Ukuqinisekiswa kweRekhodi yeGenesis kuMthombo ongalindelekanga-Icandelo 1

intshayelelo

Khawufane ucinge umzuzwana omnye ukuba ufuna ukufumana indlela yokukhumbula imbali yosapho lwakho okanye yabantu kwaye uyirekhode emva kwexesha. Ukongeza, cinga ukuba ufuna ukukhumbula ngokukodwa ezona ziganeko zibalulekileyo ngendlela elula ongasokuze uyilibale. Ungayenza njani loo nto?

• Mhlawumbi ungazoba okanye uzobe imifanekiso? Ingxaki ngemifanekiso nangona kunjalo kukuba bayalahleka okanye bonakele.
• Mhlawumbi unokwenza ukubhala okanye ilitye lesikhumbuzo? Ingxaki kukuba sikrwitshelwa ixesha elingaphezulu kwesiqhelo okanye sitshutshiswa ngabantu abangakwaziyo okanye abangayithandiyo.
• Ngenye indlela, mhlawumbi ungayibhala phantsi njengombhalo? Ngapha koko, ayizizo zonke iirekhodi ezinokukhutshelwa ngokulula ngakumbi. Ingxaki kukuba iphepha okanye ipapa okanye vellum ikwangaphantsi ukubola.
• Ke ngoko, njengenye yazo zonke izinto ezilapha ngasentla, uthini ngokufaka ingcaciso ngaphakathi koyilo lwamagama akho? Ukuba la magama yimizobo okanye iipuzzle, ziba yingxelo efundwayo nezifundekayo zeziganeko kunye neengcinga onqwenela ukuzidlulisela. Ngenxa yoko, xa wena okanye abanye babhala igama elithile loonobumba bepiknikhi kunye nabanye niyakhunjuzwa ngento eyenzekileyo kuyo yonke loo minyaka idlulileyo xa wasebenzisa ezo pikizo.

Iprotographic ichazwa njengophawu lwefoto yamagama okanye ibinzana. Iipictographs zazisetyenziswa njengeyona ndlela yokubhala yokuqala enje nge-hieroglyphics yase-Egypt okanye yabemi baseTshayina.

 Umfanekiso uxabisa iwaka lamagama. Kuhamba ke umdaniso wolwimi lwesiNgesi owaziwayo.

Iimvakalelo zikwintetho kwezinye iilwimi ezininzi. Umzekelo, uNapoleon Bonaparte[i] wathi, "Umzobo olungileyo ungcono kunentetho ende". Umdwebi odumileyo kunye nomqambi uLeonardo da Vinci[ii] wabhala ukuba imbongi iyakuba "Woyiswa bubuthongo kwaye ulambe ngaphambi kokuba uchaze ngamazwi ukuba yintoni umzobi onokuyibonisa kwangoko".

Ngaba iicrotographs z ngowona mbono ulungileyo, umbuzo ophakamayo ngaba wakhe wasetyenziswa ngaphambili? Leliphi ibali esinokuthi silifumane, ukuba ngaba ikho evela kwii-hieroglyphs zase-Egypt okanye oonobumba besiTshayina?

Eli nqaku liza kuhlola ubunyani belizwi elithi imifanekiso inokubalisa ibali elinje. Ngokwenza njalo siyakufumana ubungqina berekhodi yebhayibhile kwaye ke oko kuya kufuneka kube ngumthombo ochanekileyo wengxelo yeziganeko ezibhaliweyo kuyo. Ke ngoko, masiqalise kukhangelo lwethu lweepilografikhi kwimifanekiso ezichaza iziganeko eziphambili kwiirekhodi ezisebhayibhileni kwaye ngokwenza oko siqinisekisa irekhodi lebhayibhile ukusuka kumthombo ongalindelekanga.

imvelaphi

Imbali yaseTshayina yolula umva ingazichazanga malunga neminyaka engama-4,500 2500 ukuya kutsho kowama-XNUMX BC. Oku kubandakanya uninzi lweerekhodi ezibhaliweyo nezibhaliweyo. Ngelixa uhlengahlengiso oluthile lutshintshile ukutyhubela iinkulungwane (njengazo zonke iilwimi kubandakanya isiHebhere), ulwimi olubhalwe ngesiTshayina namhlanje lusekhona Imizobo isekwe. Nangona namhlanje iTshayina idume ngombono wobukomanisi kunye neemfundiso zokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, uninzi lusenokungazi okanye lusenokubuza ukuba zeziphi iinkolelo zabantu base-China abababambelele phambi kohlaziyo lobuKomanisi baseTshayina ngo-Okthobha ka-1949.

Ukubuyela kwimbali yaseTshayina sifumanisa ukuba i-Daoism yaqala ngo-6^th Kwinkulungwane ye-BC, kunye neConfucianism yaqala kwi-5^th Kwinkulungwane ye-BC, njengoko wenzayo uBuddha. Kuyaziwa ukuba ubuKristu bavela e-China kwesi-7^th Kwinkulungwane ye-AD ngexesha lozalo lwaseTang. Nangona kunjalo, ayizange ithathe ingcambu kude kube yi-16^th ngekhulu le-AD ngokufika kwabathunywa bevangeli bakaJesuit. Nanamhlanje, kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga nezigidi ezingama-30 zamakristu kwilizwe elinabemi abasondela kwizigidi ezili-1.4, 2% nje yabemi. Ke ngoko, iimpembelelo zobuKristu kulwimi ziya kunqongophala kakhulu, kungekuphela nje ngokwepesenti, kodwa nakwimiba nje eye yabonakaliswa kubuKristu.

Ayaziwa kwinkoliso yehlabathi namhlanje, ngaphambi kwe-6^th Kwinkulungwane ye-BC, kwiminyaka engama-2,000 yokuqala yembali yabo, amaTshayina ayenqula uShang Dì. Ibhalwe njenge NguThixo [iii] (U-Shang Dì -uThixo (umenzi)), uThixo wezulu. Okubangela umdla kukuba, lo Thixo wezulu wayeneempawu ezininzi awayefana ngazo uThixo webhayibhile, uYehova. UDaniel 2: 18,19,37,44 onke aqulethe eli binzananguThixo wezulu", NakwiGenesis 24: 3 kubhala u-Abraham esithi,"njengoko kuya kufuneka ndikufunge, uYehova wamazulu noThixo womhlaba ”. Kwa ibinzana elinye elithi "uTHIXO wamazulu '' uTHIXO wamazulu 'liphinda phindwe ka-11 kwincwadi kaEzra nekaNehemiya nangezinye izihlandlo ezi-5.

Oku kunqulwa koThixo wezulu kwaqhubeka nasemva kokusasazeka kobuDaoism, ubuConfucianism nobuBuddha. Nanamhlanje, imibhiyozo yoNyaka oMtsha waseTshayina ihlala ibandakanya ukumisela isibingelelo nokwenza iminikelo kuThixo wezulu - iShang Dì.

Ngapha koko, eDongcheng, eBeijing (ePeking), eTshayina kukho indawo enetempile kubandakanya iTempile ebizwa ngokuba yiTempile yezulu. Yakhiwa phakathi konyaka we-1406 AD nowe-1420 AD yaza yandiswa kwathiwa yiTempile yezulu kwi-16^th Kwinkulungwane. Into enomdla kukuba azikho izithixo zolunye uhlobo ngaphakathi kwale tempile ngokungafaniyo neetempile zikaBuddha kwaye uninzi lweetempile zezinye iicawa.

Ubungqina kwiincwadi zaseTshayina

Inkcubeko yaseTshayina inesiko elide lezithandi zobulumko kunye nababhali. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphonononge oko kuye kwathethwa abanye. Iirekhodi zokuqala ezibhaliweyo ezisusela kwi-Shang Dynasty eyayikho ngo-1776 BC- 1122 BC kwaye inokubonwa kwiimyuziyam.

Ixesha leXesha: Phambi kukaKristu

Kwi 5^th Ngenkulungwane ye-BC, u-Confucius kwiiklasi zakhe ezi-5 waqinisekisa ukuba ngexesha le-Shang Dynasty banqula uShang Dì. Ubhala kwakhona ukuba bayakholelwa kuShang Dì babenobukumkani ezizweni. Kwakhona, leyo i-Shang Dì ilawula umoya, imvula kunye nazo zonke izinto zomhlaba. Bambiza ngokuba uyiNkosi yoMvuni.

Ubukumkani bakwaShang boyiswa nguZhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 255 BC). Ikumkani enguZhou yabiza uThixo ngokuthi “tian”. Usuku. Oku kwenziwa ngabalinganiswa ababini Omnye, "Nye" kwaye Mkhulu, "Mkhulu" okanye "mkhulu", ke ukunika intsingiselo ye "ephezulu ngaphezulu". Oku kufana kakhulu nenkcazo kaThixo webhali ebhalwe kwiGenesis 14: 18, ethi Melkizidek “Wayengumbingeleli wOyena Thixo Uphakamileyo”.

Iirekhodi zezeMbali (vol 28, Book 6, pg 621) iyakuqinisekisa oku xa isithi "I-Shang Di lelinye igama likaTian. Imimoya ayinazo iiNkosi ezimbini ”.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuba babeyibona ngokucacileyo iShang Dì njengeNkosi okanye inkosi yamazulu kunye neminye imimoya (iingelosi kunye needemon).

Kwi 4^th Ngenkulungwane ye-BC, uZhuang Zhou wayesisithandi-sobulumko esinempembelelo. Ubhale "- Ekuqaleni kwezinto zonke bekukho into engekhoyo. Akukho kwanto inokubizwa. ”[iv] (Thelekisa iGenesis 1: 2 - "Ke ngoku umhlaba wawungenakusebenza kwaye ungenamntu kwaye ubumnyama phezu kobunzulu bamanzi").

Kwi 2^nd Kwinkulungwane ye-BC, u-Dong Zhongshu wayengusosayensi wegama likaHan. Uthandwe kukunqulwa kwezulu ngaphezu kwesiko leenkolelo zezi zinto zintlanu. Ubhale, "Imvelaphi ifana nomthombo. Ukubaluleka kwako kuxhomekeke ekuthambekweni kwezulu nomhlaba ukususela ekuqaleni kuye esiphelweni. [v] (Thelekisa iSityhilelo 1: 8 - "Ndiyi-alpha ne-omega, isiqalo nesiphelo").

Ixesha leXesha: 14^th Kwinkulungwane yeAD

Emva kwexesha kwikhaya lakwa-Ming (14^th ukuya 17^th Kwiinkulungwane AD) le ngoma elandelayo yabhalwa:

"Kudala ke, ekuqaleni, bekukho isiphithiphithi esikhulu, ngaphandle kwendlela kwaye kumnyama. Iiplanethi ezintlanu[vi] ebengekaqali ukujikeleza okanye izibane ezibini zikhanye.[vii] Ngaphakathi kuwo, kwakungekho fomu okanye isandi.

Wena, Owu kumkani wokomoya, uphume ebukumkanini bakho, waqale wahlula okungcolileyo kokumsulwa. Wenza izulu; Wenza umhlaba, wenza umntu. Zonke izinto ziphila ngamandla okuzala. ” [viii] (Thelekisa iGenesis 1: 1-5, 11, 24-28).

Kwakhona, kwinxalenye yeCorder Sacrifice Ceremony:

Zonke izizwe ezininzi zezinto eziphilileyo, zinetyala kwaKho. Amadoda kunye nezinto zonke zigcwele uthando lwakho, O Te [Di]. Zonke izinto eziphilayo zityala ukulunga kwakho, kodwa ngubani owaziyo ukuba iintsikelelo zakhe zivela kuye? Wena wedwa, Owu Nkosi, ungumzali wokwenene wezinto zonke.[ix]

“[I-ShangDi] imisa izulu izulu naphakade, umhlaba uzinze. Urhulumente wakhe ngonaphakade. ”[X]

Ukulunga kwakho akunakulinganiswa. Njengombumbi, uzenzile zonke izinto eziphilayo. "

Ngawaphi amabali esingawafumana kwimizobo yoLwimi lwaseTshayina?

Ubungqina kwiiPictograph zeTshayina

Ukuba ufuna ukukhumbula iinxalenye ezibalulekileyo zembali nenkcubeko yakho ngokubhala phantsi, zeziphi iziganeko onokuzibhala njengoko iBhayibhile isenza? Ngaba akuyi kuba zizinto ezinje?

• ingxelo yeNdalo
• Ukuwa komntu esonweni,
• UKayin no-Abheli,
• ngoNogumbe wehlabathi,
• Inqaba yaseBhabheli,
• ukudideka kweelwimi

Ngaba ukhona umkhondo emva kwezi ziganeko kubalinganiswa baseTshayina eziyimizobo kunonobumba abaqhelekileyo kwiilwimi zaseYurophu?

Njengamagama amaninzi ayindibaniselwano yegrafu enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezenza enye ipiktografi eyinkimbinkimbi siya kuqala ngesichazi-magama esincinci samagama asisiseko kwaye songeze kubo njengoko kufuneka. Ezinye iipictograms ezinobunzima ngakumbi zinokuba yinxalenye yeepikogogram yazo. Ezi zihlala zikhona njenge-radicals. Umzekelo luphawu oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziselwe "ukuhamba" ngaphezulu kwe 辶 (chou - ukuhamba), kodwa leli candelo kuphela elongezwa kwezinye iipikram. (Jonga I-KangXi i-162.)

Amagama asisiseko esiTshayina / iiPictographs zeSalathiso

Amagama esiTshayina / iipiknikendi zikhutshelwe ku https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary? Neeradicals ezivela https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangxi_radical#Table_of_radicals. Indawo ye-mdbg.net ikwancede kakhulu njengoko izakuphazamisa phantse bonke oonobumba / iipiktograms kwiindawo zayo ezinentsingiselo yazo.[xi] Oku kwenza ukuba nawuphina umntu aqinisekise ukuqondisisa kwamacandelo obunzima. Nceda uqaphele xa ujonga umlinganiswa usebenzisa inguqulelo yesiNgesi yokubiza amagama ukuba ngamanye amaxesha ngaphandle kwentetho (s) yayo[xii]. Kungoko kukho inani lamagama anxulumene no "tu" umzekelo, ngalinye lineempawu ezahlukeneyo ku "u".

土 (Tǔ - umhlaba, umhlaba okanye uthuli), 口 (kǒu - umlomo, uphefumlela), 囗(indawo ebiyelweyo), Omnye (yī-nye), Indoda (rén - umntu, abantu), 女 (nǚ-mfazi), 木 (mù-umthi), 儿 (Indra, indoda, unyana, umntwana, imilenze),  辶 (ukuhamba chou), 田 (tián-intsimi, umhlaba olimekayo, ulinyiwe), umntwana (inzala, imbewu, umntwana)

Iimpawu ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo

Usuku (tiān- izulu), 帝 (dì -Thixo), 神 or 礻 ukuvuka. (shen, shì, - thixo).

Umzekelo olungileyo womlinganiswa ontsonkothileyo 果 (Guǒ - iziqhamo). Ungabona oku kukudityaniswa komthi 木 nomhlaba olinyiweyo, olimekayo, okt ukuvelisa ukutya 田(ixesha). Ke ngoko, olu phawu "lwesiqhamo" yinkcazo yemifanekiso "yemveliso yomthi".

igadi yeziqhamo (Guǒ yuán - indawo yeziqhamo). Oku kudityaniswa koonobumba ababini: eso sisiqhamo (gu () kunye nomnye umlinganiswa = omnye + unyana / umntwana + obiyelweyo = (yuán).

困 (kùn-ngeenxa zonke) -umthi obiyelweyo

告 (Gao-ingxelo, vakalisa, vakalisa, xelela)

Zala (sheng-ubomi, ukuzala)

Iza kuqhubeka …………  Ukuqinisekiswa kweRekhodi yeGenesis kuMthombo ongalindelekanga-Icandelo 2

[i] "Un bon croquis vaut mieux qu'un discours long" ngesiFrentshi. Wahlala ngo-1769-1821.

[ii] Wahlala ukusuka kwi-1452-1519.

[iii] https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?

[iv] Ithala leencwadi elikwi-Intanethi yenkululeko: Iincwadi eziNgcwele zaseTshayina. Iitekisi zeTaoism PatI: iKao yeTao yeTa. Izinto ezibhaliweyo ezikwincwadi ye-Kwang Ze I-XVII. Iphepha le-pdf iphepha le-174, isitanza se-8.

[v] http://www.greatthoughtstreasury.com/author/dong-zhongshu-aka-d%C7%92ng-zh%C3%B2ngsh%C5%AB-or-tung-chung-shu

[vi] Ukujonga iiplanethi ezi-5 ezibonakalayo zeMercury, iVenus, iMars, iJupiter, neSaturn.

[vii] Ebhekisa elangeni naseNyangeni.

[viii] Imigaqo eqokelelweyo yoLawulo lweMing, iJames Legge, iMfundiso yeLing XIX, 6. I Chinese Classics Vol. Mna, p404. (I-Oxford: IClarendon Press 1893, [Iphinde yagqitywa iTaipei, SMC Publ. Inc. 1994])

[ix] UJames Legge, I-Shu Jing (INcwadi yamaXwebhu ngezeMbali): Iincwadi zikaYu, 1,6, iChinese Classics Vol III, iphe. 33 (i-Oxford: IClarendon Press 34, [iTshicilelwe Taipei, SMC Publ. Inc. 1893])

[X] UJames Legge, Izimvo zeTshayina ngoThixo nangomoya (EHong Kong: Iofisi yokuBhaliswa kweKing yeHong 1852) p.52.

[xi] Uguqulelo lukaGoogle alukhuthazwanga, ubuncinci ngokuguqulela igama lesiNgesi kwiTshayina. Umzekelo, isimilo sentsimi sinika intsimi ngesiNgesi, kodwa intsimi eguqukayo kwaye ufumane iseti eyahlukileyo yabalinganiswa baseTshayina.

[xii] Oku kungenxa yokuba ayingabo bonke oovimba abasetyenziswayo abakopishwa ngokulula kwaye badlulisa ixesha, kwaye ixesha elininzi bachitha. Nangona kunjalo, yonke imizamo yenziwe ukuba isebenzise amagama aguqulweyo anophawu (uphawu) lwesivakalisi.

ITadua

Amanqaku nguTadua.