Shaidun Jehovah a Italiya (1891-1976)

ta Maria G. Buscema

Batun Farko na La Vedetta di Sion, Oktoba 1, 1903,
Buga na Italiyanci Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion

Daga cikin sabbin ƙungiyoyin addini da ke zuwa daga Amurka akwai Shaidun Jehobah, waɗanda ke da mabiya kusan miliyan 8.6 a duniya da mabiya kusan 250,000 a Italiya. Mai aiki a Italiya tun farkon karni na ashirin, gwamnatin fascist ta hana motsi cikin ayyukanta; amma biyo bayan nasarar kawance kuma sakamakon Dokar 18 ga Yuni, 1949, a'a. 385, wanda ya tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Abota, Ciniki da Kewayawa tsakanin gwamnatin Amurka da ta Alcide De Gasperi, Shaidun Jehovah, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin addinan da ba na Katolika ba, sun sami amincewar doka a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shari'a waɗanda ke tushen Amurka.

1. Asalin Shaidun Jehovah (Ita. Shaidun Jehobah, daga yanzu JW), tsarin addinin kirista tsarin mulki, millennial da maidowa, ko “primitivist”, sun gamsu da cewa dole ne a maido da Kiristanci tare da layin abin da aka sani game da cocin manzanni na farko, tun daga 1879, lokacin da Charles Taze Russell (1852-1916) , wani dan kasuwa daga Pittsburgh, bayan halartar Adventists na Biyu, ya fara buga mujallar Zion's Watch Tower da kuma shelar kasancewar Almasihu a watan Yuli na wannan shekarar. Ya kafa a 1884 Zion's Watch Tower and Tract Society,[1] An kafa shi a cikin Pennsylvania, wanda a cikin 1896 ya zama Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, Inc. ko Societyungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro (wanda JWs da aka fi sani da suna "The Society" ko "Theungiyar Jehovah"), babbar ƙungiyar doka da jagorancin JW ke amfani da ita don faɗaɗa aikin a duk duniya.[2] A cikin shekaru goma, ƙaramin rukunin nazarin Littafi Mai -Tsarki, wanda da farko ba shi da takamaiman suna (don guje wa ƙungiyoyin addini za su fi son “Kiristoci” masu sauƙi), sannan ake kiran kansa da “ɗaliban Littafi Mai -Tsarki,” sun haɓaka, suna haifar da ɗimbin ikilisiyoyin da Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania ya ba da littattafan addini, wanda a cikin 1909 ya koma hedkwatarsa ​​zuwa Brooklyn, New York, yayin da a yau yake Warwick, New York. Wanda ya maye gurbin Russell, Joseph Franklin Rutherford ya karɓi sunan “Shaidun Jehobah” a 1931.[3]

JWs suna da'awar sun dogara da abin da suka gaskata a kan Littafi Mai -Tsarki, a gare su hurarriyar Kalmar Jehovah ce. Tiyolojin su ya haɗa da rukunan “wahayi na ci gaba” wanda ke ba da damar jagoranci, Hukumar Mulki, su canza fassarorin Littafi Mai Tsarki da koyaswa akai -akai.[4] Misali, an san JWs don millennialism kuma suna wa'azin ƙarshen mai zuwa daga gida zuwa gida. (ya sanar a cikin mujallu Hasumiyar Tsaro, Tashi!, littattafan da Hasumiyar Tsaro ta buga da labarai da bidiyo da aka sanya akan gidan yanar gizon kungiyar, jw.org, da sauransu), kuma tsawon shekaru sun sami nasarar cewa “tsarin abubuwa” na yanzu zai ƙare kafin duk membobin tsararraki masu rai a cikin 1914 ya mutu. ƙarshen, wanda aka yi wa yaƙin Armageddon, har yanzu yana kusa, ba ya ƙara yin iƙirarin cewa dole ne ya faɗi a cikin 1914.[5] yana ingiza su su nisanta kansu ta hanyar mazhaba daga al'umma da za a halaka a Armagedon, su masu adawa da Triniti ne, masu sharaɗɗa (ba su gamsar da rashin mutuwa ta ruhu), ba sa kiyaye bukukuwan Kiristoci, suna kula da asalin arna, da danganta ainihin ceto ga sunan Allah, “Jehovah.” Duk da waɗannan abubuwan na musamman, sama da miliyan 8.6 na JWs a duniya ba za a iya rarrabasu azaman addinin Amurka ba.

Kamar yadda prof. Mista James Penton,

Shaidun Jehovah sun girma daga yanayin addini na ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara na Furotesta na Amurka. Kodayake suna iya zama daban da banbanci daga manyan Furotesta kuma suna ƙin wasu manyan koyarwar manyan coci-coci, a haƙiƙa su ne magadan Amurka na Adventism, ƙungiyoyin annabci a cikin ƙarni na goma sha tara na Ikklesiyoyin bishara na Biritaniya da Amurka, da millenarianism na duka goma sha bakwai- karni Anglicanism da Ingilishi Furotesta rashin daidaituwa. A zahiri, kadan ne game da tsarin koyarwar su wanda yake a waje da babban al'adar Furotesta ta Anglo-American, kodayake akwai wasu dabaru waɗanda suke da alaƙa da Katolika fiye da Furotesta. Idan sun kasance na musamman ta hanyoyi da yawa - kamar yadda babu shakka sun kasance - saboda kawai tauhidin tauhidi na musamman da rabe -rabe na koyaswar su maimakon saboda sabon su.[6]

Yaduwar motsi a duk faɗin duniya zai bi ƙa'idodin da ke da alaƙa da wani ɓangare na ayyukan mishan, amma a wani ɓangare zuwa manyan abubuwan da suka shafi siyasa a duniya, kamar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da nasarar kawancen. Haka lamarin yake a Italiya, koda kuwa ƙungiyar ta kasance tun farkon karni na ashirin.

2. Bambancin asalin halittar JWs a Italiya shine cewa mutane ne suka inganta ci gaban su a waje da Watch Tower Society. Wanda ya kafa, Charles T. Russell, ya isa Italiya a cikin 1891 yayin balaguron Turai kuma, a cewar shugabannin motsi, da sun tsaya a Pinerolo, a cikin kwarin Waldensian, yana tayar da sha'awar Daniele Rivoir, malamin Ingilishi na Bangaskiyar Waldiyanci. Amma wanzuwar tasha a Pinerolo - wanda da alama yana tabbatar da takaddar cewa jagorancin Amurka, kamar sauran furuci na Amurka, ya fada cikin "tatsuniyar Waldensian", wato, ka'idar da ta zama ƙarya bisa ga abin da ta ya fi sauƙi don juyar da 'yan Waldenans zuwa Italiya maimakon Katolika, suna mai da hankali kan ayyukansu a kusa da Pinerolo da birnin Torre Pellice -,[7] ana tambaya akan binciken takaddun lokacin da suka shafi tafiya fasto na Turai a cikin 1891 (wanda ya ambaci Brindisi, Naples, Pompeii, Rome, Florence, Venice da Milan, amma ba Pinerolo ba har ma da Turin),[8] da kuma tafiye -tafiye masu zuwa waɗanda ke sha'awar Italiya (1910 da 1912) ba su gabatar da wurare ba ko a cikin Pinerolo ko a Turin, kasancewar al'adar baka ce ba tare da tushe ba, duk da haka, masanin tarihi ya sanya shi, da dattijon JW, Paolo Piccioli a cikin labarin da aka buga a shekara ta 2000 Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (da Bulletin na Cibiyar Nazarin Waldensian.[9]

Tabbas Rivoir, ta hanyar Adolf Erwin Weber, wani mai wa'azin Rasha na Switzerland kuma tsohon mai aikin lambu, fastoci game da hasashen millenarian na Russell amma ba ya son ɓata imanin Waldensian, zai sami izinin fassara rubuce -rubucen, kuma a cikin 1903 ƙarar farko na Russell Nazarin akan Nassosi, watau Il Divin Piano delle Età (Tsarin Allah na Zamani), yayin da a cikin 1904 batun Italiyanci na farko na Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion an sake shi, mai suna La Vedetta di Sion e l'Araldo della presenza na Cristo, ko fiye da sauqi La Vedetta di Sion, da aka rarraba a gidajen jaridu na gida.[10]

A cikin 1908 an kafa ikilisiya ta farko a Pinerolo, kuma an ba da cewa tsayayyar tsaka -tsakin yau ba ta da ƙarfi a tsakanin masu haɗin gwiwa na Hasumiyar Tsaro - daidai da wasu tunani na “Fasto” Russell -,[11] Italiyanci za su yi amfani da sunan “Studentsaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki” ne kawai daga 1915 zuwa gaba. A cikin batutuwa na farko na La Vedetta di Sion, Abokan Italiyanci na Hasumiyar Tsaro sun yi amfani da su, don gano 'yan uwantakarsu, maimakon sunaye marasa ma'ana tare da bayyananniyar ɗanɗano' 'primitivist' 'cikin jituwa da rubuce-rubucen Russellian na 1882-1884 wanda ya ga ƙungiyoyin addini kamar antechamber na ƙungiyoyin addini, sunaye kamar “Coci” , "Ikilisiyar Kirista", "Cocin Fan Rago da na Muminai" ko, har ma, "Ikklesiyoyin bishara".[12] A cikin 1808, Clara Lanteret, a Chantelain (gwauruwa), a cikin doguwar wasiƙa ta ayyana abokan Italiyan na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, wanda ta kasance, a matsayin “Masu karanta AURORA da TORRE”. Ya rubuta: “Da fatan Allah ya ba mu duka mu kasance masu faɗin gaskiya da buɗewa a cikin shaidar gaskiya ta yanzu kuma mu buɗe tutar mu da farin ciki. Bari ya ba duk masu karatun Alfijir da Hasumiyar farin ciki mara iyaka a cikin Ubangiji wanda ke son farin cikin mu ya zama cikakke kuma bai ƙyale kowa ya ɗauke ta daga gare mu ba ”.[13] Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a cikin 1910, a cikin wata doguwar wasiƙa, Lanteret yayi magana ne kawai cikin saƙo mara ma'ana na saƙon “Fasto” Russell a matsayin “haske” ko “gaskiya mai tamani”: “Ina da farin cikin sanar da cewa tsoho fasto mai ritaya mai ritaya mai ritaya. Mr.[14] A wannan shekarar, a cikin wasiƙar murabus da membobi huɗu na Cocin Ikklesiyoyin bishara na Waldensian suka rubuta a watan Mayu 1910, wato Henriette Bounous, Francois Soulier, Henry Bouchard da Luoise Vincon Rivoir, babu, sai Bouchard wanda yayi amfani da kalmar "Cocin Kristi", bai yi amfani da wani suna ba don ayyana sabuwar mazhabar Kirista, da kuma Consistory na Cocin Waldensian, wajen lura da ficewa daga ikilisiyar Waldensian ta ƙungiyar da ta ɗauki koyarwar millenarian na “Fasto” Russell, bai yi amfani da wani madaidaiciyar ƙungiya a cikin jumla, har ma da rikitar da su da membobin wasu majami'u: ”Daga baya Shugaban ya karanta wasiƙun da ya rubuta da sunan Consistory ga waɗancan mutanen waɗanda na dogon lokaci ko kwanan nan, waɗanda suka bar Waldensian na tsawon shekaru biyu. coci don shiga Darbysti, ko don samun sabon mazhaba. (…) Yayin da Louise Vincon Rivoire ta wuce zuwa ga Masu Baftisma ta tabbatacciyar hanya “.[15] Masu faɗaɗa Cocin Katolika za su rikitar da mabiyan Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, da Furotesta ko Valdism[16] ko, kamar wasu littattafan Waldensian, wanda zai ba da sarari ga motsi, tare da jagoranta, Charles Taze Russell, yana turawa a cikin 1916 wakilan Italiya, a cikin takarda, don gane kansu da “Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici”.[17]

A cikin 1914 ƙungiyar za ta sha wahala - kamar duk al'ummomin tauraron dan adam na duniya - ɓacin rai na rashin yin garkuwa da su a sama, wanda zai jagoranci motsi, wanda ya kai kusan mabiya arba'in sun fi mai da hankali musamman a cikin kwarin Waldensian, don sauka kawai. membobi goma sha biyar. A takaice, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin labarin 1983 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah (1983 Hausa Edition):

A shekara ta 1914 wasu Biblealiban Littafi Mai Tsarki, kamar yadda ake kiran Shaidun Jehovah a lokacin, ana tsammanin za a “ɗauke su cikin gajimare don saduwa da Ubangiji a sararin sama” kuma sun gaskata cewa aikin wa’azinsu na duniya ya ƙare. (1 Tas. 4:17) Labarin da ke akwai ya ba da labari: “Wata rana, wasu daga cikinsu sun fita zuwa keɓe don jira abin da zai faru. Koyaya, lokacin da babu abin da ya faru, an tilasta musu su koma gida a cikin raunin hankali. A sakamakon haka, da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sun fāɗi daga bangaskiya. ”

Kimanin mutane 15 sun kasance da aminci, suna ci gaba da halartan taro da nazarin littattafan Society. Da yake tsokaci game da wannan lokacin, Brotheran’uwa Remigio Cuminetti ya ce: “Maimakon kambi na ɗaukaka, mun sami takalmi mai ƙarfi don ci gaba da aikin wa’azi.”[18]

Kungiyar za ta yi tsalle zuwa kanun labarai saboda daya daga cikin 'yan kalilan da suka ki yarda da lamiri saboda dalilan addini yayin yakin duniya na farko, Remigio Cuminetti, mabiyin Hasumiyar Tsaro ne. Cuminetti, an haife shi a cikin 1890 a Piscina, kusa da Pinerolo, a lardin Turin, ya nuna “sadaukarwar addini” a matsayin yaro, amma bayan karanta aikin Charles Taze Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Età, ya sami sahihiyar girman ruhaniya, wanda ya nemi banza a cikin “ayyukan liturgical” na cocin Rome.[19] Rabuwar da Katolika ta yi ya sa ya shiga cikin Biblealiban Littafi Mai Tsarki na Pinerolo, don haka ya fara tafarkinsa na wa'azi.

Lokacin barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Remigio yayi aiki a layin taro na bita na inji na Riv, a Villar Perosa, a lardin Turin. Kamfanin, wanda ke samar da ƙwallon ƙwallo, gwamnatin Italiya ta ayyana shi a matsayin mai ba da taimako na yaki kuma a sakamakon haka, Martellini ya rubuta, "an sanya dokar taɓarɓarewar ma'aikata": "An sanya ma'aikata (...) a kan abin wuya tare da gano masu Sojan Italiya wanda ya sanya takunkumi na wucin gadi ga hukumomin soji, amma a lokaci guda an ba su izinin keɓewa daga aikin soja mai aiki ”.[20] Ga yawancin matasa wannan yana da fa'ida mai fa'ida don tserewa gaba, amma ba don Cuminetti wanda, bisa ƙa'idodin Littafi Mai -Tsarki, ya san cewa ba lallai ne ya yi haɗin gwiwa ba, ta kowace hanya, cikin shirin yaƙi. Don haka matashin Studentalibin Littafi Mai -Tsarki ya yanke shawarar yin murabus kuma, nan da nan, bayan 'yan watanni, ya karɓi katin umarni don zuwa gaba.

Ƙin sanya rigar ya buɗe shari'ar Cuminetti a Kotun Soja ta Alexandria, wanda - kamar yadda Alberto Bertone ya rubuta - a cikin rubutun jumlar yana yin nuni bayyananne kan “dalilan lamirin da wanda ya ƙi:" Ya ƙi, yana cewa bangaskiyar Kristi tana da tushen zaman lafiya tsakanin mutane, 'yan uwantaka na duniya, wanda (…) a matsayin mai gaskatawar imani a cikin wannan imani ba zai iya ba kuma ba ya so ya sanya rigar da ke alamar yaƙi kuma ita ce kashe' yan'uwa ( kamar yadda ya kira makiyan kasar) ”.[21] Bayan hukuncin, labarin ɗan adam na Cuminetti ya san "yawon shakatawa na gidajen yari na yau da kullun" na Gaeta, Regina Coeli da Piacenza, shiga cikin mafakar Reggio Emilia da ƙoƙari da yawa don rage shi zuwa biyayya, bin wanda, ya yanke shawarar "shiga rundunonin kiwon lafiya na soja a matsayin masu dauke da rauni ”,[22] a zahiri abin da, daga baya, za a hana shi ga duk wani matashi JW, ko kuma wani sabis na musanyawa ga sojoji - kuma a ba shi lambar azurfa don gwarzon soja, wanda Cuminetti ya ƙi yin duk wannan don “ƙaunar Kirista” -, wanda zai biyo baya. a haramta har zuwa 1995. Bayan yakin, Cuminetti ya ci gaba da yin wa'azi, amma da zuwan fasikanci, Shaidun Jehobah, da aka mai da hankali ga OVRA, an tilasta masa yin aiki a cikin ɓoyayyen tsarin mulki. Ya mutu a Turin a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1939.

3. A cikin shekarun 1920s, aikin a Italiya ya sami sabon ƙarfafawa daga dawowar masu hijira da yawa waɗanda suka shiga ƙungiyar asiri a Amurka, kuma ƙananan al'ummomin JW sun bazu zuwa larduna daban -daban kamar Sondrio, Aosta, Ravenna, Vincenza, Trento, Benevento , Avellino, Foggia, L'Aquila, Pescara da Teramo, duk da haka, kamar yadda a cikin 1914, tare da rashin jin daɗi dangane da 1925, aikin yana ci gaba da raguwa.[23]

A lokacin Fascism, har ma da irin saƙon da aka yi wa wa'azin, an tsananta wa masu bautar gumaka (kamar na sauran furucin addinin da ba na Katolika ba). Gwamnatin Mussolini ta ɗauki masu bin Hasumiyar Tsaro a cikin “masu tsattsauran ra’ayi.”[24] Amma ba yanayin Italiyanci bane: shekarun Rutherford sun kasance ba kawai ta hanyar ɗaukar sunan "shaidun Jehobah" ba, amma ta hanyar gabatar da tsarin ƙungiya mai tsari da daidaita ayyukan a cikin ikilisiyoyin daban -daban har yanzu suna aiki a yau - wanda ake kira “Theocracy” -, da kuma ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin Watch Tower Society da kewayenta, wanda zai jagoranci ƙungiya don a tsananta ba wai kawai ta Fascist da National Socialist gwamnatoci ba, har ma da Marxist da Liberal Democratic.[25]

Dangane da zaluntar Shaidun Jehobah ta hanyar mulkin kama -karya na Benito Mussolini, the Watchtower Society, the Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, a shafi na 162 na bugun Italiya, ya ba da rahoton cewa “wasu masu goyon bayan limaman Katolika sun ba da gudummawa ƙwarai wajen buɗe fitinar fascist a kan shaidun Jehovah.” Amma masanin tarihin Giorgio Rochat, na bangaskiyar Furotesta kuma sananne mai adawa da fascist, ya ba da rahoton cewa:

A zahiri, mutum ba zai iya yin magana game da gabaɗaya da ci gaba da nuna rashin amincewa da tsarin Katolika na asali ba, waɗanda, yayin da suke la'anta wanzuwar majami'un bishara, suna da halaye daban-daban dangane da aƙalla aƙalla manyan masu canji guda huɗu: yanayin yanki ( …); mataki daban -daban na tashin hankali da nasarar wa'azin bishara; zaɓin firistocin Ikklesiya da shugabannin gari (…); kuma a ƙarshe samuwar ainihin jihar da hukumomin fascist.[26]

Rochat ya ba da rahoton cewa dangane da “babban taron OVRA” tsakanin ƙarshen 1939 zuwa farkon 1940, “rashin tsoma baki na Katolika da matsin lamba a cikin binciken gaba ɗaya, yana tabbatar da ƙarancin abin da ya faru na Shaidun Jehobah a cikin yanayin gida da manufofin halayen da aka ba su. danne su ”.[27] A bayyane yake akwai matsin lamba daga Cocin da bishop-bishop a kan duk kungiyoyin Kiristocin da ba na Katolika ba (kuma ba kawai a kan 'yan kalilan masu bin Hasumiyar Tsaro ba, kusan 150 a duk Italiya), amma game da Shaidun, su ma sun kasance saboda tsokana a bayyane. ta masu wa'azi. A zahiri, tun 1924, ɗan ƙasida mai taken Ikklesiya a cikin istato d'accusa (bugu na littafin Italiyanci An Nuna Ikklisiya, an karanta tuhumar a babban taron Columbus, Ohio na 1924) bisa ga Yearbook na 1983, na p. 130, “mummunan hukunci” ga limamin cocin Katolika, an rarraba kwafi 100,000 a Italiya kuma Shaidu sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don tabbatar da cewa Paparoma da masu ba da agaji na Vatican sun karɓi kwafi ɗaya kowanne. Remigio Cuminetti, ke da alhakin aikin Kamfanin, a cikin wasiƙa ga Joseph F. Rutherford, wanda aka buga a ciki La Torre di Guardia (Buga na Italiya) Nuwamba 1925, shafi na 174, 175, ya rubuta game da ɗan littafin ƙasidar:

Zamu iya cewa komai ya tafi daidai gwargwadon yanayin “baƙar fata” [watau Katolika, ed] muhallin da muke rayuwa a ciki; a wurare biyu kawai kusa da Rome da cikin birni a bakin tekun Adriatic an dakatar da 'yan'uwanmu kuma an kwace zanen da aka samo masa, saboda doka tana buƙatar izini tare da biyan kuɗi don rarraba kowane bugawa, yayin da ba mu nemi izini ba. da sanin muna da na Babban Maɗaukaki [watau Jehobah da Yesu, ta hanyar Hasumiyar Tsaro, ed]. Sun haifar da mamaki, mamaki, firgici, kuma sama da duka haushi tsakanin limamai da abokan tarayya, amma kamar yadda muka sani, babu wanda ya kuskura ya buga kalma a kansa, kuma daga nan za mu iya ganin ƙarin cewa zargin daidai ne.

Babu wani littafin da ya taɓa samun yaɗuwa a Italiya, amma mun gane cewa har yanzu bai isa ba. A cikin Rome da ya zama dole a dawo da shi da yawa don sanar da shi a cikin wannan shekara mai tsarki [Cuminetti yana nufin Jubilee na Cocin Katolika a 1925, ed.] Wanene uba mai tsarki kuma babban limamin addini, amma don wannan ba Babban Ofishin Tarayyar Turai ya tallafa mana ba [na Hasumiyar Tsaro, ed] wanda aka ci gaba da gabatar da shawarar tun watan Janairun da ya gabata. Wataƙila lokacin bai kai na Ubangiji ba tukuna.

Dalilin kamfen ɗin, saboda haka, ya kasance mai tayar da hankali, kuma bai takaita ga wa'azin Littafi Mai -Tsarki ba, amma ya kasance yana kai hari ga Katolika, daidai a cikin birnin Rome, inda shugaban Kirista yake, lokacin da akwai Jubilee, ga Katolika shekarar gafarar zunubai, sulhu, juyowa da sadaukarwar tuba, aikin da ba mai mutuntawa ko taka tsantsan don rarrabawa, kuma da alama an yi shi da niyya don jawo hankalin zalunci a kan kansa, ganin cewa manufar kamfen ɗin ita ce, bisa ga Cuminetti, don “sanar a cikin wannan shekarar mai tsarki wanene uba mai tsarki kuma babban limamin addini”.

A Italiya, aƙalla tun daga 1927-1928, ganin cewa na JWs a matsayin ikirarin Amurka wanda zai iya ɓata amincin Masarautar Italiya, hukumomin 'yan sanda sun tattara bayanai game da ƙungiyar asiri a ƙasashen waje ta hanyar hanyar ofisoshin jakadanci.[28] A matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan binciken, duka hedkwatar duniya na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania da ke Brooklyn da reshen Berne, wanda ke kulawa, har zuwa 1946, ayyukan JWs a Italiya, wakilan 'yan sandan Fascist sun ziyarci.[29]

A Italiya, duk waɗanda suka karɓi littattafai na ikilisiya za a yi musu rajista kuma a cikin 1930 gabatarwa kan yankin mujallar Italiya consolation (daga baya Awake!) An haramta. A cikin 1932 an buɗe ofishin ɓoye na Hasumiyar Tsaro a Milan, kusa da Switzerland, don daidaita ƙananan al'ummomi, waɗanda duk da haramcin bai daina yin aiki ba: don sa mai mulkin kama -karya na Italiya ya shiga tashin hankali shine rahoton OVRA wanda an ba da rahoton cewa JWs sun ɗauki "Duce da Fascism emanations na Iblis". Littattafan kungiyar, a zahiri, maimakon yin wa'azin Bisharar Kristi kawai sun yada hare-hare kan gwamnatin Mussolini da aka rubuta a Amurka ba sabanin na ƙungiyoyin anti-fascist ba, suna bayyana Mussolini a matsayin ɗan tsana na limaman Katolika da tsarin mulki a matsayin “ firist-fascist ”, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa Rutherford bai san yanayin siyasar Italiya ba, yanayin Fascism da rikice-rikice tare da Katolika, yana magana cikin ƙira:

An ce Mussolini bai amince da kowa ba, ba shi da abokin gaskiya, ba ya gafartawa abokin gaba. Tsoron cewa zai rasa ikon mutane, sai ya miƙa kai tsaye. (…) Muradin Mussolini shine ya zama babban mayaƙi kuma ya mallaki duniya da ƙarfi. Kungiyar Roman Katolika, tana aiki tare da shi, tana goyan bayan burinsa. Lokacin da ya yi yaƙin cin nasara akan talakawa Negroes na Abyssinia, lokacin da aka sadaukar da dubban rayukan mutane, shugaban Kirista da ƙungiyar Katolika sun mara masa baya, kuma sun “albarkaci” muggan makamansa. A yau mai mulkin kama karya na Italiya yana ƙoƙarin tilasta maza da mata su hayayyafa da kyau, don samar da ɗimbin maza don yin hadaya a yaƙe -yaƙe na gaba kuma a cikin wannan ma Paparoma yana tallafa masa. (…) Shi ne jagoran masu fascist, Mussolini, wanda a lokacin yakin duniya ya yi adawa da papacy da aka amince da shi a matsayin ikon wucin gadi, kuma shi ne wanda ya bayar a 1929 don shugaban Kirista ya sake samun ikon wucin gadi, daga nan ba an ƙara jin cewa Paparoma yana neman kujera a cikin League of Nations, kuma wannan saboda ya ɗauki ƙaƙƙarfan manufar, ya sami kujera a bayan duk “dabbar” kuma duk conga yana da sauƙi a ƙafafunsa, a shirye don sumbaci babban yatsa.[30]

A shafi na 189 da 296 na wannan littafin Rutherford har ma ya shiga cikin binciken da ya cancanci mafi kyawun labaran leken asiri: “Gwamnatin Amurka tana da Babban Darakta na Ofishin Jakadancin wanda Roman Katolika ne kuma a zahiri, wakili ne kuma wakili na Vatican (…) Wakilin Vatican shine mai tace finafinan fina -finai na kama -karya, kuma ya amince da shirye -shiryen da ke ɗaukaka tsarin Katolika, yanayin annashuwa tsakanin jinsi da sauran laifuka da yawa. ” Ga Rutherford, Paparoma Pius XI shine ɗan tsana wanda ya motsa kirtani ta hanyar sarrafa Hitler da Mussolini! Yaudarar Rutherfordian na ikon komai ya kai matuka lokacin da aka bayyana shi, akan shafi na. 299, cewa “Masarautar (…) da Shaidun Jehovah suka shelanta, ita ce kawai abin da a yau babban abin da Babban Cocin Roman Katolika ke tsoro.” A cikin ɗan littafin Fascismo ko libertà (Fascism ko 'yanci), na 1939, a shafi na 23, 24 da 30, an ruwaito cewa:

Shin ba daidai ba ne a buga gaskiya game da gungun masu laifi da ke yiwa mutane fashi? ” A'a! Sannan, wataƙila yana da kyau a buga gaskiya game da ƙungiyar addini [ta Katolika] wacce ke aiki da munafunci iri ɗaya? […] The Fascist da Nazi dictators, tare da taimako da haɗin gwiwar manyan ɗarikar Roman Katolika waɗanda ke zaune a cikin Vatican City, suna rushe Turai ta nahiyar. Hakanan za su iya, na ɗan gajeren lokaci, su mallaki Masarautar Burtaniya da Amurka, amma, gwargwadon abin da Allah da kansa ya ayyana, zai shiga tsakani kuma ta wurin Kristi Yesu… Zai halaka gabaɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin.

Rutherford zai zo yayi hasashen nasarar Nas-Fascist akan Anglo-America tare da taimakon Cocin Katolika! Tare da jumlolin irin wannan, waɗanda aka fassara daga matani da aka rubuta a cikin Amurka kuma gwamnatin ta tsinkayi su a matsayin tsoma bakin ƙasashen waje, za a fara danniya: a kan shawarwarin da za a ba da ɗaurin kurkuku da kan wasu shawarwari na hukunci, an sami tambarin tare da jumlar " Na karɓi umarni da kansa Shugaban Gwamnati ”ko“ Na karɓi umarni daga Duce ”, tare da haruffan Shugaban Policean sanda Arturo Bocchini a matsayin alamar amincewa da shawarar. Daga nan Mussolini ya bi duk aikin danniya, kuma ya caje OVRA, don daidaita binciken akan JWs na Italiya. Babban farautar, wanda ya haɗa da carabinieri da 'yan sanda, ya faru bayan wasiƙar madauwari no. 441/027713 na 22 ga Agusta, 1939 mai taken «Sette religiose dei“ Pentecostali ”ed altre» (“Mazhabobin addini na“ Pentikostal ”da sauransu”) wanda zai sa ‘yan sanda su saka su cikin darikun da“ they wuce gona da iri na addini kuma shiga fagen siyasa don haka dole ne a yi la’akari da su daidai da jam’iyyun siyasa masu tayar da zaune tsaye, wanda a zahiri, ga wasu bayyanannun kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu fannoni, sun fi haɗari, tunda, yin aiki da tunanin addini na daidaikun mutane, wanda ya fi zurfin tunanin siyasa, suna tura su zuwa ga tsattsauran ra'ayi, kusan koyaushe suna ƙin duk wani tunani da tanadi. ”

A cikin makonni, an tambayi mutane kusan 300, ciki har da mutanen da suka yi rajista kawai ga Hasumiyar Tsaro. Kimanin maza da mata 150 aka kama kuma aka yanke musu hukunci, ciki har da 26 da ke da alhakin, wanda aka tura zuwa Kotun Musamman, zuwa ɗaurin kurkuku daga mafi ƙarancin shekaru 2 zuwa mafi girman 11, na jimlar shekaru 186 da watanni 10 (hukuncin ba. 50 na Afrilu 19, 1940), kodayake da farko hukumomin fascist sun rikitar da JWs da Pentikostal, su ma gwamnatin ta tsananta musu: “Duk wasu ƙasidu da aka kwace daga hannun mabiya ƙungiyar 'Pentecostals' sune fassarar littattafan Amurka, wanda kusan koyaushe marubucin wani JF Rutherford ne ”.[31]

Wani da'irar minista, a'a. 441/02977 na 3 ga Maris, 1940, ya san waɗanda aka kashe da sunan daga take: «Setta religiosa dei 'Testimoni di Geova' o 'Studenti della Bibbia' e altre sette religiose i cui Prinpi sono in contrasto con no nostra istituzione» (“Darikar Addini na 'Shaidun Jehovah' ko 'Dalibai na Littafi Mai Tsarki' da sauran ƙungiyoyin addini waɗanda ƙa'idodin su rikici da cibiyar mu ”). Da'irar ministocin ta yi magana game da: "ainihin gano waɗancan ƙungiyoyin addini (…) waɗanda suka bambanta da sananniyar mazhabar 'Pentikostal'", tana mai jaddada: "Tabbatar da wanzuwar mazhabar 'Shaidun Jehovah' da gaskiyar cewa marubucin abin da aka buga wanda aka riga aka yi la’akari da shi a cikin madauwari da aka ambata a ranar 22 ga Agusta, 1939 N. 441/027713 dole ne a danganta shi, bai kamata ya haifar da ra’ayoyin cewa mazhabar ‘Pentikostal’ ba ta da illa a siyasance (…) dole ne a dauki wannan mazhaba da hadari, duk da cewa ta yi kasa da mazhabar ‘Shaidun Jehovah’ ”. "An gabatar da ka'idojin a matsayin ainihin ainihin Kiristanci - ya ci gaba da Babban Jami'in 'yan sanda Arturo Bocchini a cikin madauwari -, tare da fassarar Baibul da Linjila ba tare da izini ba. Musamman waɗanda aka yi niyya, a cikin waɗannan kwafin, sune masu mulkin kowane nau'in gwamnati, jari hujja, haƙƙin ayyana yaƙi da limaman kowane addini, farawa da Katolika ”.[32]

Daga cikin JWs na Italiya kuma akwai wanda aka azabtar da Reich na Uku, Narciso Riet. A shekara ta 1943, bayan faduwar Fascism, an saki Shaidun da Kotun Musamman ya hukunta daga kurkuku. Maria Pizzato, Mashaidin Jehovah da aka saki kwanan nan, ta tuntubi Narciso Riet mai addinin tare, wanda aka dawo da shi daga Jamus, wanda ke da sha'awar fassara da yada manyan labaran. Hasumiyar Tsaro mujallar, yana sauƙaƙe gabatar da ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun littattafai a Italiya. 'Yan Nazi, masu goyon bayan masu fascist, sun gano gidan Riet kuma sun kama shi. A zaman sauraron Nuwamba 23, 1944 a gaban Kotun Jama'ar Berlin, an kira Riet don amsa “keta dokokin tsaron ƙasa”. An yanke masa "hukuncin kisa" a kansa. Dangane da bayanan da alƙalai suka yi, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin wasiƙun ƙarshe zuwa ga 'yan'uwansa a Hitler Jamus Riet zai ce: "Babu wata ƙasa a duniya da wannan ruhun na shaidan ya bayyana a bayyane kamar yadda a cikin muguwar' yan Nazi (...) Ta yaya kuma shin za a yi bayanin munanan ayyukan ta'addanci da babban tashin hankali, na musamman a cikin tarihin mutanen Allah, waɗanda masu bautar Nazi suka yi wa Shaidun Jehobah da miliyoyin sauran mutane? ” An kori Riet zuwa Dachau kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa tare da yanke hukunci a Berlin ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1944.[33]

4. Joseph F. Rutherford ya mutu a 1942 kuma Nathan H. Knorr ya gaje shi. Dangane da koyarwar da ke aiki tun 1939 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Rutherford da Knorr, mabiyan Shaidun Jehovah suna ƙarƙashin wajibcin ƙin shiga aikin soja saboda karɓar hakan yana ganin bai dace da ƙa'idodin Kirista ba. Lokacin da aka hana aikin Shaidun Jehovah a Jamus da Italiya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Watchtower Society ya sami damar ci gaba da ba da “abinci na ruhaniya” a cikin mujallu, takardu, da sauransu daga hedkwatarsa ​​ta Switzerland. ga Shaidu daga wasu ƙasashen Turai. Hedikwatar Kamfanin na Switzerland tana da mahimmanci da mahimmanci saboda tana cikin ƙasar Turai kawai da ba ta da hannu kai tsaye a cikin yaƙin, saboda Switzerland ta kasance ƙasa mai tsaka tsaki a siyasance. Koyaya, yayin da ake ƙara gwada JWs na Switzerland kuma aka yanke musu hukunci saboda ƙin aikin soja, lamarin ya fara zama mai haɗari. A zahiri, idan, sakamakon waɗannan abubuwan da aka tabbatar, hukumomin Switzerland sun hana JWs, aikin bugawa da watsawa na iya kusan ƙarewa gaba ɗaya kuma, sama da duka, kadarorin da aka canza zuwa Switzerland kwanan nan, da an kwace kamar yadda 'ya faru a wasu ƙasashe. 'Yan jaridu sun zargi Swiss JWs da kasancewa na wata kungiya da ke lalata amincin' yan ƙasa a cikin Sojojin. Lamarin ya ƙara yin muni har ya kai ga cewa, a 1940, sojoji sun mamaye Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Bern kuma sun ƙwace dukan littattafai. An gabatar da manajojin reshen a gaban kotun soji kuma akwai babban haɗarin cewa za a dakatar da duk ƙungiyar JWs a Switzerland.

Lauyoyin Society ɗin sun ba da shawarar cewa a ba da sanarwa wanda a ciki aka bayyana cewa JWs ba su da wani abu a kan sojoji kuma ba sa neman ɓata halascin ta kowace hanya. A cikin bugu na Switzerland Ta'aziya (consolation, yanzu Tashi!) na 1 ga Oktoba, 1943 sannan an buga “Sanarwa”, wata wasika da aka aika wa hukumomin Switzerland tana mai cewa “babu wani lokaci [Shaidun] da suka ɗauki cikar wajibai na soja a matsayin laifi ga ƙa’idoji da burin ƙungiyar. na Shaidun Jehobah. ” A matsayin tabbaci na kyakkyawar bangaskiyarsu, wasiƙar ta bayyana cewa "ɗaruruwan membobinmu da magoya bayanmu sun cika aikin soja kuma suna ci gaba da yin hakan."[34]

An sake buga abin da ke cikin wannan bayanin kuma an soki shi a cikin wani littafin da Janine Tavernier, tsohuwar shugabar ƙungiyar ta rubuta don yaƙi da cin zarafin ƙungiyoyin ADFI, wanda ya lura a cikin wannan takaddar "cynicism",[35] yin la’akari da sanannun halayen Hasumiyar Tsaro don aikin soja da abin da ƙwaƙƙwaran fascist Italiya ko a cikin yankuna na Reich na Uku ke faruwa a lokacin, ganin cewa a gefe guda Switzerland koyaushe tana kasancewa tsaka tsaki, amma halin jagorancin ƙungiyar, wanda tuni ya yi ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da Adolf Hitler a 1933, bai taɓa damuwa da sanin ko jihar da ke buƙatar cika wajibai na soja tana cikin yaƙi ko a'a; a lokaci guda, an kashe Shaidun Jehobah na Jamusanci saboda ƙin shiga aikin soja kuma na Italiya sun ƙare a kurkuku ko gudun hijira. Sakamakon haka, halin reshen Switzerland yana da matsala, koda kuwa, ba komai bane illa aikace -aikacen wannan dabarar da shugabannin ƙungiyar ke ɗauka na ɗan lokaci, wato “rukunan yaƙi na tsarin mulki”,[36] bisa ga abin da "ya dace kada a sanar da gaskiya ga waɗanda ba su da 'yancin sanin ta",[37] bada cewa a gare su ƙarya ita ce "Faɗin abin ƙarya ga waɗanda ke da ikon sanin gaskiya, da yin hakan da nufin yaudara ko cutar da shi ko wani".[38] A cikin 1948, bayan yaƙin, shugaban na gaba na Society, Nathan H. Knorr, ya yi watsi da wannan sanarwa kamar yadda aka bayyana a La Torre di Guardia na Mayu 15, 1948, shafi na 156, 157:

Shekaru da yawa adadin masu shela a Switzerland ya kasance iri ɗaya, kuma wannan ya bambanta da kwararar masu shela da yawa da ke faruwa a wasu ƙasashe. Ba su tsaya tsayin daka ba tare da nuna shakku ba a cikin cikakken jama'a don rarrabe kansu a matsayin Kiristocin Littafi Mai -Tsarki na gaskiya. Irin wannan shine babban lamari game da tambayar tsaka tsaki da za a lura da ita game da al'amuran duniya da jayayya, kazalika da na adawa [?] Ga masu kwantar da hankulan masu ƙin yarda, da kuma batun tambayar matsayin da dole ne su ɗauka a matsayin ministocin gaskiya. bishara da Allah ya ƙaddara.

Misali, a cikin fitowar 1 ga Oktoba, 1943 na Ta'aziya (Buga na Switzerland consolation. Mitglieder] da abokai cikin imani [Glauberfreunde] sun cika ayyukansu na soja kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba da cika su a yau. ” Wannan furuci mai daɗin ji ya yi tasiri mai ban sha'awa a Switzerland da ma sassan Faransa.

Tafada da ƙarfi, Brotheran'uwa Knorr ba tare da tsoro ya yi watsi da wannan jumla a cikin sanarwar ba domin ba ta wakiltar matsayin da Society ya ɗauka kuma bai dace da ƙa'idodin Kirista da aka bayyana a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki ba. Don haka lokaci ya yi da 'yan uwan ​​Switzerland za su ba da dalili a gaban Allah da Kristi, kuma, a amsa gayyatar Brotheran'uwa Knorr don su nuna kansu,' yan'uwa da yawa sun ɗaga hannayensu don nuna wa duk masu sa ido cewa suna janye amincewar da suka yi. wannan shelar a 1943 kuma ba sa fatan kara tallafawa ta kowace hanya.

An kuma yi watsi da “Sanarwar” a cikin wasikar daga Kungiyar Faransa, inda ba kawai sahihancin littafin ba Sanarwa an gane, amma inda rashin dacewa ga wannan takaddar ta bayyana, da sanin cewa zai iya haifar da lalacewa; yana son ta kasance mai sirri kuma yana duba ƙarin tattaunawa tare da mutumin da ya yi tambayoyi game da wannan takaddar, kamar yadda shaidu biyu da ya yi wa wannan mabiyi suka tabbatar:

Muna roƙon ku, duk da haka, kada ku sanya wannan “Sanarwa” a hannun abokan gaskiya kuma musamman kada ku ƙyale kwafin ta a cikin ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana a cikin Matta 7: 6; 10:16. Ba tare da haka muna so mu kasance masu yawan shakku ga niyyar mutumin da kuka ziyarta ba kuma cikin tsarkin hankali, mun fi son cewa ba shi da kwafin wannan “Sanarwa” don guje wa duk wani amfani mai yuwuwa da ya saba wa gaskiya. (…) Muna ganin ya dace dattijo ya raka ku don ziyartar wannan mutumi bisa la’akari da banbanci da ƙaƙƙarfan tattaunawar.[39]

Koyaya, duk da abubuwan da aka ambata a cikin “Sanarwa”, da 1987 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, wanda aka sadaukar don tarihin Shaidun Jehobah a Switzerland, an ba da rahoto a shafi na 156 [shafi na 300 na littafin Italiyanci, ed] game da lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu: “Bin abin da lamirinsu na Kirista ya faɗa, kusan dukan Shaidun Jehovah sun ƙi yin aikin soji. (Isha. 2: 2-4; Rom. 6: 12-14; 12: 1, 2).

An ambaci shari'ar da ta shafi wannan “Sanarwa” ta Switzerland a cikin littafin Sylvie Graffard da Léo Tristan Les Bibleforschers et le Nazisme-1933-1945, a bugu na shida. Buga na farko na ƙarar, wanda aka saki a 1994, an fassara shi zuwa Italiyanci tare da taken Ina da labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki. (1943-1945) I dimenticati dalla Storia, wanda gidan buga littattafai na Parisiya ya buga Tirésias-Michel Reynaud, kuma an ba da shawarar siyan tsakanin JWs na Italiya, waɗanda za su yi amfani da shi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa a matsayin tushe a wajen motsi don gaya wa matsanancin zalunci da 'yan Nazi suka aikata. Amma bayan bugun farko, ba a sake sakin wasu sabbin abubuwan ba. Marubutan wannan littafin, a cikin tsara bugun na shida, sun sami amsa daga hukumomin binciken yanayin ƙasa na Switzerland, wanda muke kawo wasu daga cikin abubuwan, a shafuka 53 da 54:

A cikin 1942 an yi fitacciyar fitinar soja a kan shugabannin aikin. Menene sakamakon? Hujjar kirista na wadanda ake tuhuma wani bangare ne kawai aka gane kuma wasu laifukan an danganta su a cikin tambayar kin aikin soja. A sakamakon haka, babban haɗari ya faɗa kan aikin Shaidun Jehobah a Switzerland, na haramcin da gwamnati ta yi. Idan da haka ne, da Shaidun sun rasa ofishi na ƙarshe wanda har yanzu yana aiki a hukumance a Nahiyar Turai. Wannan zai yi barazana sosai ga taimako ga 'yan gudun hijirar Shaidu daga ƙasashen da Nazi ke mulkin da kuma ƙoƙarin ɓoye a madadin waɗanda aka zalunta a Jamus.

A cikin wannan yanayi mai ban mamaki ne lauyoyin Shaidu, gami da babban lauyan Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party Johannes Huber na St. Gallen, suka ƙarfafa ma'aikatan Bethel su fitar da sanarwa da za ta kawar da ɓatanci na siyasa. An ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar Shaidun Jehobah. Wannan lauya ne ya shirya rubutun "Sanarwa", amma jami'an Ƙungiyar suka sa hannu kuma suka buga. “Sanarwa” ta kasance cikin kyakkyawar bangaskiya kuma gabaɗaya tana da kyau. Wataƙila ya taimaka wajen guje wa haramcin.

"Koyaya, sanarwar a cikin" Sanarwar "cewa" ɗaruruwan membobinmu da abokanmu "sun cika kuma sun ci gaba da aiwatar da" ayyukansu na soji "kawai sun taƙaita gaskiya mai rikitarwa. Kalmar “abokai” tana nufin mutanen da ba su yi baftisma ba, haɗe da mazajen da ba Shaidu ba, waɗanda suke aikin soja. Amma “membobi”, a zahiri sun kasance ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan'uwa. Da farko, akwai Shaidu da suka ƙi aikin soja kuma aka yanke musu hukunci mai tsanani. “Sanarwa” ba ta ambace su ba. Na biyu, akwai Shaidu da yawa da suka shiga aikin soja.

“Dangane da wannan, ya kamata a lura da wani muhimmin al'amari. Lokacin da hukumomi suka yi jayayya da Shaidu, sun nace cewa Switzerland ba ta da tsaka tsaki, cewa Switzerland ba za ta taɓa fara yaƙi ba, kuma kare kai ba ya saɓa wa ƙa’idodin Kirista. Hujjar ta ƙarshe ba ta yarda da Shaidun ba. Don haka ƙa'idar rashin tsaka -tsakin Kirista ta duniya a ɓangaren Shaidun Jehovah ya rufe gaskiyar gaskiyar "tsaka tsaki" na Switzerland. Shaidodin tsoffin membobinmu waɗanda suka rayu a wancan lokacin sun tabbatar da wannan: idan Switzerland ta shiga cikin yaƙi sosai, waɗanda aka yi rajista sun ƙuduri aniyar ficewa daga sojojin nan da nan kuma su shiga cikin sahun masu adawa. […]

Abin baƙin ciki, a shekara ta 1942, an daina hulɗa da hedkwatar Shaidun Jehobah. Mutanen da ke kula da aikin a Switzerland saboda haka ba su da damar tuntubar ta don samun shawarwarin da suka dace. Sakamakon haka, a tsakanin Shaidu a Switzerland, wasu sun zaɓi su ƙi waɗanda suka ƙi aikin soja kuma suka ƙi shiga aikin soja, wanda hakan ya haifar da ɗaurin kurkuku, yayin da wasu kuma ke da ra'ayin cewa yin aiki a cikin rundunar da ba ta shiga tsakani, a cikin ƙasa mai fama da yaƙi, ba ta jituwa da bangaskiya.

“Wannan matsayin da ba a yarda da shi ba na Shaidu a Switzerland ba abin karɓa ba ne. Abin da ya sa, nan da nan bayan ƙarshen yaƙin kuma da zarar an sake tuntuɓar hulɗa da hedkwatar duniya, an yi tambaya. Shaidu sun yi magana sosai a bayyane game da abin kunyar da “Sanarwa” ta jawo musu. Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa wannan hukunci mai matsala shine batun tsawatarwa da gyara jama'a daga shugaban ƙungiyar Shaidun Jehobah ta Duniya, MNH Knorr, kuma a cikin 1947, lokacin da a babban taron da aka gudanar a Zurich […]

“Tun daga wannan lokacin, koyaushe ya kasance a bayyane ga duk Shaidun Switzerland cewa tsaka tsaki na Kirista yana nufin nisanta duk wata alaƙa da sojojin ƙasar, koda kuwa Switzerland ta ci gaba da bayyana rashin tsayayyarta a hukumance. […]

Dalilin wannan sanarwar, saboda haka, a bayyane yake: dole ne ƙungiyar ta kare ofishin aiki na ƙarshe a Turai wanda ke kewaye da Reich na Uku (a cikin 1943 har ma arewacin Italiya za ta mamaye Jamusawa, waɗanda za su kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Italiya, a matsayin yar tsana ta fascist). Bayanin yana da shubuha da gangan; sa hukumomin Switzerland su yi imani da cewa Shaidun Jehovah da suka ƙi aikin soja suna yin hakan ne da son ransu ba bisa ƙa'idar addini ba, kuma "ɗaruruwan" JW suna yin aikin soja, da'awar ƙarya a cewar sanarwar. 1987 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, wanda ya bayyana cewa "yawancin Shaidun Jehobah sun ƙi shiga aikin soja."[40] Saboda haka, marubucin Sanarwa ya haɗa ba tare da bayyana mazajen "marasa imani" waɗanda suka auri JW mace da masu binciken da ba su yi baftisma ba - waɗanda ba a ɗauka su a matsayin Shaidun Jehovah bisa ga koyarwa - kuma a bayyane wasu Shaidun Jehovah na gaskiya.

Alhakin wannan rubutun yana kan mutum a wajen harkar addini, a wannan yanayin lauyan Hasumiyar Tsaro. Koyaya, idan muna son yin kwatancen, za mu lura cewa abu ɗaya daidai yake da “Sanarwa na Gaskiya” na Yuni 1933, wanda aka yi wa mulkin kama-karya na Hitler, wanda rubutunsa yana da ɓangarorin anti-Semitic, yana mai tabbatar da cewa marubucin shine Paul Balzereit, shugaban Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Magdeburg, a zahiri an zagi ta 1974 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah a matsayin mayaudari ga dalilin motsi,[41] amma bayan masana tarihi, M. James Penton a cikin sahun gaba ya haɗu da sauran marubuta, kamar tsohon JWs na Italiya Achille Aveta da Sergio Pollina, za su fahimci cewa marubucin rubutun shine Joseph Rutherford, yana gabatar da JWs na Jamusawa masu ɗokin zuwa don daidaitawa da mulkin Hitler wanda ke nuna irin ƙiyayya ta Nazi ga Amurka da da'irar Yahudawa a New York.[42] A kowane hali, koda kuwa ɗaya daga cikin lauyoyinsu ne ya rubuta shi, hukumomin Switzerland na ƙungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro sun kasance masu sa hannun wannan rubutun. Iyakar uzuri shine keɓewa, saboda yaƙin, tare da hedkwatar duniya a Brooklyn a watan Oktoba 1942, da kuma rashin amincewar jama'a na 1947.[43] Kodayake gaskiya ne cewa wannan yana ƙalubalantar hukumomin Amurka na bautar dubun dubatar, wannan baya hana su fahimtar cewa hukumomin Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Switzerland, duk da cewa cikin kyakkyawar niyya, a zahiri sun yi amfani da wata dabara mara daɗi don gujewa sukar shuwagabannin Switzerland yayin da ke makwabtaka da fascist Italiya ko Nazi Jamus da sauran sassan duniya da yawa daga cikin mabiya addinansu sun ƙare a cikin kurkuku ko zuwa ɗaurin 'yan sanda ko ma SS sun harbe su ko kuma sun yaudare su don kada su gaza cikin umarnin kada su ɗauki makamai.

5. Shekaru da suka biyo bayan shugabancin Rutherford ana halin su da sake tattaunawar ƙaramin tashin hankali tare da kamfanin. Damuwa ta ɗabi'a, wacce ke da alaƙa musamman ga matsayin dangi, tana ƙara zama sananne, kuma halin rashin kulawa ga duniyar da ke kewaye zai shiga cikin JWs, yana maye gurbin rashin ƙiyayya ga cibiyoyi, wanda aka gani a ƙarƙashin Rutherford har ma a cikin Italiyan fascist.[44]

Yin aure da ƙaramin hoto zai fifita ci gaban duniya wanda zai bayyana rabin rabin karni na ashirin, wanda kuma yayi daidai da fadada adadin JWs wanda ya wuce daga membobi masu aiki 180,000 a 1947 zuwa miliyan 8.6 (bayanan 2020), adadin ya tashi a cikin shekaru 70. Amma duniya ta JWs ta sami tagomashi ta hanyar sake fasalin addini wanda shugaba na uku Nathan H. Knorr ya gabatar a 1942, wato kafa “kwalejin mishan na al'umma, Watchtower Bible School of Gilead”,[45] da farko Watchtower Bible Littafi Mai Tsarki na Gileyad, an haife shi don horar da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje amma kuma shugabanni na gaba da faɗaɗa bautar a duk duniya[46] bayan duk da haka wani tsammanin bege ya bar akan takarda.

A Italiya, tare da faɗuwar gwamnatin fascist da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, aikin JWs zai ci gaba a hankali. Adadin masu shela masu aiki ya ragu ƙwarai, kawai 120 bisa ga ƙididdigar hukuma, amma bisa umurnin shugaban Watch Tower Knorr, wanda a ƙarshen 1945 ya ziyarci reshen Switzerland tare da sakataren Milton G. Henschel, inda aikin yake wanda aka tsara a Italiya, za a sayi ƙaramin villa a Milan, ta hanyar Vegezio 20, don daidaita ikilisiyoyin Italiya 35.[47] Don haɓaka aikin a cikin ƙasar Katolika inda a zamanin Fascist manyan majami'u suka yi adawa da ƙungiyar JWs da Furotesta ta kuskuren haɗa su da "kwaminisanci",[48] Watch Tower Society zai aika da mishaneri da yawa daga Amurka zuwa Italiya. A cikin 1946 ɗan mishan na JW na farko ya iso, Ba’amurke ɗan asalin Amurka George Fredianelli, kuma da yawa za su biyo baya, sun kai 33 a 1949. Tsawon su, duk da haka, zai zama komai sai da sauƙi, kuma haka yake ga na sauran masu wa’azi na Furotesta, masu wa’azin bishara da -Katolika.

Don fahimtar mahallin dangantakar da ke taɓarɓarewa tsakanin Gwamnatin Italiya, Cocin Katolika da kuma mishan mishan na Amurka daban -daban, dole ne a ga fannoni daban -daban: a gefe guda mahallin ƙasashen duniya kuma ɗayan, fafutukar Katolika bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin shari'ar farko, Italiya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tare da masu nasara a 1947 inda iko ya fito, Amurka, inda Furotesta na Ikklesiyoyin bishara ya kasance mai ƙarfi a al'adance, amma sama da duka a siyasance, daidai lokacin da rarrabuwa tsakanin Kiristocin zamani da “Sabuwar Ikklesiyoyin bishara. ”Masu tsatstsauran ra'ayi tare da haihuwar Ƙungiyar Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta ƙasa (1942), Fuller Seminary for Missionaries (1947) da Kiristanci a yau mujallar (1956), ko shaharar fasto Baptist Billy Graham da yaƙe -yaƙensa wanda zai ƙarfafa ra'ayin cewa rikicin ƙasa da Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance na "apocalyptic",[49] saboda haka ne ake samun himma don yin wa'azin bishara. Yayin da Watch Tower Society ke ƙirƙirar Makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Gilead, masu wa'azin bishara na Amurka, sakamakon Pax America da yalwar kayan aikin soji, suna ƙarfafa ayyukan ƙasashen waje, gami da Italiya.[50]

Duk wannan dole ne ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Italiyanci da Amurka tare da Yarjejeniyar abokantaka, kasuwanci da kewayawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Italiya da Amurka, wanda aka sanya hannu a Rome a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1948 kuma aka amince da Dokar No. 385 na Yuni 18, 1949 da James Dunn, jakadan Amurka a Rome, da Carlo Sforza, ministan harkokin waje na gwamnatin De Gasperi.

Dokar a'a. 385 na 18 Yuni 1949, wanda aka buga a cikin kari na Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana ("Gazette na Jamhuriyar Italiya ”) a'a. 157 na 12 Yuli 1949, ya lura da wani yanayi na gata wanda Amurka ta ji daɗin ziyartar Italiya musamman a fagen tattalin arziki, kamar fasaha. 1, ba. 2, wanda ke bayyana cewa 'yan ƙasa na kowane Babban ractan Kwangila suna da' yancin yin amfani da hakkoki da alfarma a cikin yankunan Babban ractan kwangila, ba tare da wani tsangwama ba, kuma cikin bin Dokoki da ƙa'idodin da ke aiki, a ƙarƙashin yanayi ba ƙasa ba yana da kyau ga waɗanda aka bayar a halin yanzu ko waɗanda za a ba su nan gaba ga 'yan ƙasa na waccan ƙungiya mai kwangila, yadda za a shiga yankunan juna, zama a can da yin balaguro.

Labarin ya bayyana cewa 'yan ƙasa na kowane ɗayan ɓangarorin biyu za su sami' yancin yin aiki a cikin yankuna na Babban Babban ɗan kwangilar "kasuwanci, masana'antu, canji, kuɗi, kimiyya, ilimi, addini, ayyukan jin kai da ƙwararru, ban da aiwatar da aikin lauya ”. Art. 2, ba. 2, a gefe guda, ya bayyana cewa "Mutanen Shari'a ko Ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda aka kirkira ko aka tsara su bisa doka da ƙa'idodin da ke aiki a cikin yankuna na kowace Babbar ractan Kwangila, za a yi la'akari da su a matsayin Halayyar Shari'a na sauran Jam'iyyar Kwangila, da yankunan sauran Contan kwangila za su gane matsayinsu na doka, ko suna da ofisoshin dindindin, ko rassa ko hukumomi ”. A'a. 3 na art ɗaya. 2 an kuma baiyana cewa "Dokokin Shari'a ko Ƙungiyoyin kowace Babbar Jam'iyyar Kwangila, ba tare da tsangwama ba, cikin bin dokoki da ƙa'idodin da ke aiki, suna da duk haƙƙoƙi da gatan da aka nuna a daidai. 2 na art. 1 ".

Yarjejeniyar, wadda Marxist na hagu ya soki saboda fa'idodin da amintattun Amurka suka samu,[51] zai kuma shafi alaƙar addini tsakanin Italiya da Amurka dangane da tanade -tanaden Labarai na 1 da na 2, saboda Dokokin Shari'a da Ƙungiyoyin da aka ƙirƙira a ɗayan ƙasashen biyu za a iya samun cikakkiyar fahimtarsu a cikin Sauran Contan kwangila, amma sama da duka don fasaha . 11, par. 1, wanda zai bauta wa ƙungiyoyin addinai daban -daban na Amurka don samun 'yancin walwala duk da banbancin Cocin Katolika:

'Yan ƙasa na kowace Babbar ractan Kwangila za su more a cikin yankuna na Babban ractan Kwangila freedomancin lamiri da freedomancin ibada kuma suna iya, duka ɗaya da ƙungiya ko a cikin cibiyoyin addini ko ƙungiyoyi, kuma ba tare da wata fitina ko tursasawa kowane iri ba saboda bangaskiyarsu ta addini, yin bikin ayyuka duka a cikin gidajensu da cikin kowane ginin da ya dace, in dai koyarwar su ko ayyukansu ba su saɓa wa ɗabi'ar jama'a ko tsarin jama'a ba.

Bugu da ƙari, bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Cocin Katolika ya gudanar da aikin a Italiya "Kiristanci na sake gina al'umma" wanda ya nuna wa fastocinsa aiwatar da wani sabon rawar zamantakewa, amma kuma na siyasa, wanda za a gudanar da shi ta hanyar zaɓe. tare da goyon bayan siyasa da yawa don fa'idar Kiristocin Demokradiyya, ƙungiyar siyasa ta Italiya ta Kiristanci-dimokuraɗiyya da matsakaicin wahayi wanda aka sanya a tsakiyar keken majalisar, wanda aka kafa a 1943 kuma yana aiki tsawon shekaru 51, har zuwa 1994, wata ƙungiya da ta taka muhimmiyar rawa. rawar da ya taka a lokacin yaƙin Italiya da yayin aiwatar da haɗin kan Turai, ganin cewa masu fafutukar kare demokraɗiyya na Kiristoci sun kasance cikin dukkan gwamnatocin Italiya daga 1944 zuwa 1994, mafi yawan lokutan suna bayyana Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin, kuma suna fafutukar kula da ƙimar Kirista a cikin jama'ar Italiya (hamayyar Kiristocin Demokradiyya don gabatar da saki da zubar da ciki cikin dokar Italiya).[52]

Labarin Cocin Kristi, ƙungiyar maidowa da asali daga Amurka, ya tabbatar da rawar siyasa na mishan na Amurka, ganin cewa ƙoƙarin fitar da su daga yankin Italiya ya gamu da cikas saboda sa hannun wakilan gwamnatin Amurka waɗanda suka ba da rahoton ga hukumomin Italiya cewa Majalisa za ta iya yin martani tare da "mummunan sakamako", gami da ƙin taimakon kuɗi zuwa Italiya, idan an kori mishaneri.[53]

Ga ɗariƙar Katolika gabaɗaya-har ma ga JWs, duk da cewa ba a ɗauke su a matsayin Furotesta don tauhidi na Triniti-, halin Italiya bayan yaƙin ba zai kasance cikin mafi yawan rosy ba, duk da cewa, a hukumance, ƙasar yana da Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ke ba da tabbacin ƙungiyoyin tsiraru.[54] A zahiri, tun daga 1947, don abin da aka ambata "Kiristanci na sake gina al'umma," Cocin Katolika zai yi hamayya da waɗannan mishaneri: a cikin wasiƙa daga majami'ar manzannin Italiya mai kwanan wata 3 Satumba 1947 kuma aka aika wa Ministan Harkokin Waje, an sake nanata cewa "Sakataren Harkokin Tsarkakarsa" ya yi adawa da shigar cikin yarjejeniyar sada zumunta, kasuwanci da zirga -zirgar ababen hawa tsakanin Jamhuriyar Italiya da Amurka, wanda za a rattabawa hannu bayan hakan, na wani sashi wanda zai ba da damar kungiyoyin ba-Katolika don “shirya ayyukan ibada na gaskiya da farfaganda a wajen haikali”.[55] Irin wannan manzancin na manzanci, jim kaɗan bayan haka, zai nuna hakan tare da fasaha. 11 na Yarjejeniyar, "a Italiya Baptists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Methodist, Wesleyans, Flickering [a zahiri" Tremolanti ", kalmar wulakanci da aka yi amfani da ita don ayyana Pentikostal a Italiya, ed] Quakers, Swedenborgians, Masana kimiyya, Darbites, da sauransu. da sun sami ikon buɗe “wuraren ibada ko'ina da musamman a Rome”. An ambaci “wahalar samun mahangar Mai Tsarki don karɓar Tawagar Amurka game da fasaha. 11 ".[56] Tawagar ta Italiya ta dage kan kokarin shawo kan wakilan Amurka don amincewa da shawarar Vatican ”,[57] amma a banza.[58] Reshen Italiya na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, wanda kamar yadda muka faɗa ya nemi a aika da mishaneri daga Amurka, wanda na farko zai zama George Fredianelli, “wanda aka aika zuwa Italiya don yin hidimar mai kula da da’ira”, wato, a matsayin bishop mai tafiya, wanda yankinsa na ƙwarewa zai haɗa da "Duk Italiya, gami da Sicily da Sardinia".[59] The Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983 (Engl. Buga, 1982 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah), inda kuma ake magana game da labarin Shaidun Jehovah a Italiya a wurare da yawa, yana kwatanta ayyukansa na mishan a Italiya bayan yaƙin, Italiya da ta lalace gabaɗaya a matsayin gado na yakin duniya:

... Amma, na farko da aka nada mai kula da da’ira, shine Brotheran’uwa George Fredianelli, wanda ya fara ziyararsa a watan Nuwamba 1946. Brotheran’uwa Vannozzi ya kasance tare da shi a karon farko. (...) Brotheran’uwa George Fredianelli, wanda yanzu memba ne na Kwamitin Reshe, ya tuna abubuwan da suka faru daga aikin da’irar sa:

"Lokacin da na kira 'yan'uwa zan sami dangi da abokai duk suna jirana kuma suna ɗokin sauraron. Ko da lokacin dawowar mutane mutane suna kiran danginsu. Ainihin, mai kula da da’ira ba ya ba da jawabi na jama’a ɗaya kaɗai a mako, amma yana ba da sa’o’i kaɗan a kowane komawar. A waɗannan kiran akwai ƙila mutane 30 su halarta kuma wani lokacin wasu da yawa sun taru don saurare da kyau.

“Sakamakon yaƙe -yaƙe sau da yawa ya sa rayuwa cikin aikin mai kula da da’ira ta kasance da wahala. 'Yan'uwan, kamar yawancin mutane, matalauta ne, amma ƙaunarsu ta alheri ta cika. Da zuciya ɗaya suka raba ƙaramin abincin da suke da shi, kuma galibi suna dagewa cewa zan kwana akan gado yayin da suke kwanciya a ƙasa ba tare da sutura ba saboda sun kasance matalauta sosai don samun ƙarin. Wani lokaci sai in kwanta a wurin shanu akan tulin bambaro ko busasshen ganyen masara.

“A wani lokaci, na isa tashar Caltanissetta da ke Sicily tare da fuska kamar baƙar fata kamar yadda hayaƙin hayaƙi ke tashi daga tokar da ke tashi daga injin tururi a gaba. Kodayake na ɗauki awanni 14 don tafiya kusan kilomita 80 zuwa 100 [50 zuwa 60 mi.], Hankalina ya tashi a kan isowa, yayin da na haɗu da wahayi na wanka mai kyau wanda biye da kyakkyawan hutu a wani otal ko wani. Koyaya, bai kasance ba. Caltanissetta yana cike da mutane don murnar ranar St. Michael, kuma kowane otal a garin cike yake da firistoci da 'yan zuhudu. A ƙarshe na koma tashar tare da tunanin kwanciya akan benci wanda na gani a ɗakin jira, amma har wannan bege ya ɓace lokacin da na sami tashar a rufe bayan isowar jirgin maraice na ƙarshe. Wurin da kawai na samu na zauna na ɗan huta shi ne matakan gaban tashar. ”

Da taimakon masu kula da da’ira ikilisiyoyin sun fara yin taro akai -akai Hasumiyar Tsaro da karatun littafi. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da muke inganta ingancin taron hidima, 'yan'uwan sun ƙara ƙwarewa a aikin wa'azi da koyarwa.[60]

Fredianelli zai gabatar da bukatar tsawaita zaman mishan dinsa a Italiya, amma ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar za ta yi watsi da bukatar bayan mummunan ra'ayi na Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya a Washington, wanda zai ba da sanarwar a ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1949: "Wannan Ma'aikatar ta yi kada ku ga wata maslaha ta siyasa a ɓangarenmu da ke ba mu shawara mu karɓi buƙatun tsawaitawa ”.[61] Hakanan bayanin kula daga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, na 21 ga Satumba, 1949, ya lura cewa "babu wata sha'awar siyasa wajen bayar da buƙatar tsawaitawa".[62]

Ban da wasu waɗanda 'ya'yan Italiya ne, masu wa'azin bishara na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, bayan watanni shida kawai na isowarsu, za su bar ƙasar Italiya. Amma kawai a kan dagewa, duk da haka, za a tsawaita zaman su,[63] kamar yadda kuma mujallar motsi ta Italiya ta tabbatar, a cikin fitowar 1 Maris 1951:

Tun kafin masu wa’azi na ashirin da takwas su isa Italiya a cikin Maris 1949, ofishin ya yi aikace-aikacen yau da kullun yana neman biza na shekara guda ga dukkan su. Da farko jami'ai sun baiyana a fili cewa gwamnati tana duban batun ta fuskar tattalin arziki saboda haka lamarin ya zama kamar abin kwantar da hankali ga mishan ɗinmu. Bayan watanni shida, kwatsam mun sami sadarwa daga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida tana umartar 'yan uwanmu da su bar ƙasar nan zuwa ƙarshen wata, cikin ƙasa da mako guda. Tabbas, mun ƙi karɓar wannan umarni ba tare da yaƙin shari'a ba kuma duk ƙoƙarin da aka yi an yi shi don isa ƙarshen lamarin don gano wanda ke da alhakin wannan ha'inci na yaudara. Da muke magana da mutanen da ke aiki a Ma'aikatar mun koyi cewa fayilolinmu ba su nuna wata dabara daga 'yan sanda ko wasu hukumomi ba kuma saboda haka,' yan manyan mutane ne kawai za su iya ɗaukar alhakin. Waye zai iya zama? Wani abokin Ma'aikatar ya sanar da mu cewa matakin da aka dauka a kan mishan ɗinmu abin mamaki ne ƙwarai saboda halin gwamnati ya kasance mai haƙuri da jin daɗi ga jama'ar Amurka. Wataƙila Ofishin Jakadancin na iya taimakawa. Ziyarar kai tsaye zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin da tattaunawa da yawa tare da sakataren Jakadan duk sun zama marasa amfani. Ya kasance a bayyane, kamar yadda hatta jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka suka yarda, cewa wani wanda ke da iko mai yawa a cikin gwamnatin Italiya ba ya son masu wa'azin bishara na Watch Tower su yi wa'azi a Italiya. A kan wannan ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, jami'an diflomasiyyar Amurka sun ɗaga kafada kawai suka ce, "To, kun sani, Cocin Katolika shine Addinin Jiha a nan kuma a zahiri suna yin abin da suke so." Daga watan Satumba zuwa Disamba mun jinkirta aikin Ma'aikatar a kan masu wa'azin bishara. A ƙarshe, an saita iyaka; masu wa'azin bishara sun kasance suna ficewa daga ƙasar kafin ranar 31 ga Disamba.[64]

Bayan korar, mishaneri sun sami damar komawa ƙasar ta hanya guda da doka ta ba da izini, a matsayin masu yawon buɗe ido, suna neman yin amfani da takardar izinin yawon shakatawa na tsawon watanni uku, bayan haka dole ne su fita ƙasashen waje don komawa Italiya 'yan kwanaki daga baya, aikin da aka lura da shi nan da nan, tare da fargaba, daga hukumomin 'yan sanda: Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, a zahiri, a cikin madauwari na ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1952, tare da batun "Associazione" Shaidar di Geova "" (Associationungiyar “Shaidun Jehobah”), wanda aka yi wa duka shugabannin lardunan Italiya, sun gargadi hukumomin ‘yan sanda da su ƙara“ taka tsantsan kan ayyukan ”ƙungiyar addini da aka ambata, ba da damar“ duk wani ƙarin izinin zama ga masu baje kolin kasashen waje ”na ƙungiyar.[65] Paolo Piccioli ya lura cewa “masu aikin mishan guda biyu [JWs], Timothy Plomaritis da Edward R. Morse, an tilasta su barin ƙasar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fayil da sunan su”, wanda aka nakalto a sama, yayin da daga takaddar adana bayanai a cikin Babban Tarihi na Tsakiya. “Hana shiga Italiya da wasu mishaneri biyu, Madorskis. An samo takardu daga shekarun 1952-1953 a AS [The State Archives] na Aosta daga inda ake ganin 'yan sanda suna ƙoƙarin gano ma'auratan Albert da Opal Tracy da Frank da Laverna Madorski, mishaneri [JWs], don jefa su. a cire su daga yankin ƙasa ko kuma a amince da su daga tuba. ”[66]

Amma sau da yawa umurnin, koyaushe a cikin mahallin abin da aka ambata "sake gina Kiristanci na al'umma", ya samo asali ne daga hukumomin Ikklesiya, a daidai lokacin da Vatican ke da mahimmanci. Ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1952 Ildefonso Schuster, Cardinal na Milan, aka buga a cikin Mai lura da Roman labarin "Ba na son nuna rashin jin daɗi game da Milano" ("Haɗarin Furotesta a cikin Archdiocese na Milan"), da tashin hankali a kan ƙungiyoyin addini da ƙungiyoyin Furotesta "a cikin umarni da biyan shugabannin ƙasashen waje", lura da asalin Amurka, inda zai zo don sake tantance Inquisition saboda akwai limaman "sun sami babban fa'ida daga taimakon ikon farar hula wajen murƙushe bidi'a", suna jayayya cewa ayyukan waɗanda ake kira Furotesta "yana ɓata haɗin kan ƙasa" da "watsa rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin iyalai", bayyananniyar magana game da bishara aikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin, da farko masu alaƙa da Watch Tower Society.

A zahiri, a cikin fitowar Fabrairu 1-2, 1954, jaridar Vatican, a cikin “Lettera dei Presidenti delle Conferenze Episcopali Regionali d'Italia ”(“Harafin Shugabannin Babban Taron Episcopal na Ƙasar Italiya ”), ya bukaci limamai da masu aminci su yaƙi aikin Furotesta da Shaidun Jehobah. Kodayake labarin bai ambaci sunaye ba, a bayyane yake cewa yana magana akan su. Ya ce: "Sannan dole ne mu yi tir da farfagandar Furotesta mai ƙarfi, galibi na asalin ƙasashen waje, wanda ke shuka munanan kurakurai har ma a cikin ƙasarmu (…) neman waɗanda ke aiki (…)." "Wanene ya kamata" zai iya zama hukumomin Tsaron Jama'a kawai. A zahiri, Vatican ta bukaci firistoci da su la'anci JWs-da sauran kungiyoyin Kiristocin da ba na Katolika ba, da farko Pentikostal, waɗanda Fascists da Christian Democratic Italy suka tsananta musu har zuwa shekarun 1950-[67] ga hukumomin 'yan sanda: a zahiri an kama ɗaruruwa, amma da yawa an sake su nan take, wasu sun ci tara ko tsare su, har ma suna amfani da ƙa'idodin da ba a soke su ba na dokokin majalisar Fascist, ganin cewa ga sauran ƙungiyoyin-yi tunanin Pentikostal-da'irar Minista babu. . 600/158 na Afrilu 9, 1935 da aka sani da "Buffarini-Guidi Circular" (daga sunan Babban Sakataren Cikin Gida wanda ya sanya hannu, an tsara shi tare da Arturo Bocchini da amincewar Mussolini) kuma an kuma tuhume shi da cin zarafin labarai. 113, 121 da 156 na Dokar Haɗa kan Dokokin Tsaro na Jama'a da fascism ya bayar wanda ke buƙatar lasisi ko rajista a cikin rajista na musamman ga waɗanda suka rarraba rubuce -rubuce (art.113), sun yi aikin ƙwararriyar mai siyar da titi (art.121), ko su gudanar da tarin kuɗi ko tarin abubuwa (art. 156).[68]

6. Rashin sha'awa daga ɓangaren hukumomin siyasar Amurka zai samo asali daga gaskiyar cewa JWs sun kauracewa siyasa suna imani cewa su “ba na duniya bane” (Yahaya 17: 4). An umurci JWs da su kasance masu tsaka tsaki ga al'amuran siyasa da na soja na ƙasashe;[69] An bukaci membobin kungiyar asiri da kar su tsoma baki cikin abin da wasu ke yi dangane da kada kuri'a a zabukan siyasa, neman mukamin siyasa, shiga kungiyoyin siyasa, yin ihun taken siyasa, da sauransu kamar yadda aka nuna a La Torre di Guardia (Italiyanci Edition) na 15 ga Nuwamba, 1968 shafuka 702-703 da na 1 ga Satumba, 1986 shafuffuka na 19-20. Ta yin amfani da ikon da ba a musantawa ba, jagorancin Shaidun Jehovah ya jawo ƙwaƙƙwaranci a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe (amma ba a wasu jihohi a Kudancin Amurka) ba don su fito a zaɓukan siyasa. zamuyi bayanin dalilan wannan zaɓin ta amfani da haruffa daga reshen Rome na JWs:

Abin da ya saɓawa tsaka tsaki ba wai kawai ya bayyana a wurin zaɓen ko shiga rumfar zaɓe ba. Cin zarafin yana faruwa ne lokacin da mutum ya zaɓi zaɓin gwamnati ba ta Allah ba. (Yn 17:16) A cikin ƙasashen da akwai wajibcin yin zaɓe, 'yan'uwa suna nuna hali kamar yadda aka nuna a W 64. A Italiya babu irin wannan wajibi ko kuma babu hukunci ga waɗanda ba su fito ba. Wadanda suka fito, koda ba a wajabta su ba, yakamata su tambayi kansu dalilin da yasa suke yin hakan. Koyaya, duk wanda ya gabatar da kansa amma bai yi zaɓe ba, bai keta tsaka tsaki ba, ba a ƙarƙashin horon kwamitin shari'a. Amma mutum ba abin koyi bane. Idan dattijo ne, bawa mai hidima, ko majagaba, ba zai zama marar laifi ba kuma za a cire shi daga alhakinsa. (1Tim 3: 7, 8, 10, 13) Duk da haka, idan wani ya zo wurin zaɓen, yana da kyau dattawa su yi magana da shi don fahimtar dalilin. Wataƙila yana bukatar taimako don ya fahimci tafarkin hikima da za a bi. Amma ban da gaskiyar cewa zai iya rasa wasu gata, zuwa zaɓen kowane se ya kasance batun sirri da lamiri.[70]

Don jagorancin Shaidun Jehobah:

Matakin duk wanda ya bayyana zaɓen fifiko shine cin zarafin tsaka tsaki. Don karya tsaka tsaki ya zama dole fiye da gabatar da kai, ya zama dole a bayyana fifiko. Idan wani ya yi wannan, ya ware kansa daga cikin ikilisiya saboda keta sakacinsa. Mun fahimci cewa mutanen da suka manyanta a ruhaniya basa gabatar da kansu kamar yadda, a Italiya, ba tilas bane. In ba haka ba ana nuna halin rashin tabbas. Idan mutum ya fito kuma dattijo ne ko bawa mai hidima, ana iya cire shi. Ta hanyar rashin alƙawari a cikin ikilisiya, duk da haka, mutumin da ya gabatar da kansa zai nuna cewa yana da rauni a ruhaniya kuma dattawa za su ɗauke shi. Yana da kyau a bar kowa ya dauki nauyinsa. A cikin ba ku amsar muna yi muku jawabi zuwa W Oktoba 1, 1970 p. 599 da 'Vita Eterna' sura. 11. Yana da kyau a ambaci wannan a cikin tattaunawar sirri maimakon a tarurruka. Tabbas, koda a tarurruka za mu iya jaddada buƙatar zama tsaka tsaki, duk da haka lamarin yana da daɗi cewa an fi bayar da cikakkun bayanai da baki, cikin sirri.[71]

Tunda JWs da aka yi baftisma “ba na duniya bane”, idan memba na ikilisiya ba tare da tuba ba ya bi halin da ya saɓa wa tsaka tsaki na Kirista, wato ya jefa ƙuri'a, ya tsoma baki cikin harkokin siyasa ko yin aikin soja, ya ware kansa daga ikilisiya, sakamakon kiyayya da mutuwar jama'a, kamar yadda aka nuna a La Torre di Guardia (Buga na Italiya) 15 ga Yuli, 1982, 31, dangane da John 15: 9. Idan aka nuna JW yana taɓarɓare tsaka -tsakin Kirista amma ya ƙi taimakon da aka ba shi da kuma gurfanar da shi, kwamitin shari'a na dattawa ya kamata ya sanar da gaskiyar da ke tabbatar da rarrabuwa. zuwa reshen ƙasa ta hanyar tsarin mulki wanda ya haɗa da cika wasu fom, sanya hannu S-77 da S-79, wanda zai tabbatar da shawarar.

Amma idan don jagorancin motsi ana nuna ƙeta ta gaskiya ta ƙa'idar rashin tsaka -tsakin Kirista ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'ar siyasa, me yasa JWs suka tabbatar da matsayin rashin zuwa zaɓen? Da alama Hukumar Mulki ta zaɓi irin wannan zaɓin mai tsauri, don “don kada a tayar da zato kuma kada a tursasa wasu”,[72] "Mantawa", a cikin yanayin Italiyanci mai ƙarfi, wannan fasaha. 48 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya ya bayyana cewa: “Zabe na mutum ne kuma daidai ne, kyauta da sirri. Ayyukansa shine a aikin jama'a”; an “manta” wannan fasaha. 4 na Dokar Hadin gwiwa No. 361 na Maris 3, 1957, wanda aka buga a cikin ƙarin kari na yau da kullun Gazzetta Ufficiale  a'a. 139 na 3 ga Yuni, 1957 ya faɗi cewa: “Aikin yin zaɓe shine wajibi wanda babu wani dan kasa da zai iya tserewa ba tare da ya gaza takamaiman aikin da ya shafi kasar ba. ” Don haka me ya sa Hukumar Mulki da kwamitin reshe da ke Bethel na Rome ba sa la'akari da waɗannan ƙa'idodi biyu? Domin a Italiya babu wata doka madaidaiciya wacce ke kula da azabtar da waɗanda ba su shiga zaɓen ba, maimakon haka akwai doka a wasu ƙasashe na Kudancin Amurka kuma wanda ke kawo JWs na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje don yin zaɓe, don kar a sanya takunkumin gudanarwa. , duk da haka soke katin zaben daidai da “Kiristanci na Kirista”.

Dangane da zaɓen siyasa, abin da ya faru na kauracewa zaɓe a Italiya ya faru a shekarun 1970. Idan, bayan yaƙin, 'yan ƙasar Italiya sun ji daɗi don samun damar shiga cikin rayuwar siyasa ta Jamhuriyar bayan shekaru na mulkin kama -karya na fascist, tare da bullo da ɓarna da yawa da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi, a ƙarshen 70s, amincin waɗanda da hakkin rasa. Wannan sabon abu har yanzu yana nan a yau kuma yana nuna babban rashin yarda a cikin jam'iyyu don haka a cikin dimokuraɗiyya. Kamar yadda rahoton ISTAT ya ruwaito game da wannan: “Rabon masu jefa ƙuri’ar da ba su shiga zaɓen ba ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa tun bayan zaɓen siyasa na 1976, lokacin da ya wakilci 6.6% na masu zaɓe, har zuwa shawarwarin ƙarshe a 2001, ya kai 18.6% na wadanda suka cancanci kada kuri'a. Idan ainihin bayanai-wato rabon 'yan ƙasa da ba su shiga zaɓen ba-an ƙara bayanan da suka danganci abin da ake kira ƙuri'un da ba a bayyana su ba (ƙuri'un da babu ƙuri'a), sabon abu na ci gaban "rashin jefa ƙuri'a" yana ɗaukar girma mafi girma, yana kaiwa kusan ɗaya cikin huɗu na masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin sabbin shawarwarin siyasa ".[73] A bayyane yake cewa kauracewa zaɓe, fiye da “tsaka -tsakin Kirista” na iya samun ma’anar siyasa, kawai tunanin kungiyoyin siyasa, kamar masu son tashin hankali, waɗanda a zahiri ba sa jefa ƙuri’a a matsayin nuna ƙiyayyarsu ga tsarin doka da shiga cikin cibiyoyi. Italiya ta sha samun 'yan siyasa da suka gayyaci masu kada kuri'a da kada su kada kuri'a domin kada su kai ga yawan wakilai a wasu kuri'un raba gardama. Dangane da JWs, rashin son kai yana da ƙima na siyasa, saboda, kamar anarchists, yana nuna tsananin ƙiyayyarsu ga kowane irin tsarin siyasa, wanda, bisa ga tauhidin su, zai yi adawa da ikon Jehovah. JWs ba sa ganin kansu a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na wannan "tsarin zamani", amma, bisa 1 Bitrus 2:11 ("Ina roƙon ku a matsayin baƙi da mazauna ɗan lokaci don ci gaba da nisantar sha'awar jiki," NWT) an nisanta su daga kowane tsarin siyasa: “A cikin ƙasashe sama da 200 da suke cikin su, shaidun Jehovah‘ yan ƙasa ne masu bin doka, amma duk inda suke zama, kamar baƙi ne: suna riƙe da matsayin tsaka tsaki na tsaka tsaki dangane da siyasa. da batutuwan zamantakewa. Ko yanzu suna ganin kansu a matsayin 'yan ƙasa na sabuwar duniya, duniyar da Allah ya yi alkawari. Suna murnar cewa kwanakin su kamar mazaunan wucin gadi a cikin tsarin duniya mara kyau yana zuwa ƙarshe. ”[74]

Wannan, duk da haka, shine abin da dole ne a yi wa duk mabiya, koda shugabannin, duka na hedkwatar duniya da na rassa daban -daban na duniya, galibi suna amfani da sigogin siyasa don yin aiki. A zahiri, majiyoyi daban-daban sun tabbatar da jan hankali ga fagen siyasa ta manyan JWs na Italiya: a cikin wasiƙar 1959 an lura cewa reshen Italiya na Watch Tower Society a bayyane ya ba da shawarar dogaro da lauyoyi “na jamhuriya ko zamantakewa ta dimokuraɗiyya halaye ”tunda" su ne mafi kyawun kariyarmu ", saboda haka ta amfani da sigogin siyasa, an hana yin amfani da su, lokacin da ya bayyana cewa yakamata a kimanta lauya don ƙwarewar ƙwararru, ba don haɗin gwiwa ba.[75] Wannan na 1959 ba zai zama shari'ar da ta keɓe ba, amma da alama alama ce ta aikin reshe na Italiya: 'yan shekarun baya, a cikin 1954 treshen Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Italiya ya aika majagaba na musamman guda biyu-wato masu wa’azi na cikakken lokaci a wuraren da ake bukatar masu wa’azi sosai; kowane wata suna sadaukar da awanni 130 ko sama da haka ga hidimar, suna da salon rayuwa mai hankali da ƙaramar biya daga Kungiyar - zuwa cikin garin Terni, Lidia Giorgini da Serafina Sanfelice.[76] Majagaba biyu na JW za, kamar yawancin masu wa'azin bishara na lokacin, za a kai ƙara tare da caje su saboda yin wa'azin gida -gida. A cikin wasiƙa, bayan ƙarar, reshen Italiya na Shaidun Jehobah za su ba da shawara ga babban mai alhakin lauya don kare majagaba biyu, bisa tsarin karatun, amma sigogi na siyasa a sarari:

Ya dan uwa,

Muna sanar da ku cewa za a yi shari'ar 'yan'uwa mata majagaba biyu a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba a Kotun Gundumar Terni.

Societyungiyar za ta kare wannan tsari kuma saboda wannan za mu yi farin cikin sanin daga gare ku idan za ku iya samun lauya a Terni wanda zai iya kare kansa a shari'ar.

A cikin ɗaukar wannan sha'awar, mun fi son zaɓin lauya ya kasance cikin halin da ba na gurguzu ba. Muna son amfani da lauyan Republican, Liberal ko Social Democrat. Wani abu kuma da muke son sani a gaba shine kudin lauyan.

Da zaran kun sami wannan bayanin, da fatan za a sanar da shi zuwa ofishinmu, don Society ya ci gaba kan batun ya yanke shawara. Muna tunatar da ku cewa ba lallai ne ku shigar da kowane lauya ba, amma don samun bayanai ne kawai, a lokacin da muke sadarwa game da wasiƙar ku.

Ina farin cikin ba ku haɗin kai a cikin aikin tsarin Allah, kuma muna jiran ambaton ku, muna aiko muku da gaisuwa ta 'yan'uwa.

'Yan'uwanku cikin imani mai daraja

Watch Tower B&T Society[77]

A cikin wasiƙa Ofishin Italiya na reshen Watch Tower Society, wanda ke Rome a Via Monte Maloia 10, an nemi JW Dante Pierfelice da ya ba da amsar ƙarar ga lauya Eucherio Morelli (1921-2013), kansila na birni a Terni kuma ɗan takarar zaɓen majalisun dokoki na 1953 na Jam'iyyar Republican, wanda kuɗinsa ya kai lire 10,000, adadi da reshe ya ɗauka a matsayin "mai ma'ana", kuma ya haɗa kwafi biyu na irin waɗannan jumlolin don nunawa lauya.[78]

Dalilin sigogin da aka karɓa a cikin 1954 da 1959, sigogi na yanayin siyasa, ana iya fahimta, sigogi waɗanda suka fi halatta, amma idan JW gama gari za su yi amfani da su, tabbas za a yanke hukunci ba da ruhaniya ba, shari'ar bayyananniya "Ma'auni biyu". A zahiri, a fagen siyasa na lokacin yaƙi, Jam'iyyar Republican (PRI), Social-Democratic Party (PSDI) da Liberal Party (PLI) sun kasance rundunonin siyasa uku na tsaka-tsaki, na boko da matsakaici, biyu na farko na hagu ”, kuma mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na ƙarshe amma na duniya, amma duka ukun za su kasance masu goyon bayan Amurka da Atlantika;[79] ba zai dace da ƙungiyar millennial da ta sa yaƙi da Katolika ya zama babban maƙasudin yin amfani da lauyan da ke da alaƙa da Kiristocin Demokraɗiyya ba, kuma zalunci na baya -bayan nan a lokacin mulkin fascist ya ware yiwuwar tuntuɓar wani lauya na matsanancin dama, wanda aka danganta zuwa ga Social Movement (MSI), wata ƙungiya ta siyasa wacce za ta karɓi abubuwan gado na farkisanci. Ba abin mamaki bane, kare mishaneri da masu buga littattafai da masu ƙin yarda da JW, za mu sami lauyoyi kamar lauya Nicola Romualdi, wani ɗan jamhuriyyar Rome wanda zai kare JWs sama da shekaru talatin “lokacin da yake da wahalar samun lauya mai son tallafawa ( …) Sanadi ”kuma wanene kuma zai rubuta labarai da yawa akan jaridar jarida ta PRI, La Voce Repubblicana, don goyon bayan ƙungiyar addini da sunan rashin bin addini. A cikin labarin 1954, ya rubuta:

Hukumomin 'yan sanda na ci gaba da keta wannan ƙa'idar ta' yancin addini, hana tarurrukan masu imani cikin lumana, tarwatsa waɗanda ake tuhuma, dakatar da masu yada labarai, sanya musu gargaɗi, hana zama, komawa gida Municipality ta hanyar dokar hana fita. . Kamar yadda muka yi nuni a baya, galibi tambaya ce ta waɗancan bayyanar da aka kira kwanan nan “a kaikaice”. Tsaron Jama'a, wato, ko Arma dei Carabinieri, ba sa yin aiki ta hanyar hana haƙiƙa bayyanar da tunanin addini wanda ke gasa da na Katolika, amma ɗauki azaman dalilin wasu laifukan da ko babu, ko kuma sakamakon wani cavilling da vexatious na dokokin a aiki. Wani lokaci, alal misali, masu rarraba Littafi Mai -Tsarki ko ƙasidu na addini ana ƙalubalantar cewa ba su da lasisin da aka tsara don masu siyar da titi; wani lokacin tarurrukan suna rushewa saboda - ana jayayya - ba a nemi izinin farko na hukumar 'yan sanda ba; wani lokaci ana sukar masu yada farfagandar saboda halin ƙanƙantar da hankali wanda, duk da haka, da alama ba su da alhakin furofagandarsu. Sanannen tsari na jama'a sau da yawa yana kan mataki, da sunan wanda sasantawa da yawa a baya sun dace.[80]

Ba kamar wasikar 1959 wacce kawai ta nemi a yi amfani da lauya kusa da PRI da PSDI ba, wasikar ta 1954 ta nuna cewa reshen ya fi son zaɓin lauya don amfani ya faɗi a kan “wanda ba ya son gurguzu.” Duk da cewa a cikin wasu gundumomi masu unguwannin da aka zaɓa a jerin sunayen Jam'iyyar gurguzu da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis sun taimaka, a cikin mabuɗin Katolika (tunda mabiya Katolika sun zaɓi Kiristocin Demokraɗiyya na Kirista), al'ummomin bishara na gida da JWs akan zalunci na 'yan Katolika, don ɗaukar lauyan Markisanci, duk da cewa ba addini ba ne kuma yana goyon bayan tsirarun addinai, da sun tabbatar da tuhumar, ƙarya ce da aka yi wa masu wa'azin bishara na Katolika, na kasancewa "Kwaminisanci mai rugujewar ƙasa",[81] zargin da ba a nuna ba - yana iyakance mu kawai ga JWs - ga adabin motsi, wanda a cikin wasiƙa daga Italiya ya fara bugawa a bugun Amurka sannan, bayan fewan watanni, a cikin Italiyanci, ba kawai sukar Cocin Katolika ya yi yawa amma kuma na "atheist na gurguzu", yana tabbatar da yadda asalin Amurka ya ci gaba, inda mummunan mulkin gurguzu ya yi sarauta.

Labarin da aka buga a cikin littafin Italiyanci na La Torre di Guardia na Janairu 15, 1956 akan rawar Kwaminisanci na Italiya a Katolika na Italiya, ana amfani da shi don nisanta kansa daga tuhumar da manyan majami'u suka gabatar cewa Kwaminisanci yayi amfani da Furotesta da kungiyoyin Katolika (gami da Shaidu) don taimakawa wargaza al'umma:

Jami'an addini sun yi jayayya cewa 'yan gurguzu na Kwaminisanci da danna "kada ku ɓoye tausayawarsu da goyon bayansu ga wannan farfagandar ta rarrabuwa." Amma wannan haka yake? An sami babban ci gaba zuwa 'yancin ibada a Italiya, amma wannan ba tare da wahala ba. Kuma lokacin da jaridu masu haɗin gwiwa ke ba da rahoto a cikin ginshiƙan su cin zarafi da rashin adalci ga marasa rinjaye na addini, damuwar su ba ta koyarwar gaskiya ba ce, ba tare da tausayawa ko tallafa wa wasu addinai ba, amma tare da yin hannun jari na siyasa daga gaskiyar cewa ayyukan rashin bin tsarin dimokraɗiyya da na rashin bin doka sun kasance. dauka akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyin marasa rinjaye. Bayanan sun nuna cewa Kwaminisanci ba su da sha'awar abubuwan ruhaniya sosai, ko dai Katolika ne ko kuma ba Katolika ba. Babban abin sha'awarsu yana cikin abubuwan duniya. 'Yan Kwaminisanci suna yi wa waɗanda suka gaskanta alkawuran mulkin Allah a ƙarƙashin Kristi, suna kiransu matsoratai da ɓarayi.

'Yan jaridu na Kwaminisanci suna ba'a da Littafi Mai -Tsarki kuma suna shafa wa ministocin Kirista waɗanda ke koyar da Kalmar Allah. Misali, lura da rahoto na gaba daga jaridar Kwaminis Gaskiyan da Brescia, Italiya. Da yake kiran shaidun Jehovah “'Yan leƙen asirin Amurka da ke ɓoye a matsayin' mishaneri '," in ji shi: "Suna tafiya gida -gida kuma tare da' Nassosi Masu Tsarki 'suna wa'azin biyayya ga yaƙi da Amurkawa suka shirya," kuma ya ƙara zargin ƙarya cewa an biya waɗannan mishan mishan. wakilan bankunan New York da Chicago kuma suna ƙoƙarin “tattara bayanai kowane iri game da maza da ayyukan ƙungiyoyin [Kwaminisanci].” Marubucin ya kammala da cewa “aikin ma’aikata, waɗanda suka san yadda za su kare ƙasarsu da kyau. . . don haka shine a rufe ƙofar a fuskokin waɗannan munanan 'yan leƙen asirin da aka suturta da fastoci. ”

Yawancin Kwaminisanci na Italiya ba sa ƙin yarda matansu da yaransu su halarci cocin Katolika. Suna jin cewa tunda akwai wani nau'in addini da mata da yara ke so yana iya kasancewa tsohon addinin da ubanninsu suka koya musu. Hujjarsu ita ce babu wata illa a cikin koyarwar addini na Cocin Katolika, amma dukiyar cocin ce ta harzuka su da kuma goyon bayan cocin da kasashen jari hujja. Amma duk da haka addinin Katolika shine mafi girma a Italiya-gaskiyar cewa Kwaminisanci masu neman ƙuri'a sun gane sosai. Kamar yadda maganganun su na yau da kullun ke tabbatarwa, Kwaminisanci zai fi son Cocin Katolika a matsayin abokin tarayya maimakon wani addini a Italiya.

'Yan Kwaminisanci sun ƙuduri aniyar samun iko da Italiya, kuma wannan za su iya yin hakan ne kawai ta hanyar cin nasara a gefen su mafi yawan Katolika, ba waɗanda ba Katolika ba. Fiye da duka, wannan yana nufin gamsar da irin waɗannan Katolika masu sunan cewa kwaminisanci tabbas baya fifita wani bangaskiyar addini. 'Yan Kwaminisanci suna da sha'awar kuri'un talakawan Katolika, ajin da ke da alaƙa da al'adar Katolika tsawon ƙarnuka, kuma a cikin kalmomin shugaban Kwaminisanci na Italiya "ba sa neman duniyar Katolika ta daina zama duniyar Katolika, "Amma" karkata zuwa fahimtar juna. "[82]

Tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyar Shaidun Jehobah, duk da “tsaka tsaki” da aka yi wa'azi, asalin Amurka yana tasiri, babu wasu labarai kaɗan, tsakanin 50s zuwa 70s, inda akwai wani ƙin gurguzu da ake nufi da PCI, yana zargin coci na rashin zama kariya ga “reds”.[83] Sauran labarai daga shekarun 1950 da 1970 sun saba ganin mummunan kwaminisanci, yana tabbatar da cewa asalin Arewacin Amurka yana da asali. A yayin Babban Taron Kasa da Kasa na JWs da aka gudanar a Rome a 1951, mujallar motsi ta bayyana gaskiyar kamar haka:

“Masu shelar Mulkin Italiya da masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje sun yi aiki na kwanaki don shirya ƙasa da zauren wannan taro. Ginin da aka yi amfani da shi shine zauren baje kolin L-dimbin yawa. 'Yan Kwaminisanci sun kasance a can wani lokaci kafin kuma sun bar abubuwa cikin mummunan yanayi. Bangarorin sun kasance datti kuma an rufe bango da maganganun siyasa. Mutumin da 'yan'uwan suka yi hayar fili da ginin daga wurinsa ya ce da kyar zai iya biyan kuɗin gyaran abubuwa na kwanaki uku na babban taron. Ya gaya wa shaidun Jehovah cewa za su iya yin duk abin da suke so don ya mai da wurin. Lokacin da maigidan ya zo wurin a ranar da za a fara taron, ya yi mamakin ganin cewa duk bangon ginin da za mu yi amfani da shi an yi masa fenti da ƙasa mai tsabta. an tsara shi kuma an gina kyakkyawan Tribune a kusurwar “L”. An kafa fitilun fitilu. An yi bayan fage da laurel kore net ɗin saƙa kuma an ɗora shi da ruwan hoda da jan carnations. Ya yi kama da sabon gini yanzu kuma ba wurin ɓarna da tawayen da Kwaminisanci ya bari ba. ”[84]

Kuma a lokacin “Sabuwar Shekara ta 1975”, ban da yin bayanin bautar addinin Italiya a shekarun 1970, inda “hukumomin Ikklisiya suka yarda cewa ƙasa da ɗaya cikin uku na Italiya (…) yana zuwa coci akai -akai”, mujallar Svegliatevi! (Tashi!) ya rubuta wani “barazana” ga ruhaniyar Italiyanci, wanda ke son rabuwa da coci:

Waɗannan su ne kutsawa cikin babban maƙiyin Coci a tsakiyar yawan mutanen Italiya, musamman tsakanin matasa. Wannan makiyin addini shi ne kwaminisanci. Kodayake a lokuta da yawa koyarwar kwaminisanci ta dace da addini da sauran akidojin siyasa, babban burin kwaminisanci bai canza ba. Wannan manufa ita ce kawar da tasirin addini da iko a duk inda kwaminisanci ke kan mulki.

A cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata a Italiya, koyarwar Katolika a hukumance shine kada a zaɓi ɗan takarar Kwaminis. An gargadi mabiya darikar Katolika a lokuta da dama da kada su zabi Kwaminisanci, a kan zafin fitar da su. A watan Yuli na Shekarar Mai Tsarki, bishop -cocin Katolika na Lombardy sun ce firistocin da suka ƙarfafa Italiya don zaɓar Kwaminisanci dole su janye in ba haka ba suna haɗarin fitar da su.

L'Osservatore Romano, Ƙungiyar Vatican, ta buga sanarwar da bishop -bishop na arewacin Italiya inda suka bayyana "rashin yardarsu mai raɗaɗi" ga sakamakon zaɓe a watan Yunin 1975 wanda Kwaminisanci ya lashe kuri'u miliyan biyu da rabi, wanda ya zarce kusan adadin ƙuri'un. wanda jam’iyya mai mulki ta samu goyon bayan Vatican. Kuma zuwa ƙarshen Shekarar Mai Tsarki, a cikin Nuwamba, Paparoma Paul ya ba da sabon gargadi ga Katolika waɗanda ke goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Amma na ɗan lokaci a bayyane yake cewa irin wannan gargadin ya fado kan ƙarin kurame.[85]

Dangane da kyakkyawan sakamako na PCI a manufofin 1976, shawarwarin da suka ga Dimokraɗiyya ta Kirista ta sake yin nasara, kusan tabbatacce tare da 38.71%, wanda fifikonsa, duk da haka, a karon farko, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya ta lalata shi sosai, wanda, samun ƙaruwa mai yawa na tallafi (34.37%), ya dakatar da maki kaɗan daga Christian Democrat, yana haɓaka mafi kyawun sakamako a cikin tarihinta, don Hasumiyar Tsaro waɗannan sakamakon sune alamar cewa “tsarin abubuwa” yana ƙarewa kuma Babila Babban zai kasance an goge shi jim kaɗan bayan haka (muna jim kaɗan bayan 1975, lokacin da ƙungiyar ta yi annabci game da Armageddon mai gabatowa, kamar yadda za mu gani daga baya) ta Kwaminisanci, kamar yadda aka nuna a La Torre di Guardia na Afrilu 15, 1977, p. 242, a cikin sashin "Alamar sanarwa mai mahimmanci": 

A zabukan siyasa da aka gudanar a Italiya a lokacin bazarar da ta gabata, jam’iyya mai rinjaye, Dimokuradiyya ta Kirista, da cocin Katolika ke goyan baya, ta sami galaba kan jam’iyyar Kwaminis. Amma Kwaminisanci ya ci gaba da samun nasara. An kuma ga haka a zabukan kananan hukumomi da aka gudanar a lokaci guda. Misali, a cikin gwamnatin gundumar Rome, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta sami kashi 35.5 na kuri'un, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 33.1 na dimokiradiyyar Kirista. Don haka, a karon farko Roma ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon haɗin gwiwar da Kwaminisanci ke jagoranta. Jaridar "Sunday News" a New York ta ce wannan "wani koma baya ne ga Vatican da kuma shugaban cocin, wanda ke amfani da ikon bishop na Katolika na Rome". Tare da ƙuri'un a Roma, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis yanzu ta fi rinjaye a cikin gudanar da kowane babban birni na Italiya, tana lura da "Labarai". (…) Waɗannan abubuwan da aka yi rikodin su a Italiya da wasu ƙasashe zuwa ga ƙarin salon mulkin gwamnati da ficewa daga addinin “Orthodox” mummunan bala’i ne ga majami’un Kiristanci. Duk da haka an annabta wannan a cikin annabcin Littafi Mai -Tsarki a cikin Ruya ta Yohanna surori 17 da 18. A can Kalmar Allah ta bayyana cewa addinan da suka 'yi karuwanci' tare da wannan duniyar nan ba da daɗewa ba za su halaka, abin da ya ba da mamaki ga masu goyon bayan waɗannan addinan. .

Saboda haka, shugaban Kwaminisanci Berlinguer, kowa ya san shi a matsayin ɗan siyasa mai daidaitaccen mutum (ya fara rarrabuwar kawunan PCI daga Tarayyar Soviet a hankali), cikin tsananin zafin Watch Tower Society yana gab da halaka Babila a Italiya: abin tausayi tare da waɗancan sakamakon zaɓen sun buɗe lokacin "sasantawa na tarihi" tsakanin DC na Aldo Moro da PCI na Enrico Berlinguer, wani matakin da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1973 wanda ke nuna yanayin kusanci tsakanin Kiristocin Demokraɗiyya da Kwaminisancin Italiya da aka lura a shekarun 1970, wanda zai jagoranci, a cikin 1976, zuwa gwamnatin Kirista ta farko mai launin launin fata ɗaya wanda aka gudanar da ƙuri'ar waje ta wakilan Kwaminisanci, wanda ake kira "Hadin Kai na Ƙasa", wanda Giulio Andreotti ke jagoranta. A cikin 1978 wannan gwamnatin ta yi murabus don ba da damar shigar da kwayoyin halitta na PCI cikin mafi rinjaye, amma matsakaicin layin gwamnatin Italiya ya yi haɗarin lalata komai; Al’amarin zai ƙare a 1979, bayan sace shugaban Kiristocin Democrat da ‘yan ta’addan Marxist na Red Brigades suka yi har zuwa ranar 16 ga Maris, 1978.

Har ila yau, yanayin bacin rai na motsi ya kasance sharaɗin cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa na duniya sun cika shi, kamar tashin Hitler da Yaƙin Cacar Baki: a cikin fassarar Daniel 11, wanda ke magana game da arangama tsakanin sarkin Arewa da Kudu, wanda ga JWs ke da cikar ninki biyu, Hukumar Mulki za ta bayyana sarkin Kudu da “ikon Anglo-American biyu” da sarkin Arewa tare da Nazi Jamus a 1933, kuma bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu tare da USSR da kawayenta. . Rushewar katangar Berlin zai jagoranci ƙungiyar ta daina bayyana Sarkin Arewa tare da Soviets.[86] A yanzu anti-Sovietism ya rikide zuwa sukar Tarayyar Rasha ta Vladimir Putin, wacce ta hana hukumomin doka na Watcht Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[87]

7. Yanayin zai canza ga JWs-da kuma kungiyoyin ba-Katolika-godiya ga abubuwan da suka faru, kamar dakatar da aikace-aikacen da'irar "Buffarini Guidi", wanda ya faru a 1954 (bin hukuncin Kotun Cassation na 30 Nuwamba 1953, wanda wannan madauwari ya ci gaba da kasancewa "tsari na cikin gida, na umarni ga hukumomin da ke dogaro, ba tare da wata sanarwa ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda, kamar yadda wannan Kwalejin ke yanke hukunci akai-akai, saboda haka ba za su iya sanya takunkumin laifi ba idan ba a bi ka'ida ba"),[88] kuma a takamaiman, don jumla biyu na 1956 da 1957, waɗanda za su fifita aikin Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, wanda zai sauƙaƙa karbuwarsa a Italiya a matsayin ƙungiya bisa tushen yarjejeniyar Italiya da Amurka ta 1948 a daidai da sauran kungiyoyin ba-Katolika na asalin Amurka.

Hukuncin farko ya shafi ƙarshen aikace -aikacen fasaha. 113 na Dokar Haɗa kan Tsaron Jama'a, wanda ke buƙatar "lasisin hukumar tsaro ta jama'a" don "rarrabawa ko watsawa, a cikin jama'a ko wuri a buɗe ga jama'a, rubuce -rubuce ko alamu", kuma wanda ya jagoranci hukumomin don azabtar da JWs, wanda aka sani da aikin gida-gida. Kotun Tsarin Mulki, biyo bayan kame wasu masu buga Watch Tower Society, ta ba da hukunci na farko a tarihinta, ta sanar a ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1956,[89] jumla mai tarihi, ta musamman. A zahiri, kamar yadda Paolo Piccioli ya ba da rahoto:

Wannan hukuncin, wanda masana suka ɗauka da tarihi, bai takaita ga tabbatar da sahihancin dokar da aka ambata ba. Tana da farko ta furta kan wata muhimmiyar tambaya kuma ita ce a kafa, sau ɗaya kuma gaba ɗaya, ko ikon sarrafa ta ya kai ga tanade-tanaden Tsarin Mulki, ko kuma yakamata a iyakance ga waɗanda aka bayar daga baya. Manyan majami'u na coci sun dade da tattara lauyoyin Katolika don tallafawa rashin cancantar Kotun kan dokokin da suka wanzu. A bayyane yake sarakunan Vatican ba sa son a soke dokar fascist tare da kayan ƙuntatawa da suka toshe bautar da tsiraru na addini. Amma Kotun, tana bin Tsarin Tsarin Mulki, ta yi watsi da wannan takaddar ta hanyar tabbatar da wata muhimmiyar ƙa'ida, wato "dokar tsarin mulki, saboda yanayin sa a cikin tsarin Tsarin Mulki mai ƙarfi, dole ne ya yi nasara a kan doka ta yau da kullun". Ta hanyar bincika abin da aka ambata a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 113, Kotun ta bayyana rashin halaccin tsarin mulki na tanade -tanade daban -daban da ke ciki. A cikin Maris 1957, Pius XII, yana magana game da wannan shawarar, ya soki “ta hanyar ayyana haramtacciyar tsarin mulki na wasu ƙa’idojin da suka gabata”.[90]

Hukuncin na biyu ya shafi mabiya 26 da Kotun Musamman ta yanke hukunci. A lokacin da ‘yan ƙasar Italiya da yawa, waɗanda kotun ta yanke wa hukunci, suka sami bitar shari’ar kuma aka wanke su, Associazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova (“ Ƙungiyar Kiristocin Shaidun Jehobah ”), kamar yadda aka san ƙungiyar a lokacin, ta yanke shawarar yin tambaya don sake duba shari'ar don neman haƙƙoƙin ba na waɗanda aka yanke wa hukunci 26 ba, amma na ƙungiyar ƙungiya ce,[91] da aka ba cewa hukuncin Kotun na Musamman ya zargi JWs da “ƙungiyar sirri da nufin yin farfaganda don ɓata tunanin ƙasa da aiwatar da ayyukan da nufin canza fasalin gwamnati” da bin “manufofin laifi”.[92]

An tattauna bukatar sake duba shari'ar a gaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta L'Aquila a ranar 20 ga Maris, 1957 tare da 11 daga cikin 26 da aka yanke wa hukunci, wanda lauya Nicola Romualdi, babban lauyan reshen Italiya na Watch Tower Society, memba. na Jam'iyyar Republican kuma marubuci na La Voce Repubblicana.

Rahoton sake duba hukuncin ya ba da rahoton cewa yayin da lauya Romualdi ya bayyana wa Kotun cewa JWs sun ɗauki matsayin Katolika a matsayin "karuwa" don tsoma bakin ta cikin al'amuran siyasa (saboda ta hanyar ayyukan sihirin ta "an ruɗe dukkan al'ummomi", tushen akan Wahayin Yahaya 17: 4-6, 18, 18:12, 13, 23, NWT), "alƙalai sun yi musayar kallo da murmushi na fahimta". Kotun ta yanke shawarar soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya kuma a sakamakon haka ta gane cewa aikin reshen Italiya na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society ba bisa doka ba ne kuma ba ya kawo rudani.[93] An kiyaye matakin gwargwadon la'akari "gaskiyar cewa ba a soke madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar 1940 ba (wanda ta kori JWs), [don haka] zai zama tilas a fara bincika damar da za a aiwatar da haramcin duk wani aiki na Associationungiyar ”, lura da cewa“ zai zama [ro] a kimanta (…) yuwuwar illolin da ke faruwa a Amurka ”,[94] idan aka ba da hakan, koda kuwa a hukumance ƙungiyar JWs ba ta da murfin siyasa, fushin da ke kan ƙungiyar shari'ar Amurka na iya haifar da matsalolin diflomasiyya.

Amma canjin zamani wanda zai ba da izinin amincewa da wannan doka da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba daga Amurka zai zama Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu (Oktoba 1962-Disamba 1965), wanda tare da “ubanni” 2,540 shine babban taron tattaunawa a cikin tarihin Ikilisiya. Katolika kuma ɗayan mafi girma a cikin tarihin ɗan adam, kuma wanda zai yanke shawarar yin gyare -gyare a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki, liturgical, filin ecumenical da cikin tsarin rayuwa a cikin Coci, canza Katolika a tushen sa, sake fasalin liturgy, gabatar da yarukan da ake magana da su. bukukuwan, masu cutar da yaren Latin, sabunta ayyukan ibada, inganta ɓoye abubuwa. Tare da sauye -sauyen da suka biyo bayan Majalisar, an juyar da bagadan kuma an fassara misals ɗin cikin yarukan zamani. Idan da farko Cocin Roman Katolika za ta inganta, kasancewarta 'yar Majalisar Trent (1545-1563) da na Counter-Reformation, samfuran rashin jituwa ga duk' yan tsiraru na addini, suna tunzura sojojin PS don murkushe su da katse tarurruka, manyan tarurruka, suna tunzura taron jama'a da suka kai musu hari ta hanyar jifar su da abubuwa daban-daban, tare da hana kwararrun kungiyoyin ba-Katolika samun damar aikin jama'a har ma da bukukuwan jana'iza masu sauƙi,[95] awa, tare da Majalisar Vatican ta Biyu, da Ikklesiya za su rena kansu, kuma sun fara, har ma ga takardu daban -daban da suka shafi ecumenism da 'yancin addini, yanayi mai sauƙi.

Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa a cikin 1976 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania “an shigar da shi cikin haƙƙoƙin da Yarjejeniyar Abota, Ciniki da Kewaya ta 1949 ta tabbatar tsakanin Jamhuriyar Italiya da Amurka”;[96] kungiyar asiri za ta iya daukaka kara zuwa Law no. 1159 na ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1929 akan “Dokokin kan ayyukan ƙungiyoyin da aka yarda da su a cikin jihar da na aure da aka yi bikin a gaban ministocin ibada guda”, inda a cikin fasaha. 1 an yi magana game da "Ƙungiyoyin da aka karɓa" kuma ba na "Ƙungiyoyin da aka Haƙure" kamar yadda Dokar Albertine ta ba da izini tun 1848, wanda aka cire "Ƙungiyar ɗaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Duniya" saboda ba ta da halayen doka, ba kasancewa "Jiki" ba a masarautar Italiya ko waje kuma an hana shi tun 1927. Yanzu, tare da shigar da haƙƙoƙin da yarjejeniyar ta tanada tare da Amurka, reshen Italiya na Watch Tower Society na iya samun ministocin ibada tare da yiwuwar yin biki Aure masu inganci don dalilai na farar hula, jin daɗin kiwon lafiya, haƙƙin fansho da doka ta tabbatar, da kuma samun damar hukunta masu aikata laifi don gudanar da aikin ma'aikatar.[97] An kafa ƙima a cikin Italiya akan dpr na 31 ga Oktoba 1986, babu 783, wanda aka buga a cikin Gazzetta ta ba da labari game da Repubblica Italiana na Nuwamba 26, 1986.

8. Daga ƙarshen 1940s zuwa 1960s, karuwar masu shelar JW ya zama ruwan dare gama duniya ta Hasumiyar Tsaro a matsayin shaidar alherin Allah. Jagoran Amurkawa na Shaidun Jehovah sun yi farin ciki lokacin da a cikin kwatancen aikin jarida aka bayyana su a matsayin "addinin da ya fi saurin girma a duniya" fiye da "A cikin shekaru 15, ya ninka membobinta sau uku";[98] tsoron bam din bam din, yakin sanyi, rikice -rikicen makamai na karni na ashirin ya sa tsammanin Hasumiyar Tsaro ta kasance mai sahihanci, kuma za ta fifita karuwa tare da shugabancin Knorr. Kuma bai kamata a manta da asarar ƙarfi na Cocin Katolika da na majami'un Ikklesiyoyin bishara iri -iri "na al'ada" ba. Kamar yadda M. James Penton ya lura: “Tsoffin Katolika da yawa suna sha’awar Shaidu tun daga lokacin gyare -gyare na Vatican II. Sau da yawa suna bayyana a sarari cewa bangaskiyarsu ta girgiza saboda canje -canje a al'adun Katolika na gargajiya kuma suna nuna cewa suna neman addini tare da 'tabbatattun alƙawura' ga ɗabi'un ɗabi'a da ingantaccen tsarin hukuma. "[99] Binciken Johan Leman akan baƙi Sicilian a Belgium da waɗanda Luigi Berzano da Massimo Introvigne suka gudanar a tsakiyar Sicily da alama sun tabbatar da tunanin Penton.[100]

Waɗannan sharudda sun kewaye "shari'ar Italiya", ganin cewa ƙungiyar JW ta sami babban nasara a cikin ƙasar Katolika, da farko jinkirin haɓakawa: sakamakon matakan ƙungiya da Shugaba Knorr ya sanya nan ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da damar buga littattafai na yau da kullun da La Torre di Guardia kuma, tun 1955, Svegliatevi! A waccan shekarar, yankin Abruzzo shine mafi yawan mabiya, amma akwai yankuna na Italiya, kamar Marches, inda babu ikilisiyoyi. Rahoton sabis na 1962 ya yarda cewa, kuma saboda matsalolin da aka bincika a sama, "an gudanar da wa'azin a ƙaramin yanki na Italiya".[101]

Bayan lokaci, duk da haka, an sami ƙaruwa mai yawa, wanda za'a iya taƙaita shi kamar haka:

1948 …………………………………………………………………………………… 152
1951 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .1.752
1955 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .2.587
1958 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .3.515
1962 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .6.304
1966 ……………………………………………………………………………………… .9.584
1969 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 12.886
1971 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 22.916
1975 ……………………………………………………………………………………… 51.248[102]

Muna lura da ƙaruwar adadi mai ƙarfi sosai bayan 1971. Me ya sa? Da yake magana kan babban matakin, kuma ba kawai batun Italiyanci ba, M. James Penton ya ba da amsa, dangane da tunanin jagoranci na Hasumiyar Tsaro sakamakon sakamako mai kyau bayan yaƙi:

Hakanan sun yi kama da gamsuwar Amurkawa na musamman, ba kawai daga ƙaruwa mai ban mamaki na adadin baftisma da sabbin masu shela ba, har ma daga ginin sabbin ɗab'iyoyi, hedikwatar reshe, da adadi mai yawa na wallafe -wallafen da suka buga. kuma an rarraba. Mafi girma koyaushe yana da kyau. Masu jawabai masu ziyara daga Bethel na Brooklyn galibi suna nuna nunin faifai ko fina -finai na masana'antar buga littattafai ta New York yayin da suke yin kaifin basira ga masu sauraron Shaidu a duniya akan adadin takarda da ake amfani da ita don bugawa. Hasumiyar Tsaro da kuma Tashi! mujallu. Don haka lokacin da aka maye gurbin manyan ƙaruwa na farkon 1950s da jinkirin girma na shekaru goma ko goma sha biyu masu zuwa, wannan ya ɗan ɓata rai ga shugabannin Shaidu da kowane mutum Shaidun Jehobah a duk faɗin duniya.

Sakamakon irin wannan ji na wasu Shaidu ya kasance imani cewa wataƙila aikin wa’azi ya kusan ƙarewa: wataƙila yawancin tumakin sun taru. Wataƙila Armageddon ya kusa.[103]

Duk wannan zai canza, tare da hanzartawa, wanda zai shafi, kamar yadda aka gani a sama, karuwar mabiya, a cikin 1966, lokacin da Society ya zaɓar ɗaukacin al'ummar Shaidu ta hanyar nuna shekarar 1975 a matsayin ƙarshen shekaru dubu shida na tarihin ɗan adam da , sabili da haka, a dukkan yiwuwa, farkon karni na Kristi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sabon littafin mai suna Samun cikakken bincike na sunan Dio (Eng. Rayuwa Madawwami cikin 'Yancin san Allah), wanda aka buga don taron bazara na 1966 (1967 don Italiya). A shafuka 28-30 marubucinsa, wanda daga baya An san shi Frederick William Franz, mataimakin shugaban Hasumiyar Tsaro, ya bayyana, bayan sukar tsarin tarihin Littafi Mai-Tsarki wanda babban Bishop na Irish James Ussher (1581-1656) yayi, wanda ya nuna a 4004 K.Z. shekarar haifuwar mutum na farko:

Tun lokacin Ussher an yi nazari mai zurfi na tarihin Littafi Mai -Tsarki. A cikin wannan karni na ashirin an yi wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda ba ya makance bin wasu lissafin tarihin Kiristanci na gargajiya, kuma bugun lissafin lokacin da ya fito daga wannan binciken mai zaman kansa yana nuna ranar da aka halicci mutum a matsayin 4026 BC. EV Dangane da wannan lissafin tarihin Littafi Mai Tsarki da aka amince da shi, shekaru dubu shida bayan halittar mutum zai ƙare a 1975, kuma shekaru dubu dubu bakwai na tarihin ɗan adam za su fara a faɗuwar 1975 CE[104]

Marubucin zai ci gaba:

Shekaru dubu shida na kasancewar mutum a duniya saboda haka yana gab da ƙarewa, i, a cikin wannan tsarar. Jehobah Allah madawwami ne, kamar yadda aka rubuta a Zabura 90: 1, 2: “Ya Ubangiji, kai da kanka ka nuna kai ne gidan sarauta a gare mu daga tsara zuwa tsara. Kafin a haifi duwatsu da kansu, ko kafin ku mallaki duniya da ƙasa mai ɗaci kamar naƙuda, daga madawwami zuwa madawwama ku ne Allah ”. Daga ra'ayin Ubangiji Allah, to, waɗannan shekaru dubu shida na rayuwar mutum da ke gab da wucewa kamar kwanaki shida ne na sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu, domin wannan zaburar (ayoyi 3, 4) ta ci gaba da cewa: “Kun kawo Ka mayar da mutum zuwa turɓaya, ka ce, 'Ku komo,' ya'yan mutane. Gama shekaru dubu suna a idanunku kamar jiya lokacin da ya wuce, kuma kamar agogo cikin dare. ”M Ba shekaru da yawa a cikin tsararrakinmu, to, za mu zo ga abin da Jehovah Allah zai ɗauka a matsayin rana ta bakwai ta kasancewar mutum.

Zai dace da Jehovah Allah ya mai da wannan shekaru dubu na bakwai ya zama lokacin hutawa, babbar Asabar ta Jubilee don shelar 'yanci na duniya ga dukan mazaunanta! Wannan zai dace sosai ga ɗan adam. Hakanan zai dace sosai a ɓangaren Allah, tunda, tuna, har yanzu ɗan adam yana da gabanin abin da littafin ƙarshe na Littafi Mai -Tsarki yayi magana akan shi ne sarautar shekaru dubu na Yesu Kristi a duniya, mulkin millennial na Kristi. A cikin annabci, Yesu Kristi, lokacin da yake duniya ƙarni goma sha tara da suka gabata, ya faɗi game da kansa: “ofan mutum shine Ubangijin Asabar.” (Matta 12: 8) Ba za ta kasance kwatsam ba, amma za ta kasance bisa ƙaƙƙarfan nufin Jehovah Allah cewa mulkin Yesu Kristi, “Ubangijin Asabar”, ya yi daidai da ƙarni na bakwai na wanzuwar mutum. ”[105]

A karshen babin, a shafi na 34 da 35, “Tabelle di date m della creazione dell'uomo al 7000 AM ”(“Teburin muhimman ranakun halittar mutum a 7000 AM ”) an buga. wanda ya bayyana cewa an halicci mutum na farko Adam a cikin 4026 KZ kuma shekaru dubu shida na rayuwar mutum a duniya zai ƙare a 1975:

Amma daga 1968 ne kawai ƙungiyar ta ba da babban matsayi ga sabon kwanan ƙarshen ƙarshen shekaru dubu shida na tarihin ɗan adam da kuma abubuwan da za su iya haifar. Wani sabon ƙaramin littafin, Yana da wuya a faɗi duk abin da kuke so, wanda aka fi siyarwa a cikin ƙungiyar har yanzu ana tunawa da shi tare da wasu nostalgia kamar "blue bam", an gabatar da shi a taron gunduma na wannan shekarar zai maye gurbin tsohon littafin Sia Dio yana da ƙarin bayani a matsayin babban kayan aikin nazari don yin tuba, wanda, kamar littafin 1966, ya haifar da tsammanin wannan shekarar, 1975, dauke da maganganun da ke nuna gaskiyar cewa duniya ba za ta tsira ba bayan waccan shekarar mai ban tsoro, amma wacce za a gyara a cikin 1981 sake bugawa.[106] Societyungiyar ta kuma ba da shawarar cewa yin nazarin Littafi Mai -Tsarki gida tare da mutanen da abin ya shafa tare da taimakon sabon littafin yakamata a takaita su ga ɗan gajeren lokaci da bai wuce watanni shida ba. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, masu tuba a nan gaba sun riga sun zama JWs ko aƙalla suna halartar Majami'ar Mulki ta gida. Lokaci ya iyakance har aka yanke hukunci cewa idan mutane ba su karɓi “Gaskiya” (kamar yadda JWs suka ayyana a duk faɗin koyarwar su da na ilimin tauhidi) a cikin watanni shida, damar sanin cewa dole ne a ba shi ga wasu kafin ta yi yawa. marigayi.[107] A bayyane yake, har ma da duba bayanan haɓaka a cikin Italiya kadai daga 1971 zuwa 1975, hasashe na ranar tashin hankali ya hanzarta ma'anar gaggawa na masu aminci, kuma wannan ya sa mutane da yawa sha'awar yin tsalle a kan karusar apocalyptic na Hasumiyar Tsaro. Ƙari ga haka, Shaidun Jehobah da yawa masu ɗumi sun sha mamaki. Bayan haka, a cikin faɗuwar 1968, Kamfanin, don mayar da martani daga jama'a, ya fara buga jerin labarai kan Svegliatevi! da kuma La Torre di Guardia wanda bai bar shakka ba cewa suna tsammanin ƙarshen duniya a 1975. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tsammanin tsinkaye na baya (kamar 1914 ko 1925), Hasumiyar Tsaro za ta yi taka tsantsan, koda kuwa akwai maganganun da ke bayyana a sarari cewa kungiyar ta jagoranci mabiya don yin imani da wannan annabcin:

Abu ɗaya tabbatacce tabbatacce ne, tsarin tarihin Littafi Mai -Tsarki wanda goyan bayan annabcin Littafi Mai -Tsarki ya cika ya nuna cewa shekaru dubu shida na wanzuwar ɗan adam zai ƙare nan ba da daɗewa ba, i, a cikin wannan tsara! (Mat. 24:34) Saboda haka, wannan ba lokacin nuna halin ko in kula ba ne. Wannan ba lokacin yin wasa da kalmomin Yesu bane cewa "game da wannan ranar da sa'ar ba wanda ya sani, mala'ikun sama ko Sonan, sai Uba kaɗai". (Mat. 24:36) Akasin haka, lokaci ne da ya kamata a fahimci cewa ƙarshen wannan zamanin yana gab da ƙarshen tashin hankali. Kada a yaudare ku, ya isa Uban da kansa ya san 'rana da sa'ar' duka!

Ko da ba za mu iya gani sama da 1975 ba, wannan shine dalilin rage ƙarancin aiki? Manzannin ba su iya gani ba har zuwa yau; ba su san komai ba na 1975. Abin da kawai za su iya gani shine ɗan gajeren lokaci a gabansu wanda a ciki za su gama aikin da aka ba su. (1 Bit. 4: 7) Don haka akwai alamun tashin hankali da kukan gaggawa cikin dukan rubuce -rubucensu. (Ayukan Manzanni 20:20; 2 Tim. 4: 2) Kuma da dalili. Idan sun jinkirta ko ɓata lokaci kuma sun yi wasa da tunanin cewa akwai sauran 'yan shekaru dubu kaɗan, da ba za su gama tseren da aka sa gaban su ba. A'a, sun gudu da sauri da sauri, kuma sun ci nasara! Lamari ne na rayuwa ko mutuwa a gare su. - 1 Kor. 9:24; 2 Tim. 4: 7; Ibran. 12: 1.[108]

Dole ne a faɗi cewa wallafe -wallafen Society ba su taɓa bayyana a sarari cewa a cikin 1975 ƙarshen zai zo ba. Shugabannin lokacin, musamman Frederick William Franz, babu shakka sun gina akan gazawar da ta gabata ta 1925. Duk da haka, mafi yawan JWs ba su san komai ba ko kaɗan game da tsoffin gazawar tsattsauran ra'ayi na ƙungiyar, an kama su da himma; masu kula masu tafiya da gundumomi da yawa sun yi amfani da ranar 1975, musamman a babban taron, a matsayin hanyar ƙarfafa membobi don ƙara wa'azin su. Kuma ba hikima ba ce a yi shakka a kwanan wata, saboda wannan na iya nuna “rashin ruhaniya mara kyau” idan ba rashin imani ga “bawan nan mai -aminci, mai -hikima”, ko jagoranci.[109]

Ta yaya wannan koyarwar ta shafi rayuwar JWs a duniya? Wannan koyarwar ta yi tasiri sosai a rayuwar mutane. A watan Yuni 1974, da Minista del Regno ya ba da rahoton cewa adadin majagaba ya fashe kuma an yaba wa mutanen da suka sayar da gidajensu don yin ɗan lokacin da ya rage a hidimar Allah. Hakanan, an shawarce su da su jinkirta karatun yaransu:

Haka ne, ƙarshen wannan tsarin ya kusa! Shin wannan ba shine dalilin bunkasa kasuwancin mu ba? Dangane da wannan, zamu iya koyan wani abu daga mai tsere wanda zuwa ƙarshen tseren ke yin tsere na ƙarshe. Dubi Yesu, wanda babu shakka ya hanzarta aikinsa a kwanaki na ƙarshe da yake duniya. A zahiri, sama da kashi 27 na abubuwan da ke cikin Linjila an keɓe su ga makon da ya gabata na hidimar Yesu a duniya! - Matta 21: 1–27: 50; Markus 11: 1–15: 37; Luka 19: 29-23: 46; Yahaya 11: 55–19: 30.

Ta hanyar bincika yanayinmu da kyau cikin addu’a, muna kuma iya ganin cewa muna iya ba da ƙarin lokaci da kuzari don yin wa’azi a wannan lokacin na ƙarshe kafin wannan zamanin ya ƙare. 'Yan'uwa da yawa suna yin haka. Wannan a bayyane yake a cikin karuwar adadin majagaba.

Ee, tun daga watan Disamba na 1973 akwai sabbin manyan majagaba a kowane wata. Yanzu akwai 1,141 majagaba na yau da kullun da na musamman a Italiya, wanda ba a taɓa ganin irin sa ba. Wannan daidai yake da majagaba 362 fiye da na Maris 1973! Ƙarin kashi 43 cikin ɗari! Shin zukatanmu ba sa murna? Ana jin labarai na 'yan'uwa suna siyar da gidajensu da kadarorinsu kuma suna shirin yin sauran kwanakin su a cikin wannan tsohon tsarin a matsayin majagaba. Babu shakka wannan kyakkyawar hanya ce ta yin amfani da ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya rage kafin ƙarshen wannan muguwar duniya. —1 Yohanna 2:17.[110]

Dubunnan matasa JWs sun ɗauki aikin zama majagaba na yau da kullun akan kuɗin jami'a ko aiki na cikakken lokaci, haka kuma sabbin masu tuba da yawa. 'Yan kasuwa, masu shaguna, da sauransu sun bar kasuwancinsu mai wadata. Kwararru sun bar ayyukansu na cikakken lokaci kuma iyalai kalilan a duniya sun sayar da gidajensu suka koma “Inda ake da bukatar [masu wa’azi] mafi girma.” Matasa ma'aurata sun jinkirta aurensu ko kuma sun yanke shawarar ba za su haifi yara ba idan sun yi aure. Ma'aurata da suka balaga sun janye asusun ajiyar su na banki kuma, inda tsarin fansho ya kasance mai zaman kansa, kudaden fansho. Mutane da yawa, manya da tsofaffi, maza da mata, sun yanke shawarar jinkirta wasu tiyata ko jinyar da ta dace. Wannan shine lamarin, a Italiya, na Michele Mazzoni, tsohon dattijon ikilisiya, wanda ya ba da shaida:

Waɗannan bulala ne, rashin kulawa da rashin hankali, waɗanda suka tura iyalai duka [na Shaidun Jehobah] zuwa kan titi don amfanin GB [Hukumar Mulki, ed.] Zuwa saboda abin da mabiya marasa hankali suka rasa kayayyaki da ayyukan da za su bi daga ƙofa zuwa gida ƙofar don haɓaka kuɗin shiga na Society, tuni da yawa masu ƙima da ƙima… JW da yawa sun sadaukar da makomarsu da ta yaransu don amfanin Kamfanin guda ɗaya… lokutan rayuwa bayan mummunan ranar fushin Allah wanda a cikin 1975 da za a buɗe a Harmageddon… irin wannan tabin hankali ya ɓullo (…).

Mazzotti ya yi wa'azin ƙarshen tsarin abubuwa don 1975 ko'ina da kowane lokaci bisa ga umarnin da aka bayar. Hakanan yana cikin waɗanda suka yi tanadi da yawa (kayan gwangwani) don haka a ƙarshen 1977 har yanzu bai kawar da su tare da danginsa ba.[111] Giancarlo Farina, tsohon JW wanda zai yi hanyar tserewa ya zama Furotesta kuma darektan Casa della Bibbia (Gidan Littafi Mai -Tsarki), gidan buga littattafan bishara na Turin da ke rarraba Littafi Mai -Tsarki, “duk sun tabbatar min cewa Shaidun Jehovah sun yi wa’azi a 1975 a matsayin shekarar ƙarshe. Ana samun ƙarin tabbaci na rashin tabbas na GB a cikin bambanci tsakanin abin da aka fada a cikin Ministero del Regno na 1974 da abin da aka fada a cikin Hasumiyar Tsaro [kwanan rana 1 ga Janairu, 1977, shafi na 24]: a can, ana yaba wa 'yan'uwa saboda sayar da gidaje da kayayyaki da ciyar da kwanakin su na ƙarshe a hidimar majagaba ”.[112]

Majiyoyin waje, kamar na jaridar ƙasa, suma sun fahimci saƙon da Hasumiyar Tsaro ke ƙaddamarwa. Buga na 10 Agusta 1969 na jaridar Rome Il Tempo ya buga asusun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya “Pace in Terra”, “Riusciremo a battere Satana nell'agosto 1975” (“Za mu iya doke Shaidan a watan Agusta 1975”), kuma rahotanni:

A bara, shugaban su [JW] Nathan Knorr yayi bayani a watan Agusta 1975 cewa ƙarshen shekaru 6,000 na tarihin ɗan adam zai faru. An tambaye shi, to, idan ba sanarwar ƙarshen duniya ba ne, amma ya amsa, yana ɗaga hannayensa zuwa sama cikin alamar ƙarfafawa: “A'a, akasin haka: a watan Agusta 1975, ƙarshen ƙarshen zamanin yaƙe -yaƙe, tashin hankali da zunubi da dogon lokaci mai fa'ida na ƙarni na 10 na zaman lafiya zai fara lokacin da za a dakatar da yaƙe -yaƙe kuma zunubi ya ci nasara ... "

Amma ta yaya ƙarshen duniya na zunubi zai faru kuma ta yaya zai yiwu a kafa farkon wannan sabon zaman lafiya tare da irin wannan madaidaicin abin mamaki? Lokacin da aka tambaye shi, babban jami'in ya amsa: "Abu ne mai sauƙi: ta hanyar duk shaidun da aka tattara a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki kuma godiya ga wahayi na annabawa da yawa mun sami damar tabbatar da cewa daidai ne a watan Agusta 1975 (amma ba mu san ranar ba) cewa Za a yi wa Shaiɗan dukan tsiya kuma zai fara. sabuwar zamanin zaman lafiya.

Amma a bayyane yake cewa, a cikin tauhidin JW, wanda baya hango ƙarshen duniya, amma na tsarin ɗan adam "wanda Shaiɗan ke mulkin", "ƙarshen zamanin yaƙe -yaƙe, tashin hankali da zunubi" da "Fara tsawon lokaci mai fa'ida na ƙarni 10 na zaman lafiya lokacin da za a dakatar da yaƙe -yaƙe da cin nasara zunubi" zai faru ne kawai bayan yaƙin Armageddon! Akwai jaridu da yawa da suka yi magana game da shi, musamman daga 1968 zuwa 1975.[113] Lokacin da Hukumar da ke Kula da Ayyukan Shaidun Jehovah ta sami kanta cikin ɓata, don ɗaukar alhakin yin hasashen wani “ɗan jinkiri,” a cikin wasiƙar sirri da aka aika wa mai karanta mujallu, reshen Italiya ya yi ƙaryar cewa bai taɓa faɗi duniya ba. Yakamata ya ƙare a cikin 1975, yana dora laifin a kan 'yan jarida, yana bin "abin mamaki" kuma ƙarƙashin ikon Shaiɗan Iblis:

Ya Ubangiji,

Muna amsa wasiƙar ku kuma mun karanta ta da matuƙar kulawa, kuma muna tsammanin yana da hikima a bincika kafin mu amince da irin waɗannan maganganun. Kada ya manta cewa kusan duk wallafe -wallafen yau don riba ne. Don wannan, marubuta da 'yan jarida suna ƙoƙarin farantawa wasu nau'ikan mutane. Suna jin tsoron ɓata masu karatu ko masu shela. Ko kuma suna amfani da abin mamaki ko ban mamaki don haɓaka tallace -tallace, har ma da farashin karkatar da gaskiya. Kusan kowace jarida da tushen talla a shirye suke su tsara tunanin jama'a bisa ga nufin Shaiɗan.

Tabbas, ba mu yi wata magana ba game da ƙarshen duniya a 1975. Wannan labaran ƙarya ne da jaridu da gidajen rediyo da yawa suka ɗauke.

Da fatan za a fahimce mu, muna aiko muku da gaisuwar gaskiya.[114]

Sannan Hukumar Mulki, lokacin da ta gano cewa Shaidun Jehovah da yawa ba sa siyan ta, sun sauke nauyin tare da buga mujallar da take zargi a cikin Kwamitin Marubuta na Brooklyn saboda sun jaddada ranar 1975 a matsayin ranar ƙarshen duniya, “mantawa” don tantancewa cewa Kwamitin Marubuta da Editocin membobi ne na Hukumar Mulki ɗaya.[115]

Lokacin da 1975 ta zo kuma ta tabbatar da cewa wani "apocalypse ya jinkirta" zuwa wani lokaci na gaba (amma annabcin ƙarni na 1914 ya kasance wanda ba zai wuce ba kafin Armagheddon, wanda ƙungiyar za ta nanata misali daga littafin Za a iya samun ci gaba a kowace semper su una terra paradiseisiaca na 1982, kuma a cikin 1984, koda kuwa ba sabuwar koyarwar ba ce)[116] ba 'yan JWs da suka sha wahala sosai ba. Cikin nutsuwa da yawa sun bar motsi. The Littafin Shekarar 1976 rahotanni, a shafi na 28, cewa a cikin 1975 an sami ƙaruwar kashi 9.7 cikin ɗari na adadin masu shela a shekarar da ta gabata. Amma a cikin shekara mai zuwa karuwar ta kasance kawai 3.7%,[117] kuma a cikin 1977 har ma an sami raguwar 1%! 441 A wasu ƙasashe raguwar ta fi girma.[118]

Neman ƙasa da jadawali, dangane da haɓaka yawan JWs a Italiya daga 1961 zuwa 2017, zamu iya karantawa sosai daga adadi cewa haɓaka ya yi girma tun lokacin littafin Samun cikakken bincike na sunan Dio kuma an saki farfaganda da ta haifar. Jadawalin a sarari yana nuna ƙaruwa a cikin 1974, kusa da ranar ƙaddara kuma, tare da kololuwar 34% da matsakaicin ci gaba, daga 1966 zuwa 1975, na 19.6% (akan 0.6 a lokacin 2008-2018). Amma, bayan fatarar kuɗi, raguwa mai zuwa, tare da ƙimar girma na zamani (iyakance ga Italiya kawai) daidai da 0%.

Jadawalin, wanda akasarin bayanansa aka karɓa daga rahotannin sabis da aka buga a cikin fitowar Ma'aikatun Mulki na Disamba, yana nuna cewa wa'azin lokacin, wanda aka mai da hankali akan ƙarshen shekarar 1975, yana da tasiri mai gamsarwa wajen fifita ci gaban Shaidun Jehobah, wanda a shekara ta gaba, a 1976, ƙasar Italiya ta amince da ita. Raguwar a cikin shekaru masu zuwa suna nuna ba wai kawai kasancewar ɓarna ba, har ma da tsayuwa - tare da wasu tashin hankali a cikin 1980s - na motsi, wanda ba zai sami ƙarin haɓaka ba, idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, kamar yadda yake a lokacin.[119]

RATAYE HOTON

 Babban taron Italiyanci na Studentsaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ƙasashen waje
Association, wanda aka gudanar a Pinerolo, daga 23 zuwa 26 ga Afrilu, 1925

 

 Remigio Cuminetti

 

Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs ya rattaba hannu kan SB, kwanan wata 18 ga Disamba, 1959 inda Hasumiyar Tsaro ta ba da shawarar a bayyane dogaro da lauyoyi "na 'yan Republican ko zamantakewa na dimokuradiyya" tunda "su ne mafi kyau don kare mu".

A cikin wannan wasiƙar daga reshen Rome na JWs da aka sanya wa hannu SB, kwanan wata 18 ga Disamba, 1959, Hasumiyar Tsaro ta ba da shawarar a sarari: “mun fi son zaɓin lauya ya kasance cikin halin da ba na gurguzu ba. Muna son amfani da lauyan Republican, Liberal ko Social Democrat ”.

A cikin wannan wasiƙar daga reshen Rome na JWs sanya hannu EQA: SSC, mai kwanan wata 17 ga Satumba, 1979, an yi magana da shi ga babban gudanarwa na RAI [kamfanin da ke keɓance na gidan rediyon jama'a da sabis na talabijin a Italiya, ed.] kuma ga Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar don sa ido na ayyukan RAI, wakilin shari’a na Watch Tower Society a Italiya ya rubuta: “A cikin tsari, kamar na Italiyanci, wanda ya dogara da ƙimar Resistance, Shaidun Jehovah suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi kalilan da suka yi yunƙurin sanya dalilai. na lamiri kafin ikon yaƙi kafin Jamus da Italiya. don haka suna bayyana kyawawan manufofi a cikin gaskiyar zamani ”.

Harafi daga reshen Italiyanci na JW, ya rattaba hannu kan SCB: SSA, ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1975, inda ake zargi 'yan jaridun Italiya da yaɗa labarai masu firgitarwa game da ƙarshen duniya a 1975.

"Riusciremo a Battere Satana nell'agosto 1975" ("Za mu iya doke Shaidan a watan Agusta 1975"),
Il Tempo, Agusta 10, 1969.

Girman guntun jaridar da aka nakalto a sama:

"A bara, shugaban su [JW] Nathan Knorr yayi bayani a watan Agusta 1975 cewa ƙarshen shekaru 6,000 na tarihin ɗan adam zai faru. An tambaye shi, to, idan ba sanarwar ƙarshen duniya ba ne, amma ya amsa, yana ɗaga hannayensa zuwa sama cikin alamar ƙarfafawa: 'A'a, a akasin haka: a watan Agusta 1975, ƙarshen ƙarshen zamanin yaƙe -yaƙe, tashin hankali da zunubi da tsawon lokaci mai fa'ida na ƙarni na 10 na zaman lafiya zai fara yayin da za a dakatar da yaƙe -yaƙe kuma zunubi ya ci nasara ...

Amma ta yaya ƙarshen duniya na zunubi zai faru kuma ta yaya zai yiwu a kafa farkon wannan sabon zaman lafiya tare da irin wannan madaidaicin abin mamaki? Lokacin da aka tambaye shi, babban jami'in ya amsa: "Abu ne mai sauƙi: ta hanyar duk shaidun da aka tattara a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki kuma godiya ga wahayi na annabawa da yawa mun sami damar tabbatar da cewa daidai ne a watan Agusta 1975 (amma ba mu san ranar ba) cewa Za a yi wa Shaiɗan dukan tsiya kuma zai fara. sabuwar zamanin zaman lafiya. ”

Bayani or Sanarwa, wanda aka buga a mujallar Switzerland Ta'aziya (consolation, yau Awake!) na 1 ga Oktoba, 1943.

 

Fassara ta Sanarwa buga a Ta'aziya na Oktoba 1, 1943.

KYAUTA

Kowane yaƙi yana damun ɗan adam da mugayen ayyuka marasa adadi kuma yana haifar da mummunan lamiri ga dubunnan, har ma da miliyoyin mutane. Wannan shi ne abin da za a iya faɗi daidai gwargwado game da yaƙin da ke gudana, wanda ba ya ratsa kowace nahiya kuma ana yin ta cikin iska, a cikin teku da ƙasa. Babu makawa cewa a lokuta irin wannan za mu yi rashin fahimta da gangan kuma mu yi zargin ba daidai ba, ba wai a madadin mutane kawai ba, har ma da na al'ummomi iri daban -daban.

Mu Shaidun Jehobah ba haka ba ne ga wannan dokar. Wasu suna gabatar da mu a matsayin ƙungiya wacce aikinta ke da nufin lalata “tarbiyyar sojoji, da tsokanar tsokana ko gayyatar mutane da su guji yin hidima, saba wa umarnin soja, keta aikin hidima ko barin aiki.”

Irin wannan abu zai iya tallafawa ne kawai daga waɗanda ba su san ruhi da aikin jama'ar mu ba kuma, tare da mugunta, yi ƙoƙarin gurbata gaskiya.

Muna tabbatar da cewa ƙungiyarmu ba ta yin odar, ba da shawara ko ba da shawara ta kowace hanya don yin abin da ya saba wa umarnin soja, kuma ba a bayyana wannan tunanin a cikin tarurrukanmu da cikin rubuce -rubucen da ƙungiyarmu ta buga. Ba ma magance irin waɗannan batutuwa ko kaɗan. Aikinmu shi ne yin shaida ga Jehobah Allah da kuma shelar gaskiya ga dukan mutane. Daruruwan abokan mu da masu tausaya wa sun cika aikin su na soja kuma suna ci gaba da yin hakan.

Ba za mu taɓa samun da'awar da za mu bayyana cewa yin ayyukan soja ya sabawa ƙa'idodi da manufofin Ƙungiyar Shaidun Jehobah kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokokinta. Muna roƙon duk abokanmu da abokanmu cikin bangaskiyar da ke tsunduma cikin shelar mulkin Allah (Matta 24:14) don ci gaba - kamar yadda aka saba yi har zuwa yanzu - cikin aminci da tabbaci ga shelar gaskiyar Littafi Mai -Tsarki, muna guje wa duk abin da zai iya haifar da rashin fahimta. ko ma an fassara shi azaman tunzurawa don rashin biyayya ga tanadin sojoji.

Ƙungiyar Shaidun Jehobah na Switzerland

Shugaban: Ad. Gammenthaler

Sakataren: D. Wiedenmann

Bern, Satumba 15, 1943

 

Harafi daga reshen Faransa ya rattaba hannu SA/SCF, ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1982.

Fassarar LHaɓakawa daga reshen Faransa ya sanya hannu SA/SCF, kwanan watan Nuwamba 11, 1982.

SA/SCF

Nuwamba 11, 1982

Sister [suna] [1]

Mun karɓi wasiƙarku daga halin yanzu na 1 wanda muka mai da hankali sosai kuma a cikin abin da kuke tambayar mu don kwafin “Sanarwa” wanda ya bayyana a cikin “Ta’aziyya” na Oktoba 1943.

Mun aiko muku da wannan kwafin, amma ba mu da kwafin gyaran da aka yi yayin babban taron ƙasa da aka yi a Zurich a 1947. Duk da haka, 'yan'uwa da yawa sun ji a wannan lokacin kuma a wannan yanayin halayenmu ba kwata -kwata rashin fahimta; wannan, haka ma, sananne sosai don akwai buƙatar ƙarin bayani.

Muna roƙon ku, duk da haka, kada ku sanya wannan “Sanarwa” a hannun abokan gaskiya kuma musamman kada ku ƙyale kwafin ta ta hanyar ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana a cikin Matta 7: 6 [2]; 10:16. Ba tare da haka muna so mu kasance masu yawan shakku game da niyyar mutumin da kuka ziyarta ba kuma don taka tsantsan, mun fi son cewa ba shi da kwafin wannan “Sanarwa” don gujewa duk wani amfani mai yuwuwa a kan gaskiya.

Muna ganin ya dace dattijo ya raka ku don ziyartar wannan mutumi bisa la'akari da shubuha da ƙaƙƙarfan tattaunawar. A saboda haka ne muke ba wa kan mu damar aika musu kwafin amsawar mu.

Muna ba ku tabbatacciyar ƙaunatacciyar 'yar'uwa [suna] duk ƙaunar' yan uwanmu.

'Yan'uwanku da abokan aikinku,

CHRÉTIENNE ASSOCIATION

Les Témoins de Jéhovah

DA FRANCE

Ps.: Kwafin “Sanarwa”

cc: ga jikin tsofaffi.

[1] Don hankali, an cire sunan mai karɓa.

[2] Matta 7: 6 ta ce: “Kada ku jefa lu’ulu’unku a gaban alade.” Babu shakka “lu’u -lu’u” su ne Sanarwa kuma aladu za su zama “abokan hamayya”!

Rubutun Ƙarshen Rubutu

[1] Magana game da Sihiyona sun fi yawa a cikin Russell. Babban marubucin tarihin, James James Penton, ya rubuta: “A lokacin rabin farkon Studentsaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki-labarin Shaidun Jehovah, mayya ta fara a cikin shekarun 1870, shin sun shahara saboda tausayin su ga Yahudawa. Fiye da ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara- da na ashirin na Furotesta na farko, shugaban farko na Watch Tower Society, Charles T. Russell, ya kasance mai goyon bayan dalilan Zionist. Ya ki yin yunƙurin juyar da yahudawa, ya yi imani da sake tsugunar da Yahudawa na Falasdinu, kuma a cikin 1910 ya jagoranci masu sauraron Yahudawa na New York wajen rera taken Zionist, Hatikva. ” M. James Penton, “A. Labari of Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafa: Shaidun Jehobah, anti-Yahudanci, Da Reich na Uku ", The Binciken Kirista, vol. I, a'a. 3 (Lokacin bazara 1990), 33-34. Russell, a cikin wasiƙar da aka aika zuwa Barons Maurice de Hirsch da Edmond de Rothschild, wanda ya bayyana Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion na Disamba 1891, 170, 171, za su nemi “manyan Yahudawa biyu na duniya” su sayi ƙasa a Falasdinu don kafa matsugunan yahudawan sahyoniya. Duba: Fasto Charles Taze Russell: Kiriston Kirista na Farko, ta David Horowitz (New York: Laburaren Falsafa, 1986), littafin da jakadan Isra’ila na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na wancan lokacin Benjamin Netanyahu ya yaba sosai, kamar yadda Philippe Bohstrom ya ruwaito, a cikin “Kafin Herzl, Akwai Fasto Russell: Wani Sassauci na Sihiyona. ”, Haaretz.com, 22 ga Agusta, 2008. Magaji, Joseph. F. Rutherford, bayan kusancin farko ga dalilin yahudawan sahyoniya (daga 1917-1932), ya canza rukunan sosai, kuma don nuna cewa JWs sune “Isra’ila na Allah na gaskiya” ya gabatar da dabarun yahudawa cikin adabin motsi. . A cikin littafin Vindication zai rubuta: “An kori Yahudawa kuma gidansu ya zama kango saboda sun ƙi Yesu. Har yau, ba su tuba daga wannan aika -aika na kakanninsu ba. Wadanda suka koma Falasdinu suna yin haka ne saboda son rai ko don dalilai na jin dadi ”. Joseph F. Rutherford, Vindication, vol. 2 (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1932), 257. A yau JWs ba sa bin ko dai Russellite Zionism ko Rutherfordian anti-Yahudanci, suna da'awar cewa ba sa tsaka tsaki daga duk wata tambaya ta siyasa.

[2] Societyungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro tana gabatar da kanta a lokaci guda azaman cibiyar shari'a na kamfanoni, azaman gidan bugawa da ƙungiyar addini. Haɗin tsakanin waɗannan nau'ikan daban -daban yana da rikitarwa kuma, a cikin karni na ashirin, ya bi matakai daban -daban. Don dalilan sarari duba: George D. Chryssides, Shafin A zuwa Z na Shaidun Jehobah (Lanham: Scare Crow, 2009), LXIV-LXVII, 64; Id., Ba Shaidun Jehobah (New York: Routledge, 2016), 141-144; M. James Penton, An Jinkirta Apocalypse. Labarin Shaidun Jehobah (Toronto: Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2015), 294-303.

[3] An karɓi sunan “Shaidun Jehobah” a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1931 a babban taron da aka yi a Columbus, Ohio, lokacin da Joseph Franklin Rutherford, shugaban Hasumiyar Tsaro na biyu, ya gabatar da jawabin. Mulkin: Fatan Duniya, tare da ƙuduri Sabon Suna: "Muna fatan a san mu kuma a kira mu da sunan, wato shaidun Jehobah." Shaidun Jehobah: Masu Shelar Mulkin Allah (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., 1993), 260. Zaɓin an yi wahayi zuwa ga Ishaya 43:10, wani sashi wanda, a cikin New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures na 2017, ya karanta: “'Ku ne shaiduna, in ji Ubangiji,' ... Allah, kuma babu wani bayan ni '.” Amma dalili na gaskiya ya bambanta: “A cikin 1931 - Alan Rogerson ya rubuta - ya zo muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin ƙungiyar. Shekaru da yawa ana kiran mabiyan Rutherford sunaye iri -iri: 'Studentsaliban Littafi Mai -Tsarki na Duniya', 'Russellites', ko 'Millennial Dawners'. Don rarrabewa a fili mabiyansa daga sauran ƙungiyoyin da suka rabu a 1918 Rutherford ya ba da shawarar cewa su ɗauki sabon suna gaba ɗaya. Shaidun Jehobah."Alan Rogerson, Miliyoyin Masu Rayuwa Yanzu Ba Za Su Mutu Ba: Nazarin Shaidun Jehobah (London: Constable, 1969), 56. Rutherford da kansa zai tabbatar da wannan: “Tun bayan mutuwar Charles T. Russell akwai kamfanoni da dama da aka kafa daga waɗanda suka taɓa tafiya tare da shi, kowanne daga cikin waɗannan kamfanonin suna iƙirarin koyar da gaskiya, kuma kowannensu yana kiran kansa da wani suna, kamar “Mabiyan Fasto Russell”, “waɗanda ke tsayawa kan gaskiya kamar yadda Fasto Russell ya bayyana,” “Abokan ɗaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki,” wasu kuma da sunayen shugabannin yankinsu. Duk wannan yana haifar da rudani kuma yana hana masu kyakkyawar niyya waɗanda ba a ba su ƙarin sani ba daga samun ilimin gaskiya. ” "A ba Sabon Suna ”, The Watch Tower, Oktoba 1, 1931, p. 291

[4] Dubi M. James Penton [2015]. 165-71.

[5] Ibid., 316-317. Sabon rukunan, wanda ya cire “tsohuwar fahimta,” ya bayyana a ciki Hasumiyar Tsaro, 1 ga Nuwamba, 1995, 18-19. Koyarwar ta sami ƙarin canji tsakanin 2010 da 2015: a cikin 2010 Hasumiyar Tsaro ta bayyana cewa “ƙarni” na 1914 - wanda Shaidun Jehovah suka ɗauka a matsayin ƙarni na ƙarshe kafin Yaƙin Armageddon - ya haɗa da mutanen da rayuwarsu ta “mamaye” ta “ shafaffu waɗanda ke raye lokacin da alamar ta fara bayyana a shekara ta 1914. ” A cikin 2014 da 2015, an ambaci Frederick W. Franz, shugaban gaba na Watchtower Society (b. 1893, d. 1992) a matsayin misali na ɗaya daga cikin membobin ƙarshe na “shafaffu” da rai a 1914, wanda ke nuna cewa “ tsara ”yakamata ya haɗa da duk“ shafaffu ”har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1992. Dubi talifin“ Matsayin Ruhu Mai Tsarki a Aiki na Nufin Jehovah ”, The Hasumiyar Tsaro, Afrilu 15, 2010, p.10 da littafin 2014 Il Regno di Dio na già una realtà! (Engl. Buga, Mulkin Allah!), littafin da ke sake ginawa, ta hanyar yin bita, tarihin JWs, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin sanya iyakance lokaci akan wannan tsararren tsararraki ta hanyar ware daga tsara duk wani shafaffe bayan mutuwar wanda aka shafe na ƙarshe kafin 1914. Tare da tarihin canzawa koyarwar tsararraki sau ɗaya duk lokacin da aka kasa cika irin wannan, babu shakka wannan gargaɗin shima zai canza cikin lokaci. “Tsararrakin ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu na shafaffu-na farko ya ƙunshi shafaffu waɗanda suka ga farkon cikar alamar a 1914 kuma na biyun, shafaffu waɗanda suka yi zamani da rukunin farko. Aƙalla wasu daga cikin rukunin na biyu za su rayu don ganin farkon ƙunci mai zuwa. Ƙungiyoyin biyu sun zama ƙarni ɗaya saboda rayuwarsu a matsayin shafaffun Kiristoci ta haɗu na ɗan lokaci. ” Mulkin Allah! (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 2014), 11-12. Ƙashin Ƙasa, p. 12: “Duk wanda aka shafa bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe na shafaffu a rukunin farko-wato, bayan waɗanda suka ga“ farkon baƙin ciki ”a 1914-ba zai kasance cikin“ wannan tsara ”ba. -Matt. 24: 8. ” Hoton a cikin littafin  Il Regno di Dio na già una realtà!, na p. 12, yana nuna ƙungiyoyi biyu na tsararraki, shafaffu na 1914 da fifikon shafaffu da rai a yau. Sakamakon haka, yanzu akwai ƙungiyoyi 3, kamar yadda Hasumiyar Tsaro ta yi imanin cewa cikar “ƙarni” na farko ya shafi Kiristoci na ƙarni na farko. Babu jituwa ga Kiristoci na ƙarni na farko kuma babu wani tushe na Nassi da ya kamata a yi jituwa a yau.

[6] M. James Penton [2015]. 13.

[7] Dubi: Michael W. Homer, “L'azione missionaria nelle Valli Valdesi dei gruppi americani non tradizionali (avventisti, mormoni, Testimoni di Geova)”, akan Gian Paolo Romagnani (ed.), La Bibbia, la coccarda e il tricolore. Na yanke hukunci saboda Emancipazioni (1798-1848). Atti del XXXVII da na XXXVIII Convegno di studi sulla Riforma da suvimenti addini a Italiya (Torre Pellice, 31 agosto-2 settembre 1997 da 30 agosto- 1º settembre 1998) (Torino: Claudiana, 2001), 505-530 da Id., “Neman Kiristanci na Farko a cikin Kwarin Waldensian: Furotesta, Mormon, Adventists da Shaidun Jehovah a Italiya”, Nova Religio (Jami'ar California Press), Vol. 9, ba. 4 (Mayu 2006), 5-33. Cocin Ikklesiyoyin bishara na Waldensian (Chiesa Evangelica Valdese, CEV) wata ƙungiya ce ta pre-Furotesta wanda Peter Waldo mai gyara na tsakiyar ya kafa a ƙarni na 12 a Italiya. Tun da Canjin ƙarni na 16, ya karɓi tauhidin Gyara kuma ya gauraya cikin faɗin al'adar Gyarawa. Cocin, bayan Canjin Furotesta, ya yi riko da tauhidin Calvin kuma ya zama reshen Italiya na majami'un Gyaran baya, har zuwa haɗe da Ikklesiyoyin Ikklesiyoyin Bishara na Methodist don kafa Ƙungiyar Methodist da Cocin Waldensian a 1975.

[8] A kan matakan ziyarar Russell a Italiya, duba: Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, 15 ga Fabrairu, 1892, 53-57 da lambar kwanan watan 1 ga Maris, 1892, 71.

[9] Dubi: Paolo Piccioli, “Saboda yadda za a yi amfani da kalmar da aka ba da ita a matsayin Testimoni di Geova”, Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (Società di Studi Valdesi), a'a. 186 (Yuni 2000), 76-81; Id., Ba Na yi farin ciki sosai. Ba za a iya samun ƙarin bayani game da wannan batun ba a cikin Italia negli scorsi cento anni (Neaples: Jovene, 2010), 29, nt. 12; 1982 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - International Bible Students Association, 1982), 117, 118 da “Fastoci Biyu Da Suka Girmama Rubuce -rubucen Russell", Hasumiyar Tsaro, Afrilu 15, 2002, 28-29. Paolo Piccoli, tsohon mai kula da da’ira na JWs (ko bishop, a matsayin ofishin da ya yi daidai da sauran majami’un Kiristanci) kuma tsohon mai magana da yawun ƙasar Italiya don “Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova”, ƙungiyar doka da ke wakiltar Ƙungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro a Italiya, ta mutu Ciwon daji a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2010, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bayanin tarihin rayuwa da aka buga a cikin ɗan gajeren rubutun Paolo Piccioli da Max Wörnhard, “A Century of Soppression, Growth and Recognition”, a cikin Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Shaidun Jehobah a Turai: Tsohuwa da Yanzu, Vol. I/2 (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), 1-134, shine babban marubucin ayyuka akan Shaidu a Italiya, kuma ya gyara ayyukan da Watchtower Society suka buga kamar 1982 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 113–243; ya hada kai ba tare da an sani ba a cikin tsara kundin kamar Intolleranza addini duk soglie del Duemila, ta Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (Roma: Fusa editrice, 1990); Na shaida Geova a Italiya: dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1998) kuma shine marubucin nazarin tarihi da yawa akan Shaidun Jehobah na Italiya da suka haɗa da: “Ina shaidawa Geova durante il tsarin fascista”, Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, ba. 1 (Janairu-Maris 2000), 191-229; "Na ba da shaida game da Geova a cikin 1946: Ba za a iya ba da lada ga kowane addini ba", Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, ba. 1 (Janairu-Maris 2002), 167-191, wanda zai zama tushen littafin Na yi farin ciki sosai. Ba za a iya samun ƙarin bayani game da wannan batun ba a cikin Italia negli scorsi cento anni (2010), da e “Sakamakon karatun da aka yi a baya na Testimoni di Geova” (2000), 77-81, tare da Introduzione by prof. Augusto Comba, 76-77, wanda zai zama tushen labarin “Fastoci Biyu da Suka Yi Godiya da Rubuce-rubucen Russell,” wanda aka buga a Hasumiyar Tsaro na 15 ga Afrilu, 2002, inda, duk da haka, ana ƙara jaddada sautin uzuri da tsinkaye, kuma an cire littafin tarihin don sauƙaƙe karatu. Piccioli shine marubucin labarin, wanda "tatsuniyar Waldensian" da ra'ayin cewa wannan al'umma ta kasance, a farkon, daidai take da Kiristocin ƙarni na farko, gado na "primitivist", mai taken "The Waldenses: Daga Bidi'a zuwa Furotesta, ” Hasumiyar Tsaro, Maris 15, 2002, 20–23, da gajeriyar tarihin rayuwa, wanda matarsa ​​Elisa Piccioli ta rubuta, mai taken “Yin Biyayya ga Jehobah Ya Kawo mini Albarka Mai Yawa”, wanda aka buga a Hasumiyar Tsaro (Na Nazari), Yuni 2013, 3-6.

[10] Duba: Charles T. Russell, Il Divin Piano delle Eta (Pinerolo: Tipografia Sociale, 1904). Paolo Piccioli ya bayyana a cikin Bollettino della Società di Studi Valdesi (shafi na 77) cewa Rivoir ya fassara littafin a cikin 1903 kuma ya biya daga aljihunsa kuɗin da aka buga a 1904, amma wani “almara ne na birni”: Cassa Generale dei Treaty of the Zion's Watch Tower Society of Allegheny, PA, ta amfani da ofishin Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Switzerland a Yverdon a matsayin mai shiga tsakani da mai kulawa, kamar yadda rahoton Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, 1 ga Satumba, 1904, 258.

[11] A Amurka an kafa ƙungiyoyin nazari na farko ko ikilisiyoyi a cikin 1879, kuma a cikin shekara guda fiye da 30 daga cikinsu suna yin taro na tsawon awanni shida a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Russell, don bincika Littafi Mai-Tsarki da rubuce-rubucensa. M. James Penton [2015], 13-46. Kungiyoyin sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu ecclesia, tsarin ƙungiya Russell wanda ake ɗauka azaman komawa ga “sauƙi mai sauƙi”. Duba: “The Ekklesia”, Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, Oktoba 1881. A cikin 1882 Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion labarin ya ce ƙungiyarsa ta ƙungiyoyin karatu ta ƙasa baki ɗaya “ba ta da ɗabi'a kuma saboda haka ba mu san sunan mazhaba ba ... Littafi Mai -Tsarki shine kawai ma'aunin mu, kuma koyarwar sa shine kawai aqidar mu. ” Ya kara da cewa: "Muna cikin zumunci da dukkan Kiristocin da zamu iya gane Ruhun Kristi a cikin su." "Tambayoyi da amsoshi", Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, Afrilu 1882. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, yana kaurace wa duk wani tsarin addini, ya ce kawai sunaye masu dacewa ga ƙungiyarsa za su kasance “Cocin Kristi”, “Cocin Allah” ko “Kiristoci”. Ya karkare da cewa: “Ta kowane irin suna mutane za su iya kiran mu da shi, ba ruwanmu; ba mu yarda da wani suna ba sai 'sunan kawai da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin sama da cikin mutane' - Yesu Kristi. Muna kiran kanmu Kiristoci kawai. ” "Sunan mu", Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, Fabrairu 1884.

[12] A cikin 1903 fitowar farko ta La Vedetta di Sion ya kira kansa da sunan “Coci”, amma kuma “Ikilisiyar Kirista” da “Cocin Amintacce”. Duba: La Vedetta di Sion, vol. I, a'a. 1, Oktoba 1903, 2, 3. A cikin 1904 tare da “Coci” akwai maganar “Cocin Ƙananan garke da na Muminai” har ma da “Ikklesiyoyin bishara”. Duba: La Vedetta di Sion, vol. 2, A'a 1, Janairu 1904, 3. Ba zai zama peculiarity na Italiyanci ba: ana iya samun alamun wannan ƙiyayya ta ƙasa a cikin bugun Faransanci na Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Zion, da Phare de la Tour de Sion. …) Inda akwai mutane biyar ko shida waɗanda ke da sha'awar 'gaskiya ta yanzu.' Duba: Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 3, ba. 1-3, Jenuary-Maris 1905, 117.

[13] Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 6, ba. 5 ga Mayu, 1908, 139.

[14] Le Phare de la Tour de Sion, Vol. 8, ba. 4, Afrilu 1910, 79.

[15] Archivio della Tavola Valdese (Taskar Teburin Waldensian) - Torre Pellice, Turin.

[16] Bollettino Mensile della Chiesa (Montly Bulletin na Cocin), Satumba 1915.

[17] Il Vero Principe della Pace (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania - Associazione Internazionale degli Studenti Biblici, 1916), 14.

[18]Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 120.

[19] Amoreno Martellini, Fiori nei cannoni. Nonviolenza da antimilitarismo nell'Italia del Novecento (Donzelli: Edita, Roma 2006), 30.

[20] Manufa.

[21] Rubutun jumlar, jumla no. 309 na 18 ga Agusta, 1916, an karɓa daga rubutun Alberto Bertone, Remigio Cuminetti, akan Marubuta Daban -daban, Le periferie della memoria. Amince da shedar ta sauri (Verona-Torino: ANPPIA-Movimento Nonviolento, 1999), 57-58.

[22] Amoreno Martellini [2006], 31. A lokacin da yake shiga a gaba, Cuminetti ya bambanta kansa don ƙarfin hali da karimci, yana taimaka wa “jami’in da ya ji rauni” wanda “ya tsinci kansa a gaban ramin ba tare da samun ƙarfin ja da baya ba”. Cuminetti, wanda ke kula da kubutar da jami'in, ya samu rauni a kafarsa a yayin aikin. A ƙarshen yaƙin, "saboda ƙarfin hali […] an ba shi lambar azurfa don gwarzon soja" amma ya yanke shawarar ƙin hakan saboda "bai yi wannan aikin don samun abin dogaro ba, amma don ƙaunar maƙwabci" . Duba: Vittorio Giosué Paschetto, “L'odissea di un obiettore durante la prima guerra mondiale”, A taron, Yuli-Agusta 1952, 8.

[23] A cikin 1920 Rutherford ya buga littafin Milioni ko Viventi ba Morranno Mai (Miliyoyin da ke Rayuwa Bazai Mutu Ba), yana yin wa'azin cewa a cikin 1925 “zai nuna dawowar [tashin matattu] na Ibrahim, Ishaku, Yakubu da annabawan annabawa na dā, musamman waɗanda Manzo [Bulus] ya ambata a cikin Ibraniyawa sura. 11, zuwa yanayin kamiltar ɗan adam ”(Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1920, 88), ya fara gabatar da Yaƙin Armagheddon da maido da aljannar Adnin a Duniya. "Shekarar 1925 rana ce tabbatacciya kuma a bayyane a cikin Nassosi, har ma ta fi ta 1914 haske"Hasumiyar Tsaro, 15 ga Yuli, 1924, 211). Dangane da wannan, duba: M. James Penton [2015], 58; Achille Aveta, Tambaya ta farko: Na shaida Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985), 116-122 da Id., Na ba da shaida ga Geova: un'ideologia che logora (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1990), 267, 268.

[24] A kan danniya a zamanin Fascist, karanta: Paolo Piccioli, “Na shaida Geova durante il tsarin fascista”, Studi Storici. Rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 41, ba. 1 (Janairu-Maris 2000), 191-229; Giorgio Rochat, wanda Tsarin tsarin mulki da na bishara. Umurni game da tsarin sarrafa bayanai da danniya (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 275-301, 317-329; Matteo Pierro, Fra Martirio da Resistenza, La tsanantawa nazista da fascista dei Shaidar Geova (Como: Editrice Actac, 1997); Achille Aveta da Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 13-38 da Emanuele Pace, Piccola Enciclopedia Storica sui Testimoni di Geova a ItaliyaKu, 7 voll. (Gardigiano di Scorzè, VE: Azzurra7 Editrice, 2013-2016).

[25] Duba: Massimo Introvigne, Ina Shaidar Geova. Chi sono, zo cambiano (Siena: Cantagalli, 2015), 53-75. A wasu lokuta tashin hankali zai ƙare a cikin rikice -rikice a bayyane a kan titunan da jama'a suka tayar da su, a cikin kotuna har ma da zalunci mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Nazi, Kwaminisanci da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Duba: M. James Penton, Shaidun Jehobah a Kanada: Gasar 'Yancin Magana da Bauta (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976); Id., Ba Shaidun Jehobah da Reich na Uku. Siyasar Mazhaba karkashin Tsanantawa (Toronto: Jami'ar Toronto Press, 2004) It. Buga Ina Shaidar Geova da il Terzo Reich. Ƙaunar da kuke yi (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008); Zoe Knox, “Shaidun Jehobah a matsayin Ba-Amurke? Rikicin Nassi, 'Yancin Jama'a, da Kishin Kasa ", a cikin Jaridar Nazarin Amurka, Vol. 47, ba. 4 (Nuwamba 2013), shafi na 1081-1108 da Id, Shaidun Jehobah da Masu Mulki duniya: Daga shekarun 1870 zuwa yanzu (Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018); D. Gerba, Zwischen Widerstand und Martyrium: mutu Zeugen Jehovas im Dritten Reich, (München: De Gruyter, 1999) da EB Baran, Rashin Amincewa da Iyakar Yankin: Yadda Shaidun Shaidun Soviet na Soviet suka fiedin yarda da Kwaminisanci kuma suka rayu don wa’azi game da shi (Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford University, 2014).

[26] Giorgio Rochat, wanda Tsarin fascista da Chiese evangeliche. Directtive da articolazioni del controllo da della danniya (Torino: Claudiana, 1990), 29.

[27] Ibid., 290. OVRA raguwa ce ma'ana "opera vigilanza repressione antifascismo" ko, a Turanci, "anti-fascism repression vigilance". Shugaban gwamnati da kansa ya ƙirƙira shi, ba a taɓa amfani da shi a cikin ayyukan hukuma ba, yana nuna rikitarwa na ayyukan 'yan sandan siyasa na sirri a lokacin mulkin fascist a Italiya daga 1927 zuwa 1943 da na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Italiya daga 1943 zuwa 1945, lokacin tsakiyar tsakiyar Italiya. yana ƙarƙashin mamayar Nazi, kwatankwacin Italiyanci na Gestapo na gurguzu. Duba: Carmine Senise, Yi la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa. 1940-1943 (Roma: Ruffolo Editore, 1946); Guido Leto, OVRA fascismo-antifascismo (Bologna; Cappelli, 1951); Ugo Guspini, L'orecchio del tsarin mulki. Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani game da waɗannan shirye -shiryen; gabatar da Giuseppe Romolotti (Milano: Mursia, 1973); Mimmo Franzinelli, Na yi farin ciki da OVRA. Ainihin, haɗin gwiwa tare da kowane ɗan lokaci na siyayya ta siyasa (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1999); Mauro Kanali, Le spie del tsarin mulki (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2004); Domenico Vecchioni, Yana da ban sha'awa. Uomini, apparati da operazioni nell'Italia del Duce (Firenze: Editoriale Olimpia, 2005) da Antonio Sannino, Il Fantasma dell'Ovra (Milano: Greco & Greco, 2011).

[28] Takardar farko da aka gano tana kwanan watan 30 ga Mayu, 1928. Wannan kwafin telespresso ne [telespresso sadarwa ce da yawanci Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ko ofisoshin jakadancin Italiya daban -daban ke aikawa] ranar 28 ga Mayu, 1928, ta aika Legation na Bern zuwa Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, wanda Benito Mussolini ke jagoranta, yanzu a cikin Babban Tarihi na Tsakiya [ZStA - Rome], Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida [MI], Sashen Tsaro na Jama'a [GPSD], Sashen Harkokin Tsaro na Janar [GRAD], kyanwa. G1 1920-1945, b. 5.

[29] A ziyarar 'yan sandan fascist zuwa Brooklyn gani koyaushe ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, cat. G1 1920-1945, b. 5, bayanin rubutun hannu da hannu akan yarjejeniyar da Hasumiyar Tsaro ta buga Un Appello alle Potenze del Mondo, a haɗe da telespresso ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1929 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje; Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Nuwamba 23, 1931.

[30] Joseph F. Rutherford, Abokan gaba (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 1937), 12, 171, 307. An sake buga ambaton a cikin ƙarin bayani ga rahoton da Sufeto Janar na Tsaron Jama'a Petrillo ya rubuta, ranar 10/11/1939, XVIII Fascist Era, N. 01297 na prot., N. Ovra 038193, a ZStA - Rome, MI, GPSD, GRAD, taken: “Associazione Internazionale 'Studenti della Bibbia'”.

[31] "Ku kasance masu bin addini “Pentecostali” ed altre », da'irar minista no. 441/027713 na 22 ga Agusta, 1939, 2.

[32] Dubi: Intolleranza addini duk soglie del Duemila, Associazione europea dei Testimoni di Geova per la tutela della libertà religiosa (ed.) (Roma: Fusa Editrice, 1990), 252-255, 256-262.

[33] Na Shaidar Geova a Italiya: Dossier (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei shaida na Geova), 20.

[34] "Sanarwa" za a sake bugawa kuma a fassara shi zuwa Turanci a cikin kari.

[35] Bernard Fillaire da Janine Tavernier, Mazhabobi (Paris: Le Cavalier Bleu, Reeues tattara Tarin, 2003), 90-91

[36] Societyungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro tana koyar da mu ƙarya a bayyane kuma kai tsaye: “Amma, akwai banbanci guda ɗaya da yakamata Kirista ya tuna. A matsayinsa na sojan Kristi yana shiga cikin yaƙin tsarin Allah kuma dole ne ya kasance mai taka tsantsan wajen bi da abokan gaban Allah. Hakika, Nassosi sun nuna haka domin kare muradun lamarin Allah, daidai ne a boye gaskiya ga makiyan Allah. .. Za a haɗa wannan a cikin kalmar “dabarun yaƙi”, kamar yadda aka yi bayani a ciki La Torre di Guardia na 1 ga Agusta, 1956, kuma ya jitu da shawarar Yesu ta zama “masu -hankali kamar macizai” sa’ad da suke cikin kyarketai. Idan yanayi ya buƙaci Kirista ya ba da shaida a gaban kotu yana rantsuwa don faɗin gaskiya, idan yana magana, to dole ne ya faɗi gaskiya. Idan ya sami kansa a madadin yin magana da cin amanar 'yan'uwansa, ko yin shiru da kai rahoto ga kotu, Kirista da ya manyanta zai fifita jin daɗin' yan'uwansa a gaban nasa ". La Torre di Guardia na 15 ga Disamba, 1960, p. 763, an ƙara ƙarfafawa. Waɗannan kalmomi taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen matsayin Shaidu ne akan dabarun “yaƙin tsarin Allah”. Ga Shaidu, duk masu suka da masu adawa da Watch Tower Society (wanda suka yi imanin shine kawai ƙungiyar Kiristanci a duniya) ana ɗaukar su "kyarkeci", koyaushe suna yaƙi da Society guda ɗaya, wanda mabiyansa, akasin haka, ana kiran su " tunkiya ”. Don haka "daidai ne ga 'tumakin' marasa lahani su yi amfani da dabarun yaƙi da kyarketai don amfanin aikin Allah". La Torre di Guardia na 1 ga Agusta, 1956, p. 462..

[37] Ausiliario per capire la Bibbia (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1981), 819.

[38] Perspicacia nello studio delle Rubutun, Vol. II (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1990), 257; Duba: Hasumiyar Tsaro, Yuni 1, 1997, 10 ss.

[39] Letter daga reshen Faransa ya rattaba hannu SA/SCF, kwanan watan Nuwamba 11, 1982, an sake bugawa a cikin kari.

[40] 1987 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 157.

[41] a cikin 1974 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah (1975 a cikin Italiyanci), Hasumiyar Tsaro ita ce babban mai tuhumar Balzereit, wanda ya zargi cewa ya “raunana” rubutun Jamusanci ta hanyar fassara shi daga Ingilishi. A sakin layi na uku a shafi na 111 littafin Hasumiyar Tsaro ya ce: “Ba wannan ne karon farko da Brotheran’uwa Balzereit ya shayar da harshe na sarari da babu shakka na littattafan Society don guje wa matsaloli tare da hukumomin gwamnati.” Kuma a shafi na 112, ya ci gaba da cewa, “Duk da cewa sanarwar ta raunana kuma da yawa daga cikin 'yan uwan ​​ba za su iya yarda da karbuwa da zuciya ɗaya ba, duk da haka gwamnati ta fusata kuma ta fara tursasa wa waɗanda suka rarraba ta. ” A cikin "tsaro" na Balzereit muna da wasu tunani guda biyu ta Sergio Pollina: "Balzereit na iya ɗaukar alhakin fassarar sanarwar Jamusanci, kuma yana iya ɗaukar alhakin rubuta wasiƙar don Hitler. Koyaya, kuma a bayyane yake cewa bai yi amfani da shi ta hanyar canza zaɓin kalmomi ba. Na farko, Societyungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro ta buga a cikin 1934 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah sigar Ingilishi na Sanarwa - wanda kusan yayi daidai da na Jamusanci - wanda ya zama sanarwar hukumarsa ga Hitler, jami'an gwamnatin Jamus, da jami'an Jamus, daga babba zuwa ƙarami; kuma duk wannan ba za a iya yi ba tare da cikakken yarda da Rutherford ba. Na biyu, an bayyana fasalin Sanarwar Ingilishi a cikin salon bam ɗin da ba a sani ba na alƙali. Na uku, maganganun da aka yi wa Yahudawan da ke cikin Sanarwa sun fi yarda da abin da zai yiwu eva don rubuta Ba’amurke kamar Rutherford cewa abin da Bajamushe zai iya rubutawa… na rashin biyayya cewa Balzereit zai zama mai laifi ta hanyar “raunana” da Sanarwa … Ko da wanene ya rubuta Sanarwar, gaskiyar ita ce an buga shi azaman takaddar hukuma ta Watchtower Society. ” Sergio Pollina, Tambayi "Svegliatevi!" a shekarar 8, https://www.infotdgeova.it/6etica/risposta-a-svegliatevi.html.

[42] A cikin watan Afrilu 1933, bayan dakatar da ƙungiyarsu a mafi yawan Jamus, JWs na Jamusawa - bayan ziyarar Rutherford da abokin aikin sa Nathan H. Knorr - a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1933 sun tattara mutane dubu bakwai masu aminci a Berlin, inda aka amince da 'Sanarwa'. , an aika tare da wasikun rakiya zuwa ga manyan membobin gwamnati (gami da Shugaban Reich Adolf Hitler), kuma wanda aka rarraba kwafin sama da miliyan biyu a cikin makonni masu zuwa. Haruffa da Sanarwa - na ƙarshen ba ta wata takaddar sirri, daga baya an sake buga ta a cikin 1934 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah akan shafuka na 134-139, amma ba a cikin ɗakunan adana laburaren Labarai na Yanar Gizo ba, amma yana yawo akan intanet a cikin pdf akan rukunin 'yan adawa-wakiltar wani yunƙuri na Rutherford don yin sulhu da mulkin Nazi don haka samun ƙarin haƙuri da sokewa. sanarwar. Yayin da wasiƙar da aka rubuta wa Hitler ta tuna ƙin Studentsaliban Littafi Mai Tsarki da suka ƙi shiga cikin yaƙin da Jamusawa ke yi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Bayanin Gaskiya ya buga katin ɓarna na ƙaramin matakin populism da ya tabbatar, tabbas cewa “Gwamnatin Jamus ta yanzu ta bayyana. yaki kan zaluncin manyan 'yan kasuwa (…); wannan shine ainihin matsayin mu ”. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara cewa duka Shaidun Jehobah da gwamnatin Jamus suna adawa da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyi da tasirin addini a kan siyasa. “Mutanen Jamus sun sha wahala matuka tun daga 1914 kuma sun kasance waɗanda aka zalunta saboda rashin adalci da wasu suka yi musu. Mai kishin kasa ya ayyana kansa a kan duk irin wannan rashin adalci kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa 'Dangantakarmu da Allah madaukakiya ce kuma mai tsarki.' ƙarya ne, saboda “Maƙiyanmu ne ke tuhumarmu cewa mun sami tallafin kuɗi don aikinmu daga Yahudawa. Babu abin da ya fi nesa da gaskiya. Har zuwa wannan sa'a ba a taɓa samun ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi da yahudawa suka ba da gudummawa ga aikinmu ba. Mu amintattun mabiyan Kristi Yesu ne kuma mun yi imani da shi a matsayin Mai Ceton duniya, alhali Yahudawa sun ƙi Yesu Kristi gabaɗaya kuma sun musanta cewa shi ne Mai Ceton duniya wanda Allah ya aiko don amfanin ɗan adam. Wannan da kansa yakamata ya zama isasshen hujja don nuna cewa ba mu samun tallafi daga Yahudawa saboda haka tuhumar da ake yi mana ƙarya ce kuma za ta iya ci gaba ne kawai daga Shaiɗan, babban maƙiyin mu. Babbar daula mafi zalunci a doron kasa ita ce daular Anglo-American. Ta wannan ana nufin Masarautar Burtaniya, wacce Amurka ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare. Yahudawan kasuwanci na masarautar Burtaniya da Amurka ne suka gina kuma suka ci gaba da Babban Kasuwanci a matsayin hanyar cin zarafi da zaluntar mutanen ƙasashe da yawa. Wannan gaskiyar musamman ta shafi biranen London da New York, wuraren da aka fi samun ƙarfi na Babban Kasuwanci. Wannan gaskiyar ta bayyana a cikin Amurka har akwai karin magana game da birnin New York wanda ke cewa: "Yahudawa ne suka mallake ta, Katolika na Irish ke mulkin ta, kuma Amurkawa suna biyan buƙatun." Sannan ta yi shela: “Tun da ƙungiyarmu tana da cikakken goyon baya ga waɗannan ƙa'idodin adalci kuma tana aiki ne kawai don gudanar da aikin wayar da kan mutane game da Maganar Ubangiji Allah, Shaiɗan ta hanyar dabararsa [sic] yana ƙoƙarin tayar da gwamnati a kan aikinmu da lalata. saboda muna ɗaukaka mahimmancin sanin da bauta wa Allah. ” Kamar yadda aka zata, da Sanarwa ba shi da tasiri da yawa, kusan kamar tsokana ce, da kuma tsananta wa JWs na Jamusawa, idan wani abu, yana ƙaruwa. Duba: 1974 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 110-111; "Shaidun Jehobah — Masu Ƙarfin Zuciya A Lokacin Fuskantar Nazi ”, Tashi!, 8 ga Yuli, 1998, 10-14; M. James Penton, “A. Labari of Ƙoƙarin Ƙarfafa: Shaidun Jehobah, anti-Yahudanci, Da Reich na Uku ", The Binciken Kirista, vol. I, a'a. 3 (Lokacin bazara 1990), 36-38; Id., Ba Ina Shaidar Geova da il Terzo Reich. Ƙaunar da kuke yi (Bologna: ESD-Edizioni Studio Domenicano, 2008), 21-37; Achille Aveta da Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: Nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 89-92.

[43] Dubi: 1987 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 163, 164.

[44] Dubi: James A. Beckford, Kakakin Annabci. Nazarin Zamantakewa na Shaidun Jehobah (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1975), 52-61.

[45] Duba shigarwar encyclopedic Shaidun Jehobah, M. James Penton (ed.), The Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. XX (Grolier Incorporated, 2000), 13.

[46] The Encyclopedia Britannica ya lura cewa Makarantar Gilead an yi niyyar horar da “mishaneri da shugabanni”. Duba shigarwa Makarantar Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Gilead, J. Gordon Melton (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica (2009), https://www.britannica.com/place/Watch-Tower-Bible-School-of-Gilead; membobi biyu na Hukumar Mulki na JWs tsoffin mishan ne na kammala karatun Gilead (David Splane da Gerrit Lösch, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Hasumiyar Tsaro na Disamba 15, 2000, 27 da Yuni 15, 2004, 25), da membobi huɗu da suka mutu yanzu, watau Martin Poetzinger, Lloyd Barry, Carey W. Barber, Theodore Jaracz (kamar yadda aka ruwaito a Hasumiyar Tsaro na Nuwamba 15, 1977, 680 da in La Torre di Guardia, Bugun Italiya, na 1 ga Yuni, 1997, 30, na 1 ga Yuni, 1990, 26 da 15 ga Yuni, 2004, 25) da Raymond V. Franz, tsohon mishan a Puerto Rico a 1946 kuma wakilin Ƙungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Caribbean har zuwa 1957, lokacin da mai mulkin kama -karya Rafael Trujillo ya dakatar da JWs a Jamhuriyar Dominican, daga baya aka kore shi daga bazara na 1980 daga hedkwatar duniya da ke Brooklyn bisa zargin kasancewa kusa da ma’aikacin da aka kore shi don “ridda”, kuma ya yi wa kansa yankan zumunci a 1981 saboda abincin rana tare da mai aikin sa, tsohon JW Peter Gregerson, wanda ya yi murabus daga Watchtower Society. Dubi: “Digiri na 61 na Makarantar Gilead Taimakon Ruhaniya”, Hasumiyar Tsaro na Nuwamba 1, 1976, 671 da Raymond V. Franz, Crisi di coscienza. Shin kuna son ƙarin masu bi? (Roma: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1988), 33-39.

[47] Bayanai da aka ambata a cikin: Paolo Piccioli, "Na shaida Geova dopo il 1946: ba a ba da cikakken bayani game da lamuran addini", Studi Storici: rivista trimestrale dell'Istituto Gramsci (Carocci Editore), Vol. 43, ba. 1 (Janairu-Maris 2001), 167 da La Torre di Guardia Maris 1947, 47. Achille Aveta, a cikin littafinsa Binciken da aka yi: na shaida Geova (Altamura: Filadelfia Editrice, 1985) yayi rahoto a shafi na 148 adadin adadin ikilisiyoyin, wato 35, amma mabiya 95 ne kawai, amma 1982 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, a shafi na 178, ya nuna, yana tuna cewa a cikin 1946 “aƙalla akwai masu shelar Mulki 95 tare da matsakaicin masu wa’azi 120 daga ƙananan ikilisiyoyi 35.”

[48] A cikin 1939, mujallar Katolika ta Genoese Fides, a cikin wata kasida ta wani "firist da ke kula da rayuka" wanda ba a bayyana sunansa ba, ya tabbatar da cewa "motsi na Shaidun Jehovah shine gurguzu na rashin yarda da Allah da kuma kai farmaki kan tsaron jihar". Firist din da ba a bayyana sunansa ba ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "na tsawon shekaru uku da aka yi sosai kan wannan motsi", yana tsaye don kare jihar fascist. Dubi: "I Testimoni di Geova in Italia", Fides, a'a. 2 (Fabrairu 1939), 77-94. A kan fitinar Furotesta duba: Giorgio Rochat [1990], shafi na 29-40; Giorgio Spini, Italia di Mussolini da zanga -zangar (Turin: Claudiana, 2007).

[49] A kan nauyin siyasa da al'adu na “Sabuwar Bishara” bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II duba: Robert Ellwood, Kasuwar Ruhaniya hamsin: Addinin Amurka a cikin Shekaru na Rikici (Jami'ar Rutgers Press, 1997).

[50] Dubi: Roy Palmer Domenico, “'Ga Dalilin Almasihu Anan Italiya': Kalubalen Furotesta na Amurka a Italiya da Rikicin Al'adu na Yaƙin Cacar Baki", Tarihin diflomasiyya (Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford), Vol. 29, ba. 4 (Satumba 2005), 625-654 da Owen Chadwick, Ikilisiyar Kirista a Yaƙin Cacar Baki (Ingila: Harmondsworth, 1993).

[51] Duba: “Porta aperta ai trust americani la firma del trattato Sforza-Dunn ”, l'Unità, 2 ga Fabrairu, 1948, 4 da “Firmato da Sforza e da Dunn il trattato con gli Stati Uniti”, Avanti! (Roman Edition), 2 ga Fabrairu, 1948, 1. Jaridu l'Unità da kuma Avanti! sun kasance sashin labarai na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Italiya da Jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Italiya. Na ƙarshen, a lokacin, yana kan matsayin masu goyon bayan Soviet da Marxist.

[52] A kan ayyukan Cocin Katolika bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, duba: Maurilio Guasco, Chiesa e cattolicesimo a Italiya (1945-2000), (Bologna, 2005); Andrea Riccardi, "La chiesa cattolica in Italia nel secondo dopoguerra", Gabriele De Rosa, Tullio Gregory, André Vauchez (ed.), Storia dell'Italia addini: 3. L'età contemporanea, (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1995), 335-359; Pietro Scoppola, "Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione", Andrea Riccardi (ed.), A cikin Pio XII (Roma-Bari: Laterza, 1986), 3-19; Elio Guerriero, Na yi farin ciki da hakan (Milano 2005); Francesco Traniello, Città dell'uomo. Cattolici, ya ba da labari game da Italiya (Bologna 1998); Vittorio De Marco, A barricate invisibili. La chiesa a Italia tra politica e società (1945-1978), (Galatina 1994); Francesco Malgieri, Chiesa, tsarin demokradiyya: da Sturzo a De Gasperi, (Brescia 1990); Giovanni Miccoli, "Chiesa, partito cattolico da società civile", Da fatan za a nemi taimakon ku. Karanta cikakken bayani game da al'amuran zamantakewar al'umma (Casale Monferrato 1985), 371-427; Andrea Riccardi, Roma «città sacra»? Dalla Conciliazione duk wasan kwaikwayo Sturzo (Milano 1979); Antonio Prandi, Siyasar siyasa: la gerarchia e l'impegno politics dei cattolici in Italia (Bologna 1968).

[53] A cewar Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya a Washington, "wakilai da sanatoci 310" na Majalisar sun shiga tsakani "a rubuce ko a cikin mutum, a Ma'aikatar Jiha" don goyon bayan Cocin Kristi. Duba: ASMAE [Taskar Tarihi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Harkokin Siyasa], Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, 22 ga Disamba, 1949; ASMA, Holy See, 1950, b. 25, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Fabrairu 16, 1950; ASMA, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, wasika da bayanin sirri daga ofishin jakadancin Italiya a Washington, 2 ga Maris, 1950; ASMA, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1688, na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, 31/3/1950; ASMA, Holy See, 1950-1957, b. 1687, an rubuta "sirri da sirri" na Ofishin Jakadancin Italiya a Washington zuwa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, 15 ga Mayu, 1953, duk an nakalto akan Paolo Piccioli [2001], 170.

[54] A kan mawuyacin hali ga kungiyoyin mabiya darikar Katolika a bayan yakin Italiya, duba: Sergio Laricia, Stato e chiesa A Italiya (1948-1980) (Brescia: Queriniana, 1981), 7-27; Id., "La libertà religiosa nella società italiana", a kan Ƙaunar da ake yi wa addinin gaskiya (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1975), 313-422; Giorgio Peyrot, wanda Gli evangelicci nei loro rapporti con lo stato dal fascismo ad oggi (Torre Pellice: Società di Studi Valdesi, 1977), 3-27; Arturo Carlo Jemolo, “Le libertà garantite dagli artt. 8, 9, 21 della Costituzione ”, Ikklisiya ce, (1952), 405-420; Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze zanga -zanga a Italiya", Il Ponte (Yuni 1950), 670-689; Id., "La zaluncizione contro gli evangelici in Italia", Il Ponte (Janairu 1953), 1-14; Giacomo Rosapepe, Bincika addomesticata, (Bari: Laterza, 1960); Luigi Pestalozza, Ba abin mamaki ba ne. La condizione delle minoranze addini a Italiya (Milan-Rome: Edizioni Avanti !, 1956); Ernesto Ayassot, Ina zanga -zanga a Italiya (Milan: Yankin 1962), 85 133.

[55] ASMA, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasu. 8, sanarwar rasuwar Italiya, 3 ga Satumba, 1947, ga Mai Girma Hon. Carlo Sforza, Ministan Harkokin Waje. Na karshen zai ba da amsa "Na gaya wa nuncio cewa zai iya dogaro da sha'awar mu don gujewa abin da zai iya cutar da ji da kuma matsin lamba". ASMAE, DGAP [Babban Darakta na Harkokin Siyasa], Ofishin VII, Holy See, 13 ga Satumba, 1947. A wani rubutu da aka yi wa Babban Darakta na Harkokin Siyasa na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1947, mun karanta wannan fasaha. 11 ba ta da “hujja a cikin yarjejeniya da Italiya (…) don al'adun sassaucin ra'ayi na ƙasar Italiya a cikin al'amuran ƙungiyoyi". A cikin bayanin kula (“Taƙaitaccen Minti”) na Nuwamba 23, 1947 wakilan Amurka sun lura da matsalolin da Vatican ta taso, duk an ambata a cikin Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[56] ASMA, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasu. Ranar 8 ga watan Nuwamba, sanarwar manzancin Italiya, bayanin kwanan wata 1 ga Oktoba, 1947. A cikin bayanin da ya biyo baya, nuncio ya nemi a ƙara gyara mai zuwa: “Jama'a na Babban Jam'iyyar Kwangila za su iya a cikin yankuna na sauran Jam'iyyar Kwangila don yin amfani da haƙƙin 'yancin walwala da addini daidai da dokokin kundin tsarin mulki na manyan jam'iyyun kwangila biyu ". ASMAE, DGAP, Office VII, Holy See, 13 ga Satumba, 1947, da aka ambata a cikin Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[57] ASMA, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasu. 8, “Taƙaitaccen Minti” ta wakilan Amurka, 2 ga Oktoba, 1947; abin tunawa daga wakilan Italiya akan zaman ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1947. A cikin wata sanarwa daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje mai kwanan wata 4 ga Oktoba, 1947 an bayyana cewa "sassan da ke kunshe cikin fasaha. 11 game da 'yancin lamiri da addini […] Akwai misalai kawai a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da aka tsara tsakanin jihohi biyu ba na wayewa daidai ba ”, wanda aka ambata a cikin Paolo Piccioli [2001], 171.

[58] Msgr. Domenico Tardini, na Sakatariyar Majalisar Mai -Tsarki, a cikin wata wasika mai kwanan wata 4/10/1947, ya lura cewa labarin 11 na yarjejeniyar “yana matukar cutar da haƙƙin Cocin Katolika, wanda aka sanya shi cikin yarjejeniyar Lateran”. "Shin zai zama wulakanci ga Italiya, gami da abin ƙyama ga Holy See, don haɗa labarin da aka tsara a cikin yarjejeniyar kasuwanci?" ASMA, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasu. 8, wasika daga Msgr. Tardini zuwa ga manzannin manzanni, 4 ga Oktoba, 1947. Amma ba za a karɓi gyare -gyaren da wakilan Amurka ba, waɗanda suka yi magana da na Italiya wanda gwamnatin Washington, ta ɗauka a kan “ra’ayin jama’a na Amurka”, tare da rinjaye na Furotesta da masu shelar bishara, wanda zai iya "kuma sanya Yarjejeniyar da kanta cikin wasa da nuna kyama ga dangantakar Vatican da Amurka". ASMAE, Holy See, 1947, b. 8, fasu. 8, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, DGAP, Ofishin VII, daidai ga Minista Zoppi, Oktoba 17, 1947.

[59] Tarihin George Fredianelli, mai taken “Aperta una grande porta che conduce ad attività ”, an buga a cikin La Torre di Guardia (Buga na Italiya), 1 ga Afrilu, 1974, 198-203 (Eng. Edition: “Babbar Kofa Mai Jagoranci zuwa Aiki Ta Buɗe”, Hasumiyar Tsaro, Nuwamba 11, 1973, 661-666).

[60] Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 184-188.

[61] An ambaci wasiƙun da aka aika zuwa Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1949 da 22 ga Satumba, 1949, yanzu a ACC [Taskar Tarihin Ikilisiyar Kirista na Shaidun Jehobah na Rome, a Italiya], an ambace su a Paolo Piccioli [2001], 168 . Munanan martanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje suna cikin ASMAE, Harkokin Siyasar Amurka, 1949, b. 38, fasu. 5, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, kwanan wata 8 ga Yuli, 1949, 6 ga Oktoba, 1949 da 19 ga Satumba, 1950.

[62] ZStA - Roma, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 271/Bangaren gaba daya.

[63] Duba: Giorgio Spini, "Le minoranze zanga -zanga a Italiya ”, Il Ponte (Yuni 1950), 682.

[64] "Attività dei shaidar Geova a Italiya", La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Maris, 1951, 78-79, wasiƙar da ba a sanya hannu ba (azaman aiki a cikin JWs daga 1942 zuwa gaba) daga bugun Amurka na 1951 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah. Duba: Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 190-192.

[65] ZStA - Roma, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266/Plomaritis da Morse. Duba: ZStA - Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 266, wasika daga Babban Sakataren Harkokin Waje, ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1953; ZStA - Roma, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 270/Brescia, lardin Brescia, Satumba 28, 1952; ZStA - Roma, MI, majalisar, 1957-1960, b. 219/Masu wa'azin Bishara na Furotesta na Amurka da Fastoci, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Babban Darakta na Harkokin Bauta, daidai ga Hon. Bisori, ba tare da kwanan wata ba, an nakalto a cikin Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173.

[66] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 173, wanda ya ambata a cikin rubutun ZStA - Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, 1953-1956, b. 266/Plomaritis da Morse da ZStA - Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 270/Bologna. 

[67] Misali, ɗauki abin da ya faru a wani gari a yankin Treviso, Cavaso del Tomba, a cikin 1950. Bisa roƙon Fentikostal don samun haɗin ruwa ga ɗayan gidajen mishan ɗin su, karamar hukumar Christian Democratic ta amsa da wasiƙar kwanan wata 6, 1950, yarjejeniya ba. 904: “Sakamakon buƙatarka mai kwanan wata 31 ga Maris da ya gabata, dangane da abin [aikace -aikacen karɓar rance na ruwa don amfanin gida], muna sanar da ku cewa majalisar birni ta ƙaddara, la'akari da fassara nufin yawancin yawan jama'a, don ba su iya ba ku hayar ruwa don amfanin gida a cikin gidan da ke cikin Vicolo Buso no 3, saboda sanannen Mista Marin Enrico ne Giacomo, wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan Fentakostal a kasar, wacce baya ga haramtacciyar kasar Italiya, ta tayar da hankalin Katolika na mafi yawan jama'ar wannan Municipality. ” Duba: Luigi Pestalozza, Il diritto di non tremolare. La condizione delle minoranze addini a Italiya (Milano: Edizione l'Avanti !, 1956).

[68] Hukumomin 'yan sanda na Christian Democratic Italy, bin waɗannan ƙa'idodin, za su ba da kansu ga aikin danniya a kan JWs waɗanda a zahiri sun ba da littattafan addini daga ƙofa zuwa ƙofa don musanya kuɗi kaɗan. Paolo Piccioli, a cikin bincikensa game da aikin Watch Tower Society a Italiya daga 1946 zuwa 1976, ya ba da rahoton cewa, shugaban Ascoli Piceno, alal misali, ya nemi umarni kan lamarin daga Ministan Cikin Gida kuma aka ce ya “ba da 'yan sanda sun yi tanadi daidai don a hana aikin farfaganda na membobin ƙungiyar da ake magana [Shaidun Jehobah] ta kowace hanya ”(duba: ZStA - Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 270/Ascoli Piceno, bayanin kwanan wata 10 ga Afrilu, 1953, Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Babban Daraktan Tsaron Jama'a). A zahiri, kwamishinan gwamnati na Yankin Trentino-Alto Adige a cikin rahoton kwanan watan 12 ga Janairu, 1954 (yanzu a ZStA-Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 271/Trento, wanda aka nakalto a cikin Manufa.) An ba da rahoton: "Ba a ɗaya ɓangaren ba, ana iya gurfanar da su [JWs] saboda ra'ayoyinsu na addini, kamar yadda limaman Trentino ke so, waɗanda galibi suka koma ofishin 'yan sanda a baya". Shugaban lardin Bari, a gefe guda, ya karɓi umarni masu zuwa “don a hana aikin farfaganda ta kowace hanya duka a cikin aikin yaɗa bidi'a da kuma game da rarraba abubuwan da aka buga da kuma fosta” (ZStA - Rome, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 270 / Bari, bayanin kula daga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, 7 ga Mayu, 1953). Dangane da wannan, duba: Paolo Piccioli [2001], 177.

[69] Dubi: Ragioniamo facendo yana amfani da Scritture (Roma: Congregazione Cristiana dei Testimoni di Geova, 1985), 243-249.

[70] Harafi daga reshen Roman na JWs ya sanya hannu kan SCB: SSB, kwanan wata 14 ga Agusta, 1980.

[71] Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs ya sanya hannu kan SCC: SSC, kwanan wata 15 ga Yuli, 1978.

[72] Cire daga wasiƙar sirri tsakanin Hukumar Mulki da Achille Aveta, wanda aka nakalto a cikin littafin Achille Aveta [1985], 129.

[73] Linda Laura Sabbadini, http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2006/partecipazione_politica_2006/sintesi.pdf. ISTAT (Cibiyar Ƙididdiga ta Ƙasa) ƙungiya ce ta binciken jama'a ta Italiya wacce ke hulɗa da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a, ayyuka da masana'antu, da aikin gona, binciken samfur na gida da kuma binciken tattalin arziƙi a matakin ƙasa.

[74] "Ci gaba da tafiya zuwa 'mazaunin lokaci'", Le Torre di Guardia (Littafin Nazari), Disamba 2012, 20.

[75] Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs ya rattaba hannu kan SB, kwanan wata 18 ga Disamba, 1959, an sake buga hoto a Achille Aveta da Sergio Pollina, Scontro fra totalitarismi: nazifascismo e geovismo (Città del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000), 34, kuma an buga shi a cikin kari. Canjin siyasa na jagorancin JW, ba tare da sanin ƙwararrun masu imani da kyakkyawar niyya ba, mai mai da hankali kan Italiya kawai, ya zama mai haske saboda, don samun sararin rediyo da talabijin a cikin “shirye -shiryen samun dama” don samun damar gudanar da tarurrukan Littafi Mai -Tsarki, talabijin da rediyo, shuwagabannin dubun dubatan masu bautar gumaka suna gabatar da kansu, duk da cewa suna da tsaka tsaki kuma duk da haramcin duk wani ƙwararre daga shiga duk wata zanga -zangar siyasa da kishin ƙasa, kamar waɗanda ake yi kowace shekara a Italiya a ranar 25 ga Afrilu don tunawa da ƙarshen Biyu. Yaƙin Duniya da 'Yanci daga Nazi-fascism, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu gamsasshen magoya bayan ƙimar jamhuriyyar adawa da mulkin fascist; a zahiri, a cikin wasika mai kwanan wata 17 ga Satumba, 1979 da aka aika zuwa ga babban gudanarwa na RAI [kamfanin da ke keɓantaccen mai ba da sabis na gidan rediyo da talabijin a Italiya, ed.] da Shugaban Hukumar Majalisar don sa ido na ayyukan RAI, wakilin doka na Watch Tower Society a Italiya ya rubuta: “A cikin tsari, kamar na Italiyanci, wanda ya dogara da ƙimar Resistance, Shaidun Jehobah suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba su da ƙarfin yin faɗin dalilai. na lamiri kafin ikon yaƙi kafin Jamus da Italiya. don haka suna bayyana kyawawan manufofi a cikin gaskiyar zamani ”. Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs ya rattaba hannu kan EQA: SSC, kwanan watan Satumba 17, 1979, wanda aka ambata a cikin Achille Aveta [1985], 134, kuma an sake buga hoto a cikin Achille Aveta da Sergio Pollina [2000], 36-37 kuma an buga su a cikin kari. . Aveta ya lura cewa reshen Roman ya shawarci waɗanda suka karɓi wasiƙar “da su yi amfani da sirrin abubuwan da ke cikin wannan wasiƙar”, domin idan ta ƙare a hannun mabiya zai tayar musu da hankali.

[76] Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs ya sanya hannu CB, kwanan wata 23 ga Yuni, 1954.

[77] Letter daga reshen Rome na JWs sun rattaba hannu kan CE, kwanan wata 12 ga Oktoba, 1954, kuma aka buga a cikin kari.

[78] Harafi daga reshen Rome na JWs sanya hannu CB, kwanan wata 28 ga Oktoba, 1954.

[79] A kan Atlanticism na PSDI (tsohon PSLI) duba: Daniele Pipitone, An kafa tsarin demokradiyya ne daga Liberazione da Legge Truffa. Fratture, ricomposizioni da al'adun siyasa da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin iyakokin (Milano: Ledizioni, 2013), 217-253; akan na Pri di La Malfa duba: Paolo Soddu, “Ugo La Malfa e il nesso nazionale/internazionale dal Patto Atlantico alla Presidenza Carter”, Atlantismo na Turai, Piero Craveri da Gaetano Quaglierello (ed.) (Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino, 2003), 381-402; a kan PLI, wanda ya bayyana adadi na Gaetano Martini a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin shekarun 1950, duba: Claudio Camarda, Gaetano Martino da 'yan siyasan kasar Italiya. "Ba za a sami 'yanci a Turai ba", digiri na digiri a kimiyyar siyasa, mai duba prof. Federico Niglia, Luiss Guido Carli, zaman 2012-2013 da R. Battaglia, Gaetano Martino da 'yan siyasa estera italiana (1954-1964) (Masina: Sfameni, 2000).

[80] La Voce Repubblicana, 20 ga Janairu, 1954. Duba: Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 214-215; Paolo Piccioli da Max Wörnhard, "Jehovas Zeugen - ein Jahrhunder Unterdrückung, Watchturm, Anerkennung", Jehovas Zeugen a Turai: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Kundi 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal da Spanien, Gerhard Besier, Katarzyna Stokłosa (ed.), Jehovas Zeugen a Turai: Geschichte und Gegenwart, Kundi 1, Belgien, Frenkreich, Griechenland, Italien, Luxemburg, Niederlande, Purtugal da Spanien, (Berlino: LIT Verlag, 2013), 384 da Paolo Piccioli [2001], 174, 175.

[81] Zargin irin wannan, tare da zaluntar masu shela, an jera su a cikin Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983 a shafi na 196-218. An bayyana tuhumar Katolika da ake yi wa kungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba na kasancewa 'yan gurguzu' 'a cikin madauwari mai kwanan wata 5 ga Oktoba, 1953, wanda sakataren na wancan lokacin ya aika zuwa ga Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin zuwa ga shuwagabannin Italiya daban-daban, wanda zai haifar da bincike. Gidan Tarihi na Alessandria, ya lura Paolo Piccioli akan p. 187 na bincikensa akan JWs na Italiya a cikin bayan yakin, yana adana manyan takardu da suka shafi binciken da aka aiwatar a aiwatar da waɗannan tanade-tanade, kuma ya lura cewa a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1953 rahoton Carabinieri na Alessandria ya bayyana cewa “Duk ban da hanyoyin da furofesoshi ke amfani da su na ibadar 'Shaidun Jehovah, da alama babu wasu nau'ikan farfaganda na addini […] wannan zargi.

[82] "Ina son Italiyanci da Chiesa Cattolica", La Torre di Guardia, Janairu 15, 1956, 35-36 (Engl. Edition: “Kwaminisancin Italiya da Cocin Katolika”, Hasumiyar Tsaro, Yuni 15, 1955, 355-356).

[83] "A Italiya, sama da kashi 99 cikin ɗari na Katolika, hagu da jam’iyyun gurguzu sun sami kashi 35.5 na ƙuri’un a zaɓen ƙasa na ƙarshe, kuma wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwa ”lura da cewa“ kwaminisanci ya shiga cikin yawan Katolika na waɗannan ƙasashe, amma har ma yana shafar limaman, musamman a Faransa “, suna ambaton shari’ar“ an kori wani firist na Katolika na Fafaroma kuma ɗan darikar Dominican, Maurice Montuclard, daga Sarauniya don bugawa a cikin 1952 littafin da ke bayyana ra’ayoyin Markisanci, da kuma jagorancin “Matasan Cocin ”wanda ya nuna tausayawa ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a Faransa" shari'ar da ba a kebe ba idan aka ba da cewa akwai abubuwan firistoci waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar Marxist ta CGT ko waɗanda suka cire kayan aikinsu don yin aiki a masana'anta, suna jagorantar Hasumiyar Tsaro don tambaya: “Wane irin garkuwa ne da kwaminisanci shine Cocin Roman Katolika, lokacin da ba za ta iya barin firistocin nata ba, waɗanda ke cike da akidar Roman Katolika tun daga ƙuruciya, suna fuskantar jan pr opaganda? Me yasa a doron kasa waɗannan firistocin ke nuna sha’awar sake fasalin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziƙin Markisanci fiye da wa’azin addininsu? Ba don akwai wani kuskure a cikin abincin su na ruhaniya ba? Haka ne, akwai raunin da ba ya wanzu a tsarin Roman Katolika game da matsalar gurguzu. Ba ta gane cewa Kiristanci na gaskiya ba shi da alaƙa da wannan tsohuwar duniyar, amma dole ne ta ware daga gare ta. Saboda son kai, Sarakunan suna yin abokantaka da Cesare, suna yin shiri tare da Hitler, Mussolini da Franco, kuma a shirye suke su tattauna da Rasha ta Kwaminisanci idan hakan zai iya samun fa'ida ga kanta; eh, har da Iblis da kansa, a cewar Paparoma Pius XI. - Mikiya ta Brooklyn, 21 ga Fabrairu, 1943. ” "Ina yin rikodin rikodin sautdoti cattolici", La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Disamba, 1954, 725-727.

[84]  "Haɗin kai tsakanin Romawa", La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Yuli, 1952, 204.

[85] "L''Anno Santo 'menene raunin da kuka samu?", Svegliatevi!, 22 ga Agusta, 1976, 11.

[86] Dubi: Zoe Knox, “Watch Tower Society da Ƙarshen Yaƙin Cacar Baki: Fassarar Ƙarshen Zamani, Rikicin Ƙarfi, da Sauya Tsarin Yanayi na Siyasa”, Journal of the American Academy of Religion (Jami'ar Jami'ar Oxford), Vol. 79, ba. 4 (Disamba 2011), 1018-1049.

[87] Sabuwar yakin sanyi tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Rasha, wanda ya haramta Watch Tower Society daga yankunan ta tun daga 2017, ya jagoranci Hukumar da ke Kula da Ayyukan zuwa wani taro na musamman, yana mai cewa ya gano sarkin Arewa na ƙarshe. wato Rasha da kawayenta, kamar yadda aka sake nanatawa kwanan nan: “Bayan lokaci Rasha da kawayenta sun dauki matsayin sarkin arewa. (…) Me yasa zamu iya cewa Rasha da kawayenta sune sarkin arewa na yanzu? (1) Suna shafar mutanen Allah kai tsaye ta hana aikin wa’azi da tsananta wa ɗaruruwan dubban ’yan’uwa maza da mata da ke zaune a yankunan da suke ƙarƙashin ikonsu; (2) ta waɗannan ayyukan suna nuna cewa suna ƙin Jehobah da mutanensa; (3) suna arangama da sarkin kudu, Anglo-American world power, a gwagwarmayar neman iko. (…) A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Rasha da kawayenta sun kuma shiga “Ƙasar Ƙwarai” [a cikin Littafi Mai -Tsarki ita ce Isra’ila, wanda aka gano a nan tare da “zaɓaɓɓu” 144,000 waɗanda za su je sama, “Isra’ila na Allah”, ed]. yaya? A shekarar 2017, sarkin arewa na yanzu ya hana aikin mu tare da sanya wasu 'yan uwan ​​mu a gidan yari. Ta kuma haramta littattafanmu, har da New World Translation. Ya kuma ƙwace ofishinmu da ke Rasha, da Majami’un Mulki da Majami’un Taro. Bayan waɗannan ayyukan, Hukumar Mulki ta yi bayani a cikin 2018 cewa Rasha da kawayenta sarkin arewa ne. ” "Me ya sa ake kiran ku?", La Torre di Guardia (Littafin Nazari), Mayu 2020, 12-14.

[88] Giorgio Peyrot, wanda La circolare Buffarini-Guidi ei pentecostali (Roma: Associazione Italiana per la Libertà della Cultura, 1955), 37-45.

[89] Kotun Tsarin Mulki, hukunci No. 1 ga Yuni, 14, Giurisprudenza kudin shiga, 1956, 1-10.

[90] Paolo Piccioli [2001], 188-189. A jumlar duba: S. Lariccia, La libertà religiosa nel la società italiana, cit., shafi na 361-362; Id., Ba Diritti na wayewa yana ƙin addini (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1978), 65. Don rikodin hukuma na Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania duba mujallar Svegliatevi! na 22 ga Afrilu, 1957, 9-12.

[91] Kamar yadda aka maimaita a cikin Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 214, wanda ke ba da rahoto: “'Yan'uwa masu aminci sun san cewa an yi musu rashin adalci saboda matsayinsu kuma, duk da cewa ba su damu da martabarsu a idon duniya ba, sun yanke shawarar neman a sake nazarin tsarin don neman da'awar haƙƙin Shaidun Jehobah a matsayin mutane ”(rubutun kankara a cikin rubutun, wanda aka fahimta a matsayin“ mutanen Jehobah ”, wato duk JWs na Italiya).

[92] Hukunci n. 50 na Afrilu 19, 1940, wanda aka buga a cikin Tribunale Speciale per la difesa dello Stato. A farkon shekarun 1940, Ma'aikatar Tsaro (ed.) (Rome: Fusa, 1994), 110-120

[93] An nakalto a kotun daukaka kara ta Abruzzi-L'Aquila, hukuncin babu. 128 na 20 ga Maris, 1957, "Persecuzione fascista e giustizia democracy" Testimoni di Geova ", tare da bayanin Sergio Tentarelli, Rivista abruzzese a studi storici dal fascismo alla Resistenza, vol. 2, babu 1 (1981), 183-191 kuma a cikin Mawallafa iri-iri, Minoranze, coscienza da dovere della memoria (Naples: Jovene, 2001), shafi na IX. An nakalto bayanin mahukunta a cikin Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983, 215.

[94] Bayanin kwanan wata 12 ga Agusta, 1948 daga Babban Darakta na Harkokin Bauta, a cikin ZStA - Roma, MI, majalisar, 1953-1956, b. 271/Bangaren gaba daya.

[95] Wani abin kunya na rashin haƙuri na addini a kan JWs, wanda ya faru a 1961, an rubuta shi a Savignano Irpino (Avellino), inda firist ɗin Katolika ya shiga gidan JW ba bisa ka'ida ba inda ake shirin gudanar da jana'izar mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. . Firist na Ikklesiya, wanda wani firist da carabinieri ke gefe, zai hana bikin jana'izar da ke gudana tare da tsarin JWs, canja wurin gawar zuwa majami'ar yankin da sanya dokar bikin Katolika, daga baya ya kawo hukumomi su shiga tsakani, tare da yin Allah wadai mutanen da abin ya shafa. Duba: Kotun Ariano Irpino, hukuncin 7 ga Yuli, 1964, Giurisprudenza italiana, II (1965), coll. 150-161 da II diritto ecclesiastico, II (1967), 378-386.

[96] Intolleranza addini duk soglie del Duemila [1990], 20-22 e 285-292.

[97] Duba, wasiƙun da ke tafe daga reshen Roman na JWs suna magana "Ga tsofaffi da aka sani a matsayin ministocin ibada" na 7 ga Yuni, 1977 da kuma "… samun damar Asusun da aka tanadar wa ministocin addini bisa Doka 10/1978/12 n. 22 don haƙƙin fansho, da wasiƙar mai kwanan wata 1973 ga Satumba, 903, an aika zuwa ga “Duk ikilisiyoyin Shaidun Jehobah a Italiya”, wanda ke tsara dokar auren addini tare da ministocin bauta na ciki waɗanda Jamhuriyar Italiya ta ba da izini.

[98] Ma'anar ita ce ta Marcus Bach, "Shaidun Farko", Ƙarnar Kirista, babu 74, 13 ga Fabrairu, 1957, p. 197. Wannan ra’ayin bai daɗe ba yanzu. A cewar rahoton da aka bayar 2006 Yearbook na Ikklisiya, Shaidun Jehovah, tare da sauran addinai da yawa a yankin Kiristanci na Amurka, yanzu suna cikin wani yanayi na raguwar kwanciyar hankali. Ƙididdigar raguwar manyan majami'u a Amurka sune masu zuwa (duk marasa kyau): Ƙungiyar Baptist ta Kudancin: - 1.05; Cocin Methodist na United: - 0.79; Ikklesiyoyin bishara na Lutheran: - 1.09; Cocin Presbyterian: - 1.60; Cocin Episcopal: - 1.55; Cocin Baptist na Amurka: - 0.57; Cocin Hadin Kan Kristi: - 2.38; Shaidun Jehobah: - 1.07. A gefe guda, akwai kuma majami'u da ke girma, kuma daga cikinsu: Cocin Katolika: + 0.83%; Cocin Yesu Kiristi na Waliyai na Ƙarshe (Mormons): + 1.74%; Majalisun Allah: + 1.81%; Cocin Orthodox: + 6.40%. Tsarin girma, sabili da haka, bisa ga wannan babban ɗab'i da tarihi mai ɗorewa, yana nuna cewa da farko tsakanin Pentikostal da na waɗanda ba na gargajiya ba na yanzu na Amurka sune Majalisun Allah, sannan Mormons da Cocin Katolika. A bayyane yake cewa shekarun zinariya na Shaidun yanzu sun ƙare.

[99] M. James Penton [2015], 467, nt. 36.

[100] Duba: Johan Leman, “Na shaida Geova nell'immigrazione siciliana a Belgio. Una lettura antropologica ”, Muhawara, vol. II, ba. 6 (Afrilu-Yuni 1987), 20-29; Id., "Shaidun Jehovah na Italo-Brussels sun sake Ziyarci: Daga Tsarin Addini na Farko na Farko zuwa Tsarin Al'ummar Kabilanci", Ƙungiyar Social, vol. 45, ba. 2 (Yuni 1998), 219-226; Id., Ba Daga Al'adu Mai Kalubale zuwa Al'adun Kalubale. The Sikiliyan Lambar Al'adu da Tsarin Al'adun Al'adu na Sikiliyan Baƙi a Belgium (Leuven: Jami'ar Leuven Press, 1987). Duba: Luigi Berzano da Massimo Introvigne, La sfida infinita. La nuova religiosità nella Sicilia centrale (Caltanissetta-Rome: Sciascia, 1994).

[101] La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Afrilu, 1962, 218.

[102] Bayanan da Achille Aveta [1985], 149 suka ruwaito, kuma an samo su daga tsaka -tsakin hanyoyin gida biyu, wato Annuario dei Testimoni na Geova del 1983 kuma ta hanyoyi daban -daban Minista del Regno, wata sanarwa ta wata-wata a cikin motsi wanda aka rarraba wa masu shela kawai, baftisma da waɗanda ba su yi baftisma ba. Ya gabatar da shirin mako -mako na tarurruka guda uku waɗanda aka taɓa rarraba su a farkon makon da tsakiyar, sannan daga baya suka haɗu zuwa tsakiyar mako, a cikin maraice guda ɗaya: “Nazarin littafin”, daga baya “Nazarin na Ikilisiyar Littafi Mai -Tsarki ”(na farko yanzu, sannan mintuna 30); “Makarantar Hidima ta Allah” (mintuna 45 na farko, sannan kusan mintuna 30) da “Taron Hidima” (mintuna 45 na farko, sannan kusan mintuna 30). Ana amfani da Ministero daidai lokacin waɗannan tarurruka guda uku, musamman a “Taron Sabis”, inda ake horar da shaidu a ruhaniya kuma suna karɓar umarni masu amfani don rayuwar yau da kullun. Ta kuma ƙunshi gabatarwar sanannun littattafai da Shaidun Jehovah suka rarraba, La Torre di Guardia da Svegliatevi !, don shirya ko ba membobi shawara kan yadda ake barin waɗannan mujallu a wa'azi. The Minista del Regno ya gama bugawa a 2015. An maye gurbinsa a 2016 da sabon wata, Vita Cristiana da Ministero.

[103] M. James Penton [2015], 123.

[104] Samun cikakken bincike na sunan Libra (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1967), 28, 29.

[105] Ibid., 28-30.

[106] 1968 edition of Gaskiyan Littafin ya ƙunshi maganganun dabara waɗanda ke nuna cewa duniya ba za ta iya rayuwa ba a cikin 1975. “Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin 1960, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Dean Acheson, ya bayyana cewa zamaninmu” lokaci ne na rashin kwanciyar hankali mara misaltuwa, na rashin daidaituwa. tashin hankali. "Kuma ya yi gargadin," Na sani sosai game da abin da ke faruwa don tabbatar muku cewa, a cikin shekaru goma sha biyar, wannan duniyar za ta yi haɗari sosai da zama a ciki. " (…) Kwanan nan, littafin mai taken “Yunwa - 1975!” (Carestia: 1975! “) Ya ce game da ƙarancin abinci na yau:” Yunwa ta yi kamari a cikin ƙasa ɗaya bayan ɗaya, a nahiya ɗaya bayan ɗaya a kewayen raƙuman da ba a bunƙasa na wurare masu zafi da ƙananan wurare. Rikicin yau zai iya tafiya ne ta hanya ɗaya kawai: zuwa ga bala'i. Ƙasashe masu yunwa a yau, ƙasashe masu yunwa gobe. A cikin 1975, tashin hankalin jama'a, rashin zaman lafiya, mulkin kama karya na sojoji, hauhawar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, tarwatsa zirga -zirgar ababen hawa da tashin hankali zai zama tsari a cikin ƙasashe da yawa da ke fama da yunwa. ” Yana da wuya a faɗi duk abin da kuke so (Brooklyn, NY: Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. - International Bible Students Association, 1968), 9, 88, 89. Buga da aka sake bugawa a 1981 ya maye gurbin waɗannan zance kamar haka: “Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin 1960, tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka, Dean Acheson, ya ayyana cewa zamaninmu ”lokaci ne na rashin kwanciyar hankali mara misaltuwa, na tashin hankali mara misaltuwa. "Kuma, dangane da abin da ya gani yana faruwa a duniya a lokacin, ya kai ga ƙarshe cewa nan da nan "Wannan duniyar za ta kasance mai haɗari sosai don rayuwa." Rahotannin baya -bayan nan sun nuna cewa rashin isasshen abinci, wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, ya zama “babbar matsalar da ta shafi yunwa a yau.” The Times na London ya ce: “A koyaushe ana fama da yunwa, amma girma da yaɗuwa [watau kasancewar su a ko'ina] yunwa a yau an gabatar da su ne bisa sabon sikeli. (…) A yau rashin abinci mai gina jiki yana shafar mutane sama da biliyan; wataƙila ba ƙasa da miliyan ɗari huɗu ke rayuwa koyaushe a bakin ƙofar yunwa ba. ” An goge kalmomin Dean Acheson waɗanda ke magana game da shekaru goma sha biyar da suka fara daga 1960 a matsayin iyakar rayuwar duniya, kuma maganganun da ke cikin littafin "yunwa: 1975" an maye gurbinsu gaba ɗaya da ƙarancin bala'i kuma tabbas waɗanda ba su daɗe ba The Times daga London!

[107] Zuwa ga tambayar "Ta yaya za ku gama kammala karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki da ba ya kawo sakamako?"The Minista del Regno (Italiyanci Edition), Maris 1970, shafi na 4, ya ba da amsa: “Wannan ita ce tambayar da muke buƙatar yin la’akari da ita idan an gudanar da wani karatunmu na yanzu na kusan watanni shida. Sun riga sun zo taron ikilisiya, kuma sun fara sabonta rayuwarsu cikin jituwa da abin da suka koya daga Kalmar Allah? Idan haka ne, muna so mu ci gaba da taimaka musu. Amma idan ba haka ba, wataƙila za mu iya amfani da lokacinmu da riba don ba da shaida ga wasu. ” The Minista del Regno (Buga na Italiya) na Nuwamba 1973, a shafi na 2, ya fi bayyane: “… Ta zaɓar takamaiman tambaya, yana nuna abin da yake so kuma wannan zai taimaka muku yanke shawarar babin littafin. gaskiya yin karatu. An bayyana tsarin nazarinmu na Littafi Mai Tsarki a shafi na 3 na warƙar. Yana amsa tambayoyin: A ina? Yaushe? Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya? kuma Menene? Yi la'akari da maki daban -daban tare da shi. Wataƙila za ku so ku gaya masa, alal misali, warƙar ita ce rubutacciyar garantin ku cewa sabis ɗinmu kyauta ne. Bayyana cewa karatun yana ɗaukar watanni shida kuma muna sadaukar da kusan awa ɗaya a mako. Gaba ɗaya yana daidai da kusan kwana ɗaya na rayuwar mutum. Tabbas, masu zuciyar kirki za su so su keɓe ranar rayuwarsu don koyo game da Allah. ”

[108] "Me ya faru a 1975?", La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Fabrairu, 1969, 84, 85. Duba: “Che cosa recheranno gli anni settanta?”, Svegliatevi!, Afrilu 22,  1969, 13-16.

[109] Duba: M. James Penton [2015], 125. A Taron Gundumar 1967, Wisconsin Sheboygan District Overseer Brother Charles Sinutko ya gabatar da jawabi “Yin Aiki tare da Rai Madawwami a Duba”, yana yin magana mai zuwa: “” To yanzu, a matsayin Shaidun Jehobah , a matsayin masu tsere, duk da cewa wasu daga cikinmu sun gaji kaɗan, kusan kamar Jehobah ne ya ba da nama a kan kari. Domin ya tsaya a gaban mu duka, sabon buri. Sabuwar shekara. Wani abu da za mu nema kuma da alama yana ba mu duka ƙarin ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin wannan fashewar ta ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe. Kuma wannan shine shekarar 1975. To, ba lallai bane mu yi tunanin abin da shekarar 1975 ke nufi idan muka karanta Hasumiyar Tsaro. Kuma kada ku jira 'har 1975. Za a rufe ƙofar kafin lokacin. Kamar yadda wani ɗan'uwa ya faɗi, 'Ka rayu har zuwa saba'in da biyar'"A cikin Nuwamba 1968, Mai Kula da Gundumar Duggan ya ba da sanarwar a Babban Taron Pampa Texas cewa" da gaske ba a cika cika watanni 83 ba, don haka ku kasance masu aminci da kwarin gwiwa kuma… za mu rayu bayan yaƙin Armageddon… 1975 (Ana samun fayil ɗin mai jiwuwa tare da waɗannan ɓangarorin jawaban biyu a cikin yaren asali akan shafin https://www.jwfacts.com/watchtower/1975.php).

[110] "Wai me ke damunki ne?", Minista del Regno (Juzu'in Italiya), Yuni 1974, 2.

[111] Duba: Paolo Giovannelli da Michele Mazzotti, Ci gaba da karatu a Brooklin da gli ingenui galoppini (Riccione; 1990), 108, 110, 114

[112] Giancarlo Farina, La Torre di Guardia alla luce delle Sacre Scritture (Torino, 1981).  

[113] Duba misali jaridar Venetian Il Gazzettin na 12 ga Maris 1974 a cikin labarin "La fine del mondo è vicina: verrà nell'autunno del 1975" ("Ƙarshen duniya ya kusa: zai zo a cikin kaka na 1975") da labarin a cikin mako Littafin Novella 2000 na Satumba 10, 1974 mai taken “I cattivi sono avvertiti: nel 1975 moriranno tutti” (“An gargadi miyagun mutane: a 1975 duk za su mutu”).

[114] Harafi daga reshen Italiyanci na JW, sanya hannu SCB: SSA, kwanan wata 9 ga Satumba, 1975, wanda za mu bayar da rahoto a cikin ƙarin bayani.

[115] Dubi: La Torre di Guardia, 1 ga Satumba, 1980, 17.

[116] Bayan wucewar 1975, Societyungiyar Hasumiyar Tsaro ta ci gaba da jaddada koyarwar cewa Allah zai zartar da hukuncinsa akan bil'adama kafin mutanen da suka shaida abubuwan da suka faru na 1914 duk sun mutu. Misali, daga 1982 zuwa 1995, murfin ciki na Svegliatevi! mujallar ta haɗa, a cikin sanarwar ta manufa, nuni ga “ƙarni na 1914”, yana nufin “alkawarin Mahalicci (…) na sabuwar duniya mai lumana da kwanciyar hankali kafin tsararrakin da suka ga abubuwan da suka faru na 1914 sun shuɗe.” A watan Yuni 1982, yayin Babban Taron Gundumar “Verità del Regno” (“Gaskiyar Mulki”) da JWs suka gudanar a duk duniya, a Amurka da wasu wurare daban -daban, gami da Italiya, an gabatar da sabon littafin nazarin Littafi Mai -Tsarki, wanda ya maye gurbin littafin. La Verità che conduce alla vita eterna, wanda aka “bita”, don maganganun haɗari game da 1975, a cikin 1981: Za a iya samun ci gaba a kowace semper su una terra paradiseisiaca, kamar yadda shawarar fara da Minista del Regno (Fassarar Italiyanci), Fabrairu 1983, a shafi na 4. A cikin wannan littafin an fi mai da hankali kan ƙarni na 1914. A shafi na 154 yana cewa: Wane ƙarni Yesu yake nufi? Tsararrun mutanen da ke raye a 1914. Ragowar wannan ƙarni yanzu sun tsufa ƙwarai. Amma wasu cikinsu za su kasance da rai sa'ad da ƙarshen wannan mugun zamani ya zo. Saboda haka, muna da tabbaci game da wannan: ba da daɗewa ba za a kawo ƙarshen mugunta da dukan mugayen mutane a Armageddon. ” A cikin 1984, kusan don tunawa da shekaru tamanin na 1914, an buga su daga 1 ga Satumba zuwa 15 ga Oktoba, 1984 (don bugun Italiya, duk da haka. A Amurka za su fito da wuri, daga 1 ga Afrilu zuwa 15 ga Mayu na wannan shekara) guda hudu a jere na La Torre di Guardia mujallar, tana mai da hankali kan ranar annabci na 1914, tare da lamba ta ƙarshe wacce take take, a sarari, ta bayyana akan murfin: “1914: La generazione che non passerà” (“1914 –The Generation That Will Not Pass Away”).

[117] 1977 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 30.

[118] 1978 Yearbook na Shaidun Jehobah, 30.

[119] Godiya ga YouTuber JWTruman na Italiya wanda ya ba ni zane -zane. Duba: "Crescita dei TdG a cikin Italia prima del 1975", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHLUqymkzFg da doguwar shirin shirin “Testimoni di Geova e 1975: un salto nel passato”, wanda JWTruman ya samar, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeuCVR_vKJY&t=7s. M. James Penton, ya rubuta akan raguwar duniya bayan 1975: “A cewar 1976 da 1980 Littattafan shekara , akwai masu shelar Shaidun Jehobah 17,546 a Najeriya a 1979 fiye da na 1975. A Jamus akwai 2,722 kaɗan. Kuma a Burtaniya, an yi asarar 1,102 a daidai wannan lokacin. ” M. James Penton [2015], 427, nt. 6.