkani uDariyo [II Nothus]. UDariyo wayengunyana wokumkani IArtashashta [II Mnemon]. UArtashashta wayengunyana wokumkani uXerxes. UXerxes wayengunyana wokumkani uDariyo [omkhulu, kwanoLongimanus]. UDariyo wayengunyana wendoda egama lingu I-Hystaspes. U-Hystaspes wayengunyana wendoda egama lingu Amagama, i I-Achaemenid. "

Le theyibhile ilandelayo inika uthelekiso lweendlela ezimbini ezitolikwa ngazo zombini.

Ukufakwa-Uluhlu lweKing	Umsebenzi okhethekileyo	Ukunikezelwa kwesisombululo
IArtashashta	III (ama-Asses)	IV
IArtashashta	II (Mnemon)	III (ama-Asses)
uDariyo	II (uNothus)	II (uNothus)
IArtashashta	Mna (uLongimanus)	Mna (Mnemon)
IXerxes	I	I
uDariyo	I	Mna (noArtashashta, uLongimanus)

 

 

14.      I-Sanbalat -Imnye, Zimbini okanye zintathu?

USanebhalati waseHoronon ubonakala kwingxelo yebhayibhile kuNehemiya 2: 10 kwi-20^th Unyaka ka-Artashashta, ngoku ochongiweyo kwesi sicombululo njengoDariyo Omkhulu. UNehemiya 13:28 uchonga ukuba omnye woonyana bakaYoyada unyana ka-Eliyashibhi, umbingeleli omkhulu, wayengumkhwenyana kaSanebhalati waseHoron. Esi siganeko senzeka emva kwexesha elithile emva kokubuya kukaNehemiya kuArtashashta (uDariyo omkhulu) kwiKing 32^nd unyaka. Mhlawumbi emva kweminyaka emibini okanye emithathu.

Sifumana imvelaphi yoonyana bakhe uDelaiah noShelemiya kwiPapyri yeNdlovu kunye noJehohanan njengoMbingeleli oMkhulu.

Ukufumana amanqaku kwi-Elephantine Temple Papyri sikufumana oku kulandelayo.

Ukuya eBagohi [Persian] Irhuluneli yakwaJuda, kwaababingeleli ababeseNdlovu enqabileyo. UVidranga, Inkosi [Irhuluneli yase-IJamani ngaphandle kweArsames] uthe, ngonyaka we-14 kaKumkani uDariyo [II?]: "Diliza itempile yeYHW kaThixo okwinqaba ye-Elephantine". Iintsika kunye namasango eLitye eliqingqiweyo, iingcango ezimiyo, iihenjisi zobhedu zale minyango, uphahla lomsedare, izixhobo zatshiswa ngomlilo, igolide kunye nezitya zesilivere ezibiweyo. ICambyses [unyana kaKoreshi] zitshabalalisile iitempile zaseYiputa kodwa hayi itempile yeYHW. Sifuna imvume UYehohanan uMbingeleli oMkhulu wase Yerusalem eyokwakha ngokutsha itempile njengoko yayakhelwe ngaphambili ukunikela ngomnikelo wokudla, isiqhumiso, kunye notshiso olungezantsi kwesibingelelo sika YHW uTHIXO. Sabaxelela ooDelaya noShelemiya oonyana bakaSanibhalati irhuluneli yakwaSamari. [yomhla] wama-20 kaMarheshvan, unyaka we-17 kaKumkani uDariyo [II?]. " [Amanqakwana abonisa inkcaza yedatha yenjongo].

"Ngaphezu koko ke, ukususela kwinyanga kaTamuzi, unyaka weshumi elinesine kakumkani uDariyo, kude kube namhla sisagqoka amarhonya, sizila ukudla; abafazi bethu benziwa abahlolokazi; (asizithambisi ngeoyile kwaye asiseli wayini. Ngaphezu koko, ukususela ngelo xesha (de kube namhlanje), nanamhlanje, unyaka we-14 kaKumkani uDariyo ”. [vi]

Kwisisombululo esacetywayo uKumkani uDarius wePapyri unokuba nguDariyo II, kungekudala ngaphambi kokuwa koBukhosi basePersi kuAlexander omkhulu.

Esona sisombululo sinokubonakalayo, kwaye ihambelana nezibakala ezaziwayo, kukuba zazimbini iiSanbalat ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I-Sanbalat [I] - ingqinwa nguNehemiya 2:10. Ukuthatha iminyaka engama-35 kwangama-20^th U-Artaxerxes (uDariyo I) njengoko wayeyiRhuluneli, wayenokuba wayeneminyaka engama-50 ubudala kuNehemiya 13:28, malunga ne-33^rd Unyaka kaDariyo I / Artaxerxes. Oku kungavumela omnye woonyana bakaJoyada ukuba abe ngumkhwenyana kaSanebhalati ngeli xesha.
• Unyana ongabhalwanga ngegama likaSanballat- ukuba sivumela unyana ongachazwanga ngegama ukuba azalelwe Sanbalat [I] ndineminyaka engama-22 ubudala, oko kuyakuvumela uSanballat [II] ozelwe unyana ongachazwanga ngegama eneminyaka engama-21/22.
• ISanballat [II] -ngqinwa kwiileta zeNdlovu ezinomhla we-14^th unyaka kunye ne-17^th unyaka kaDariyo.[vii] Ukuthatha uDariyo njengoDariyo II oku kuya kuvumela uSanballat ukuba afike kwiminyaka engama-60 engaphambi kwengama-70 ngeli xesha kwaye asweleke ekhulile malunga ne-82, iinyanga ezisi-7 ukungena kuka-Alesandire Omkhulu ukungqinga kweTire. Oko kuyakuvumela ukuba oonyana bakhe ababiziweyo uDelaiah noShemelia babe badala ngokwaneleyo (kwiminyaka yabo yama-40 ubudala) ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yolawulo kayise njengoko iileta zisitsho.

Akukho nyaniso umbhali ayaziyo ukuba ingaphikisana nesi sisombululo sicetyiswayo.

Izibakala zifunyenwe kwinqaku elinesihloko "I-Archaeology kunye neMibhalo kwiXesha lasePersi, Gxila kwiSanballat ” [viii], kodwa utoliko alunanzwanga, kwaye iinyani ezimbalwa ezikhoyo zabekwa kwisakhelo sesisombululo.

15.      Ubungqina bethebhulethi yeCuneiform-Ngaba iyaphikisana nesi Sombululo?

Akukho macwecwe eecuneiform aqinisekisiweyo ka-Artaxerxes III, uArtashashta IV, noDarius III. Kuya kufuneka sithembele kubabhali-mbali bamandulo ngobude babo bokulawula. Njengoko uza kubona kwitheyibhile yangaphambili, kukho ubude obahlukeneyo obungenabo ubungqina bokuxhasa nayiphi na kubo ichanekile. Kwanamacwecwe e-cuneiform abelwe uArtashashta I, II, no-III ayenziwa ikakhulu xa amakhosi engabhalwanga ngexesha lasePersi. Ukwabelwa kwamacwecwe kuhlala kusenziwa kwisiseko sokuba ubalo maxesha lwePtolemy luchanekile. Abaphengululi, bengayazi le nto, emva koko bathi la macwecwe e-cuneiform aqinisekisa ubalo lwePtolemy, kodwa oku kuyimpazamo ejikelezayo.

Inkqubo yokubala amanani ka-King efana nam, II, III, IV, njl njl.

Ngexesha lokubhalwa kombhali akabazi nabuphi na ubungqina becuneiform obuya kuphikisana nesisombululo. Nceda ubone iSihlomelo 1[ix] kunye nesiHlomelo 2[X] Ngolwazi olungaphezulu.

 

isiphelo

Esi sisombululo savavanya kwaye siphanda unyaka wokuphela kweminyaka engama-70s. Iqinisekisile unyaka wokuqala we-ezisixhenxe zokugqibela. Ukusebenzela ukubuya koku unyaka wokuqalisa lonke ixesha kwasungulwa kunye nonyaka wokuphela kwe-7s kunye nokuqala kwamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe. Abaviwa bokumisela ukuba yeyiphi imiyalelo / ilizwi / umthetho okwaqala ixesha elingama-62s zavavanywa kwaye izigqibo zisekwe kwizibhalo ezitsaliweyo. Emva kokuba kusekwe le minyaka mine iphambili, obunye ubungqina buye bafakwa kule nkqubo-sikhokelo.

Ngolu hambo olude sifumene izisombululo kuzo zonke iingxaki ezili-13 ezikhankanyiweyo, ezenziwe ngotoliko olukhona.

Ngexesha lokugqitywa (ngoMeyi ka-2020) umbhali wayengakhange ahoye, okanye afumane okanye aziswe nakuphi na izibakala ezichasene nesisombululo esivelisiweyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba isenokungafuneki icocwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kodwa isisombululo sisonke sijongwa njengangoku, ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki okwangoku.

Ukufika kwesi sisombululo ukuthembeka kwengxelo yebhayibhile kuxhomekeke kuyo naphina apho kunokwenzeka ukuba iBhayibhile isebenzise ukuzitolika. Sikhangele neenkcazo ezifanelekileyo zembali eyaziwayo efanelana nengxelo yebhayibhile eye yavela, endaweni yokuthatha imbali yehlabathi njengesiseko kunye nokuzama ukulinganisa irekhodi lebhayibhile kuyo.

Ngethuba lokwenza oko, izizathu zokwahlula-hlula isiprofetho sikaMesiya saba zisixhenxe kunye nama-7s anesixhenxe kunye nesiqingatha sesixhenxe kwaye esinye isiqingatha sesixhenxe ziye zacaca. Isiprofetho sikwaqwalaselwe kwimeko yaso esebhayibhileni kunokuba sodwa. Oku kunika izizathu zokuba kutheni uDaniel enikwe esi siprofetho ngelo xesha wayekuso^st unyaka kaDariyo umMedi, eyile:

• Ukuqinisekisa isiphelo sokuphanziswa
• Ukujonga phambili kuMesiya
• Ukomeleza ukholo lukaDaniel kuba wayeza kubona ukuqala kweli xesha lesiprofetho

UDaniel wayeqhelene neminyaka engama-70 yokusebenzela iBhabheli, kwaye iminyaka engama-49 yeYerusalem kunye nokutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo kweTempile nokukhululwa konyaka weNtlokoma. Ke ngoko, le minyaka ingama-49 yokwakha iJerusalem kwakhona kunye neTempile ziya kuqondwa nguDaniel, njengoko kwakuya kwenzeka ixesha elipheleleyo lesiprofetho ixesha elingaphezulu kwamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe de kube liphela ixesha lamaYuda lokuba babe nethuba lokuphelisa ukona kwabo.

Ixesha lokubuya kukaEzra kunye nokubuyiselwa kwemisebenzi kunye neminikelo yokuqhutywa kwabaLevi emva kokugqitywa kwetempile nayo ngoku iyaqonda, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Abafundi banokuzibuza ukuba ingaba esi sisombululo sibangela na iingxaki kwiziphelo ezizisiweyo “Uhambo lokuFunyanwa ngexesha”[xi], ejongene neziganeko kunye neziprofetho ngokubhekisele ekuthinjweni eBhabheli. Impendulo kukuba iyatshintsha nanye yezigqibo ezenziweyo. Olona tshintsho luza kufuneka luhlengahlengiso lweminyaka ecetyiswayo kwikhalenda kaJulian ngokuthi icothwe iminyaka engama-82, usiya ku-539 BC ukuya kowama-456 BC okanye ngo-455 BC, kunye nabo bonke abanye ngenani elifanayo.

Ukuqonda kwesi siprofetho sikaMesiya kukwasebenza ekuqinisekiseni iziphumo zika "Uhambo lokuFunyanwa ngexesha ". Ngokucacileyo, ukuba ukutolika ingcaciso kaDaneli ngephupha likaNebhukadenetsare amaxesha asixhenxe njengokuzaliseka okukhulu akunakwenzeka, ngakumbi ngomhla wokuqala wama-607 BC okanye umhla wokugqibela we-1914 AD.

Okokugqibela kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu, injongo yophando yaphumelela. Ngokufanelekileyo, isisombululo esicetyisiweyo siqinisekisile kwaye sanika ubungqina bokuba ngokwenene uYesu wayenguMesiya othenjisiweyo wesiprofetho sikaDaniel esivela kuDaniel 9: 24-27.

 

 

 

 

Isihlomelo 1-Ubungqina beCuneiform bufumaneka ngooKumkani bamaPersi

 

Umthombo wolwazi olulandelayo Ubalo maxesha lweBhabhiloni 626 BC - AD75 NguRichard A. Parker noWaldo H Dubberstein 1956 (4^th Ukuprinta ngo-1975). Ikopi ese-intanethi efumaneka:  https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/babylon/downloads/babylonian_chronology_pd_1956.pdf

 

Iphepha 14-19 leNcwadi, iphepha 28-33 le-pdf

amanqaku:

Indibano yokuthandana yile: Inyanga (amanani amaRoma) / Usuku / Unyaka.

I-Acc = Unyaka wokuNgena, okt uNyaka 0.

? = ayifundeki okanye ilahlekile okanye ayithandabuzeki.

VI₂ = 2^nd inyanga 6, inyanga edibeneyo (inyanga etsiba kwikhalenda yenyanga)

 

UKoreshi

Okokuqala: VII / 16 / Acc iBhabheli iyawa (INabunaid Chronicle)

Okokugqibela: V / 23/9 Borsippa (VAS V 42)

Iikambyshi

                Okokuqala: i-VI / 12 / iBhabheli yeAdo (Strassmaier, IikambyshiNo. 1)

                Okokugqibela: I / 23/8 Shahrinu (Stassmaier, I-Cambyses, Hayi. 409)

UBardiya

                Okokuqala: XII / 14 / ?? Umgca wobhaliso weBehistun 11 (nguDariyo I)

                Okokugqibela: VII / 10 / ?? Umgca wobhaliso weBehistun 13 (nguDariyo I)

 

UDariyo I

                Okokuqala: XI / 20 / Acc Sippar (Strassmaier, uDariyo, Hayi.1)

                Okokugqibela: VII / 17 okanye 27/36 Borsippa (V AS IV 180)

IXerxes

                Okokuqala: VIII okanye XII / 22 / Acc Borsippa (V AS V 117)

                Okokugqibela: V / 14? - 18? / 21 BM32234

UArtashashta I

                Kuqala: III / - / 1 PT 4 441 [Cameron]

                Okokugqibela: XI / 17/41 Tarbaaa (Udongwe, BE IX 109)

UDariyo II

                Okokuqala: XI / 4 / acc iBhabheli (Udongwe, BE X 1)

Okokugqibela: VI₂/ 2/16 IUre (Umzekeliso, I-UET IV 93)

Akukho cwecwe zetafile ze-yrs 17-19 zikaDariyo II

UArtashashta II

                                                Akukho ziCwecwe zokuFikelela kweArtaxerxes II

Ekuqaleni: II / 25/1 Uri (I-Figulla, I-UET IV 60)

 

Okokugqibela: VIII / 10/46? IBhabheli (V AS I-VI 186; Inani lamanani lonakala kancinci kodwa lifundwe njengo- “46” nguArthur Ungad)

IArtaxerxes III

Azikho iitafile zecuneiform zeli xesha

I-Asses / Artaxerxes IV

Azikho iitafile zecuneiform zeli xesha

UDariyo III

Azikho iitafile zecuneiform zeli xesha

Ubungqina be-cuneiform ngabo-5yrs eBhabheli

I-Ptolemaic Canon 4 yeminyaka yolawulo e-Egypt

 

 

 

Isihlomelo 2 - Ubalo maxesha lwama-Egypt lweAchaemenid [yamaMedi namaPersi] Ixesha

Kwakukho nangona kunjalo, isiqwenga esithile sepuzzle esishiywe de sagqibela. Isizathu sokuba ishiywe kude kube sekupheleni yayikukuba umxholo wolawulo lwasePersi malunga ne-Egypt awuzange uchukunyiswe kwizibhalo.

Emva kwexesha elininzi elichithwe kuphando isiphelo sesokuba kukho ezimbalwa kakhulu izibakala ezinzima zokuthandana nolawulo lwasePersi malunga ne-Egypt okanye ngokwenene nayiphi na indawo kaPharoah. Uninzi lweentsuku ezinikwe oosomajukujuku basePersi njengabalawuli egameni leenkosi zasePersi, zisekwe kubalo-maxesha bePtolemaic yooKumkani basePersi kunakwincwadi yesibhalo. Kwenzeka into efanayo nakwiiKhosi / iiPharoah zeeDynasties zase-Iam yama-28^th, 29^th Kunye ne30^th.

Iipatata zasePersi

• IiAryandes: - Ukulawulwa ukusuka kwi-5 yeCambyses II ukuya kwi-1 kaDarius I.
• IiAryandes: - Iphinde yonyulwa nguDariyo I kwi-5 yakhe^th

Ukulawulwa de kube ngu-27 kaDariyo I?

• Ukuhlawulwa kwangaphambili: -Kulawulwe iminyaka eli-11?

Ukusukela ngo-28? kaDariyo I ukuya kwi-18? yeXerxes I (= Dariyo I, iminyaka engama-36 +2)?

• Achaemenes: - Ulawulwe iminyaka engama-27?

Ukususela kwi19^th - 21^st yeXerxes? kunye no-1^st - 24^th unyaka uArtashashta [II]?

• I-Arsames: -Kulawulwe iminyaka engama-40?

Ukususela kwi25^th IArtaxerxes [II] ukuya ku-3^rd U-Artaxerxes IV?

Kuyo yonke le mihla, kuphela ezo ikrwelelwe umgca uqinisekile. Iirekhodi eziXhasiweyo / ezomeleleyo ziyothusa ngeli xesha. Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga neeprisi zaseSpain ngokubanzi kunye ne-Egypt ngokukodwa ukubona

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-satrapies phantsi kwesi-5, 5.1, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 5.2, 5.3.

 

Isiduko sobukumkani buka-27

Ubalo-magama olusemthethweni olusemthethweni luyafumaneka apha: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Timeline_of_the_27th_Dynasty_(Achaemenid_Pharaohs_only).

Ezi ngongoma zibalulekileyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

• Kuphela yiCambyses II kunye noDarius endaziwa ngokuba namagama asetroneni, ukuba ndinguMesutire noStutre ngokwahlukeneyo.
• Umgaqo wokumkani ngamnye wasePersi wase-Egypt usekwe kubalo lweziganeko zexesha lasePersi nolusekwe kubalo lukaPtolemy obhalwe kwi-2.^nd Kwinkulungwane yeAD. Ngenxa yesisombululo esicetyisiweyo esiqulathwe kolu ngcelele, oku kuya kubangela ukuba imihla yokubhalwa kolawulo lukaKumkani wasePersi e-Egypt nayo ibe ayilunganga. Ngenxa yokuba kunobungqina obuncinci okanye obungenakudideka ngakumbi ngokuhambelana kwesiganeko oku akubangeli iingxaki kwisisombululo esicetywayo. Kungoko imihla yehlabathi yokulawula kwePersi e-Egypt kufuneka ingachanekanga kwaye kufuneka nje ilungiswe ngokuhambelana nesisombululo sexesha kunye nobude bolawulo lookumkani basePersi ePersi.
• Uluhlu luqukethe onke amaKhosi amaPersi ukusuka eCambyses II ukuya kuDarius II kwaye ubandakanya nabavukeli uPetubastis III kwiminyaka emithathu yokuqala yolawulo lukaDarius I kunye neP Psamtik IV ngexesha leXerxes.
• Kukho ubungqina be-hieroglyphic kuDarius (I) kwi-4 yakhe^th unyaka, kunye nenombolo ebhaliweyo ebhalwe igama lakhe, kodwa engabhalwanga.[xii]
• Kukho imibhalo ebhaliweyo ye-hieroglyphic yeXerxes kwiminyaka yakhe emi-2 ukuya kwe-13.[xiii]
• Kukho imibhalo ebhaliweyo ye-hieroglyphic ye-Artaxerxes I, isisombululo, iArtashashta II. [xiv]
• Akukho mkhondo we-hieroglyphic kaDarius II okanye weArtaxerxes II wesisombululo, esi sisombululo, Artaxerxes III.
• Ubungqina bepapa bokugqibela bukaDarius (I) ngunyaka wakhe we-35.[xv]
• Ngaphandle kwaleyo sele ikhankanyiwe ngaphambili yendlovu ka-Darius (II) exutyushwe phantsi kweSanballat, abukho obunye ubungqina be-papyri umbhali akwaziyo ukufumana kunye nokuqinisekisa.

 

Iidynasties zase-Egyptoniconic 28, 29, 30[xvi]

Dynasty	UPharoah	UkuBusa
28th
	IAmyrteos	iminyaka 6
29th
	AmaNifayithi I	iminyaka 6
	I-Psammouthis	1 kunyaka
	IAchoris	iminyaka 13
	Nifera II	iinyanga 4
30th	(ngu-Eusebius)
	I-Nectanebes (I)	iminyaka 10
	Teos	iminyaka 2
	I-Nectanebus (II)	iminyaka 8

 

Olu luhlu lusekwe kuluhlu lukaManetho njengoko lugcinwe ngu-Eusebius.

Ngenxa yokunqaba kwawo nawaphi na amaxwebhu okanye imibhalo ebhaliweyo kwaye kukho izithuba phakathi kwale mibuso, kwaye le mibuso ilawula kuphela i-Egypt esezantsi (iNayile Delta, okanye iinxalenye zayo), oku kuyabavumela ukuba balawule ngaxeshanye nayo nayiphi na iSatraps yasePersi elawula ngaphezulu I-Iiphutha kubandakanya iMemphis kunye neKarnak, njl.njl. Ikwathetha ukuba akukho ziphazamiso ziphazamisayo zezisombululo ezihlaziyiweyo zobude bolawulo, njl. Ukuba ubungqina obutsha bezinto ezongeziweyo zinikezelwe kumbhali, eli candelo liya kuphinda livavanywe. Ngokwenyani, umbhali ubhekisa kwimipapiri eneminyaka yasebukhosini kunye negama likaKumkani, okanye amacwecwe ebhalwe ngoonobumba abatsobhileyo okanye imibhalo ebhaliweyo enika uKumkani wasePersi kunye nonyaka wokulawula kukaKumkani, kunye nedatha yolungelelwaniso enokuthelekiswa, okanye isekwe kwimeko.

Umzekelo, oonobumba baseNdlovu Papyri baneentsuku zikaDariyo unyaka we-5, unyaka we-14 nowe-17, kunye noJehohanan (uMbingeleli oMkhulu wamaYuda) emva kokubhubha kukaNehemiya. Oku bekuya kubabeka njengokuba kulawula uDarius II, olu lwazi lungentla luvumela uDarius II ukuba alawule i-Elephantine, i-Upper Egypt, (uAswan wanamhlanje, kufutshane nedama).

 

[i] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius

[ii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus

[iii] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy

[iv] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdowsi

[v] https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/a3pa/ kwaye

"Isichazi-magama samandulo sasePersi kunye nemibhalo eqingqiweyo yama-Achaemenidan iguqulelwe kwaye yaguqulelwa ngokubhekisele kuviwo lwabo lwakutsha nje," nguHerbert Cushing Tolman, ka-1908. Iphe.42-43 yencwadi (hayi pdf) iqulethe uguqulelo notoliko. https://archive.org/details/cu31924026893150/page/n10/mode/2up

[vi] Umxholo weSibhalo, Bezalel Porten, COS 3.51, 2003 AD

[vii] Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kunye nemifanekiso yeeNcwadi zeNdlovu ezifumaneka apha https://www.bible.ca/manuscripts/bible-manuscripts-archeology-Elephantine-papyrus-Egypt-Aswan-Syene-Darius-persian-Jewish-colony-temple-burned-Bagohi-Sanballat-passover-wine-fortress-Ezek29-10-495-399BC.htm#four.

Nangona kunjalo, umbhali akayamkeli imihla enikiweyo apho, yona ke yokutolikwa kwababhali bendawo ye-Intanethi, ngakumbi xa bejonga bonke ubungqina kunye nobunye ubungqina oboniswe kolu luhlu. Izibakala nangona kunjalo zinokukhutshwa kwaye zisetyenziselwe ukunika umfanekiso opheleleyo ngeli xesha kunye nokujonga ukuba ngaba kukho iinyani ezichaseneyo nesisombululo esichaziweyo, ekungekho namnye usenzayo.

[viii]  https://www.academia.edu/9821128/Archaeology_and_Texts_in_the_Persian_Period_Focus_on_Sanballat

[ix] Isihlomelo 1-Ubungqina beCuneiform bufumaneka ngooKumkani bamaPersi

[X] Isihlomelo 2 - Ubalo maxesha lwama-Egypt lweAchaemenid [yamaMedi namaPersi] Ixesha

[xi] https://beroeans.net/2019/06/12/a-journey-of-discovery-through-time-an-introduction-part-1/

[xii] Xa ufuna ireferensi yoluhlu jonga https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/darius.html

[xiii] Xa ufuna ireferensi yoluhlu jonga https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/xerxesi.html

[xiv] Xa ufuna ireferensi yoluhlu jonga https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/artaxerxesi.html

[xv] I-Hermopolis Papyri https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/107318/preater_1.pdf?sequence=1

[xvi] Isekwe kuhlobo lukaEusebius lweManetho: http://antikforever.com/Egypte/Divers/Manethon.htm